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Background Currently, botulinum toxin A (BTA) is mainly used in the treatment of muscle spasms and in cosmetic procedures, and its cosmetic indications are expanding rapidly. There have been sporadic reports focused on the preoperative usage of BTA complementing plastic surgery. We briefly summarize the current experience of BTA complementing plastic surgery in China based on clinical experience. Methods We reported a brief review of the preoperative use of BTA as an accessory to plastic surgery (blepharoplasty, chin augmentation, mandibular angle ostectomy, rhinoplasty, hyaluronic acid fillers injection for wrinkle reduction) based on previous studies and our experience. Results Preoperative treatment with BTA in plastic surgery helps surgeons operate and results in better cosmetic results. Conclusions Preoperative BTA treatment can reduce the occurrence of surgical complications as well as improve the surgical results in some plastic surgeries. The procedure is suitable for clinical application and worth promoting.

Nipple hypertrophy is a common aesthetic issue for Asian women. Thus, methods to correct this problem are needed. Several nipple reduction procedures have been reported, but all have shortcomings. In this article, we propose a new method to reduce both the height and diameter of the nipple without affecting its function. Sixteen female patients, between the ages of 24–41 years, underwent a new nipple reduction method in our department between May 17, 2010, and May 5, 2014. Three crescent-shaped lines were drawn from the top of the side wall of the nipple, extending to the areola. This design reduces both the diameter and height of the nipple with minimal tissue manipulation. Before surgery, the mean diameter and height of the nipple were 15.9 ± 2.7 and 18.3 ± 3.1 mm, respectively, with the patient in the supine position. Immediately after surgery, the mean diameter and height of the nipple were 9.1 ± 1.7 and 7.9 ± 2.1 mm, respectively. No major complications, such as nipple necrosis, infection, delayed wound healing, or loss of sensation, were noted. This new surgical technique allows the creation of a new nipple of the desired height and diameter with excellent aesthetic results and without significant complications. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Summary Background Techniques based on three planes of implant placement, including the subglandular (SG), subpectoral (SP), and subfascial (SF) planes, are used for breast augmentation. The placement that offers the greatest balance of risks and benefits is unclear. This study presents a systematic review with a Bayesian network meta-analysis to compare different implant placement techniques for augmentation mammaplasty. Methods A systematic literature search was performed. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for capsular contractures, hematomas, seromas, infections, reoperation rates, rippling, nipple numbness, mal-placements, ruptures, and asymmetry among the different interventions. Muscle movement events and satisfaction rates were also evaluated. Results A total of 19 studies (25,744 cases) were included. SG placement significantly increased the incidence of capsular contractures (SP vs. SG: OR 0.42; 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.28-0.63; SF vs. SG: OR 0.41; 95% CrI 0.17-0.97), hematomas (SF vs. SG: OR 0.22; 95% CrI 0.06-0.63), and seromas (SF vs. SG: OR 0.04; 95% CrI 0.00-0.81) compared to other placement techniques. Muscle movement only occurred in the SP group, but it did not increase the risk of subsequent mal-placements, asymmetries, or ruptures. Most patients were highly satisfied with their surgical results. Comparisons did not show significant differences in the remaining results. Conclusions Our evidence suggests that SG placement increases the risk of capsular contractures, hematomas, and seromas. The SP and SF planes were safe and effective for controlling total complication rates and achieving high satisfaction rates; however, the long-term benefits of the SF technique require further research.

Real estate belongs to capital intensive industry. Some small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have weak financing abilities because they are difficult to access to capital due to various reasons. This paper focuses to find factors of affecting SME financing abilities and analyze reasons of SMEs financing difficulties. Based on related financing theories and domestic and foreign research, this paper uses linear regression model to find out these factors. This paper selects real estate enterprises listed on the small and medium-sized plate in China as study sample and observes their financing strategies for last decade. This study explains how these factors influence real estate SME financing abilities and their choices of financing strategies. It helps improve financing abilities of real estate SMEs, to compete with well-funded large enterprises. It has positive significance on financing management of real estate SMEs.

In general, the width of the lower face is determined by four parts: the mandible, the masseter muscle, the buccal fat pad, and the subcutaneous fat. In this article, we introduce a modified surgical method to reshape the outline of round faces that have no significant overgrowth or eversion of the lower jawbone.The procedure includes dissection of the masseter muscle and partial lipectomy of the buccal fat pad through the same intraoral small incision.The patients were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of both the profile and frontal view. Follow-up of more than 6 months shows no prospective complications.This method yields an optimal aesthetic result in patients who have a round face without significant overgrowth or eversion of the lower jawbone.This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .