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Impedance models of modular multilevel convers (MMC) are required to analyze the stability of the MMC-HVDC system. In practical engineering, the positive-negative sequence separation algorithm is the basis of positive- and negative-sequence current control of MMC. Therefore, the influence of sequence separation on the impedance models and stability of MMC system needs to be further studied. This paper develops complete impedance models of the MMC with consideration of all control loops and positive-negative sequence separation, and comprehensively analyzes the impact of sequence separation on impedances and stability of the MMC-HVDC. It is found that the positive-negative sequence separation results in periodic fluctuations in middle and high frequency regions of AC impedance, and distinct fluctuations in middle frequency region of the DC impedance. Meanwhile, the difference in the parameters of the positive- and negative-sequence current controllers will greatly aggravate the fluctuations of both AC and DC impedances, and increase negative damping of the system. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the sequence separation is a key factor weakening the stability of the MMC-HVDC. Finally, the correctness of the impedance models and the theoretical analysis are verified by experimental results.

AlGaN based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV LEDs) have wide applications in many fields, such as air and water purification, disinfection, and biochemical inspection. However, the wall plug efficiency (WPE) of DUV LEDs is relatively low for these applications, which is due to the low light extraction efficiency (LEE) yielding limited light output from LED package. In this work, we proposed a quartz lens with three-dimensional (3D) structure to enhance the light extraction of DUV LEDs. The optical models of DUV LEDs were established and the optical performances of DUV LEDs were investigated by using optical simulation. The DUV LEDs with the 3D quartz lens exhibit higher light efficiency than those with traditional quartz lens structure. Compared with the traditional structure, the light output power of the 3D lens structure is enhanced by 25.93% at the current of 140 mA and the packaged DUV LED can achieve a wide light angle of 153.2°. It is attributed to the significant light extraction enhancement of the sidewall emission from DUV LED chip.

Summary Background & aims Type 2 diabetes prevention diet confers a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, which exhibits overlapping mechanisms with pancreatic cancer. We performed a prospective study to examine whether adherence to this dietary pattern is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. Methods A population-based cohort of 101,729 American adults was identified. A dietary diabetes risk reduction score was computed to reflect adherence to this dietary pattern, with higher scores representing greater adherence. Cox regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) for pancreatic cancer incidence. Prespecified subgroup analyses were used to identify the potential effect modifiers. Results After an average follow-up of 8.86 years (900,871.67 person-years), a total of 402 pancreatic cancer cases were observed. In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest quartile of dietary diabetes risk reduction score were found to have a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer compared with those in the lowest quartile [HRquartiles 4 versus 1: 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44, 0.86; Ptrend = 0.004], which remained in a series of sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analyses further found that this favorable association was more pronounced in current or former smokers (HRquartiles 4 versus 1: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.77) than in never smokers (HRquartiles 4 versus 1: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.44, 1.15), although the interaction test did not reach statistical significance (Pinteraction = 0.095). Conclusions Greater adherence to type 2 diabetes prevention diet is associated with a lower risk of pancreatic cancer in this US population. More studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Adrenal pheochromocytoma is not always a simple retroperitoneal tumor but may be part of a more complicated condition. It often has a spectrum of complex and variable imaging features, may present as a collision tumor and composite tumor, and is associated with a variety of clinical syndromes. A comprehensive understanding of the clinical, pathological, and variable imaging manifestations of pheochromocytoma can help radiologists make an accurate diagnosis. This article reviews various special imaging features of pheochromocytoma and pheochromocytoma-related diseases.

Purpose Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive molecule which participates in many physical and pathological processes. Although LPA receptor 6 (LPAR6), the last identified LPA receptor, has been reported to have diverse effects in multiple cancers, including breast cancer, its effects and functioning mechanisms are not fully known. Methods Multiple public databases were used to investigate the mRNA expression of LPAR6, its prognostic value, and potential mechanisms in breast cancer. Western blotting was performed to validate the differential expression of LPAR6 in breast cancer tissues and their adjacent tissues. Furthermore, in vitro experiments were used to explore the effects of LPAR6 on breast cancer. Additionally, TargetScan and miRWalk were used to identify potential upstream regulating miRNAs and validated the relationship between miR-27a-3p and LPAR6 via real-time polymerase chain reaction and an in vitro rescue assay. Results LPAR6 was significantly downregulated in breast cancer at transcriptional and translational levels. Decreased LPAR6 expression in breast cancer is significantly correlated with poor overall survival, disease-free survival, and distal metastasis-free survival, particularly for hormone receptor-positive patients, regardless of lymph node metastatic status. In vitro gain and loss-of-function assays indicated that LPAR6 attenuated breast cancer cell proliferation. The analyses of TCGA and METABRIC datasets revealed that LPAR6 may regulate the cell cycle signal pathway. Furthermore, the expression of LPAR6 could be positively regulated by miR-27a-3p. The knockdown of miR-27a-3p increased cell proliferation, and ectopic expression of LPAR6 could partly rescue this phenotype. Conclusion LPAR6 acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer and is positively regulated by miR-27a-3p.

A white light-emitting diode (WLED) with chip-scale packaging (CSP) has wide applications due to its high power density, small size, and high process integration. The phosphor converter of the CSP WLED needs to endure huge heat shock from LED chips and phosphor conversion. In this work, we proposed a phosphor-in-glass (PiG)-based CSP for high-power WLEDs. A wafer PiG was prepared by printing and sintering a phosphor glass film on a glass plate and then cut into a chip-scale PiG for the fabrication of PiG-CSP WLEDs. The optical performances of PiG-CSP WLEDs were optimized by adjusting the film thickness of PiG. Consequently, the PiG-CSP WLED emits a cool white light with optimal light performances at a film thickness of 88 $\mu \text{m}$ . The related luminous efficiency (LE), correlated color temperature (CCT), and chromaticity coordinate are 108.8 lm/W, 5796 K, and (0.3256 and 0.3467), respectively. The down-PiG-CSP structure achieves higher LE and lower CCT than the up-PiG-CSP structure. Compared with the traditional phosphor-in-silicone (PiS)-CSP WLED, the PiG-CSP WLED avoids the carbonization of the converter and displays excellent thermal stability under high input current. The results determine that the PiG-CSP is a reliable and efficient packaging technology for high-power WLEDs.

