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Introduction: The wood processing industry in Indonesia is experiencing very rapid development, so there are positive and negative impacts of this industry for the country. The positive impacts that occur such as increased economic growth while the negative impacts that occur include environmental pollution which directly impacts the health of workers. One of the bad effects experienced by workers working in the industrial sector is wood dust. Wood dust is an invisible object that can circulate through the air so that it can enter the body and cause disruption of lung function of workers. The purpose of this research to conduct research on the factors of lung physiology disorders caused by vulnerability to wood dust. Method: The method was used in this research is a literature review by reviewing 10 relevant articles. Results: The effects showed that the method used is the same, which is using cross sectional, and during the study the data collection tools used questionnaires with interviews. In line with the outcomes of the study, factors for pulmonary physiology are not only caused by dust levels that exceeded the threshold value (NAV), but there are several other factors, namely individual characteristics such as length of service, duration of exposure, smoking habits, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Moreover, several studies presented bivariate tests to find out the relationship between variables that are factors in the occurrence of pulmonary physiology. Conclusions: Of 10 studies most have performed a bivariate analysis, but just a few have analyzed all the factors causing pulmonary physiology. Keywords: literature review, pulmonary physiology, risk factor, wood dust

The purpose of the article is to study the land art objects created from the wood by various techniques used by the artists. To achieve the purpose, the following tasks have been identified and solved: the analysis of means of wood processing used by the artists to create the works of land art has been performed; the types of materials used to create installations have been determined; modern wood processing techniques and their characteristic features introduced in the land art objects have been studied. Methodology. The system approach, methods of typological, comparative-historical, reconstructive, structural-functional analysis, etc. are used. Results of the research. The study of wood processing techniques used by the artists of land art in their works has been conducted. The special decorative significance of wood processing techniques during the realization of the art object and their influence on the concept of the work have been determined. It has been found that the main trends in modern art are the environmental friendliness of materials used by the artists of land art, the use and restoration of ethnographic techniques and methods of creating art objects, but giving the work its own semantic component, often environmental one. The scientific novelty is to determine the author`s artistic techniques and approaches used for the creation of objects of land art in wood processing techniques, to develop the typologies of objects of land art from wood, as well as to determine the impact of traditional wood processing industries on the work of the artists of land art of our days. The practical significance lies in the fact that the materials presented in the article, their analysis and generalization can be used in research on the development of land art in Ukraine and the world, as well as for further implementation in the author`s art projects.

With the rapid development of the timber industry, illegal logging of timber and its trade have become an important issue for world sustainable development. Many governmental and private sectors have taken measures to ensure the legality of wood, and wood legality verification is becoming more and more common. Chinese wood processing industries are mainly centralized in the region of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In this paper, a questionnaire survey is used to investigate the status of legality verification of wood processing enterprises in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The results show that applying for timber legality verification is conducive to the increase in enterprise benefits, but due to different levels of management and technology application rate, enterprises have deviations in their understanding of different legality certification systems. High certification costs and insufficient awareness of legality verification have become the main obstacles to applying for timber legality verification of wood processing enterprises in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Based on this conclusion, this paper suggests some policies to promote the legality verification of Chinese wood processing enterprises.

The article considers the role of secondary use of building materials in the circular economy. The paper considers the method of cascading use of wood, used in the practice of European specialists, which allows to increase the period of use of building materials. The author concludes that nowadays the problems of resource shortage and rapid climate change are encouraging society to move towards more sustainable solutions for the construction sector. Wood, as a widely available and naturally grown material, is of particular importance for achieving the environmental goals set by the EU and national authorities. The use of wood in construction has increased in recent decades. However, the use of a secondary method of wood processing in the circular economy is rarely used in practice, although the economic effect of this process is quite high.

AIM: This study is a preliminary study to analyze the etiology and pathophysiology of exposure to wood dust and diisocyanates in the wood processing industry in Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia. This study also provides a diagnostic evaluation of occupational asthma (OA) for ongoing exposure. METHODS: The research method was carried out with a systematic review of various previous findings and with a preliminary study of workers in the processing industry in Jepara, Indonesia. RESULTS: The results show that from a sample of 32 respondents who have been carried out in a wood processing factory in Jepara, it shows that the suspect OA in sanding workers by hand is 75%, with the distribution of signs and symptoms: Chest tightness and pain (90%); cough (53%); shortness of breath (50%); and wheezing (2%). From the signs and symptoms felt, workers felt a continuous increase (progressivity) of OA by 75%. CONCLUSION: Theoretically, this preliminary study is useful to provide information about exposure to wood dust and diisocyanates as a risk factor for OA, especially among workers in the wood industry.

THE PURPOSE. Consider a renewable energy source. Compare the proposed design with other pyrolysis technologies and make sure that the proposed design will reduce fuel consumption. METHODS. This article proposes the design and technological principle of the process of pyrogenetic wood processing with the production of various compositions of pyrolysis gas and charcoal. RESULTS. The article describes the proposed design, calculates the heat balance for it, and determines the operational parameters of the technological process. CONCLUSION. The main positive difference between the proposed plant design and technology from other pyrolysis technologies is a high level of fuel economy due to heat utilization at intermediate stages of the process. The heat of the cooled charcoa l and the waste products of complete fuel combustion are utilized. The developed design allows reducing fuel consumption, as well as the range of gaseous components obtained as a result of pyrogenetic decomposition of raw wood in a direct -flow pyrolysis plant can be increased.

Automatic species identification has the potential to improve the efficacy and automation of wood processing systems significantly. Recent advances in deep learning allowed for the automation of many previously difficult tasks, and in this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for hardwood lumber identification. In particular, two highly effective CNNs (ResNet-50 and DenseNet-121) as well as lightweight MobileNet-V2 were tested. Overall, 98.2% accuracy was achieved for 11 common hardwood species classification tasks.

Oil palm trunk is one of the biomass that has not been utilized and becomes waste in the former oil palm replanting location. The application of palm oil processing technology for furniture raw materials can provide solutions to target audiences to be utilized and developed in the future. The aim of the community service activity is to assist the processing of oil palm stems for the production of furniture that has distinctive features and high selling value. The method of implementing the activity is theoretical assistance and direct practice to target audiences regarding palm oil processing technology for decorative furniture products. Achievement measurement tools consist of theoretical understanding and application suitability in the field. The results of these activities can be implemented by various prototypes of furniture products. The partner's knowledge of the wood processing business makes the transfer of science and technology for the use of oil palm trunks easier to implement. Socio-economically for the local community is very beneficial because it can change the perception of the existence of palm oil stems which have been considered as waste into a potential that can be utilized for an economically valuable product.

