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Glioma is a highly fatal malignant tumor with a high recurrence rate, poor clinical treatment effect, and prognosis. We aimed to determine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NDRG1 and glioma risk and prognosis in the Chinese Han population. 5 candidate SNPs were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY in 558 cases and 503 controls; logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between SNPs and glioma risk. We used multi-factor dimensionality reduction to analyze the interaction of ‘SNP–SNP’; the prognosis analysis was performed by log-rank test, Kaplan–Meier analysis, and Cox regression model. Our results showed that the polymorphisms of rs3808599 was associated with the reduction of glioma risk in all participants (OR 0.41, p = 0.024) and the participants ≤ 40 years old (OR 0.30, p = 0.020). rs3802251 may reduce glioma risk in all participants (OR 0.79, p = 0.008), the male participants (OR 0.68, p = 0.033), and astrocytoma patients (OR 0.81, p = 0.023). rs3779941 was associated with poor glioma prognosis in all participants (HR = 2.59, p = 0.039) or astrocytoma patients (HR = 2.63, p = 0.038). We also found that the key factors for glioma prognosis may include surgical operation, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. This study is the first to find that NDRG1 gene polymorphisms may have a certain association with glioma risk or prognosis in the Chinese Han population.

Background Endometrial cancer is one of the most common female reproductive system tumors. Ninjurin2 (NINJ2) is a new adhesion factor. As a vascular susceptibility gene, it is highly expressed in other cancers and promotes the growth of cancer cells. We conducted an association analysis between NINJ2 gene polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk. Methods Five SNPs rs118050317, rs75750647, rs7307242, rs10849390 and rs11610368 of NINJ2 gene were genotyped in 351 endometrial cancer patients and 344 healthy controls. The clinical index difference between cases and controls were tested by one-way analysis of variance. The allele and genotype frequency of cases and controls were been compared by Chi square test. The odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were examined by logistic regression analysis. Results The SNP rs118050317 mutant allele C and homozygote CC genotype were significant increased the endometrial cancer risk (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.04–2.06, p = 0.028; OR 8.43, 95% CI 1.05–67.89, p = 0.045). In the clinical index analysis, there were significant higher quantities of CEA, CA125 and AFP in cases serum than controls. Conclusion The NINJ2 gene polymorphism loci rs118050317 mutant allele C was associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. CEA, CA125 and AFP quantities were significant higher in endometrial cancer patients.

AIM: To compare the acceptability of Phoenurse female condom (PFC) and second-generation Femidom female condom (FC2) among Chinese women. METHODS: A randomized cross-over clinical trial was carried out in women aged 20-49 years seeking family service in Qingdao China between April and October 2013. Women were classified into two groups using a computer-generated randomized sequence. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline and after using 10 of each type of female condom (FC). RESULTS: Of 290 women 247 (85.2%) believed that FC could protect against sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. A total of 152 (52.5%) thought that the female condom (FC) contraceptive failure rate was higher and 107 (36.9%) thought that FC could be reused before they participated in this study. After the study 135 (46.6%) and 39 women (13.4%) would have been happy to use FC2 and PFC respectively. Significant difference was noted between PFC and FC2 for the features color lubrication and overall fit rather than length appearance smell and application method. A total of 68 (23.5%) and 140 women (49.5%) liked FC2s color and lubrication better than PFC (44 15.2%; 99 34.6%). Also 158 women (54.5%) preferred the overall fit of FC2 compared with PFC (143 49.5%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Participants did not have sufficient knowledge about the contraceptive effect and use of FC. Lubrication means the smooth degree of using FC. Length means the size of FC. Appearance means the users overall impression of the FC. (c) 2016 Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Background Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Recently, an increasing number of evidences suggest that genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the occurrence of colorectal cancer. This study aimed to better understand the influence of MIR17HG polymorphisms on colorectal cancer susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. Methods We recruited 514 patients with colorectal cancer and 510 healthy controls to investigate the association between polymorphisms of MIR17HG and risk of colorectal cancer in the Chinese Han population. Genotyping was performed with the Agena MassARRAY platform. We used the χ 2 test to compare the distributions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) allele and genotypes frequencies between cases and controls. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association under genetic models. Linkage disequilibrium between the five SNPs was assessed using the Haploview software. Results Overall analysis found that rs7336610 and rs1428 and haplotype CTAGA were significantly associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, we found rs7318578 was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer in the dominant model. Stratification analysis showed that rs7336610, rs7318578, and rs1428 were also associated with rectal cancer risk. Gender stratification analysis found that rs7336610, rs7318578, rs17735387, and rs1428 were significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk in males. Conclusion In conclusion, this study indicated that the polymorphisms of MIR17HG were associated with colorectal cancer risk. Therefore, our findings may provide new insights into the development of colorectal cancer. Further association and functional studies are of great importance to confirm these results and to define the potential biological mechanism of colorectal cancer.

