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Evidence is limited regarding the association between low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score and mortality among Asians, a population that consumes a large amount of carbohydrates.The present study examined the association between low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score (based on percentage of energy as carbohydrate, fat, and protein) and the risk of total and cause-specific mortality among Asians.This study was a prospective cohort study in Japan with follow-up for a median of 16.9 years involving 43008 men and 50646 women aged 45-75 years. Association of LCD score, LCD score based on animal sources of protein and fat, and LCD score based on plant sources of protein and fat with risk of mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards model.A U-shaped association was observed between LCD score and total mortality: the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CI) of total mortality for lowest through highest scores were 1.00, 0.95 (0.91, 1.01), 0.93 (0.88, 0.98), 0.93 (0.88, 0.98), and 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) (P-non-linearity0.01). A similar association was found for mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and heart disease. LCD score based on carbohydrate, animal protein, and animal fat also showed a U-shaped association for total mortality (P-non-linearity0.01). In contrast, LCD score based on carbohydrate, plant protein, and plant fat was linearly associated with lower total (HR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.94 for highest versus lowest quintile), CVD [0.82 (0.73, 0.92)], heart disease [0.83 (0.71, 0.98)], and cerebrovascular disease [0.75 (0.62, 0.91) mortality.Both LCD with high animal protein and fat and high-carbohydrate diet with low animal protein and fat were associated with higher risk of mortality. Meanwhile, LCD high in plant-based sources of protein and fat was associated with a lower risk of total and CVD mortality.

We have studied “Cellular Robotic System (CEBOT)”, which consists of many kinds of units called “cell”. CEBOT is required to be able to carry out many sorts of tasks under various surroundings. But it is impossible for CEBOT to install all sorts of the task execution procedures. Then CEBOT should be able to generate task execution procedures for a new task by reconfigurating himself. In this paper, we propose a new kind of the distributed intelligence system which is based on the concept of CEBOT. This proposed intelligence system has the abilities of learning, reasoning, and self-organizing. As similar to the hardware structure of CEBOT, this system consists of various kinds of intelligence units called “knowledge-cell”. By using the knowledge-cells and the proposed algorithms, the system which can generate task procedures is realized. Some simulations are also shown for demonstrating the self-organization and self-evolution abilities of the distributed intelligence system.

Thc Dynamically Rcconflgurahlc Robotic Systcm (1)IllCS) Is a ncw kind ol' robotlr system whlch Is ablr to reconrlguratc I Lscl f to optimal structure dcpending on purpose and environment. To realize this concept, we has proposed CEBOT (Cellular Robotics). Communication is needed in CEBOT system as follows: When cells are separated , communication master cell needs to know other cell's function, position and determine the target cell for docking. A mobile cells should be able to coordinate with other mobile cells. When cells are docked, forming cell structure/module, a master cell should control bending joint cell and know of which cells the construction is composed. In this paper, we propose a communication protocol for both cases with optical sensor applicable to CEBOT. Some experimental results are shown by realizing the proposed communication method between cells.

Cellular Robotic System"CEB0T" has been studied to realize a dynamically r econfigurable r obotic system, which can c arry out m any kind of tasks under various environments by the authors. CEBOT consists of a lot of units called "cell" which has a simple function. To deal with a complex task which can not be carried out by a cell, CEBOT generates various "module" ,which is composed of some cells. A much complex 5ystem composed of some modules is called "structure", which can carry out very complicated tasks. As above mentioned concepts, CEBOT is very similar to a living creature, because tissues and organs are formed by a lot of cells. CEBOT h as to not only create new modules and structures, but also kill some modules and structures, because the number of cells is limited. Therefore it is necessary to study a system which can create and kill new group composed of many units of the system. In this paper, We propose a strategy of self-organization. We call the strategy an Genetic Cell Production Algorithm (GCPA). The GCPA is based on the Genetic Algorithms, which are search algorithms based on the mechanics of natural se1ectiol.r and n atural genetics. We also propose a estimation method for the distributed system, which can be described by relations among subsystems. To simulate the self-organization based on the GCPA, we designed a distributed s ystem, which has a hierarchical cell-structure based on the concept of CEBOT. By using the model of a distributed system, some simulational results and analysis are reported in this paper, to verify the efficiency of the GCPA.

The dynamically reconfigurable robotic system is a novel kind of robotic system that can reconfigure itself to optimal structure depending on purpose and environment. To realize this concept, the authors propose CEBOT (cellular robotics). They explain the necessity of communication in both the docked and undocked states for CEBOT as an autonomous decentralized coordinated system and propose a method for achieving this. They show the necessity of coordination control and compare two autonomous docking methods. They define a communication protocol in the undocked state and realize it by an optical sensor. They then choose and realize a communication protocol in the docked state. >

The authors propose a genetic knowledge production algorithm (GKPA) for CEBOT, in order to realize a self-organizing and self-evolutionary knowledge system. They propose a new kind of distributed intelligence system which is based on the concept of CEBOT employing the GKPA. This proposed intelligence system has capabilities of learning, reasoning, and self-organizing. This system consists of various kinds of intelligence units called knowledge-cells. As an example of the applications of the self-organizing intelligence, a robotic manipulator capable of learning and reasoning has been made from the CEBOT concept by installing the intelligence system with GKPA in the manipulator. The knowledge acquisition ability of the manipulator is demonstrated by experimental results. >