Introduction: The primary wood processing industry releases greenhouse gases (GHGs); their mitigation involves measuring the carbon footprint.Objective: To estimate the carbon footprint of two forestry companies dedicated to the primary transformation of wood.Materials and methods: Companies established as organizational boundaries L1 and L2 have two (Q1 and Q2) and one (D) sawmill, respectively. The operational limits were A1 (direct emissions from fossil fuel consumption), A2 (indirect emissions from electricity consumption) and A3 (emission sources not owned by L1 and L2). GHG emissions were calculated in two annuities with the method of using documented activity data and emission factors level 1. The annuities were compared with the Student’ t-test and Wilcoxon test, and the sawmills with the Kruskal-Wallis test.Results and discussion: The estimated carbon footprint for L1 was 480.06 tCO2e·year-1, where A1, A2 and A3 represented 29.32 %, 14.59 % and 56.09 %, respectively. L2 had a footprint of 230.56 tCO2e·year-1 of which 9.39 %, 11.78 % and 78.83 % corresponded to the categories A1, A2 and A3, respectively. The cumulative uncertainty was within a fair range of accuracy (±25 %). Only the direct GHG emissions between L1 annuities were statistically different (P < 0.05). Mechanical technology made the difference in GHG emissions among sawmills (P < 0.05).Conclusions: The carbon footprint is inherent to the energy used; energy management ensures the mitigation of GHG emissions.

Wood processing produces large volumes of residues which, when not properly managed, pose an environmental problem in the vicinity and beyond. These residues mainly constituted of sawdust and wood shavings, possess important energy potentials that are largely underexploited in Cameroon. In this work, we investigate the possibility that sawdust generated by wood transformation units (WTU) in Cameroon can be used sustainably to render them self-sufficient in terms of electricity demands through the production of syngas in a gasification process. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used in the research. Initially, a questionnaire was employed to quantify the sawdust produced in the town of Yaounde, Cameroon. A major WTU “LFM_Scierie” was selected to evaluate the feasibility of electricity generation from syngas produced by gasification of its wood waste. Proximate analysis of sawdust sampled from the LFM sawmill included moisture content 17.74 ± 0.27%, ash content 3.91 ± 1.54%, volatile matter 74.62 ± 1.47%, and fixed carbon 3.73%. The gross calorific value of the sawdust sample was estimated to be 20.08 MJ/kg. The total quantity of sawdust produced in the Yaounde municipalities is 290 tons/week which translates to an energy potential of 713 GJ/week. Theoretical calculations and modelling using a thermodynamics software, Cycle-Tempo, indicate that the amount of sawdust generated at the LFM sawmill of about 7 tons/week, can conveniently satisfy its electricity demands of approximately 3.3 MW/week. Small-scale WTUs in Yaounde can be rendered energy-autonomous by the generation of electricity from syngas produced via a gasification process of its waste.

Innovations represent the engine of the business and economic. This is particularly relevant to the traditional sectors such as forestry and forest-based industry that are expected to play an important role in the future steps oriented towards meeting the sustainable development goals. The main aim of this study is to analyse the stakeholders’ perceptions of the innovation trends in the forestry and forest-based sectors by using a Q-methodology. This research addressed three groups of respondents in Slovakia, whose task was to subjectively assess innovative trends in the forestry and forest-based sectors. Based on the results it can be concluded that the innovation trend in the forestry and forest-based sectors will be oriented towards the technological progress focused on the increasing efficiency of wood processing and increasing the usability of waste material as well as the trend of increasing development of innovations in the forest recreation services.

This study investigated the main causes of accidents, levels of injuries, and mitigation measures to wood processing accidents. Structured interviews were conducted on 45 respondents drawn from various portable sawmills. The Chi square test showed that there were highly significant differences on frequency distribution of causes of sawmill accidents. However, a principal component analysis revealed that accidents were mainly caused by inappropriate equipment setup or operation and harsh weather conditions. Secondly, results showed that the frequency distribution of responses on levels of accidents was highly significantly different among the respondents. Near-misses accounted for most of responses (55.6%). This is because near-misses are precursors to secondary accidents. Furthermore, the results showed highly significant differences on the frequency distribution of various mitigation measures available. Use of personal protective equipment and provision of special training were highly appraised. Forest workers need occupation safety and health and ergonomic knowledge before engaging in wood processing.

This research was conducted for two months from April 2015 to June 2015 in Langkat District, known as one of the centers of the wood processing industry in North Sumatra. The object of research is entrepreneurs in wood industry companies in the study area. Based on the problems that have been formulated, the study aims to: (1) Analyze the effect of working capital variables, wood raw materials, labor costs and productivity in the wood processing industry on labor absorption in Langkat Regency. (2) Analyzing the average size of processed wood production produced by companies in Langkat Regency. (3) Analyzing the amount of the average absorption of labor per month received by the company in Langkat Regency. The study area was determined purposively with a sample size and population of 25 companies. Sampling of respondents using simple random sampling. The data used are primary data and secondary data. To examine the relationship between income and production costs the multiple linear regression analysis model is used. The results of this study indicate that the variable amount of working capital, wood raw materials, labor wages and productivity in the wood processing industry on labor absorption in Langkat District is 374 people with an average of 15 people, the average size of processed wood production produced the company in Langkat Regency is 282,429 m3. And the average absorption of labor per month received by the company in Langkat Regency is 15 people.