To explore knowledge and use of female condoms in China, and to compare four modes of failure between the Phoenurse female condom (PFC) and the second-generation Femidom female condom (FC2).In a randomized, crossover trial, sexually active women aged 20-49years who attended a family planning service in Qingdao, China, were recruited between April and October, 2013. A computer-generated randomized sequence was used to assign participants (1:1) to group A (used 10 PFCs followed by 10 FC2s) or group B (used 10 FC2s followed by 10 PFCs). Study investigators and participants were masked to allocation. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline and after using the two types of FCs. They also kept coital logs.At baseline, 30 (10.3%) of 290 participants understood female condoms, but only 1 (0.3%) had ever used one. Total failure rates were 3.6% (420/11 578) and 2.3% (265/11 594) for PFC and FC2, respectively (P0.001). Slippage was the most common form of failure, affecting 6.9% of PFC uses and 5.0% of FC2 uses. Breakage, misdirection, and slippage were significantly more common with the PFC than with the FC2 (P≤0.002).Understanding of female condoms is poor in China. Failure is more common with the PFC than with the FC2.

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices on medical abortion of abortion service providers in rural areas of China. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study via self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 362 abortion service providers from family planning service centers (FPSC) and hospitals in rural areas of Henan Province, China, between November 2009 and May 2010. Results: Most of the providers were female (99.4%) and obstetricians/gynecologists (63.3%). The knowledge score achieved ranged from 9.4 to 78.1 points, with both the median and the mode of 56.3 points. Of the 52.2% (189/362) of providers having a preference on abortion method, 30.2% (57/189) preferred medical abortion, while 69.8% (132/189) preferred surgical abortion. In total, 50.7% (174/343) of the providers indicated the provision of medical abortion should be expanded, with the three biggest challenges in its further expansion being increased complications/failures, poor client knowledge/awareness, and problems with drug/equipment supplies. Of all the providers, 81.7% and 92.2% reported they had experience in providing medical abortion and surgical abortion, respectively. Medical abortion providers were mainly experienced in misoprostol with oral (81.8%)/vaginal (79.6%) prostaglandin (misoprostol/gemeprost). Conclusion: Knowledge on medical abortion of providers working in rural China was at a moderate level. Providers preferred surgical abortion to medical abortion. Providers have more experience in providing surgical abortion than medical abortion. Efforts should be made to overcome the perceived challenges in future expansion of medical abortion.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to broadly assess the level of knowledge, attitude and behaviors related to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) among unmarried female migrants in China. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted and a self-administered questionnaire was designed for collecting information on SRH including 15 items for knowledge, 8 items for attitude and some items for contraception and abortion related behaviors. Results: A total of 1690 unmarried female migrants were interviewed. Most of the respondents had less knowledge of SRH. Only one-third of respondents was aware of emergency contraceptives and could freely talk about SRH with their friends. Over one-third of respondents were not willing to come into contact with someone with AIDS or STDs. In this study, 10.4% participants had an unwanted pregnancy and 95% of them had an abortion. Multivariate analysis showed that having a boyfriend, duration of employment in city, knowledge on SRH and freely discussing SRH with peer were associated with having premarital sex among these unmarried female migrants. Conclusion: This study revealed that the unmarried female migrant was one of the most vulnerable groups concerning SRH. In some policy reforms, appropriate and cost-effective SRH services should be provided for these migrants.