Conventional image retrieval techniques for Structure-from-Motion (SfM) suffer from the limit of effectively recognizing repetitive patterns and cannot guarantee to create just enough match pairs with high precision and high recall. In this paper, we present a novel retrieval method based on Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) to generate accurate pairwise matches without costly redundancy. We formulate image retrieval task as a node binary classification problem in graph data: a node is marked as positive if it shares the scene overlaps with the query image. The key idea is that we find that the local context in feature space around a query image contains rich information about the matchable relation between this image and its neighbors. By constructing a subgraph surrounding the query image as input data, we adopt a learnable GCN to exploit whether nodes in the subgraph have overlapping regions with the query photograph. Experiments demonstrate that our method performs remarkably well on the challenging dataset of highly ambiguous and duplicated scenes. Besides, compared with state-of-the-art matchable retrieval methods, the proposed approach significantly reduces useless attempted matches without sacrificing the accuracy and completeness of reconstruction.

A cascade structure of TiO2/CdS/CdSe semiconductor heterojunction is synthesized using a three-step technique of facile hydrothermal growth for the enhancement of the photoelectrochemical performances. The optical and photoelectrochemical properties controlled by the deposition processing parameters have been investigated. It is shown that the patterns of semiconductor heterojunction enlarge the absorption range of solar spectra, and improve the properties of the photogenerated charge carriers describing separation and transportation, and reduce the interface resistance between the photoelectrode and electrolyte comparing with the pure TiO2 and CdS-decorated TiO2 nanorod array photoanodes. The higher photocurrent density and photoconversion efficiency are up to 4.23 mA cm−2 and 4.2%, which are the 4.1 and 25.3 times superior than that of the pure TiO2 photoanode. The hydrothermal growth time increment of CdSe yields greater photoelectrochemical water splitting performances. The underlying physics mechanisms have been discussed based on forming a type-Ⅱ energy band alignment structure.

Bangladesh is one of the topmost climate vulnerable countries in the world where the riverine island (char) dwellers are the most victims of climate change. Climate finance is perceived as the key instruments to address the issues related to climate change impacts and improve the livelihood resilience of the rural people. This article examines the role of climate finance governance at the vulnerable hazard-prone chars in Bangladesh. Climate finance adaptation governance has been assessed through measuring the climate service intervention, behavioral changes and impacts at the local level. The study reveals that the mechanism of climate finance in Bangladesh is good enough, but implementation is not satisfactory. It also observed that there is a lack of participatory governance for disaster management, and there is no direct contribution of climate finance governance in the village level which causes to fail the existing implementation strategy. The study suggests that a riverine island-based long-term development program should be implemented through ensuring effective monitoring system so that climate finance governance can contribute a lot and improve the food security and livelihood resilience of char dwellers.

The region covariance descriptor (RCD), which is known as a symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrix, is commonly used in image representation. As SPD manifolds have a non-Euclidean geometry, Euclidean machine learning methods are not directly applicable to them. In this work, an improved covariance descriptor called the hybrid region covariance descriptor (HRCD) is proposed. The HRCD incorporates the mean feature information into the RCD to improve the latter’s discriminative performance. To address the non-Euclidean properties of SPD manifolds, this study also proposes an algorithm called the Hilbert-Schmidt independence criterion subspace learning (HSIC-SL) for SPD manifolds. The HSIC-SL algorithm is aimed at improving classification accuracy. This algorithm is a kernel function that embeds SPD matrices into the reproducing kernel Hilbert space and further maps them to a linear space. To make the mapping consider the correlation between SPD matrices and linear projection, this method introduces global HSIC maximization to the model. The proposed method is compared with existing methods and is proved to be highly accurate and valid by classification experiments on the HRCD and HSIC-SL using the COIL-20, ETH-80, QMUL, face data FERET, and Brodatz datasets.

Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection post-influenza is a major cause of mortality characterized by uncontrolled bacteria burden and excessive immune response during influenza pandemics. Interleukin (IL)-4 is a canonical type II immune cytokine known for its wide range of biological activities on different cell types. It displays protective roles in numerous infectious diseases and immune-related diseases, but its role in influenza and S. pneumoniae (influenza/S. pneumoniae) co-infected pneumonia has not been reported. In our study, we used C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and IL-4-deficient (IL-4−/−) mice to establish co-infection model with S. pneumoniae after influenza virus infection. Co-infected IL-4−/− mice showed increased mortality and weight loss compared with WT mice. IL-4 deficiency led to increased bacterial loads in lungs without altering influenza virus replication, suggesting a role of IL-4 in decreasing post-influenza susceptibility to S. pneumoniae co-infection. Loss of IL-4 also resulted in aggravated lung damage together with massive proinflammatory cytokine production and immune cell infiltration during co-infection. Administration of recombinant IL-4 rescued the survival and weight loss of IL-4−/− mice in lethal co-infection. Additionally, IL-4 deficiency led to more immune cell death in co-infection. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) during co-infection was induced in IL-4−/− mice that subsequently activated cell pyroptosis. Treatment of recombinant IL-4 or inhibition of GSDMD activity by disulfiram decreased immune cell death and bacterial loads in lungs of IL-4−/− co-infected mice. These results suggest that IL-4 decreases post-influenza susceptibility to S. pneumoniae co-infection via suppressing GSDMD-induced pyroptosis. Collectively, this study demonstrates the protective role of IL-4 in influenza/S. pneumoniae co-infected pneumonia.

