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Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common neonatal disease and is observed in about 80% of newborns worldwide in neonatal period within a week after birth. Untreated infant hyperbilirubinemia may lead to brain damage and even death, so it is very important to diagnose it quickly and accurately. In this study, a total bilirubin measurement system was developed that is portable and easy to use without pre-processing using a commercial smartphone. This system measures using the LED and camera of the smartphone without the need for additional devices, and because a small amount of blood is injected without pre-treatment, anyone can easily measure it in the field. In a comparative study with Cobas c111 results, accuracy meets CLIA guidelines with 94% (17/18) within ±0.4 mg/dL below 3 mg/dL and 98% within ±20% above 3 mg/dL (276/282). This system offers a simple, fast and accurate diagnosis for jaundice in infants and young children in low-resource settings.

SYNOPSIS The purpose of this paper is to encourage and support academic research related to U.S. state and local government financial reporting. We provide an overview of U.S. state and local governments and their financial reporting, discuss sources of government data available to researchers, review key streams of academic research on governmental financial reporting, and suggest opportunities for future research in this area. JEL Classifications: H50; H70; H71; H72; H83; M41; M48.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely applied for backlight unit for displays, general lighting, and automotive illumination because they have a high light efficiency and long life time, and are environmentally friendly. These diverse applications require smaller and slim LED chip scale packages (CSPs). CSP LEDs have been developed to produce white LED chips by forming a thin phosphor film on blue LED chips. In this study, we investigated the effect of phosphor layer thickness and area on the optical and thermal properties of the CSP LEDs. The phosphor-conversion of chips is maximized by varying the thickness and area of the phosphor layer. Eight different types of phosphor-converted white CSPs with normal performance (CRI > 70, CCT ~ 5700 K) were prepared by using mixed multicolor phosphor materials. In other words, for five samples whose CSP area was fixed at 1.8 x 1.8 mm2, flip-chip area was 1.4 x 1.4 mm2, and flip-chip thickness was 250 μm, the thickness of the phosphor layers was varied from 100 to 500 μm at intervals of 100 μm. For other three samples where the phosphor layer thickness was fixed at 300 μm, the flip-chip area was 1.4 x 1.4 mm2, and flip-chip thickness was 250 μm, the CSPs had three different areas of 1.6 x 1.6, 1.8 x 1.8, and 2.0 x 2.0 mm2. First, the relative luminous flux and LED beam distribution were characterized using integrating sphere and a goniometer. It was shown that as the thickness of the phosphor layer increased, the luminous flux and the directivity angle increased. On the other hand, as the CSP area increased, the luminous flux and the directivity angle decreased. This could be attributed to the fact that CSP does not have a reflector (namely, a housing material) and so the blue light of the chip does not excite the whole area of the phosphor. This may be confirmed by the images showing light distribution and luminescence characteristics, which is currently under investigation. Furthermore, a junction temperature measurement system was used to characterize the junction temperatures of the five different samples whose phosphor layer thicknesses were varied from 100 to 500 μm. It was found that when the thickness of the phosphor layer exceeded the thickness of the chips (250 μm), the junction temperature of the samples dramatically increased. Further details regarding the phosphor layer thickness of the junction temperature characteristics will be investigated and described.

The performance of glucose sensors based on non-enzymatic receptors is often limited because of the aggregation of receptors and the resulting lowered binding efficiency. To improve the limit of detection (LOD) in glucose sensors, a polyoligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) is introduced as a support to enhance the binding efficiency between glucose and non-enzymatic receptor. POSS support reduces the aggregation and partially grants orientation to ensure that non-enzymatic receptors can productively react with targets. The synthesized amine@POSS-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) conjugate was immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles, which were fastened on the optical fiber. Optical fiber-based sensors using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) enabled rapid detection, ease of handling, and remote sensing. After confirming the response characteristics to the refractive index, a suitable concentration of amine@POSS-APBA receptor was selected for the fabricated fiber optic sensor. Glucose detection was performed at various concentrations using non-enzymatic receptors with and without POSS support. The experimental results demonstrated that increased responses were observed in the designed method than when only the non-enzymatic receptor was applied. The LOD for glucose was quantified as 25.0 μM. We believe that improved glucose sensors based on fiber optic LSPR and POSS support has the potential to be applied to field detection in various fields, such as medicine, food safety, and the environment.