This paper presents an active steganalysis technique for echo hiding (EH). This approach can differentiate stego audios (with hidden message) from nature ones (without hidden message), and then extract sequential EH messages in stego audios without prior knowledge about the EH technique. The procedure of this algorithm can be simplified as follows: (i) Sliding Windowed Cepstrum (SWC) is obtained by employing a Sliding Window (SW) to move over the audio signal sample by sample. (ii) The echo detector is designed based on statistical analysis of the Cepstrum Peak Location Aggregation Degree (CPLAD). (iii) For stego signals, both echo delay and the range of segment length are estimated by exploring the changing rule of the SWC. (iv) The accurate estimation of segment length and synchronism position is acquired by the grid search algorithm. (v) Finally, the binary secret message can be extracted using the estimated parameters in the previous steps. The proposed method has been implemented and tested to extract the message which is embedded into audio clips by using EH techniques with different kernels. The experimental results show that the accuracy of extraction is no less than 90% when attenuation is greater than 0.45.

Background Considerable sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges have been reported among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Predictors thereof are urgently needed to develop targeted interventions.Study design A cross-sectional study assessed determinants of unmet need for contraception using semi-structured interviews in two cities in China: Guangzhou and Qingdao.Results Between July and September 2008, 4867 female rural-to-urban migrants aged 18-29 years participated in the study. Of these, 2264 were married or cohabiting. Among sexually-active women (n = 2513), unmet need for contraception was reported by 36.8% and 51.2% of respondents in Qingdao and Guangzhou, respectively; it was associated with being unmarried, having no children, less schooling, poor SRH knowledge, working in non-food industry, and not being covered by health insurance. A substantial proportion of unmarried migrants reported they had sexual intercourse (16.6 % in Qingdao and 21.4% in Guangzhou) contrary to current sexual standards in China.Conclusion The study emphasises the importance of improving the response to the needs of rural-to-urban migrants and recommends strategies to address the unmet need for contraception. These should enhance open communication on sexuality, increase the availability of condoms, and improve health insurance coverage.

An audio recovering method of spread-spectrum hidden information is proposed based on genetic algorithm. In this method the embedded sequence length is confirmed firstly, then the best estimated sequence with the confirmed length is got by genetic algorithm, finally the confidential message hidden in stego-audio can be recovered. Using this approach, the hidden information can be recovered without any information from the transmitter. The presented method has been implemented on PC, and the experimental results show that the average recovering correct rate is higher than 90%.

Udgivelsesdato: 2009-Feb OBJECTIVES: To compare two post-abortion family planning (FP) service packages on contraceptive use and repeat abortion rate among young women in three cities in China. METHODS: In this cluster-randomized trial, one FP service package included provision of limited information and referral to existing FP services, and the other, more comprehensive, package consisted--in addition to the above simple package--of individual counselling, free provision of contraceptive materials, and involvement of the male partner. Eight matched pairs of hospitals were certified by centralized randomization. Women undergoing abortion were followed up for six months, and data were collected in two rounds, before and after the intervention. RESULTS: We followed a total of 2336 women younger than 25 years (555 before and 555 after the simple intervention package; 634 before and 592 after the comprehensive intervention package). Both packages increased use of any contraceptive method, but the comprehensive approach also increased use of more effective methods. Odds ratios for consistent and correct use of condoms were 2.32 (95% confidence interval 1.55-3.46) and 2.78 (1.81-4.26), respectively, compared with the simple package. The rates of unwanted pregnancies and repeat abortions were somewhat reduced for both packages, with no significant statistical difference between them. CONCLUSION: Couples who received the comprehensive post-abortion FP service appear to use more effective contraceptive methods and show better compliance.