PURPOSE: Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander diagnosed with cancer are known to experience poorer survival, with these survival disparities mainly restricted to the first 2 years after diagnosis. With improved accuracy and completeness of identifying Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples over the whole study period, our goal was to examine whether the survival disparity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples diagnosed with cancer in Queensland has changed over time. METHODS: Population-based data from the Queensland Cancer Register between 1998 and 2017 for Queenslanders aged 15 years and over at diagnosis (n = 377,963; 1.6% Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander) were used to determine whether this disparity has reduced over time. Flexible parametric survival models incorporating time-varying coefficients were used to examine the association between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status and cancer-specific survival within 5 years of diagnosis. RESULTS: The adjusted 5-year cancer-specific survival rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people diagnosed with cancer increased from 60.5% (95% CI 59.2-61.9%) in 1998-2007 to 65.5% (95% CI 64.3-66.6%) in 2008-2017, with the corresponding estimates for other Queenslanders being 66.6% (95% CI 66.4-66.8%) and 70.1% (95% CI 69.9-70.3%). The survival disparity was significant only for the first 3 years since diagnosis for 1998-2007; however, it was significantly (p ≤ 0.02) elevated for all five time intervals for 2008-2017, with similar average hazard ratios (95% CIs) over the 5-year interval after diagnosis of 1.45 (1.36-1.55) for 1998-2007 and 1.42 (1.34-1.50) for 2008-2017. CONCLUSION: Although survival has increased over time, the lack of improvement in the disparity in cancer survival experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cancer patients highlights the urgent need to better understand the multifaceted and completed factors that underlie this gap to guide targeted, evidence-based interventions and support their implementation across the health sector.

OBJECTIVES To establish Z-scores for the diameter and blood flow volume of the umbilical vein (UV) in normal fetuses. METHODS This was a prospective study involving 907 normal fetuses. We measured the diameter (Duv) of two different segments of the UV (FUV: the free loop of the UV; FIUV: the fetal intra-abdominal UV). Next, we calculated the blood flow volume (Quv). Z-scores were created for both Duv and Quv using gestational age, femur length, and biparietal diameter as independent variables. RESULTS We successfully acquired 858 (94.6%) normal fetal measurements. Between 20 and 39 weeks, the Duv of the FUV and FIUV increased from 0.38 to 0.80 cm and from 0.33 to 0.70 cm, respectively. The Quv of the FUV and FIUV increased from 32.66 to 381.88 ml/min and from 31.50 to 360.15 ml/min, respectively. Linear or quadratic regression models were best fitted between the parameters of UV and the independent variables. Z-scores were successfully determined for both the Duv and Quv. CONCLUSIONS The calculation of Z-scores for the Duv and Quv is simple by applying standard statistical methods. These Z-scores may be useful to evaluate placental circulation and provide a rationale for monitoring and evaluating the prognosis of fetuses.

Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal disease with molecular heterogeneity, inducing differences in biological behavior, and therapeutic strategy. NGS profiles of pathogenic alterations in the Chinese PDAC population are limited. We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the predictive role of DNA damage repair (DDR) mutations in precision medicine. Methods The NGS profiles were performed on resected tissues from 195 Chinese PDAC patients. Baseline clinical or genetic characteristics and survival status were collected. The Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed by the R version 3.6.1. Results The main driver genes were KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4. Advanced patients with KRAS mutation showed a worse OS than KRAS wild-type (p = 0.048). DDR pathogenic deficiency was identified in 30 (15.38%) of overall patients, mainly involving BRCA2 (n = 9, 4.62%), ATM (n = 8, 4.10%) and RAD50 genes (n = 3, 1.54%). No significance of OS between patients with or without DDR mutations (p = 0.88). But DDR mutation was an independent prognostic factor for survival analysis of advanced PDAC patients (p = 0.032). For DDR mutant patients, treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy (p = 0.0096) or olaparib (p = 0.018) respectively improved the overall survival. No statistical difference between tumor mutation burden (TMB) and DDR mutations was identified. Treatment of PD-1 blockades did not bring significantly improved OS to DDR-mutated patients than the naive DDR group (p = 0.14). Conclusions In this retrospective study, we showed the role of germline and somatic DDR mutation in predicting the efficacy of olaparib and platinum-based chemotherapy in Chinese patients. However, the value of DDR mutation in the prediction of hypermutation status and the sensitivity to the PD-1 blockade needed further investigation.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pre-treatment plasma fibrinogen (Fib) level and pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients and to assess the role of plasma Fib as a predictive factor. Methods Data from 1004 consecutive patients with invasive breast cancer who received NAC and subsequent surgery were retrospectively analysed. Both univariate and multivariate analyses based on logistic regression model were performed to identify clinicopathological factors associated with pCR to NAC. Cox regression model was used to determine the correlation between clinical or pathological parameters and recurrence-free survival (RFS). The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were applied in the survival analysis. Results The median value of Fib, rather than other plasma coagulation parameters, was significantly increased in non-pCR patients compared with pCR patients (P = 0.002). Based on the cut-off value estimated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, patients were divided into low or high Fib groups (Fib P P = 0.002), and positive hormone receptor status (P = 0.002). After adjusted for other clinicopathological factors in the multivariate logistic regression model, low Fib status was strongly associated with pCR to NAC (OR = 3.038, 95% CI 1.667–5.537, P 5 cm group (77.5% vs 58.4%, log-rank, P = 0.0168). Conclusions This study demonstrates that low pre-treatment plasma Fib (Fib

Little is known about the association between maternal history of dysmenorrhea and perinatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal history of dysmenorrhea and low birth weight (LBW).A total of 6754 pregnant women were recruited from the ongoing prospective cohort study in Guangxi, China, in 2015-2018. Information on the maternal history of dysmenorrhea was obtained by questionnaires including visual analog scale (VAS) questions during the first antenatal care visit. The association of maternal history of dysmenorrhea and LBW was evaluated using logistic regression analyses adjusted for confounding factors (infant sex, maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (kg/mMothers with a history of dysmenorrhea were more likely to give birth to LBW infants (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12, 1.83). Among women with a history of dysmenorrhea, women ≥29 years old (adjusted OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.02, 2.10), multiparous (adjusted OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.12, 2.25), and women gave birth to female infant (adjusted OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.11, 2.11) had a higher risk of LBW.As the first cohort study to investigate the association between maternal history of dysmenorrhea and LBW, our study shows that dysmenorrhea may increase the risk of LBW.

