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Ischemic colitis resulting from bowel preparation for colonoscopy is extremely rare, with only a small number of cases with polyethylene glycol having been reported. Here, we present a patient with ischemic colitis after administration of a low-volume oral sulfate solution (OSS). A 49-year-old female without any significant medical history experienced abdominal pain, vomiting, and hematochezia after ingestion of OSS. She complained of severe abdominal pain during colonoscopy, and diffuse edema, hyperemia, friability, and shallow erosions were present on the transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons. A mucosal biopsy revealed mixed lymphoid inflammatory cell infiltration with de-epithelialization, whereas an abdominal CT scan showed submucosal edema on the transverse colon. A diagnosis of ischemic colitis was made. The patient recovered with fluid and antibiotic therapy without significant sequelae. Although OSS is a clinically validated and generally safe bowel preparation agent, ischemic colitis is a rare complication that should be considered.

급변하는 경영환경 속에서 조직에서는 구성원들의 역량 개발을 통한 경쟁력 강화 차원에서 코칭의 철학을 접목한 새로운 리더십 유형인 코칭리더십에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 인본주의심리학과 긍정심리학의 이론을 기반으로 상사의 코칭리더십과 부하의지속학습활동의 관계를 검증하는데 목적을 두었다. 구체적으로 코칭리더십과 부하의 지속학습활동의 관계에서 관계적 에너지의 매개효과를 검증하고, 또한 관계적 에너지에 대한 코칭리더십의 영향이 부하의 조절초점에 따라 차이가 나타나는지 조절된 매개모형으로 검증하였다. 본 연구가설들을 검증하기 위해 국내 직장인 289명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 부하가 지각한 상사의 코칭리더십은 부하의 지속학습활동에 정적인 영향을 미쳤고, 부하가 상사와의 상호작용에서 느끼는 관계적 에너지는 코칭리더십과 지속학습활동 간의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 코칭리더십과 지속학습활동의 관계에 있어 조절초점은 관계적 에너지의 매개효과를 조절하는 것으로 나타남으로써 조절된 매개효과가 검증되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 코칭리더십은 조직 내 에너지를 활성화하고 구성원의 역량 개발을 촉진함으로써 조직의 성과에 기여하는 효과적인 인적자원개발 수단이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

The present study explores two relationships: first, between number of payment and payment option preference, and second, total sum and payment option preference, with pain of payment as a mediator variable. The analyses revealed that consumers who feel higher pain of payment preferred the pennies-a-day pricing to the aggregate pricing when the per-payment price is low. Consumers who experience higher pain of payment prefer to pay in small frequent installments because they feel the small per-payment price can be comparable to daily expense. Consumers who experienced higher pain of payment preferred aggregate pricing to pennies-a-day pricing when the per-payment price was high. When the per-payment price is high, it is no longer comparable to daily expense, thus leading to greater pain of payment among consumers. The study discusses the implications for mechanism of pain of payment on payment option preference.

Although much research has been conducted on workaholism, its crossover effects remain uninvestigated, especially in the context of organizations. Based on the job demands-resources (JD-R) model of burnout and the conservation of resources (COR) theory, we established a dual-path structural model to examine the effects of supervisors&rsquo, workaholism on subordinates&rsquo, turnover intention through two types of job demands (perceived workload and interpersonal conflict) as well as subordinates&rsquo, emotional exhaustion. The results revealed that supervisors&rsquo, workaholism is positively related to subordinates&rsquo, emotional exhaustion through increased perceived workload and interpersonal conflict, which result in subordinates&rsquo, turnover intention. This study has made a contribution to the literature by extending the scope of workaholism research from self-perspective to other-perspective. The findings also have practical implications for organizations and their human resources (HR) practitioners.

This study aims to examine the influence of an organization’s missions on employees’ turnover intention in the rarely studied context of social enterprises. Data collected from 236 full-time employees working for social enterprises in South Korea indicated that the negative relationship between social mission and turnover intention was mediated by the meaning of work, this mediation effect was weaker when the economic mission was stronger. The study contributes to the literature on organizational psychology (i.e., meaning of work, turnover) in the context of a new, but increasingly prevalent, organizational form—social enterprises. It also provides practical advice for managers seeking to retain and empower employees and enhance the sustainability of their social enterprises.