Objectives To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with sexual dysfunction (SD) among younger married men living in rural China. Methods An anonymous questionnaire was self-administered by the husbands of 298 randomly selected married women aged 20 to 39 years. Results Of all 298 respondents, 84 (28.8%) had at least one of the seven studied SDs. The prevalence of an individual SD ranged from 3.7% (physical pain) to 19.5% (premature ejaculation); 41.9% were dissatisfied with their sexual life. Age, education level, age at marriage, and income were, in general, not statistically significant in predicting SD. Adjusting for age, education level, and age at marriage, the following were significantly associated with different categories of SD: smoking, SD of the wife, perceived health status, mental health and vitality quality of life (QOL), sharing a bedroom with nonspouse family members, masturbation, and the perceived importance of sexual life. Income, the perceived importance of sexual life and adequate sexual knowledge, mental health QOL, inability to achieve climax, and erectile problems were independently associated with sexual satisfaction. Conclusions SD among younger married men in rural China was significantly associated with mental health QOL and vitality QOL. Other factors, such as perceived physical health, room sharing, and spousal SD, were also involved. Most respondents perceived their sexual knowledge to be inadequate, which was also associated with sexual satisfaction. Because various factors were significant in predicting SD, multiple approaches are required in promoting sexual health in this study population.

This paper presents a method which utilizes color, local symmetry and geometry information of human face based on various models. The algorithm first detects most likely face regions or ROIs (Region-Of-Interest) from the image using face color model and face outline model, produces a face color similarity map. Then it performs local symmetry detection within these ROIs to obtain a local symmetry similarity map. The two maps and local similarity map are fused to obtain potential facial feature points. Finally similarity matching is performed to identify faces between the fusion map and face geometry model under affine transformation. The output results are the detected faces with confidence values. The experimental results demonstrate its validity and robustness to identify faces under certain variations.

This pilot study aimed at fostering resilience among people living with HIV and improving the HIV-negative participants' acceptance of people living with HIV. A group of 75 people living with HIV who were former blood/plasma donors and 36 HIV-negative fellow villagers in rural China participated in the intervention. The 8 sessions lasted for 4 months and were facilitated by trained local family-planning officers. Efficacy of the intervention was assessed using a pre- and postprogram study design; measurements were made at baseline, at completion, and 3 months afterward completion. The authors found that the HIV-positive participants increased their levels of resilience, social support, and quality of life and that they reported fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress at the completion of the intervention; most of these changes were sustained at the 3-month follow-up. Such participants also reported subjective improvements on problem-solving skills, self-confidence, and a feeling of being cared for by others. In addition, the HIV-negative participants' discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV were reduced after completing the intervention. The majority of the participants was satisfied with the intervention and would recommend it to others. The train-the-trainer approach was used effectively. Positive effects of the intervention have been revealed and future randomized controlled studies are warranted.

Objective To investigate providers' knowledge and attitudes about medical abortion (MA) and their views regarding the main challenges to expanding the use of MA in urban and rural areas in China. Methods A total of 658 abortion providers were surveyed from November 7, 2009, to May 29, 2010. Results The providers' knowledge about MA was relatively poor, and most thought the risks of severe complications of MA were much higher than they are. Urban nonphysician providers were the least informed about MA. Most providers thought that the main challenges to an expanded use of MA were its lesser effectiveness in comparison to surgical abortion and women's lack of knowledge about it. In rural areas many providers thought that deficiencies of clinics, such as limited bed space and inadequate toilets and washing facilities, also posed serious obstacles to expanding MA use. Conclusion Abortion providers, especially urban nonphysician providers, need refresher training to strengthen their knowledge of the approved protocol for providing MA in China, and also of the indications, contraindications, and safety and efficacy of the method. Deficiencies at abortion facilities should be addressed as well, and they are more numerous in rural areas.

A random sample consisting of 88 sexually active people living with HIV (PLWH) and their HIV negative spouses in rural China were interviewed. Data of 68 couples (77.2 %) who gave identical responses to whether they had been using condoms consistently in the last 12 months (n = 136) were analyzed. The results showed that 27.9 % of the discordant couples used condom inconsistently in the last year. Condom non-availability was the most commonly given main reason for not using condoms. Free condoms should be made available to these low-income couples. Suicidal ideation of the PLWH and the spouse's perception on 'whether someone could contract HIV via unprotected sexual intercourse with a HIV positive person' were significantly associated with inconsistent condom use in the last year. Education program should change the cognition about the risk for HIV transmission via unprotected sex. Integrated psychological services to reduce suicidal ideation are greatly warranted.