SummaryRisk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes among Zhuang ethnic pregnant women are unclear. This study analyzed the incidence and risk factors related to preterm birth (PB), low birth weight (LBW) and macrosomia in Zhuang population. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 9965 Zhuang pregnancy women in Guangxi, China. Information on mothers and newborns was obtained by using questionnaires and referring to medical records. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between related factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our results showed that the incidence of PB, LBW and macrosomia in Zhuang people was 5.55%, 5.64% and 2.19%, respectively. Maternal age ≥36 years (OR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.51–3.27) was related to a higher incidence of PB. Those with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) 2 (OR=1.91, 95% CI: 1.45–2.51), and had a female fetus (OR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.36–2.23) were more likely to have LBW infants. Maternal age between 31 and 35 years (OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.03–2.99) and pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OR=1.79, 95% CI: 1.15–2.80) were associated with a higher risk of macrosomia. The protective factors of macrosomia were maternal pre-pregnancy BMI 2 (OR=0.30, 95% CI: 0.15–0.60) and female fetus (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.28–0.59). Our study provided a reference for maternal and childcare administration among Zhuang population.

In this work, we proposed a chip on thermoelectric cooler (chip-on-TEC) for the active thermal management of high-power light-emitting diode (LED). The chip-on-TEC was prepared by electroplating a circuit layer on the cold-side substrate of thermoelectric cooling (TEC) and directly attaching LED chips on the circuit layer. Due to the Peltier effect of TE materials and the low thermal resistance of chip-on-TEC structure, the heat generated from the chips can be dissipated to the surrounding environment effectively. The performances of chip-on-TEC were studied by using the thermal simulation and packaging experiment. Compared with the traditional packaging structure, the working temperature of chip-on-TEC is greatly reduced under various chip currents. At the chip current of 1.0 A, the chip-on-TEC can reduce the working temperature from 232 °C to 114 °C (the reduction of 51%). Moreover, the light output power of LED is increased by 35.3%. The chip-on-TEC also can improve the light intensity and the light saturation point of LED. The results demonstrate that the chip-on-TEC is a promising thermal management for high-power LED packaging.

Internet of Things (IoT) brought great convenience to people’s daily lives. Meanwhile, the IoT devices are facing severe attacks from hackers and malicious attackers. Hackers and malicious attackers use various methods to invade the Internet of Things system, causing the Internet of Things to face a large number of targeted, concealed, and penetrating potential threats, which makes the privacy problem of the Internet of Things suffers serious challenges. But the existing methods and technologies cannot fully identify the attacker’s attack process and protect the privacy of the Internet of Things. Alarm correlation method can construct a complete attack scenario and identify the attacker’s intention by alarming the alarm data which provides an effective protection for user privacy. However, the existing alarm correlation methods still have the disadvantages of low correlation accuracy, poor correlation efficiency, and strong dependence on the knowledge base. To address these issues, we propose an alarm correlation method based on Affinity Propagation (AP) clustering algorithm and causal relationship. Our method considers that the alarm data triggered by the same attack process has high similarity characteristics, adopts the AP algorithm to improve the correlation efficiency, and at the same time constructs a complete attack process based on the causal correlation idea. The new alarm correlation method has a high correlation effect and builds a complete attack process to help managers identify attack intentions and prevent attacks.

Background Ultra-processed foods have now become dominant in the global food system. Whether their consumption is associated with cardiovascular mortality remains controversial. Moreover, data on ultra-processed foods and cardiovascular outcomes are scarce in the US population. We aimed to examine the association of ultra-processed food consumption with cardiovascular mortality in a US population. Methods A population-based cohort of 91,891 participants was identified from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Dietary data were collected through a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire. Ultra-processed foods were defined by the NOVA classification. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cardiovascular mortality. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to test nonlinearity. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify the potential effect modifiers. Results After an average follow-up of 13.5 years (1,236,049.2 person-years), 5490 cardiovascular deaths were documented, including 3985 heart disease deaths and 1126 cerebrovascular deaths. In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest vs. the lowest quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption had higher risks of death from cardiovascular disease (HRquintile 5 vs. 1, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.36–1.64) and heart disease (HRquintile 5 vs. 1, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.50–1.87) but not cerebrovascular disease (HRquintile 5 vs. 1, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.76–1.17). A nonlinear dose–response pattern was observed for overall cardiovascular and heart disease mortality (all Pnonlinearity Pinteraction Conclusions High consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with increased risks of overall cardiovascular and heart disease mortality. These harmful associations may be more pronounced in women. Our findings need to be confirmed in other populations and settings.

The frequency stability of multi-microgrids is easily affected by random load fluctuations and intermittent renewable resources. Additionally, geographically distributed generation equipment usually cannot adopt the “point-to-point” dedicated communication scheme to realize the information exchange considering the construction and computation costs. Therefore, a H∞-switching frequency control strategy for multi-microgrids based on edge computing framework is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an edge computing device is set up in each microgrid to collect the operation statuses of local participating equipment and generate the control instructions to ensure the real-time local frequency stability. Secondly, the multihop data transmission process in edge computing environment is described as a cascade queuing model. Then, the frequency control system in each microgrid is described as a switching model dependent on the varying time delays. Finally, via constructing a Lyapunov function, the constraints of the controller gains ensuring the H∞-damping performance for external load demands and the renewable outputs are derived at the same time. Simulation results show that compared with the traditional centralized control schemes, the peak value of our proposed edge computing framework is reduced by 32.51% compared with the traditional centralized control scheme. Moreover, under the same edge computing framework, the integral of absolute error (IAE) of frequency with the proposed H∞ control strategy can be reduced by 37.19% at least. Therefore, a better transient performance can be obtained with our proposed method.