In spite of the efforts to reduce traffic accidents of commercial vehicles, the number of driving under the influence (DUI) of commercial drivers has been increasing. This study examines the effect of stress coping style of commercial drivers on driving behaviors. Specifically, this research aims to find the role of life stress as a mediator in the relationships between the stress coping style and problematic drinking behaviors. 1308 licensed commercial vehicle drivers participated in this research. RESULTS showed that life stress mediated the relationships between problem focused strategies, wishful thinking strategies, passive avoidance strategies and problematic drinking behaviors. These findings indicate that educating drivers to change their stress coping styles would be helpful to inhibit them from being involved in drunken driving. 키워드 사업용운전자; 생활스트레스; 스트레스 대처방식; 운전자 교육; 음주문제행동 ; commercial vehicle drivers; driver education; life stress; problematic drinking behaviors; stress coping style Language: ko

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of perceived HR practices on affective commitment and turnover intention. This study explored which HR practices were relatively more important in predicting affective commitment and turnover intention. A total of 302 employees from the United States and 317 from South Korea completed the same questionnaires for assessing the aforementioned relationships. The results illustrated that among perceived HR practices, internal mobility had the most significant association with turnover intention in both the United States and South Korea. While internal mobility was a stronger predictor of affective commitment for the United States sample, training was the most important variable for predicting affective commitment in South Korea. The second purpose of the study was to examine whether individuals’ positive affect influences the relationship between perceived HR practices and affective commitment and turnover intention. In the United States, positive affect moderated the relationship between perceived HR practices and affective commitment and turnover intention such that the relationships were stronger for individuals reporting high positive affect relative to those reporting low positive affect. However, these relationships were not significant in South Korea. We discuss the implications of these results, study limitations, and practical suggestions for future research.

The purpose of study is to investigate the current user interface level of air traffic control system with the usability analysis and satisfaction survey questionnaire on user satisfaction. Think aloud protocol is used to identify not only task analysis, but also the level of user-friendliness of the FIMS and ASDE system, and the user interface questionnaires was conducted by QUIS. We collected data from 6 controllers for Think aloud protocol and 15 controllers for QUIS in Incheon airport. The results showed that the system was the valuable tool for ensuring human performance with the support of memory and the facilitation of decision-making tasks. It helps air traffic controllers perform better and minimize errors in a congested time. The human-computer interface system design, however, was not applied, which led to the increase of workload. Air traffic controller participation in software development provided excellent examples for applications in terms of software in FIMS. Based on these results, the study provided that the usability of system interface was necessary to take into account human factors. The development and design of system was discussed in User Interface environment.

An adult passenger has been known to facilitate young drivers' safe driving. This study examined whether the adult passenger's effect is produced by the simple presence of an adult passenger or by the driving tips offered by the passenger. Further, we examined whether the effect would be transferred to when a young driver drives alone without the adult passenger in the following session. Three groups of participants drove on expressway in a driving simulator, either alone, with a silent adult passenger, or with an adult passenger who gave advice on driving safety. After a break, participants in all three conditions drove on the same expressway alone. Results showed that participants who drove with an adult passenger providing driving tips drove more safely than the other groups, and the effect was transferred to even when they drove alone afterwards. Language: en

This research aims at determining psychological elements that influence team coordination between a captain and a first officer in a commercial airline cockpit. It also examines how these elements interact between one another in different cultural settings. We propose that mutual inclusiveness of differential status enhances psychological safety and engagement in safety improvement efforts. Survey results based on 254 airline pilots suggest that status (captain, first officer) and mutual inclusiveness (openness between team members) influence psychological safety and mutual inclusiveness moderates the relationship between status and psychological safety. The results also suggest that psychological safety is positively associated with engagement in safety improvement efforts and also mediates the relationship between mutual inclusiveness and improvement efforts. This research provides insights into antecedents of fostering safety improvement efforts in airline crew teams in which cultural differences and professional hierarchy exist.

Analyses of eye tracking and think-aloud protocol data were performed to examine novice-expert differences in perceptual and cognitive aspects of air traffic controllers' situation awareness. In Experiment 1, three groups of field air traffic controllers (experts, intermediates, novices) were asked to perceive situations that were manipulated by situation complexity. In Experiment 2, protocol analysis for previous situation awareness tasks was performed to extract different task models and strategy models as a function of expertise. Then delayed-recall task and interviews about air control plans for the recalled situations were also executed. Results showed that expert controllers concentrate only on several critical features and have their own strategies to reduce mental workloads.