The majority of the number of employees in terms of poplar wood processing industry enterprises in Turkey are micro and small-scale enterprises. They generally operates in a atelier style. The satisfaction of the poplar wood industry business employees by the work done by the company is of great importance in terms of the continuity of both poplar wood using industry and poplar culture. This study aims to determine the main factors affecting job satisfaction of enterprises employees processing poplar wood in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces, to control the difference of job satisfaction according to some features (age, gender, marital status, education, position, total service time), to reveal the relationships between some features of enterprises employees and job satisfaction levels and to reach the findings to increase the levels of job satisfaction. Thus, contributions will be made to increase the productivity of labor, to increase the productivity, profitability and performance levels of the enterprises, to the continuation of the poplar industry and the poplar that provides raw materials to this industry, to the efficient and productive use of resources, to increase employment and thus to ensure sustainable development. The research data were obtained from a survey conducted in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces in Turkey. In the first part of this questionnaire, there are some questions created to determine the features of the employees such as age, gender, marital status, educational status, position and total service period. In the second part, there are 25 questions Job Satisfaction Scale prepared according to the 5 point Likert scale in order to determine the job satisfaction of the employees. The questionnaire forms were applied to 475 enterprises employees randomly selected in 2017-2018 via face-to-face interview method. Factor Analysis, Kruskal-Wallis H-Test, Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to evaluate the data. As a result of analysis; the most important factors affecting the job satisfaction of the employees were put forward as (1) Wage, promotion, working conditions and intention to pursue existing work, (2) Executive approach, individual autonomy, success and appreciation. Additionally, it was determined that the total job satisfaction of the employees varies according to age, education, position, total service time. As a result of the study, some suggestions were made to increase the job satisfaction of the employees working in poplar wood in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces., Türkiye’de kavak odunu işleyen sanayi işletmelerinin çoğunluğu çalışan sayısı bakımından mikro ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerdir. Bu işletmeler genellikle atölye tarzında faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. Kavak odunu işleyen sanayi işletmeleri çalışanlarının yaptığı işten doyum alması, gerek kavak odunu kullanan sanayilerin ve gerekse kavakçılığın devamlılığı bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, Sakarya, Samsun ve Bursa illerinde kavak odunu işleyen sanayi işletmeleri çalışanlarının iş doyumlarını etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek, iş doyum düzeylerinin bazı özelliklere (yaş, cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim, pozisyon, toplam hizmet süresi, işletmenin bulunduğu il-ilçe) göre farklılığını denetlemek, işletme çalışanlarının bazı özellikleri ile iş doyum düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koymak ve iş doyum düzeylerini artıracak bulgulara ulaşmak amacıyla ele alınmıştır. Böylece emeğin verimliliğinin artmasına, işletmelerin verimlilik, kârlılık ve performans düzeylerinin artırılmasına, kavak işleyen sanayinin ve bu sanayiye hammadde sağlayan kavakçılığın devamlılığına, kaynakların etkin ve verimli kullanılmasına, istihdamın artırılmasına ve dolayısıyla sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın sağlanmasına katkı sağlanacaktır. Araştırma verileri Sakarya, Samsun ve Bursa illerinde kavak odunu işleyen sanayi işletmelerinde çalışanlar üzerinde yapılan anket çalışmasından elde edilmiştir. Anketin ilk kısmında işletme çalışanlarının yaşı, cinsiyeti, medeni durumu, eğitim durumu, pozisyonu ve toplam hizmet süresi gibi özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla oluşturulan sorular yer almaktadır. İkinci kısmında ise çalışanların iş doyumunu belirlemek amacıyla 5’li Likert ölçeğine göre hazırlanmış 25 soruluk İş Doyumu Ölçeği yer almaktadır. Anket formları 2017-2018 yıllarında rasgele seçilen 475 işletme çalışanına yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle uygulanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde Faktör Analizi, Kruskal-Wallis H-Testi, Korelasyon ve Çoğul Regresyon Analizi kullanılmıştır. Değerlendirmeler sonucunda; işletme çalışanlarının iş doyumunu etkileyen en önemli faktörler; (1) Gelecek güvencesi, ücret, terfi ve çalışma koşulları, (2) Yönetim fırsatı, bireysel özerklik, başarı ve takdir edilme olarak saptanmıştır. Ayrıca işletme çalışanlarının toplam iş doyumunun yaş, eğitim, pozisyon, toplam hizmet süresine göre farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Sakarya, Samsun ve Bursa illerinde kavak odunu işleyen sanayi işletme çalışanlarının iş doyumunu artırmaya yönelik birtakım öneriler yapılmıştır.

Ozga Alicja, Obuchowska Aleksandra, Wójcik Justyna, Standyło Arkadiusz, Obuchowska Karolina. Wood dust exposure and risk of sinonasal cancer development. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(9):520‑524. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.09.063 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.09.063 https://zenodo.org/record/4042281 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 16.09.2020. Revised: 21.09.2020. Accepted: 22.09.2020. Wood dust exposure and risk of sinonasal cancer development Alicja Ozga1a, Aleksandra Obuchowska1b, Justyna Wójcik1c, Arkadiusz Standyło1d, Karolina Obuchowska1e a aozga1@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1291-905X baobuchowska12@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-2695 c justynawojcik455@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7163-6784 da.standylo@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5154-4759 ekarolinaobuchowska99@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-8236 1Student research group by the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Medical University of Lublin Corresponding author: Alicja Ozga Student research group by the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Medical University of Lublin Jaczewskiego 8 Street 20-954 Lublin, Poland e-mail: aozga1@gmail.com Abstract Introduction: The incidence of sinonasal cancers (SNCs) is quite rare; they contribute to 0,16% of all malignant tumors and to 3% among head and neck cancers. The survival rate remains poor - it is 59.5% for 5 years. The two most common subtypes are squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC). Both subtypes of SNC are associated to occupational exposures. Main risk factors for SNC include chemical components, wood and textile dusts, nickel and chromium, welding fumes. Thus, people doing particular jobs are at higher risk of SNC. Purpose: Evaluation of the influence of wood dust on SNCs development. Materials and methods: We performed a database research using Pubmed, Google Scholar, Springer Link and ResearchGate and we made review and meta-analysis of relevant studies. We searched for studies analyzing the relationship between wood dust and sinonasal cancer incidence. Results: Studies have shown that the risks of SNCs were great for workers in wood-related jobs, especially cabinetmaking, carpentry or joinery. There was a strong correlation between ADC incidence and wood dust, however the morbidity for SCC was also high. Conclusions: SNCs development is related to the occupational exposures. People engaged in jobs associated with wood processing are at great risk.Proper ventilation and protection is necessary while doing wood-related jobs. Key words: wood dust; nasal sinus carcinoma;occupational exposure; ADC

Governments in Europe are pushing for sustainable, environmentally friendly and bio-based technologies, enforcing restrictive laws, and selecting “green” materials and techniques for infrastructural and construction projects. This could be good news for the reinforced plastics industry, since steel and concrete are frowned upon for their environmental impact. However, wood processing industries are already jumping into the gap, exploiting their “bio-based” image. The reinforced plastics industry, although arguably with clear, potential benefits, is lagging behind. In the Dutch province of Friesland, an innovative bio-composite bicycle swing bridge was opened to show the way. We talk to Daan van Rooijen and Rik Brouwer of NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, who were involved in its development.

An urgent requirement of the time is to carry out modernization in all sectors of the national economy, aimed at extensive and intensive expansion of production, its innovative development and greening. The wood processing industry of Ukraine, having considerable economic potential, faces problems due to low technical and technological level of development. In order to assess the state and quality of the process of modernization of woodworking enterprises, its components are distinguished: extensive, intensive, innovative and environmental. To evaluate the extent of modernization, the following indicators were selected and investigated for the years 2014–2018: number of employees, value of current assets, residual value of fixed assets, production volumes, profit. It is substantiated that modernization has an intensive component if the growth rate of the number of employees is greater than one, the rate of growth of the value of current assets is greater than the rate of growth of the working capital, the rate of increase of the residual value of fixed assets is greater than the rate of growth of the current assets. the residual value of fixed assets, and the growth rate of profit is greater than the growth rate of production. The use of the Spearman coefficient showed that during 2015–2016, the process of modernization of woodworking enterprises in the growth of attracted resources and production volumes was ineffective due to losses. In 2017, the modernization processes are estimated to be effective but mostly extensive, in 2018 the indicators selected have a standard dynamic - the modernization is intensive. The evaluation of the modernization innovativeness was carried out on the basis of the research of indicators of innovation activity of the enterprises of the industry for 2014-2018. The calculated integral indices showed the reduction of innovation activity in 2015 and 2017, and its expansion in 2016 and 2018. The presence of environmental component of modernization confirms a significant increase in capital Enterprises of the Environmental Protection Industry in 2018 The proposed techniques for assessing the components of modernization can be used both at the industry level and at the vni individual companies.