In positioning systems, magnetic scales consisting of magnetoresistive sensors are widely used in the generation of position signals for machine tools. To obtain a precise position, magnetoresistive elements inside the sensor head output sinusoidal signals through the angle between the magnetization vector and the supplied current direction in order to determine the displacement of the system under a saturated magnetic field. With the development of machine tools, magnetic pattern media have evolved from linear encoders to rotary. In this paper, various medium models are built in order to examine the effects of changes in medium size, and the finite element method is used to simulate optimal size of the magnetic ring and assembly tolerances, such as pitch, yaw, and flying height errors. The results demonstrate that pitch angle error dominating among all errors results in the greatest impact on measurement accuracy. The installation of rotating machinery with the magnetoresistance-based magnetic encoders can follow the suggested design rule presented in this paper to optimize these error sources and quantify them accordingly to reduce assembly error.

This paper presents a new method for encrypting information over a Virtual Optical Holographic Encryption (VOHE) system which employs a virtual optical system based on digital holography and Fourier lens. The VOHE system provides parameters such as propagation wavelength ( $\lambda$ ) and focal length (f) of the Fourier lens which are keys that are used for encryption and decryption processes. The encrypted holographic information is based on an expanded Diffie-Hellman (EDH) algorithm. The method of expansion is presented based on a two-dimension complex function EDH-C. Furthermore, an expanded Pollard’s Rho method was applied to evaluate the security of the proposed EDH-C algorithm. To determine the accuracy of the information retrieved by a receiver site, the mean absolute error (MAE) was calculated between the original code and retrieved code. Finally, the randomness of the transmitted message for both methods was evaluated using NIST tests and the results show that the message that was encrypted by the proposed EDH-C algorithm had higher security than DH in view of the unpredictability and complexity of the transmitted message over an insecure channel.

The research purpose was to improve the accuracy in identifying the prosthetic leg locomotion mode. Surface electromyography (sEMG) combined with high-order zero-crossing was used to identify the prosthetic leg locomotion modes. sEMG signals recorded from residual thigh muscles were chosen as inputs to pattern classifier for locomotion-mode identification. High-order zero-crossing were computed as the sEMG features regarding locomotion modes. Relevance vector machine (RVM) classifier was investigated. Bat algorithm (BA) was used to compute the RVM classifier kernel function parameters. The classification performance of the particle swarm optimization-relevance vector machine (PSO-RVM) and RVM classifiers was compared. The BA-RVM produced lower classification error in sEMG pattern recognition for the transtibial amputees over a variety of locomotion modes: upslope, downgrade, level-ground walking and stair ascent/descent.

Laser-driven white lighting has been considered as a next-generation high-brightness white lighting source. Thermally stable color converter is an essential down-conversion material for phosphor-converted white laser diodes (pc-wLDs), which inevitably endures high-density laser excitation and huge heat shock from conversion loss. In this work, we proposed a thermally self-managing phosphor-in-glass (PiG) converter to enhance the heat dissipation of reflective pc-wLDs. The PiG converter was prepared by printing and sintering a phosphor glass film on the cold side of thermoelectric cooler (TEC). By controlling the input current of TEC, the heat generated from phosphors under high-power laser excitation was effectively and initiatively dissipated into the ambient environment due to the Peltier effect of TE materials. As the laser power (LP) increases from 0.73 to 5.6 W, the working temperature of PiG film slowly increases from 2.3°C to 6.1°C. The maximum temperature of PiG film is reduced by 61.1 °(~91%) at the LP of 5.6 W. Furthermore, the PiG-TEC-based pc-wLD achieves a cool white light and stable light quality under various LPs. At the LP of 4.5 W, the correlated color temperature (CCT) of pc-wLD is 6449 K, and the chromaticity coordinate of pc-wLD is (0.3139, 0.3274). The results indicate that the proposed PiG-TEC converter enhances the thermal performance of high-brightness laser-driven white lighting.

Increasing evidence demonstrates that microorganisms and their products can modulate host responses to cancer therapies and contribute to tumor shrinkage via various mechanisms, including intracellular signaling pathways modulation and immunomodulation. Detoxified pneumolysin derivative ΔA146Ply is a pneumolysin mutant lacking hemolytic activity. To determine the antitumor activity of ΔA146Ply, the combination of ΔA146Ply and berbamine, a well-established antitumor agent, was used for breast cancer therapy, especially for triple-negative breast cancer. The efficacy of the combination therapy was evaluated in vitro using four breast cancer cell lines and in vivo using a synergistic mouse tumor model. We demonstrated that in vitro, the combination therapy significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation, promoted cancer cell apoptosis, caused cancer cell-cycle arrest, and suppressed cancer cell migration and invasion. In vivo, the combination therapy significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged the median survival time of tumor-bearing mice partially through inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, and activating systemic antitumor immune responses. The safety analysis demonstrated that the combination therapy showed no obvious liver and kidney toxicity to tumor-bearing mice. Our study provides a new treatment option for breast cancer and lays the experimental basis for the development of ΔA146Ply as an antitumor agent., Graphical Abstract, Xuemei Zhang and colleagues demonstrated that the combination of detoxified pneumolysin derivative ΔA146Ply and BBM significantly inhibited triple-negative breast cancer progression both in vitro and in vivo. Their study provides a new treatment option for breast cancer and lays the experimental basis for the development of ΔA146Ply as an antitumor agent.

All-inorganic color converters are promising luminescent materials for high-power white lighting due to their excellent heat resistance and high thermal conductivity. However, the low color renderi...

In this work, we fabricated a phosphor-in-glass (PiG) film on Al-coated sapphire as reflective color converter driven by a laser diode. The borosilicate glass PiG film was sintered on heat-conducting sapphire and an Al thin layer with high reflectivity was deposited on the other surface of the sapphire, providing the function of heat dissipation and light reflection. The optical performance of the laser-driven white emitter (LD-WE) was adjusted by controlling the PiG film thickness. At a thickness of $120~\mu \text{m}$ , the LD-WE emits white light with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 6733 K and a chromaticity coordinate of (0.3104, 0.3184). When the laser power increases from 0.32 to 1.12 W, the luminous flux increases from 19.3 to 129 lm and the light quality is stable. The color rendering index (CRI) of LD-WE reaches 82.5 by adding red phosphor. Furthermore, the converter has low working temperature from 30.7 to 45.6°C due to the effective heat transfer of sapphire.