Objective To examine the prevalence of contraceptive use in rural China and to determine factors that influence choice of contraceptive method. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using multistage cluster sampling to identify married women aged 20–49 years residing in Shaanxi Province, China. Data on demographics and contraceptive use were collected via detailed questionnaire. Results The prevalence of contraceptive use in the study population was 93.9% (19 599/20 878 eligible women). Among the women using contraceptives, 10 408 (53.1%) used sterilization (female and male) and 6947 (35.4%) chose an intrauterine device. In total, 2244 (11.4%) women used short-acting contraceptive (SAC) methods: condoms and pills accounted for 8.7% (n = 1712) and 1.0% (n = 216), respectively. Young age; high level of education; low parity; increased number of abortions; low frequency of sexual intercourse; long duration between marriage and delivery; and marriage after 1994 were all associated with SAC usage. Conclusion Although contraceptive use was high in rural China, the participants’ awareness of free selection of contraceptive method and the rate of SAC use were both low. Appropriate and diverse family-planning services should be provided to meet the needs of women living in rural areas.

Poor sexual and reproductive health status has been reported among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Therefore, some effective and feasible interventions are urgently needed. The authors developed a workplace-based intervention to compare 2 young labor migrant service packages (A and B) on the knowledge, attitude related to contraception, and contraceptive use among unmarried male migrants in Chengdu. Fourteen construction sites were randomly assigned to either of the 2 intervention packages. Interventions were completed in 3 months, and data were collected in 2 rounds independently (before and after interventions). After the intervention, the median scores for knowledge and attitude in migrants in package B were significantly higher than in migrants in package A. Although migrants in both packages increased use of condom, the increase was pronounced in migrants in package B, with odds ratio (OR) = 9.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41-66.28). The rate of unwanted pregnancies was reduced more significantly in migrants in package B than in migrants in package A (OR = 0.16; 95%CI = 0.03-0.45). Unmarried male migrants who received the comprehensive intervention (package B) were more willing to use condoms and avoid unwanted pregnancies effectively.

An audio steganalysis technique to detect the existence of secret messages introduced by Echo Hiding (EH) is presented in this paper. After in-depth exploring the changing rule of the Sliding Window Cepstrum (SWC), we extract the sensitive statistical feature named Peak Location Aggregation Index (PLAI) in cepstrum domain to realize the echo detecting system. A rigorous mathematical derivation to verify the reasonableness of the design is also included. The proposed algorithm has been tested by a great deal of audio clips generated by state-of-the-art echo kernels such as Typical Kernel (T-kernel), Positive-and-Negative kernels (PN-kernels), Backward-and-Forward kernels (BF-kernels), and Mirrored kernels (M-kernels). The experiments have been carried out with various payloads, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Objective To evaluate Chinese healthcare providers’ knowledge regarding medical abortion, to understand provider preferences for abortion methods, and to investigate the role of remuneration on providers’ decision making. Methods Between November 2009 and May 2010, 658 abortion service providers from family-planning service centers and hospitals in Shenzhen and Henan, China, were surveyed via self-administered questionnaires. Results The knowledge score (out of a maximum of 32) regarding medical abortion was 16–20 for 60.9% of the providers; 20.4% of the providers preferred medical abortion to surgical abortion, whereas 35.0% preferred surgical abortion. Overall, 72.2% of providers stated that they did not receive any commission for providing medical abortion or surgical abortion. Conclusion Most healthcare providers believed that surgical abortion was preferable to medical abortion. Efforts should be made to overcome the perceived disadvantages of medical abortion.