Most of the aviation research on shared understanding have focused on coordination between cockpit crew. But coordination between pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCs) is critical for flight safety as well. This research determined whether pilots' perception of risk differs from ACTs' when they face the same flight situation. To assess the differences, we had pilots and ATCs evaluate the risk associated with emergency situations. Our risk rating data showed that there were differences in risk perception between pilots and ATCs. Factor analysis further suggested that pilots' risk perception was based on the immediacy of risk whereas ATCs' perception was based on the responsibility for controlling the emergency situation. This research has a practical implication for effective crew resource management (CRM) training.

This research examined the role of working memory (WM) capacity and long-term working memory (LT-WM) in flight situation awareness (SA). We developed spatial and verbal measures of WM capacity and LT-WM skill and then determined the ability of these measures to predict pilot performance on SA tasks. Although both spatial measures of WM capacity and LT-WM skills were important predictors of SA performance, their importance varied as a function of pilot expertise. Spatial WM capacity was most predictive of SA performance for novices, whereas spatial LTWM skill based on configurations of control flight elements (attitude and power) was most predictive for experts. Furthermore, evidence for an interactive role of WM and LT-WM mechanisms was indicated. Actual or potential applications of this research include cognitive analysis of pilot expertise and aviation training.

The study offers insights into pilot ability to anticipate consequences of actions and how this ability changes with experience. Novice and expert pilots completed trials in which 3 screens depicted a control movement (or control movements), a cockpit flight situation, or a change in flight situation. Changes depicted in the 3rd screen of each trial were consistent, inconsistent with the mental model of the effect of the control movement or movements, or inconsistent with the application of the control movement(s) to the current flight situation. Pilots indicated whether the depicted change was inconsistent or consistent with their expectations, and accuracy of consistency judgments was greater for mental-model than for situation-model inconsistent statements. Experts are more accurate than novices, particularly for trials that involve multiple, meaningfully related control movements. Expert ability to organize information into meaningful units appears to facilitate future flight state projections, and projection failures appear to result from situation- rather than mental-model failures. Actual or potential applications of this research include analysis of flight situation awareness and flight performance errors.

Job tasks, such as quality control, require workers to perform visual discriminations, comparing a test stimulus to a standard. In some cases, both stimuli are present and can be compared in parallel. In most cases, however, the standard stimulus is absent and workers must rely on their memory of the standard stimulus in order to make an accurate discrimination. Pratt and Sohn (2001) found that when visual discriminations are made in parallel, training content and individual differences affect strategy development and transfer performance. The present research attempts to compliment and extend Pratt and Sohn's (2001) findings by examining the role of display design and its affects on training effectiveness and strategy development. Participants were given a visual discrimination task identical to Pratt and Sohn's methodology, except stimulus sets were presented serially rather than in parallel. After training with either highly similar or highly dissimilar stimuli, participants transferred to novel stimuli of medium similarity level. Preliminary findings indicate that manipulating display design does not impact training results. Just as Pratt and Sohn discovered, training content does not influence transfer performance for individuals with an analytic cognitive style, but hard training is necessary for individuals with a holistic cognitive style to perform as well as the analytic group. Graphical design and individual differences in cognitive style are discussed.

The present research examines cognitive processes that support flight situation awareness (SA). Of particular interest is pilot access to condition-action rules that reflect their mental models of flight, and their ability to determine when the rules apply in the context of a specific situation. Pilots were asked to reason about events that take place during flight in multiple 3-screen computer-based trials. In each trial, the first screen indicated a control movement, the second screen depicted a meaningful flight situation, and the third screen indicated a flight situation change. Pilots were asked to judge whether the change depicted in the third screen was consistent with what was expected following application of the control movement depicted in the first screen to the flight situation depicted in the second screen. Judgment accuracy suggests superior access to mental models versus situation models, and systematic differences in knowledge organization as a function of piloting expertise.