We investigated the effect of phosphor deposition methods on the correlated color temperature (CCT), luminous flux and thermal characteristics of packaged white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) for use in mobile display products. For both the samples, the CCT decreased with increasing viewing angle. Phosphor sedimentation samples displayed much better angular color uniformity than phosphor dispersion samples. The phosphor sedimentation sample had higher luminous flux and luminous efficacy at 20 mA than the phosphor dispersion sample. The phosphor sedimentation sample displayed much better high-temperature/humidity (85 °C/85%) reliability and lower package temperatures compared with the phosphor dispersion sample.

The purpose of this paper is to encourage and support academic research related to U.S. state and local government financial reporting. We (1) provide an overview of U.S. state and local governments and their financial reporting, (2) discuss sources of government data available to researchers, (3) review key areas of academic research, and (4) suggest opportunities for future research.

Recently, due to the growing use of the Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile networks, Internet traffic has been rapidly growing. Information security is a serious problem due to a variety of intrusion incidents of the Internet and various types of network attacks. Since most commercial products of network-based intrusion detection systems which are currently used utilise expert-based misuse detection techniques and statistic-based anomalous behaviour detection techniques, these techniques are still too limited to completely detect various types of network attacks. Using the KDD Cup 1999 data set, well-known supervised learning algorithms of many machine learning algorithms to automatically generate knowledge under our proposed and implemented detect system are applied for normal network packets and various anomalous network packets in this paper. Based on such learned knowledge, experiments to determine whether it is normal or abnormal are examined for various packets, and accuracy and processing speed for five selected supervised learning algorithms are compared and analysed. As a result of analysing the accuracy and processing speed of five well - known supervised learning algorithms, SVMWithSGD and Logistic Regression algorithms have been determined to show the most accurate results. With regard to processing speed, Random Forest and Decision Tree algorithms are the fastest algorithms.

A 12-year-old castrated male Pekingese dog was presented with weakness, exercise intolerance, and an episode of coughing started 2 weeks earlier upon presentation. Physical examination revealed a grade II/VI left systolic heart murmur. Echocardiographic examination revealed a pericardial effusion and a mass at the heart base located beside the left atrium. The mass beside the left atrium was also visible on the thoracic radiograph after drainage of the pericardial effusion. An aortic body tumor was definitely diagnosed based on postmortem histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining for specific markers. The dog lived 234 days after diagnosis with only medical management and without recurrence of the pericardial effusion.

In order to create an environment for Apache Hadoop for parallel distributed processing system of Bigdata, by connecting a plurality of computers, or to configure the node, using the configuration of the virtual nodes on a single computer it is necessary to build a cloud fading environment. However, be constructed in practice for education in these systems, there are many constraints in terms of cost and complex system configuration. Therefore, it is possible to be used as training for educational institutions and beginners in the field of Bigdata processing, development of learning systems and inexpensive practical is urgent. Based on the Raspberry Pi board, training and analysis of Big data processin g, such as Hadoop and NoSQL is now the design and implementation of a learning system of parallel distributed processing of possible Bigdata in this study. It is expected that Bigdata parallel distributed processing system that has been implemented, and be a useful system for beginners who want to start a Bigdata and education.