Forests represent a substantial part of global socio-economy platforms. As the wood-based industry contributes large revenue to Malaysia’s economy, the readiness of Peninsular Malaysia towards sustainable wood-based industry was measured based on the different types of wood processing industries and Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practice. Surveys (1,447) from all operating timber mills according to their raw materials type for wood products processing in Peninsular Malaysia were analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Results showed that the sustainable practice in wood industry by SFM practitioners and non-practitioners were similar. All industries are using outdated technologies and consume local raw materials in producing wood products. The furniture industry is largely aware of SFM and consumes the least amount of logs to produce furniture.

This study examined the relationship between the number of apprentices in a firm and the financial performance of the firm, using the RPED/CSAE Ghana Manufacturing Enterprise Survey (GMES) covering the period of 1991 to 2002. The dynamic panel model estimation technique was employed to investigate the effect of the number of apprentice on gross profit per capital of firms in the furniture and wood processing industry of Ghana. The findings of the study indicate that the financial performances of firms deteriorate during the apprenticeship period, as they take up more apprentices but increase in wages of apprentices had direct significant effect on financial performance. Other dynamics of the apprentice and the master were discovered to be important variables in explaining firm’s financial performance. The average age of an apprentice in the Furniture industry was about 24 years while that of the Wood industry was about 29 years which is clearly very high. It has been suggested that firms may need incentives other than the services of the apprentice to increase their demand for apprenticeship. The incentive may include tax exemption which should be proportional to the number of apprentices engaged and a proper contract must be signed that will allow apprentices to serve the firm for a specified period after training before being released. The youth must also be advised to begin the apprenticeship process early. Keywords: Apprenticeship, Financial performance, Dynamic panel model, Gross profit, Contract

Fast-growing forest species established in tropical regions can supply much of the demand for renewable energy. The use of tree bark for energy is an alternative to gainfully exploit the residues generated by the forest industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of incorporation of bark in Schizolobium parahyba and Eucalyptus urophylla wood for energy purposes. The two species were planted with 3.0 m × 3.0 m spacing, in the central region of Brazil. The wood samples with and without bark were collected from trees, 3 years after planting to perform the physical and energy characterization of the biomass and the briquettes. The E. urophylla biomass presented better physical characteristics and lower ash content than S. parahyba. The presence of bark in E. urophylla and S. parahyba wood in small quantities (± 5%) is technically feasible for energy applications, including briquette production, thus offering an alternative for the destination of the residues produced in the wood processing industry.

Backgrounds: Wood dust exposure can stimulate proinflammatory cytokines and increase IL-8 levels, which is a foreign body in the body will be phagocytosis by macrophages and excrete mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, and chemoattractants which can cause inflammation. Duration of exposure, number and size of wood dust in the respiratory tract of wood industry workers are associated with various pulmonary disorders such as, COPD, occupational asthma, allergic rhinitis, decreased pulmonary function and pulmonary fibrosis. The aim this study is determine correlation between wood dust levels with interleukin-8 in blood serum among wood processing workers at x company, Tanjung Morawa-North Sumatera. Methods: A cross-sectional study which involved 40 workers from 3 different locations namely cutting, sanding and drafting. Cumulative wood dust exposure was calculated by measuring the dust content at the work site using Dusttrak TSI. IL-8 serum levels were measured using the ELISA technique. The Spearman correlation test was used. Results: Out of 40 workers those who worked in the cutting section were 15 people (37,5%), sanding section were 15 people (37,5%) and drafting section were 10 people (25%). The average level of wood dust PM 2,5 was 5,23 mg/m3while PM10 was 8,24 mg/m3 and the mean level of IL-8 in serum was 163,3 ng/L. This study find that there is a strong correlation between wood dust and IL-8 serum (r = 0,683; p

As analysis of the results of numerous studies has shown, the raw material for the production of wood fiber material can be chips from wood residue. In the process of producing high-quality wood fiber semi-finished product, high-quality wood chips are subjected to hydrothermal processing and further grinding in disk blade grinding machines in two stages. Significant energy intensity of the process of wood fiber production is caused not only by the grinding of chips in two steps, but also by overcoming the hydrodynamic resistance of the aquatic environment in which grinding is carried out. In order to solve the problem of expanding the raw material base for the production of wood fiber semi-finished product and reduce the energy intensity of the grinding process, research has been carried out on the process of grinding chips from logging residues in an aerodynamic environment in a modernized plank-cross grinder. An analysis of the features of the process of grinding chips in an aerodynamic environment has been performed and an estimate of its effectiveness has been formed. The influence of the main structural and technological parameters of the process of production a wood fiber semi-finished product in an aerodynamic environment on its quality indicators is shown. Statistical-mathematical equations and graphical dependences are obtained that allow predicting the quality indicators of a wood fiber semi-finished product for given structural and technological parameters of the grinding equipment.

Romania’s forest policy is based on a long tradition in establishing and implementing the principles of sustainable management of forestry resources, based on a sound scientific and technical foundation. This resulted in a rigorous forestry regime, designed to operate efficiently under the conditions of state ownership over all forests. Over the past 30 years, Romania has gone through a period of transition towards a market economy with major institutional changes that took place in the forest sector through the restitution of forests and the privatisation of the administration, logging and forest industry sector. In this context, the regulatory system did not have the expected efficiency, which is reflectedin a clear social tension, involving all stakeholders interested in and affected by the management of forests: private owners, public and private forest administration, loggingand wood processing companies, environmental protection organisations, civil society, etc. The paper presents the process of elaborating a vision for sustainable forest management that would underlie a new public forest policy, in accordance with the international strategic documents and with the current challenges faced by the Romanian forest sector. The dialogue platform used in the elaboration of the vision has been coordinated by auniversity, precisely to ensure a unitary methodological approach to involve relevant experts and stakeholders in the process. The development of the vision used a stepwise participatory process based on the activity of a core group of experts followed by an extension of the group of experts, a public consultation process and a public debate. The result of the process is materialised in a set of eight sustainable forest management principles and four good governance principles. The implementation of the principles requires theidentification, through an efficient and constructive communication between all stakeholders, of specific directions of action that have to be integrated in a new regulatory system that needs to be clear, easily monitored and effective in terms of practical results.

The purpose. To prove that the formation of a balanced forest management strategy depends on factors of the institutional environment, to reveal official and unofficial restrictions that may affect the implementation of the strategy for sustainable development of the forest industry. Methods. Abstract-logical, statistical-economic (the current state of land for forestry purposes is calculated and analyzed), comparative and graphic (study of state of forest fund lands and assessment of the effectiveness of their use), monographic (generalization of studies of domestic and foreign schools, which underlies the balanced use strategy lands for forestry purposes). Results. The classification features of separation of forest functions in the balanced forest management system are identified and substantiated in 3 blocks: environmental, social and economic. It was determined that in the process of transformation of the forest industry in accordance with modern environmental, economic and social requirements, the role of social functions should be strengthened, which will be an active factor in changes in the external and internal environment of the region and business entities. Conclusions. It has been proved that the balanced forest management strategy at the national level can have various implementation options and can be focused on increasing logging volumes by expanding the domestic market for forest products, creating territorial forest clusters to diversify the product range, and increasing the efficiency of forestry production. A balanced forest management strategy at the enterprise level can also be developed according to various scenarios aimed at creating production capacities for wood processing, increasing the environmental sustainability of forest plantations, increasing the volume of sales on the domestic forest products market, and increasing the efficiency of forestry production.