The present study examined how training difficulty interacts with individual differences in visual processing strategy. Participants discriminated between random polygon stimuli that varied both in both complexity and similarity. Individual processing strategies were categorized into either “holistic” or “analytic” strategy types based on the discrimination latency as a function of polygon complexity. Training difficulty was defined by the similarity of the stimuli being discriminated. Both strategy groups discriminated between similar (“hard” training) or dissimilar stimuli (“easy” training) and then between novel polygons in a transfer stage. Results showed that individual differences in processing strategy interact with training difficulty to influence performance on transfer to novel stimuli. The effect of training on transfer performance was greater for the participants with a holistic strategy than for those with an analytic strategy. The implications for training and display design are discussed.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is technically difficult in the patients with large extrahepaic bile duct stones. Small endoscopic sphincterotomy combined with large-balloon dilation (ESLBD) currently seems to be a promising alternative for patients with difficult bile duct stones that cannot be extracted by EST. This study compared the therapeutic benefits and complication rates of ESLBD with those of EST alone. This study investigated 149 patients treated for stones (≥10 mm) or multiple stones in the extrahepatic bile duct. The ESLBD group (n = 72) was compared with the conventional EST group (n = 77). Mechanical lithotripsy was performed when the stone could not be removed using a Dormia basket. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of mean bile duct diameter, common bile duct angulation, and presence of periampullary diverticulum. The ESLBD group compared with the EST-alone group had similar outcomes in terms of overall successful stone removal but showed significant differences in complete stone removal during the first session (87.5 vs. 74.0%; P = 0.036) and the use of mechanical lithotripsy for large bile duct stones (≥15 mm) (17.9 vs. 45.8%; P = 0.026). For the patients with a periampullary diverticulum, ESLBD and EST showed similar results only for efficacy and complications. The ESLBD technique may be a safe, effective alternative to conventional EST for endoscopic removal of large common bile duct stones, and it can reduce the use of mechanical lithotripsy compared with EST alone.

Question: A 67-year-old man presented for routine health checkup. He did not have any specific gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. On examination, his vital signs were normal and abdominal examination was unremarkable. Complete blood count showed a white blood cell count of 6300/ L, and a platelet count of 295,000/ L. Hemoglobin concentration was 15.1 g/dL. Hepatic enzymes, lipid profile, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels were normal. Serum glucose was 119 mg/dL, but HbA1c level was normal. The chest radiograph and plain abdomen showed no abnormal findings. Colonoscopy was performed and several small polyps were found in the ascending and transverse colon. And a short pedunculated polypoid mass (15 mm long, 8 mm in diameter) was found in the sigmoid colon (Figure A). This lesion was covered with normal-appearing mucosa and the top was flat and slightly depressed. After polypectomy of polyps, the mass in sigmoid colon was also resected using snare (Figures B, C). What is the endoscopic and pathologic diagnosis? See the GASTROENTEROLOGY web site (www.gastrojournal. org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI. YONG SUNG KIM, MD, PhD JI EUN RA, MD YOUNG WOO SOHN, MD, PhD Department of Gastroenterology Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital Gunpo, South Korea

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has been reported in association with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Drug-induced AIH has been rarely reported. A rare case of the co-development of AIH and SS in a 53-year-old woman after the consumption of herbal medicines is described. After admission, the patient complained of dryness in her mouth, and she was subsequently diagnosed with SS, which had not been detected previously. The patient's bilirubin and aminotransferase levels initially decreased following conservative management; however, they later began to progressively increase. A diagnosis of AIH was made based on the scoring system proposed by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. The patient was administered a combination of prednisolone and azathioprine, and the results of follow-up liver-function tests were found to be within the normal range. This is an unusual case of AIH and SS triggered simultaneously by the administration of herbal medicines.

AIM: To determine the utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) with a fully covered self-expandable metal stent for managing malignant biliary stricture. METHODS: We collected data from 13 patients who presented with malignant biliary obstruction and underwent EUS-BD with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) fails. EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CD) and EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HG) was performed in 9 patients and 4 patients, respectively. RESULTS: The technical and functional success rate was 92.3% (12/13) and 91.7% (11/12), respectively. Using an intrahepatic approach (EUS-HG, n = 4), there was mild peritonitis (n = 1) and migration of the metal stent to the stomach (n = 1). With an extrahepatic approach (EUS-CD, n = 10), there was pneumoperitoneum (n = 2), migration (n = 2), and mild peritonitis (n = 1). All patients were managed conservatively with antibiotics. During follow-up (range, 1-12 mo), there was re-intervention (4/13 cases, 30.7%) necessitated by stent migration (n = 2) and stent occlusion (n = 2). CONCLUSION: EUS-BD with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent may be a feasible and effective treatment option in patients with malignant biliary obstruction when ERCP fails.