IntroductionSarcopenia is a condition described as the progressive generalized loss of muscle mass and strength. While sarcopenia has been linked with poorer outcomes following a variety of malignancies, its relationship with all gynecological cancer clinical outcomes has, to date, not been evaluated. This review interrogates the concept of sarcopenia as a prognostic tool for oncological outcomes and adverse effects of treatments in all primary gynecological malignancies.MethodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, searching PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL without date or language restriction for studies reporting on sarcopenia and gynecological malignancies. Random effects meta-analysis models were used to determine the effects of sarcopenia on progression-free survival, overall survival, and treatment-related adverse events.ResultsData were analyzed from 13 studies, including 2446 patients (range 60–323) with ovarian cancer (n=1381), endometrial cancer (n=354), or cervical cancer (n=481). Sarcopenia was associated with lower progression-free survival (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.76), overall survival (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.64), and no increase in adverse events (HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.69 to 2.40). The risk of bias of the studies was mostly rated unclear, and Begg’s and Egger’s test revealed a potential publication bias for progression-free survival and overall survval, although the HRs remained significant when adjusting for it.ConclusionSarcopenia is associated with worse progression-free survival and overall survival in gynecological oncology malignancies. Further research is warranted to validate these findings in larger and prospective samples using standardized methodology and to examine if an intervention could reverse its effect in gynecological oncology trials.

In this article, we developed a color converter of phosphor–AlN–sapphire (PAS) plate to enhance the heat dissipation of phosphor film in high-power white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). The improved heat dissipation performance is observed by introducing the AlN film with high thermal conductivity (TC), which was demonstrated by finite-element analysis (FEA) simulation. The proposed PAS plate was prepared by printing and sintering a yellow phosphor film on an AlN-coated sapphire plate. It is observed that the TC of the AlN-coated sapphire plate is increased with the reduction of the threading dislocation (TD) density of the AlN film. High TD density decreases TC by causing strong scattering of heat transfer phonons. The thermal and optical characteristics of the converters were further measured after this structure was used for packaging WLEDs as a remote phosphor configuration. Notably, the surface temperature of the PAS converter with the highest TC is reduced by nearly 23 °C and the luminous efficiency (LE) is increased by 17% at the current of 900 mA compared with the converter without AlN film coated. It is believed that the PAS plate is an effective converter to improve the heat dissipation of the phosphor layer and optical properties of high-power WLEDs.

This research aims to explore the function of DOR in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced Parkinson's disease model cell SH-SY5Y. SH-SY5Y cells were exposed with various doses of MPP + or DOR...

Background and purpose Chronic and recurrent upper respiratory tract infection and inflammation is common in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) post chemo-radiotherapy (CRT). Whether it is due to intrinsic (e.g., host-defense mechanisms of the epithelium), epigenetic or extrinsic factors is not fully understood. Materials and methods Tissue biopsies of the middle turbinate (MT) and inferior turbinate (IT) from NPC patients after CRT (mean of 3 years, n = 39) were compared with the IT biopsies from healthy subjects (n = 44). The epithelial ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM). mRNA and protein expressions of epithelial stem/progenitor cells markers, as well markers of cell proliferation and differentiation markers was analyzed. Results Abnormal epithelial architecture was observed in all tissue samples of NPC patients. Significantly decreased expression levels of mRNA and protein levels for p63 (basal cells), Ki67 (cell proliferation), p63+/KRT5+ (epithelial stem/progenitor cells), MUC5AC and MUC5B (secretary proteins from goblet cells), alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin and TAp73 (ciliated cells), DNAH5 and DNAI1 and RSPH4A (microtubule assemblies of motile cilia), FOXJ1 and CP110 (ciliogenesis-associated markers) were evident in MT and IT biopsies from NPC patients when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion CRT causes long-term defects of epithelial barrier functions and increases the susceptibility of these patients to upper respiratory tract infection and inflammation.

Background. With the development of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology, the patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) has been widely applied in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to compare the gait parameters of patients with 3DP personalized guide-assisted and standard TKA. Methods. Retrospective analysis of the advanced knee OA cases in our hospital between June 2017 and June 2018 was conducted. 30 cases received 3DP personalized guide-assisted TKA (group A), and 60 patients who underwent standard TKA during the same period were in group B and group C according to the computed tomography (CT) measurement results, each with 30 cases. Hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA), patella transverse axis-femoral transepicondylar axis angle (PFA), and gait parameters were statistically analyzed. The function was assessed by Hospital for Specific Surgery (HSS) and Knee Society Score (KSS). Results. The mean follow-up period was 12.3 months in the three groups. The knee max flexion angle at the swing phase of group A was larger than group B and group C (P<0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in other gait parameters. The mean PFA of group A was smaller than that of group B and group C (P<0.05). While, the HKA, HSS, and KSS scores of three groups showed no significant difference. Conclusion. 3DP personalized guide technology could improve the gait parameters after surgery, specifically reflected in the knee max flexion angle at the swing phase. It could also assist in the reconstruction of more accurate patellar tracking and rotational alignment in TKA, avoiding the occurrence of insufficient or excessive extorsion.

In this letter, highly reliable white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) were fabricated by using an all-inorganic packaging structure with a phosphor-in-glass (PiG) converter. The PiG was soldered on a three-dimensional substrate to realize the hermetic structure for WLEDs. The packaging structure displays the reliable and dense bonding layer between the PiG and the substrate. The thickness of phosphor glass layer was controlled to adjust the optical performances of WLEDs. At the thickness of $170~\mu $ m, the fabricated WLED achieves a white light with a luminous efficiency (LE) of 88.5 lm/W, a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 5274 K, and a color rendering index (CRI) of 67. After the accelerated aging test, the LE of fabricated WLEDs is only reduced by 9% and the related light quality shows no obvious shift.

Targeting mobile vehicle communications, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) wireless technology has been widely used in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). Though DSRC can provide reliable and low-latency communications for various VANET applications, the multi-channel operations standardized by IEEE 802.11p suffer from high contention on control channel, especially in dense traffic scenarios. Meanwhile, as a conventional wireless technology for VANET communications, WiFi is often underutilized when a vehicle is on road. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach that can effectively offload control frames from DSRC to WiFi when the control traffic is dense, resulting in significantly improved throughput of control traffic (about 28.7% under moderate traffic density in simulation).