Storage of the crushed wood materials at the wood processing enterprises is carried out in the open air in formed heaps of various sizes and shapes. The disadvantage of such storage is uncontrolled self-heating of chips to critical temperatures driven by thermophiles. The payload mass of wood gets lost, its quality significantly degrades, and a risk of flame development appears without proper control. In order to prevent negative consequences, it is necessary to reject the excess heat energy from the massif of crushed wood material into the environment. Heat rejection will allow to establish control over thermal processes and operate with temperature fields inside a heap. Production engineering measures can be carried out with the use of heat pipes. This method is effective and environmentally friendly; and does not require the involvement of commercial energy consumption. Basic studies of the processes occurring in the heap massif of crushed wood were carried out for solution substantiation. The research purpose is to identify mathematical regularities describing the influence of the key factors on the processes of self-heating of crushed wood stored as the cone-formed heaps in the open air conditions. Methods of mathematical simulation, probability theory and mathematical statistics with the use of computational software systems were used as a part of the study. As a result, a system of equations those simulate the processes of self-heating of crushed wood and allow to predict the temperature field inside a heap to a given time interval is obtained, which will allow developing methods of industrial chips safe storage.For citation: Desnev A.N., Prokof’ev G.F., Tyurikov V.Yu. Simulation of the Temperature Field in the Crushed Wood Heap Massif. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 6, pp. 213–223. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.6.213

Investigation of the interaction between the machine working bodies and forestry works equipment is possible in the case of force approach application, as well as in the case of energy approach usage. It is important to teach students the methods and means of energy methodology. The energy approach is based on the construction of mathematical expressions of energy components – exergy and anergy, which cover the main structural, rheological and physical, and mechanical features of the objects under consideration. The research is carried out by constructing variational inequalities in relation to these components. From these inequalities a number of important results concerning the interaction of machines with the working environment were obtained, in particular the processes of wear and tear of parts and tools, the formation of vehicle rutting, the erosion of shore reinforcements, etc. The energy balance of the hydro mechanical system "machinery and equipment for harvesting and processing of wood – the renewable hydraulic and wood waste wastes energy resources" is also considered. The importance of such balance follows from the equilibrium of the energy resources, received by our planet from the sun, the ability to accumulate such energy in the form of combustible minerals and the release of such energy accumulation during the technological processes introduced by mankind. It was revealed that the energy resource of wood waste and hydro resources of river flows from the vicinity of wood processing enterprises is sufficient for the energy supply of technological processes in the forestry industry. The installation for energy supply of technological processes of the industry by renewable sources is offered. The method of designing such installation is substantiated. The mastery of students-mechanics in methods and tools of the energy analysis is important for forest engineering education in view of the possibility of improving the operating modes of machinery and equipment in the industry, for the corresponding expansion of the educational programs ecologization, as well as for the training of specialists – forestry mechanics for sustainable development.

The manufacturing industry is often caught in the sustainability dilemma between economic growth targets and climate action plans. In this study, a Log-Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition analysis is applied to investigate how the amount of industrial energy-related CO2 emissions in Latvia has changed in the period from 1995 to 2019. The change in aggregate energy-related CO2 emissions in manufacturing industries is measured by five different factors: the industrial activity effect, structural change effect, energy intensity effect, fuel mix effect, and emission intensity effect. The decomposition analysis results showed that while there has been significant improvement in energy efficiency and decarbonization measures in industry, in recent years, the impact of the improvements has been largely offset by increased industrial activity in energy-intensive sectors such as wood processing and non-metallic mineral production. The results show that energy efficiency measures in industry contribute most to reducing carbon emissions. In the future, additional policies are needed to accelerate the deployment of clean energy and energy efficiency technologies.

As was first stressed by the classical economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo, international trade plays a crucial role in the growth process. The paper aims to analyze the influence of foreign trade on economic performance in the wood processing industry (WPI) of Czechia and Slovakia. The multivariate regression method (MLR), assumption tests for MLR models, and Granger causality test were applied to identify association between foreign trade economic performance, and indicators were formed to measure the effects of foreign trade at the industry level. The Granger test revealed the unidirectional causality in the Slovak WPI and bidirectional causality in the Czech WPI. The results revealed that the net export growth has a positive effect on the economic performance of the industry, but only if the growth in imports is lower than in exports. The balanced trade balance indicated no influence of foreign trade on economic performance. The paper contributes to existing knowledge with indicators for evaluation of foreign trade effects on the performance of the industry. The paper also brings new empirical knowledge in trade balance effects on the economic performance of industries.

The traditional method of appearance defect detection is to rely on the examiner's personnel senses identification, but people's vision is lack of standard, and it is easy to cause false detection or missed detection due to fatigue or inattention. Therefore, the use of automatic optical inspection equipment, is the use of machine vision instead of human eyes to carry out quality inspection, in addition to improving inspection quality and efficiency, but also reduce the cost of human resources, but the cost of automatic optical inspection (AOI) equipment is not low, for the traditional furniture wood processing, economic factors are the biggest obstacle to implement. Another reason is that there are great differences among length, width and height. Generally, the width is much larger than the height. Therefore, the sheet can be put on the conveyer along the length direction. However, for the narrow side, turning and erecting need fixture. There are many ways to solve problems in traditional industrial engineering, such as DMAIC and 8D methodology. Most of them belong to the vertical mode thinking method. This mechanism design uses the lateral mode thinking method, adopts the five stages of design thinking, and creates the auxiliary mechanism design with the principle of prism reflection, which is simple and solves the procedure operation of avoiding turning over and vertical detection. The design can simultaneously detect the front side, left side and right sides of the wood board, and verify the design performance of high efficiency and low cost.