This paper presents a novel 3D muscle-controlled eye (MCE) model and a new math-based representation of eye movements and expressions. According to the differences between external eye area including eyelids, eyebrows, forehead and internal eyeball in anatomical and physical characteristics, MCE is reconstructed as external flexible model and internal rigid model. In consideration of volume invariance in deformation, we add thickness direction to contraction direction defined by Waters' muscle model. Based on MCE, any continuous movement or expression of arbitrary eyes can be described with a group of time-varying curves of normalized muscle contraction, called multi-curve spectrum (MCS). This allows significant data reduction and applicability improvement when representing and animating the same movement of different eyes.

Objective: To assess the need for integrating postabortion care with family planning services in China. Method: We collected data from a clinic-based study of 24 abortion clinics in 3 large cities in China. Results: There was a total of 287 (10.3%) high-risk abortions among the 2780 respondents, 974 (35%) of whom had had repeated abortions and 48.4% had had 2 abortions within 1 year; 63.7% of the current pregnancies resulted from not using contraceptives; 28.8% and 19.8% of these new pregnancies, respectively, were due to the failure of the rhythm or the withdrawal method; only 9.7% of the respondents consistently used condoms; and only 9.1% could identify the correct time of their first ovulation following an abortion. Conclusion: Contraceptive neglect and the high rates of repeated and high-risk abortions call for the integration of postabortion care with family planning services in China.

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) requires effective classification algorithms for Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal processing. To train a classifier for continuous prediction, trials in training dataset are first divided into segments. The difficulty here is how to combine the predictions across time to make the final decision of a whole trial as early and as accurately as possible. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical approach based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) to classify the EEG trials by combining the predictions of segments according to the discriminative powers at individual time intervals during a trial. We evaluate the proposed method on two datasets of BCI competition 2003 and 2005. The experimental results have shown that the performance of the proposed method is among the best.

To develop effective learning algorithms for continuous prediction of cursor movement using EEG signals is a challenging research issue in Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). To train a classifier for continuous prediction, trials in training dataset are first divided into segments. The difficulty is that the actual intention (label) at each time interval (segment) is unknown. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical approach under Bayesian learning framework to learn the parameters of a classifier. To make use of all the training dataset, we iteratively estimate probability of the unknown label, and use this probability to assist the training process. Experimental results have shown that the performance of the proposed method is equal to or better than the best results so far.

In 3D object detection and recognition, the object of interest in an image is subject to changes in view-point as well as illumination. It is benefit for the detection and recognition if a representation can be derived to account for view and illumination changes in an effective and meaningful way. In this paper, we propose a method for learning such a representation from a set of un-labeled images containing the appearances of the object viewed from various poses and in various illuminations. Topographic Independent Component Analysis (TICA) is applied for the unsupervised learning to produce an emergent result, that is a topographic map of basis components. The map is topographic in the following sense: the basis components as the units of the map are ordered in the 2D map such that components of similar viewing angle are group in one axis and changes in illumination are accounted for in the other axis. This provides a meaningful set of basis vectors that may be used to construct view subspaces for appearance based multi-view object detection and recognition.

Face images are subject to changes in view and illumination. Such changes cause data distribution to be highly nonlinear and complex in the image space. It is desirable to learn a nonlinear mapping from the image space to a low dimensional space such that the distribution becomes simpler tighter and therefore more predictable for better modeling effaces. In this paper we present a kernel machine based approach for learning such nonlinear mappings. The aim is to provide an effective view-based representation for multi-view face detection and pose estimation. Assuming that the view is partitioned into a number of distinct ranges, one nonlinear view-subspace is learned for each (range of) view from a set of example face images of that view (range), by using kernel principal component analysis (KPCA). Projections of the data onto the view-subspaces are then computed as view-based nonlinear features. Multi-view face detection and pose estimation are performed by classifying a face into one of the facial views or into the nonface class, by using a multi-class kernel support vector classifier (KSVC). Experimental results show that fusion of evidences from multi-views can produce better results than using the result from a single view; and that our approach yields high detection and low false alarm rates in face detection and good accuracy in pose estimation, in comparison with the linear counterpart composed of linear principal component analysis (PCA) feature extraction and Fisher linear discriminant based classification (FLDC).