Chronic inflammation plays an important role in primary liver cancer (PLC) etiology and can be influenced by dietary habits. No prospective study has investigated the association of dietary inflammatory index (DII) with PLC incidence and mortality. Therefore, we used prospective data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial to fill this gap. The DII was calculated from a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire in a cohort of 103,902 individuals. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for PLC incidence, and competing risk regression was used to estimate subdistribution HRs (SHRs) for PLC mortality. Restricted cubic spline regression was employed to identify the potential dose-response pattern. A total of 120 PLC cases and 102 PLC deaths were observed during follow-up. Higher DII scores from food and supplement were found to be associated with higher risks of developing PLC (HRTertile 3 vs. 1 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-3.41) and death from this disease (SHRTertile 3 vs. 1 1.97; 95% CI 1.13-3.41). Similar results were obtained for DII score from food only. A nonlinear dose-response pattern was identified for the aforementioned associations (all pnonlinearity

Epidemiological studies on magnesium intake and primary liver cancer (PLC) are scarce, and no prospective studies have examined the associations of magnesium intake with PLC incidence and mortality. We sought to clarify whether higher magnesium intake from diet and supplements was associated with lower risks of PLC incidence and mortality in the US population. Magnesium intake from diet and supplements was evaluated through a food frequency questionnaire in a cohort of 104,025 participants. Cox regression was employed to calculate hazard ratios for PLC incidence and competing risk regression was employed to calculate subdistribution hazard ratios for PLC mortality. Restricted cubic spline regression was employed to test nonlinearity. We documented 116 PLC cases during 1,193,513.5 person-years of follow-up and 100 PLC deaths during 1,198,021.3 person-years of follow-up. Total (diet + supplements) magnesium intake was found to be inversely associated with risks of PLC incidence (hazard ratiotertile 3 vs. 1 : 0.44; 95% confidence interval: 0.24, 0.80; ptrend = 0.0065) and mortality (subdistribution hazard ratiotertile 3 vs. 1 : 0.37; 95% confidence interval: 0.19, 0.71; ptrend = 0.0008). Similar results were obtained for dietary magnesium intake. Nonlinear inverse dose-response associations with PLC incidence and mortality were observed for both total and dietary magnesium intakes (all pnonlinearity

There is a distinct increase in the risk of heart disease in people exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is one of the adverse side effects when people are exposed to ionizing radiation. IR may come from various forms, such as diagnostic imaging, radiotherapy for cancer treatment, nuclear disasters, and accidents. However, RIHD was mainly observed after radiotherapy for chest malignant tumors, especially left breast cancer. Radiation therapy (RT) has become one of the main ways to treat all kinds of cancer, which is used to reduce the recurrence of cancer and improve the survival rate of patients. The potential cause of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity is unclear, but it may be relevant to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupts intracellular homeostasis through chemical modification and damages proteins, lipids, and DNA; therefore, it results in a series of related pathophysiological changes. The purpose of this review was to summarise the studies of oxidative stress in radiotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and provide prevention and treatment methods to reduce cardiac damage.

Featured with high bandwidth, high reliability, and native IP compatibility, WiFi has been recommended for a wide range of Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. However, WiFi is inherently energy-hungry and it may impose high energy consumption on not only IoT devices but also gateways. To reduce gateway’s WiFi energy consumption, many energy-efficient solutions for WiFi tethering services can be applied. However, these solutions mainly target the energy optimization of downlink data traffic in WLANs, and they are not suitable for the uplink data traffic of delivering massive IoT data from device to gateway (D2G), which is more common in IoT. When a gateway is powered by batteries, the high energy consumption caused by D2G communications may deplete the gateway quickly and renders the whole system dysfunctional as a result. Toward achieving energy-efficient D2G communications, we propose an innovative Green IoT Gateway (GIG) scheme, which aims at minimizing gateway energy consumption while ensuring the specific delay requirements of devices via cross-interface collaboration. Through utilizing the coexisting low-power ZigBee radios, GIG dynamically schedules the wakeup behaviors of high-power WiFi radios for energy-efficient and delay-bounded D2G communications. GIG has been implemented and evaluated in a prototype system, and the experiment results show that, under the moderate uplink data traffic and delay requirements, the energy consumption of GIG is 38.5% and 12.7% lower than those of a state-of-the-art WiFi tethering scheme and a simple version of the GIG scheme, respectively. Moreover, a great reduction of energy consumption at the device side can also be observed.

Background It has been reported that current smoking, overweight/obesity and physical inactivity are significant modifiable risk factors of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, the effects of age, period and cohort on the prevalence of the three lifestyle factors among Australian adults are still unclear. Methods Our study analysed data from 2004 to 2005, 2007 to 2008, 2011 to 2012, 2014 to 2015 and 2017 to 2018 National Health Survey. We employed the age–period–cohort models to analyze the individual effects of age, period and cohort on the prevalence of current smoking, overweight/obesity and physical inactivity among Australian adults. Results A total of 76 489 adults were included. Age, period and cohort all showed significant independent effects on prevalence of current smoking, overweight/obesity and physical inactivity (P Conclusion Age effects showed a distinct pattern for the prevalence of the three lifestyle factors. The prevalence of overweight/obesity continued to rise during the study period. The raised physical inactivity prevalence in recent study cycles is also concerning. Recent birth cohorts may be at increased risk of overweight/obesity and physical inactivity.