Competition in many companies can be measured by the level of productivity of the company. CV. Gavra Perkasa Gresik is a manufacturing company engaged in the wood processing industry, among the products produced is turning. So far, the company has never made productivity measurements so that, if output is low, the company thinks it is not good without analyzing the causes specifically and not paying attention to the efficiency of the use of resources (inputs) that are owned. Productivity measurement to find out how the condition of the company's productivity, whether experiencing an increase or decrease, is necessary to measure productivity using the model Marvin E. Mundel. This measurement is carried out on labor input, material, energy, capital and total input. The data needed for productivity analysis is taken from 2016 as the base period and 2017 as the measurement period. The results of calculation of productivity using the mundel model not all inputs have decreased, causing the company's total productivity to be 98.18% which has a good impact on the company. Keywords: Productivity, CV. Gavra Perkasa, Turning, Marvin E. Mundel

The position of Ukraine and the EU regarding the moratorium which is introduced on the export of rough wood was considered in the paper. The preconditions for introducing a ban of the exports of timber are analyzed. The analysis and generalization of domestic normative legal acts and international commitments of the WTO and Ukraine, including the Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), in the field of forestry regulation, is conducted. The actual problems in the forest product industry of Ukraine are found out. The main objective of the article is to propose recommendations for the development of the export policy of timber trade in conditions of European integration that will not contradict the international obligations of Ukraine. Investigations have shown that in the provisions of the GATT and the Association Agreement there are exceptions, which allow non-compliance of commitments in certain extreme cases. However, in adopted bills there is no ample evidence regarding the necessity of applying or restricting exports. Based on international experience, the impact of the export ban on the timber industry as a whole has been determined. It has been established that the wood-based industry receives positive effects only in the short-term period. However, all sectors of forest product industry will be negatively affected in the long-term period. Recommendations on the development of export policy for timber trade by abolishing import duties and value added tax for equipment for forest-based processing enterprises, the analogues of which are not made in Ukraine, for the purpose of modernization of equipment and further development of the forest-based industry, have been given. Based on the experience of European countries, it is proposed to export timber using the “residual method”, that is, primarily to provide raw materials to domestic producers, and to introduce export duties on roundwood production. After analyzing alternative ways of developing Ukraine’s export policy regarding timber trade in conditions of European integration, based on the escalation of tariff and tariff barriers, optimal rates of ad valorem and specific export duties have been proposed. With the justified introduction of export duties, the restriction of domestic consumption of timber, the abolition of import duties on the necessary equipment for wood processing, which are not analogous to those produced in Ukraine, all prerequisites for the development of domestic forestry are created.

The present business environment offers a wide scale of production and it is increasingly difficult to find a product standard which can distinguish the producer from competitors. The pressure of lobby groups and legislation arrangements force the society to reflect a need for ecologic and sustainable thinking. The current trend and requirements of EU are the implementation of certified systems and production of wooden products from certified wood. This paper focused on the present situation in the supply of products from certified wood and analyses an exercitation of eco-philosophy in the business of wood processors, the rate of manufacturing of certified wooden products, as well as reasons and benefits of certified production. This paper presents selected results of primary research carried out in Czechia which was focused on the investigation of economic impacts of wood products manufacturing from certified raw wood. All presented results emphasise the need for voluntary market tools with ecologic character. Keywords: Certification system, certified wood, wood processing, eco philosophy.

The aim of the paper is to point out the principles of process management and selected quality management tools, which are aimed at improving the processes of the wood processing industries of the Slovak Republic. The knowledge from these areas is based on the analysis of the theoretical origins from domestic and foreign sources and supported by the results of the research carried out in the first half of the year 2017. In the processing of the results, classical methods of research work were used such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, descriptive statistics, contingency tables, chi-quadrat test and graphic depiction. Based on the analysis of the research results, there was a slight dependence between the process optimization levels in the timber industry and other process improvement methods such as statistical process control methods and graphical analysis and problem solving tools.

Industrial symbiosis (IS) is an important concept in the field of industrial ecology that has disseminated worldwide as a practice to decrease the ecological impact of industrial processes through the exchange of by‐products and waste between units in a system. The forestry industry is the main economic activity in the region of Lages in southern Brazil. IS relationships have expanded with the use of waste material from wood processing and strengthened cooperation between companies in different sectors. The aims of this article were to: a) quantify the level of IS in the system, b) identify the benefits of IS for participants, and c) explain why the network further developed IS to the formation of an industrial ecosystem. A questionnaire was administered during visits to 24 forestry companies in order to analyze their products and processes, commercial relations, positive impacts, and local insertion. The industrial symbiosis indicator (ISI) was determined using waste stream data from the system to represent the level of symbiosis among the companies in this region. The results show that the companies participate in a symbiotic network, mainly involving the exchange of chips, bark, sawdust and shavings. In most cases, these exchanges occur between nearby companies, constituting an extensive industrial ecosystem.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are business activities that contribute to improving economic conditions, especially the rural economy. However, the development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is very slow in competition with large companies in the era of free trade and globalization. Therefore all problems must be found the best solution with various efforts so that MSMEs perform well. The purpose of this study was to analyze and determine the improvement in the performance of MSMEs in Serenan, Juwiring District, Klaten Regency by observing both the influence of internal and external factors partially or jointly. The research methodology used is quantitative descriptive type. through the Survey directly to the research location, the population of this study was wood processing MSMEs (furniture) which were in Serenan, Juwiring, Klaten Regency totaling 34 producers. The sample in this study is a population of 34 producers. While the sampling technique used was the census of all producers in the Serenan Sub-District which numbered 34 questionnaire answers. The results showed that the performance of MSMEs in Serenan, Juwiring, Klaten Regency was significantly influenced by internal factors (consisting of aspects of HR, financial aspects, production aspects and marketing aspects) and external factors (aspects of government policy, aspects of socio-economic aspects and related institutions) both partially and together.

Furniture industry represents the most efficient and profitable form of superior capitalization of wood, having the greatest added value in the wood processing industry. In this paper we make a motion for presenting the method of calculating costs per order and its positioning as compared to other methods of managing the costs, as well as applying the method in a big entity in wood industry in Romania. The case study presents entirely the appliance of the method of calculating costs per order and aims to conclude its efficiency in the costs\' management process in the Romanian wood industry. We opine that despite the fact that the method of calculating costs per order is a classical one, having certain assumed limits it has a special utility in the sector due to the activity\'s specifics of furniture manufacturing. By applying the method per order in the wood industry from Romania, a good run-down and integration is made concerning the expenses incurred by manufacturing, as well as their reflection in a trusty way in the managerial accounting.

It can be said that Integrated Information Systems (IIS) are a fundamental operating tool in modern business systems and form the basis of successful company management. The goal of our research was to determine the IT level of business operations in Croatian wood processing industry and to assess how significant it has been in enhancing its business performance. A survey method was used to collect data, which resulted in gathering predominantly small and medium-sized companies. Our results indicate an average use of IIS modalities among surveyed companies. Using cluster analysis, three types of companies were identified with respect to the degree of system implementation. Analysis of financial benefits of the IIS implementation did not find any statistically significant relationship. However, subjective impressions on non-financial indicators show that companies in all three clusters see the greatest benefit of IIS in the improved inventory efficiency and sales efficiency., Možemo reći da su integrirani informacijski sustavi (IIS) temeljni operativni alat u modernim poslovnim sustavima i čine osnovu uspješnog upravljanja poduzećem. Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je utvrditi razinu informatizacije poslovanja u hrvatskoj drvoprerađivačkoj industriji i ocijeniti koliko je ona važna za poboljšanje poslovnih rezultata poduzeća. Za prikupljanje podataka primijenjena je anketna metoda, koja je rezultirala odzivom pretežito malih i srednjih poduzeća. Naši rezultati upućuju na osrednju upotrebu modaliteta unutar IIS-a u anketiranim poduzećima. Klasterskom su analizom identificirana tri tipa poduzeća s obzirom na stupanj integracije sustava. Analiza financijskih koristi implementacije IIS-a nije se pokazala statistički značajnom. Međutim, subjektivni dojmovi o nefinancijskim pokazateljima govore da poduzeća u sva tri klastera vide najveću korist IIS-a u poboljšanju učinkovitosti upravljanja zalihama i poboljšanju učinkovitosti prodaje.