The Cellular Robotic System (CEBOT) is studied with the aim of realizing a self-organizing robotic system. A principle of the distributed decision making method for a multi-agents robotic system is reported. Some simple control laws which each unit should obey are proposed. The conditions of parameters of the control laws to keep the total system stable are also discussed. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method, a simple task (carry the object) is carried out by some mobile cells which obey the methods from simulation experiments. The optimal number of cells to execute the task is evaluated and discussed. >

The authors have studied the cellular robotic system (CEBOT) with the aim of realizing a self-organizing robotic system. It can be regarded that CEBOT is one of the multi-agents robotic systems studied by many researchers. It is generally considered that one of the features of the multi-agents robot is that the system can carry out many kinds of tasks under various environments due to coordination among many agents. It is assumed that a group of the agents can get higher performance than an ability of single agent. In this paper, the relation between the resource amount, which implies both hardware and software installed into the system, and system performance is discussed. At first, a new concept called function amplification is proposed and defined, the control law of each agent to achieve the function amplification is secondarily discussed. In the last part of this paper, some simulations are reported and discussed to demonstrate the relation between resource amount and system performance.

A new heating method for hyperthermia using microwaves and ultrasound simultaneously is proposed, and temperature distributions are obtained by computer simulations. The results show that the simultaneous use of microwaves and ultrasound can heat a wider and deeper region than sole use, and can reduce the input power of microwaves and ultrasound. This implies that one can reduce the hazards that high power microwaves and ultrasound may bring about. >

The authors propose a novel distributed intelligence system which is based on the concept of a cellular robotic system (CEBOT). This proposed intelligent system has the abilities of learning, reasoning, and self-organizing. This system consists of various kinds of intelligence units called knowledge-cells. By using the knowledge cells and the proposed algorithms, which should be stored in each cell genetically, the system realizes self-organization and self-evolution. In addition to proposing the basic genetic algorithm, the organization of a cell-structured system is numerically analyzed. Some simulations are also shown to demonstrate the self-organizing and self-evolution abilities of the distributed intelligence system. >

'Cellular robotic system (CEBOT)' consists of many units called 'cells'. CEBOT is required to be able to carry out many different tasks under various surroundings. The authors propose a new kind of distributed intelligent system which is based on the concept of CEBOT. This intelligent system proposed has the abilities of learning, reasoning, and self-organizing. Similar to the hardware structure of CEBOT, this system consists of various kinds of 'intelligence' units called 'knowledge-cells'. By using the knowledge-cells and the proposed algorithms, the system which can generate task procedures is realized. To estimate the efficiency of this system, a search space based on the theory of probability is described. >

Deals with a method of construction of complicated systems based on cells having simple functions. This system is called a cellular robotic system (CEBOT). CEBOT is a kind of a distributed intelligence system which has been considered as one of the next generation artificial intelligence system. Each cell has its own knowledge and database. Each cell can carry out tasks by using its own knowledge and other cells' knowledge. So knowledge allocation must be considered to be optimal due to the intelligent communication. The authors propose the communication system of CEBOT and one method of the communication evaluations based on the communication information calculated from the proposed communication protocol. A concept of the sensitivity for transferring knowledge to the other cell is also described. Some simulation results on estimation of knowledge allocation by minimizing the communication information capacity and the sensitivity are reported. >

The authors propose an optimal structure decision method which can determine cell type, arrangement, degree of freedom, and link length. It can be used for fixed-base and mobile-base manipulators, so that universal/modular manipulators can be made. Simulation results show the differences in evaluation for different candidates and tasks and also demonstrate that the structure decision method works efficiently. With respect to the software structure, optimal knowledge allocation is one of the most important issues for CEBOT. The authors propose a method of optimal knowledge allocation based on the amount of communication among cells. Communication among cells for the control proposed is described. >

An inductive pulsed power generator which has copper wire fuses used as an opening switch has been developed at Kyushu University (Japan) as the power source of a gas-puff Z-pinch. The inductive pulsed power generator has a capacitor of 11 /spl mu/F and 19.8 kJ as a primary energy source and can supply a driving current with a rise time of about 200 ns to the gas-puff Z-pinch plasma. Experiments with fast bank and inductive pulsed power methods are performed to investigate the characteristics of gas-puff Z-pinch plasmas. The obtained results show that the intensity of soft X-rays decreases gradually with a delay time which is the time difference between the beginning of the coil current from a gas-puff actuator and that of generator current in both methods. From the observation of hot spots recorded with two pin-hole cameras arranged at right angles to each other, it is found that the hot spots tend to align on the central axis between electrodes with increase of the rising rate of plasma current. The behavior of imploding cylindrical plasma depend on the rising rate of plasma current. Especially, sausage instability in the pinching plasma along the axis becomes predominant in the case of higher rising rate of current by the inductive pulsed power method, and the faster current leads to spatially-confined distributions of hot spots appearance shot to shot.