The digital elevation model (DEM) is an important basic data tool applied in geoscience applications. Because of its high cost and long development cycle of enhancing hardware performance, designing the related models and algorithms to improve the resolution of DEM is of considerable significance. At present, there is little research on DEM super-resolution based on deep learning, and the results of the reconstructed DEMs obtained by existing methods are inaccurate. Therefore, deepening of the network layers is utilized to improve the accuracy of a reconstructed DEM. This paper designs a neutral network model with 30 convolutional layers to learn the feature mapping relationship between a low- and high-resolution DEM. To avoid the problem of network degradation caused by increasing the number of convolutional layers, residual learning is introduced to accelerate the convergence speed of the model, thereby preferably realizing the DEM super-resolution process. The results show that DEM super-resolution based on a deep residual network is better than that obtained using a neural network with fewer convolutional layers, and the reconstructed result of the DEM based on a deep residual network is remarkably improved in terms of the peak signal to noise ratio and visual effect.

BACKGROUND: To explore the role of whole-lesion histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) derived from reduced field-of-view (rFOV) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) technique in discriminating histological grades of rectal carcinoma. METHODS: Altogether, 49 patients with rectal cancer were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients received preoperative 3.0 T MR scan. Histogram parameters from rFOV DWI were calculated and correlated with histological differentiation of rectal cancer. The parameters were compared between different histological grades of rectal cancer by independent Student’s t-test or Man-Whitney U-test. The Spearman correlation test analyzed correlations between histological grade and histogram parameters. The diagnostic performance of individual parameters for distinguishing poorly from well-/moderately differentiated tumors was assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: There were significant differences for ADCmean, 25(th), 50(th), 75(th), 90(th), 95(th) percentiles, skewness, and kurtosis of rFOV DWI sequence between well-, moderately, and poorly differentiated rectal cancers (P

Beamforming is considered as one of the most important techniques for designing advanced multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Among existing design criterions, sum rate maximization (SRM) under a total power constraint is a challenge due to its nonconvexity. Existing techniques for the SRM problem only obtain local optimal solutions but require huge amount of computation due to their complex matrix operations and iterations. Unlike these conventional methods, we propose a deep learning based fast beamforming design method without complex operations and iterations. Specifically, we first derive a heuristic solution structure of the downlink beamforming through the virtual equivalent uplink channel based on optimum MMSE receiver which separates the problem into power allocation and virtual uplink beamforming (VUB) design. Next, beamforming prediction network (BPNet) is designed to perform the joint optimization of power allocation and VUB design. Moreover, the BPNet is trained offline using two-step training strategy. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed method is fast while obtains the comparable performance to the state-of-the-art method.

In this era of Internet of Things (IoT), a variety of battery-powered devices communicate with each other or some remote gateways via wireless multihop communications. Although Wi-Fi has been shown to be of great benefit to a wide range of IoT applications due to its high data rate, high reliability, and native IP compatibility, it is inherently energy-hungry and potentially suffers from a dilemma: more (less) frequent use of Wi-Fi results in shorter (longer) delay but higher (lower) energy consumption. This dilemma becomes the major obstacle in the use of Wi-Fi in long-term but delay-bounded IoT applications. To address this, we propose a bidirectional cross-interface scheduling (BCS) scheme, which leverages the widely used low-power ZigBee to collaborate with the high data rate and reliable Wi-Fi for sustainable and reliable end-to-end (E2E) data delivery in IoT. The objective is to maximize network lifetime while satisfying certain required E2E delay bound. Extensive simulations and testbed experiments have been conducted. The results show that the network lifetime of BCS is 33.4% and 346.9% longer than those of a state-of-the-art scheme and the IEEE 802.11's standard power-saving scheme with the default settings, respectively.

Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has been widely used to treat locally advanced and inflammatory breast cancer. The initial purpose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable breast cancer is to reduce the tumor stage, achieve local control, and increase the conservative operation rate. Another significant advantage of using neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the early identification of unresponsive tumors, predicting the sensitivity of new drugs and promoting the development of new medicines and clinical trials. It is generally believed that complete pathological response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment predicts survival. The overall survival rate of patients who achieve pCR is much higher than that of patients who do not. Therefore, it is essential to predict the response of patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. There is increasing evidence that patient-derived organoids (PDOs) can be used in cancer research and drug development and for the personalized in vitro evaluation of drug responses.Method We generated a living organoid biobank from locally advanced breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These patients had three clinically common molecular types of breast cancer (luminal-type, triple-negative and HER2+ breast cancer). When the patient received clinical neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the organoids were treated with similar drugs, thereby simulating the situation of the patient receiving treatmentResult We successfully constructed organoids from breast cancer biopsies to simulate clinical treatment, demonstrating that viable tumoroid lines can be generated from a small sample of tissue. The phenotype of breast cancer organoid often agreed with the original breast cancer according to the blinded histopathological analysis of H&E stain tissue and organoid sections. Our clinical trial data confirm that the patient's response to chemotherapy closely matches the organoids’ response to drugs. The patient-derived organoids may identify breast cancer patients who respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and thereby improve initial care.Conclusion Our data indicate that patient-derived organoids can be used to predict the clinical response of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in vitro and to screen drugs that have different effects on different patients.

In this paper, we investigated the impact of the linewidth of a QCW pulsed sodium laser on the brightness performance of a generating sodium laser guide star by using the numerical simulation tool PRS. We compared the field test results with the simulation results for two TIPC’s 30W class sodium guide star lasers and found the results are in good agreement which proves the tool can be used for prediction. Then, we used the tool to study the influence of D2b repumping and different linewidths from 10MHz to 1GHz on the coupling efficiency and the photon return flux. For the TIPC’s QCW pulsed solid-state laser, when the on-sky power density is 1 W/m2, the coupling efficiency is 79.6 (photons/s/W/(atoms/m2)) without D2b repumping, however, the value is up to 213.3 (photons/s/W/(atoms/m2)) with 15% D2b enabled and is increased by 168% than the value without D2b; when the power density reaches 10 W/m2, the coupling efficiencies without D2b and with 15% D2b are 66.6 and 233.6 (photons/s/W/(atoms/m2)), respectively. The results show that for the QCW pulsed laser, D2b repumping is necessary. With D2b enabled, if the spectral linewidth is too wide or too narrow, the photon return flux will be adversely affected. The return flux of 60MHz is 52.5% higher than that of 1GHz, while the return flux of 300MHz is 37.8% higher than that of 10 MHz when the laser power is 100W.