The working capacity of the logging and wood processing equipment feeding mechanisms is determined by the achievable coupling of the roller’s working elements with the movable blanks. The coupling stability depends significantly on the geometry specified in the design and implemented in manufacturing and physicochemical properties of the materials of tenons that capture, hold and continuously move the blanks into the processing zone. During operation, the geometrical parameters of tenons are changing due to wearing out, which is a result of a complex set of mechanical, chemical, thermal and other influences that accompany friction and deformation interaction of working elements of feeders and movable wood. Worn down tenons do not provide reliable movement of a blank, due to its slippage, which causes quality reduction of final products and leads to intensification of the cutting tool wearing out. At the same time the features of influence of tenon geometrical form on the mating forces of feeding rollers with movable blanks in conditions of development of the tribotechnical characteristics, which provide their working capacity, are not studied sufficiently for the practical use. Therefore, the research purpose is to clarify the conditions of friction-mechanical interaction of working elements of rollers with wood and to identify patterns of wearing out of tenon working surfaces, which allows theoretically substantiate their rational geometrical shape and requirements for the physicochemical characteristics of recommended materials. The acting load’s principles realized in the zone of contact of the metal surfaces of tenons with wood at displacement of blanks are considered for these purposes. The process of the force interaction change of tenons with blanks is shown beginning with the moment of contact of a certain tenon until it leaves the coupling. Its analysis showed that already at the beginning of the contact the shock bending load begins to act on the top of a tenon. The load in case of peak values often leads to wearing out by crumbling sufficiently large microvolumes of the feeding tenons. The probability of development of such fracture pattern is the greatest with insufficient strength of the using material and pre-sence of structural defects, especially unfavorably located microcracks, and the action of dangerous tensile residual stresses. These factors also significantly affect the corrosion-mechanical wearing out of the working surfaces of tenons and their resistance movement in wood. Thus, the main factor of effective transportation of a blank to the processing zone and achievement of high wearing resistance of feeding rollers is optimization the tenon geometry, properties of the assigned materials and technology of strengthening treatment of the concerned details. For citation: Pamfilov E.A., Pilyushina G.A., Sheveleva E.V., Prozorov Ya.S., Pyrikov P.G. Improving the Feeder’s Working Capacity of Timber Processing Equipment. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 2, pp. 102–110. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.2.102

In the last decades, the energy policy of European Union (EU) has fostered the use of biomass from forests and outside forests for energy purposes. Firstly, the Green Paper on renewable energies of the European Commission, then, the Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, the objectives of reducing the greenhouses gases (GHG) emissions and increasing the share of final consumption covered by renewable sources have been established. In this context, the present study investigated the flow of wood residues for energy use in the Trentino province - involving 82 wood processing enterprises (74% of total enterprises) and 22 biomass energy plants (85% of total biomass energy plants) - and quality of raw material used. The results show that in the Trentino province 100% of wood residues produced by wood processing enterprises are sold in the market (90.6%) or re-used within the enterprise (9.4%). Concerning the biomass sold on the market, 46% of wood biomass is marketed within the Trentino province, while 54% is marketed outside the province (Bolzano province, Veneto and Lombardy region). The biomass energy plants mainly use woodchips from forest and sawmills (86%), while sawdust and bark cover the remaining 10% and 4%, respectively. The biomass energy plants sample involved in the survey buys mainly raw material from traders (42.5%) followed by wood processing enterprises (34.3%) and forest enterprises (23.2%). Regarding the quality of wood biomass, only 54.5% of biomass energy plants sample checks the water content, while 41% buy certified woodchips. The results of this study highlight that forest-wood chain in the Trentino province is efficient in re-using wood residues produced in accordance with the principles of the circular bioeconomy, while there are still margins for improvement about the controls of the quality of raw materials used and to enhance of wood products of high added value (bio-textiles, bio-plastics).

Long-term financial analysis is an important tool for assessing the financial position of a company and/or sector. The aim of the research was to analyze selected financial indicators of the Slovenian wood industry in sub-sectors C16 (wood processing – except furniture) and C31 (manufacture of furniture) for the last 10 years (from 2007-2016). The efficiency evaluation was performed by DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) window analysis. Other comparisons between two sub-sectors were performed by analysis of time series of financial indicators and by t-test. We have analyzed 40 financial indicators, 15 of which in more detail. Some models, analyzed by DEA method, show relative deterioration in efficiency in the years 2007-2010, but in most cases efficiency has increased in recent years. With this, we have proven that the efficiency of both sub-sectors is improving. For all models, the performance of the sub-sector C16 is better than that of C31. It has been proven by t-test that the difference between these two sub-sectors is statistically significant, as differences of more than half of the financial indicators between the two sub-sectors are statistically significant. Therefore, improvements in profitability ratios at the company’s level should be done and appropriate measures within the sectoral economic policies should be taken to achieve the conditions needed for greater efficiency and success., Dugoročna financijska analiza važan je alat za procjenu financijskog stanja poduzeća i/ili sektora. Cilj istraživanja bio je analizirati odabrane financijske pokazatelje slovenske drvne industrije posljednjih deset godina (2007. – 2016.) u podsektorima C16 (prerada drva – osim namještaja) i C31 (proizvodnja namještaja). Procjena učinkovitosti provedena je primjenom analize omeđivanja podataka (DEA – Data Envelopment Analysis). Ostale usporedbe dvaju podsektora obavljene su analizom vremenskih serija financijskih pokazatelja i t-testom. Analizirano je 40 financijskih pokazatelja, od kojih 15 detaljno. Neki modeli analizirani DEA metodom pokazuju relativno pogoršanje učinkovitosti u razdoblju 2007. – 2010., ali se u većini modela učinkovitost tijekom posljednjih nekoliko godina povećala. Time je dokazano da se učinkovitost obaju podsektora poboljšava. Za sve je modele učinak podsektora C16 bolji od učinka podsektora C31. Primjenom t-testa dokazana je statistički značajna razlika između dva promatrana podsektora jer su razlike statistički značajne za više od polovice financijskih pokazatelja koji se odnose na ta dva podsektora. Stoga je potrebno poboljšati omjer profitabilnosti na razini poduzeća i uvesti odgovarajuće mjere u sklopu sektorskih ekonomskih politika kako bi se postigli uvjeti za veću učinkovitost i uspjeh.