Due to advances in wireless communications and portable terminals, any-time, any-where, and any-device Internet access is possible. In particular, Internet access in moving vehicles is an emerging and challenging issue. Even though a variety studies have been conduced for vehicular networks, little attention is paid to vehicular Wi-Fi networks where a Wi-Fi access point (AP) is installed at the vehicle and the AP is connected to an external base station (BS). In this paper, we conduct a measurement study on the uplink and downlink throughput for Internet access in vehicular Wi-Fi networks. We consider diverse network environments: high-speed train, car, and subway. Measurement results demonstrate that current Internet access in vehicular Wi-Fi networks are not satisfactory for interactive multimedia applications. Therefore, in-depth study on resource management in vehicular Wi-Fi networks is strongly required.

Background APRIL, originally known as a cytokine involved in B cell survival, is now known to regulate the inflammatory activation of macrophages. Although the signal initiated from APRIL has been demonstrated, its role in cellular activation is still not clear due to the presence of BAFF, a closely related member of TNF superfamily, which share same receptors (TACI and BCMA) with APRIL. Methods Through transfection of siRNA, BAFF-deficient THP-1 cells (human macrophage-like cells) were generated and APRIL-mediated inflammatory activities were tested. The expression patterns of APRIL were also tested in vivo. Results BAFF-deficient THP-1 cells responded to APRIL-stimulating agents such as monoclonal antibody against APRIL and soluble form of TACI or BCMA. Furthermore, co-incubation of the siBAFF-deficient THP-1 cells with a human B cell line (Ramos) resulted in an activation of THP-1 cells which was dependent on interactions between APRIL and TACI/BCMA. Immunohistochemical analysis of human pathologic samples detected the expression of both APRIL and TACI in macrophage-rich areas. Additionally, human macrophage primary culture expressed APRIL on the cell surface. Conclusion These observations indicate that APRIL, which is expressed on macrophages in pathologic tissues with chronic inflammation, may mediate activation signals through its interaction with its counterparts via cell-to-cell interaction.

System developers often create design documents using various UML design tools. Extant tools, however, have a serious drawback. They fail to capture relationships inherently existing among design documents such as sequence, state and class diagrams. This drawback may not only disallow developers to freely navigate the relationships, but also make it difficult to automatically enforce the integrity constraints derived from the relationships. To overcome this, more sophisticated tools for facilitating the analysis of the documents are necessary. These tools may be used to understand and verify the whole process of the system by defining relationships between documents and providing efficient navigation methods. In this paper, we developed a navigation tool that enables developers to systematically analyze systems by capturing relationships such as duplication, instance, and transition between documents. In contrast with the navigation facilities of other UML design tools, this tool makes it possible to navigate not only design documents but also design elements. In other words, it can systematically capture and verify both the static structure and the dynamic behavior of the system in more primitive level. To provide such a facility, we addressed the practical issues and formulated a solution for them. The issues that were mainly discussed were the following: 1) definitions of three relationships: duplication, instance, and transition, 2) assignment of relationships to related design elements according to the predefined way, and 3) presentation of a set of functions to navigate them.

Constructing ontology is considerably time consuming process in general. Since there are a vast amount of thesauri currently available, it may be a feasible solution to exploit thesauri, when constructing ontology in a short period of time. This paper designs and implements a XTM (XML Topic Maps) code converter generating XTM coded ontology from an object based thesaurus. It is an extended thesaurus, which enriches the conventional thesauri with user defined associations, a notion of instances and occurrences associated with them. The reason we adopt XTM is that it is a verified and practical methodology to semantically reorganize the conceptual structure of extant web applications with minimal effort. Moreover, since XTM is conceptually similar to our object based thesauri, recommendation and inference mechanism already developed in our system could be easily applied to the generated XTM ontology. To show that the XTM ontology is correct, we also verify it with ontopia Omnigator and Vizigator, the components of Ontopia Knowledge Suite (OKS) tool.