Su1391 Value of Cytology Combined With Histology by EUS-FNA in the Solid Pancreatic Mass and Intra-Abdominal Lymphadenopathy Tae Hyeon Kim, Young Woo Sohn, Jun Young Lee, Keum Ha Choi, Hyo Jeong Oh Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Hospital, Iksan, Republic of Korea; Internal Medicine, Wonkwang Unversity Hospital, Sanbon, Republic of Korea; Pathology, Wonkwang University hospital, Iksan, Republic of Korea Background and Aim: Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration (EUSFNA) is a safe and accurate technique for diagnosing pancreatic tumor. Small core biopsies can be obtained with conventional EUS-FNA. Although most studies have concentrated on the cytology of specimen, few data existed on the histologic assessment. The aim of this study were to determine whether core biopsies by conventional EUS-FNA can increase the accuracy of EUS-guided sampling when combined with cytology when no on-site cytopathologist is present. Method: In the 66 consecutive patients(68 lesions) undergoing EUS-FNA of solid pancreatic masses and intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy between May/ 2009 and July/2010 at a tertiary university hospital without on-site pathologist, adequate tissue coil from the needle were harvested for histology; residual tissue was examed for cytology. The adequacy of sampling, the sensitivities, specificities and overall accuracies of cytology or histology alone and combined cytology-histology were determined. Result: 66 patients ( 38 male and 28 female, mean age 64.9 10.9) with 68 lesions were enrolled. Adequate samples were obtained by EUS-FNA cytology, histology, and combined cytology-histology in 93.8%, 69.2%, 95.4% of patients, respectively. From the pancreas (n 44), adequate samples for histology were obtained by FNA in 78.5%, compared with 52.2% from non-pancreatic cases (n 24), respectively (p 0.01). The significant factors affecting the rate of adequate sample for histology were mass size ( 2cm), malignant lesion, and pancreatic lesion(p 0.05). Overall sensitivity and accuracy of EUS-FNA was 81.9% and 84.6% for cytology alone, 60.0% and 63.1% for histology alone, and 88.2% and 89.2% for combined cytology-histology, respectively (p 0.01, compared to cytology alone). Conclusion: This study shows that combined cytology and histology analysis in diagnosing pancreatic mass and intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy may increase the sensitivity and accuracy of conventional EUS-FNA.

Background/Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently been found to be a novel component of metabolic syndrome (MS), which is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ -glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels are suggested to affect liver fat accumulation and insulin resistance. We assessed the associations of serum ALT and GGT concentrations within the reference ranges with MS and NAFLD. Methods: In total, 1,069 subjects enrolled at the health promotion center of Wonkwang University Hospital were divided into 4 groups according to serum ALT and GGT concentrations levels within the reference ranges. We performed biochemical tests, including liver function tests and lipid profiles, and diagnosed fatty liver by ultrasonography. Associations of ALT and GGT concentrationgrading within the reference range with fatty liver and/or MS were investigated. Results: The presence of MS, its components, and the number of metabolic abnormalities (except for high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting blood glucose) increased with the ALT level, while the presence of MS, its components, and the number of metabolic abnormalities (except for HDL-C) increased with the GGT level. The odds ratios for fatty liver and MS increased with the ALT level (P

drug-refractory GP the addition of PP to the Enterra procedure significantly and markedly accelerates gastric emptying, while significantly improving GP symptoms without any adverse events. 2) The Post-vagotomy group of GP is the most responsive to the addition of PP with GET being normalized in 70% of the patients; (

AIM: To evaluate the effect of ranitidine on gastric mucosal changes and on GI bleeding in long distance runners. METHODS: Twenty-four long distance runners (M: 16, F: 8, age: 18.2 ± 1.5 years) participated in this study. A symptom questionnaire, stool hemoccult test, and upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy were performed on the subjects prior to the study. The subjects took oral ranitidine (150 mg, b.i.d.) for two weeks. The upper GI endoscopy and stool Hemoccult tests were repeated after the treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 24 runners had at least one upper GI mucosal lesion before the medication. The Endoscopic improvements were seen in eleven of the 14 cases of erosive gastritis and four of the 5 cases of esophagitis. Six subjects were Heme occult positive prior to the study, but only one was positive after the medication. CONCLUSION: Gastric mucosal lesions and GI bleeding in long distance runners seem to be associated to acid-related factors mediated by the high level of regular running. Ranitidine seems to be and effective prophylaxis to prevent gastric mucosal lesions and GI bleeding.