This paper presents the results of an experimental study that explores the ignition and combustion of composite fuels based on wood processing and oil production wastes. By the example of a typical developed industrial region, it is shown how numerous of wood processing wastes (sawdust) and oil production wastes (sludge) may be effectively recovered. We study the main time characteristics (ignition delay and combustion duration) of fuel combustion, heat release, anthropogenic emissions. The values of relative efficiency (taking into account energy, environmental and economic indicators) of waste-derived composite fuels are defined in comparison with fuel oil and coal. The optimal concentration of components – 50% of sawdust, 25% of oil component, and 25% of water – allows the maximum efficiency of fuel combustion. In terms of minimizing the cost of ignition, the best is the mixture of 30% of sawdust and 70% of heavy oil. The research findings illustrate the great prospects for the large-scale involvement of numerous wastes in the fuel and energy cycle of any industrially developed region of the world.

Energy access in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a challenging issue at the midway point to the United Nations’ development goals. From the perspective of energy efficiency and diversification of power-generation sources, this paper investigates the capacity of the wood-processing industry to contribute to the decentralised power generation by performing a techno-economic analysis of the use of wood residues for cogeneration. Using a survey performed in Cameroon as a case study, a biomass-fuelled cogeneration scheme and a model analysing its viability are proposed for the specific context of SSA. A sensitivity analysis indicates for a given process efficiency of the industry, the attractiveness of cogeneration as the processing capacity and feed-in tariffs of electricity increase. More specifically, the threshold of feed-in tariffs ensuring the economic viability of CHP in the sub-region is estimated at $0.15 per kWh for mills where the output capacities of sawn timber products are of 5000 cubic metre per annum and more. The power-generation potential from the primary processing of timbers in the sub-region is about 388 kWh per cubic metre of sawn wood, while the energy intensity of the sawing process is estimated at 132 kWh per cubic metre. Therefore, the industry can generate up to 2472 GWh of electricity in the three sub-regions of East, West and Central Africa if a total of US$ 2.5 billion is invested, allowing a substantial increase of 1% of the current electricity-generation capacity for the geographic location which has the most important forestry resources on the continent.

Being a natural, ecological and renewable resource, wood is increasingly replacing artificial and toxic materials in the manufacture of various types of packaging and other products; thus, its proper and economically justified use has become necessary. The best utilization of wood raw materials has been sought both in practice and theory, which led to the development of a number of non-destructive and semi-destructive methods for the wood quality assessments in various stages of wood exploitation. In this paper, two instruments for the inspection of the internal condition of standing trees were analyzed. The resistograph was designed for the detection of internal defects. In addition to assessing the condition of living trees of different species, the instrument is used to assess the wood density in various materials. The observed resistance during drilling is proportional to the change in the wood density or the relative mass of the element analyzed. The results of drilling in different spots or directions, through the cross-section and along the element, can be used to map the properties of the element. The fractometer is a device designed to measure the strength and other mechanical properties of on a core sample extracted by using an increment borer from a certain part of the tree or branch examined. The fractometer can determine the maximum fracture force and bending and pressure strength of wood. It is also possible to identify the stage of decay. Due to its heterogeneous structure and anisotropy, the wood compressive and bending strengths differ between different anatomical directions even within a single species. The results of previous research in the literature indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between the radial bending strength and the longitudinal compressive strength of wood. This actualizes the need for the use of different tree species in construction, depending on the load that the wood element will be exposed to. These devices provide high precision and quality in measurement and can achieve a good correlation between the measured values and the mechanical properties of wood. This way, science and practice could be provided by significant data on the properties and quality of wood, while its consumption is minimized.

The sources, levels and health risks of volatile organic compounds emitted from the entire furniture manufacturing process in workshops were investigated. A probabilistic health assessment model was established to estimate the health risks of workers and managers caused by VOCs (volatile organic compounds) based on the inhalation risk model and the Monte Carlo method. Sensitivity analyses and uncertainty analyses were implemented to screen out the crucial input parameters and to identify the possible influential factors in the evaluation process. The results demonstrate that the highest concentration of VOCs occurs in the topcoating process, followed by the veneering, undercoating, edge bonding, polishing varnish, drying, and paint mixing processes. Overall, a total of 17 VOCs, including aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, halogenated alkanes, ketones, and saturated aliphatic esters, exist in 7 VOC emission processes in the wood processing workshop and the painting workshop. For health impacts, workers in the topcoating, undercoating, and veneering positions suffer the greatest carcinogenic risks, with mean values above 1.00E-05, which mainly originate from ethylbenzene, dichloromethane, and benzene. The carcinogenic risks in other positions are relatively lower and are in the sequence of polishing varnish, paint mixing, drying, and edge bonding. Sensitivity analyses indicated that exposure duration had the greatest impact on carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, with an average contribution of 0.78 and 0.93, respectively. These comprehensive evaluations for exposure level and health risk can yield insight into the occupational hazards of VOC emissions and will contribute to informed decision-making related to abatement measures and risk management in furniture manufacturing workplaces.

Deforestation in Vietnam is among the most serious in the world, with many causes but the main reason is not seeing the importance of the forestry sector. Authorities seem to be "crazy loving" the GDP indicator, so it seems that everything is compared to GDP; If the ratio of a certain industry in GDP is low, it seems that the industry is not important enough! This study tries an attempt to estimate distribution of forestry to economy and environmental. This study uses an input - output system to highlight the importance of the forestry sector not only to the environment but also to the economy. The results from this analysis show that about 90% of the forest products are used for intermediate consumptions (for production) and only 10% for final uses, especially timber products. The imported value of the forest sector accounted for 43.76%, implying a need to change the plantation structure to increase the high value of timber from long rotation plantation forest to meet domestic and export demands. Researching also shows that in order to increase the value of timber exports, particular attention should be paid to the structure of the plantation forest towards converting to long rotation plantation forest. In term of environmet, the results show the role of afforestation in reducing emission. Moreover, the production of timber and wood processing sector also stimulates the planting and tending sector. Therefore, encouraging these sectors will spill over reducing emission.

Un método de secado muestra su efectividad a través de la coincidencia entre el contenido de humedad final y el deseado, siempre en relación con el uso que tendrá el producto terminado; es decir, constituye un eslabón esencial del procesamiento de la madera y el primer valor agregado aplicado en la cadena productiva. En el presente trabajo se describe un protocolo para optimizar el rendimiento de los recursos humanos y materiales disponibles para el secado de madera en estufa, proceso en el que, de manera “tradicional”, se introduce la madera aserrada al equipo y se aplican los programas de secado especificados por el fabricante. El procedimiento planteado se basa en los siguientes criterios fundamentales: apilado, operación de la estufa y programa de secado. Los trabajadores involucrados evaluaron el desarrollo de los cambios propuestos (mejora continua) en distintos tiempos, con la valoración de las variables definidas y en diferentes periodos. La modificación de las variables se advirtió desde la segunda medición. Se generaron inconformidades laborales, ya que el trabajo se torna más lento al demandar mayor cuidado, y como se paga por lo que se hace, no existe conveniencia económica para los operarios que regresan a trabajar a la forma tradicional. Se propone crear una política de control de calidad en la que se recompense a los operarios a medida que aporten mejoras al proceso de secado.