Locations of positioned nodes as well as gathered data from nodes are very important because generally multiple nodes are deployed randomly and data are gathered in wireless sensor network. Since the nodes composing wireless sensor network are low cost and low performance devices, it is very difficult to add specially designed devices for positioning into the nodes. Therefore in wireless sensor network, technology positioning nodes precisely using low cost is very important and valuable. This research proposes Cooperative Positioning System, which raises accuracy of location positioning and also can find positions on multiple sensors within limited times. And this research verifies this technology is excellent in terms of performance, accuracy, and scalability through simulation.

In this study, we designed a two-layer hybrid Anti-Reflection/Anti-Static (AR/AS) thin film. Two kinds of UV-curable fluorinated compounds were synthesized as low refractive index materials, and a TiO2 sol combined with a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) was made by the sol-gel process for use as a high refractive index material as well as a conducting layer. In order to determine the most optimized AR/AS system, the spectral properties were simulated with the refractive index of each layer. According to the simulated results, a high refractive index layer was deposited on the hard coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate by the spin coating technique, and a low refractive index layer was spin coated on the low refractive index layer. The reflectance and transmittance were measured by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. It was found that the measured reflectance and the maximum transmittance of the AR/AS film were 0.71 %R at a wavelength of 550 nm and 93 %T in the wavelength range between 400 and 700 nm, respectively. The surface resistance of the AR/AS film was 108.6 ohms.

Location positioning of an object is essential technology for Location-Based Services (LBS). Most location positioning systems use specially designed equipment. Because distribution of this specialized equipment is costly, many studies have been conducted on location positioning using only wireless equipment under a wireless LAN infrastructure. A cooperative location positioning system (CLPS) that uses the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) between mobile equipment, including mobile equipment and access points, requires great concentration in their applications to increase accuracy. This study investigates the relationship between nodes by analyzing a WiPS (Wireless LAN based indoor Positioning System), a similar type of CLPS, and proposes a improved cooperative positioning system to increase performance.

Gastropericardial fistula is an acquired disorder presenting as an abnormal communication between the stomach and the pericardium, with a rare incidence and extremely high mortality rate. We recently experienced a case of life-threatening gastropericardial fistula occurring as an unusual complication after an esophagectomy with an esophagogastrostomy for esophageal cancer treatment. A 68-year-old man with a history of esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy using the gastric pedicle for the esophageal cancer 13 years ago, visited the hospital with a complaint of dyspnea for 3 days. Chest roentgenogram, computed tomographic scan, and endoscopy showed a pneumopericardium and huge ulcer with central perforation in the posterior wall of the gastric pedicle.

Purpose: The anatomy of the left atrium (LA) and the pulmonary veins (PVs) is important in planning and performing successful electrophysiologic ablation (EPA) for atrial fibrillation (Afib) patients. The authors estimated the findings of LA and PVs of Afib patients by MDCT, and compared these with the findings of LA and PVs of the nonAfib group using coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Materials and Methods: From September, 2009 to February, 2010, 91 Afib patients underwent PVCT (male: female = 72:19, mean age = 55.0-years-old) before EPA. At same time, 90 patients underwent CCTA (male: female = 73:17, mean age = 59.1years-old). Two radiologists reviewed and analyzed all axial and 3D images of LA and PVs retrospectively with consensus. Results: The average LA volumes of the Afib group(100.49 mm 3 ) was larger than that of the non-Afib group (78.38 mm 3 ) (p

The purposes of this study are to make an operative treatment option of thoracolumbar burst fractures by the degree of initial kyphotic deformity or by the degree of initial loss of anterior vertebral height. We analyzed sixty-three cases of one segmental thoracolumbar bursting fractures treated surgically by posterior or posterolateral fusion with short segmental transpedicular screws fixation method using Diapason or CD from January, 1992 to October, 1996. Indications of operative treatment were that the degree of initial kyphotic deformity was above 15°or initial loss of anterior vertebral height was above 30%. Minimum follow-up period was 12 months and the results were as follows : 1. Entirely, mean kyphotic angle was 21.6°initially, 11.3°postoperatively and 14.2°at the end