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Introduction: One of the most detrimental factors influencing development is growing up in poverty. According to the World Health Organization, extreme poverty is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Unfortunately, some children encounter more unhealthy and potentially detrimental circumstances than others, increasing their risk for later health problems. Poor perinatal outcomes are more often observed in deprived neighborhoods, with both more perinatal mortality and morbidity (prematurity and small for gestational age) in these neighborhoods. Additionally, growing up in families with a lower socio-economic status exposes children to more unsafe environments, making them more at risk for insecure attachment to their parents, behavioral problems, addiction, mental illnesses, deficits in cognitive development and domestic violence. In sum, children growing up in deprivation are more unhealthy, as a consequence of an increased risk of unfavorable perinatal outcomes in combination with growing up in a multidimensional unforgiving environment. We assume that the poor health status of these children is reflected in higher healthcare expenses, since they require more medical care than their healthy peers. Here, we aim to investigate the effects of deprivation on healthcare costs of young children in the Netherlands. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, using data from several national registries. All children in the Netherlands, aged zero to three years old in 2014, were included. Healthcare costs included all expenses covered by obligatory basic health insurance. Deprivation was studied using monthly household income per 1000 euro’s and neighborhood deprivation scores. The final linear regression model was built for healthcare costs as function of both deprivation variables, perinatal morbidity, ethnicity, a 3-way interaction of household income, perinatal morbidity and ethnicity (including subsequent 2-way interactions) and the 2-way interaction of deprivation index and perinatal morbidity. Results: A total of 583,625 children were included in the analyses. Both household income (β = -4.72, 95% CI [-7.22, -2.23]) and deprivation score (β = 19.31, 95% CI [11.11, 27.51]) were significantly related to healthcare costs. Discussion and conclusion: This research shows that growing up with a lower household income and a higher neighborhood deprivation is significantly associated with higher healthcare costs in early life. These findings support the assumption that children growing up in deprivation have a poorer health status, resulting in (health) inequities already in early childhood. This inequity is particularly detrimental since the gap between poor and rich is widening, not only regarding income disparity, but also in the case of health inequality. Limitations: This research excluded children who died during, or soon after pregnancy, since these children have limited healthcare costs. Nevertheless, this outcome may be of even greater societal relevance when targeting the inequality gap. Suggestions for future research: Future research should focus attention on interventions targeting vulnerable population, before, during and after pregnancy, in order to gain highly necessary knowledge on how to provide an optimal start in life for all children. Lessons learned: More attention should be focused on marginalized populations in order to break through the intergenerational cycle of poor health.

IntroductionResearch focusing on the associations between non-medical determinants and unfavourable perinatal health outcomes is increasing. Despite increasing knowledge on this theme, it still remains unclear to what extent social, environmental and lifestyle factors contribute to these unfavourable outcomes. Therefore, we aim to provide a systematic review, preferably with meta-analysis, in order to provide insight into the associations between non-medical determinants and perinatal mortality, preterm birth and being small for gestational age (SGA).Methods and analysisObservational studies performed in European countries studying the associations between non-medical determinants and unfavourable perinatal health outcomes will be included. Primary outcomes of interest are perinatal mortality, preterm birth and SGA. To retrieve potential eligible articles, a systematic literature search was performed in the following online databases on 5 October 2018: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and Google Scholar. Additionally, a reference list check and citation search will be performed. Data of the included articles will be extracted using a standardised and piloted data extraction form. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The study selection and data extraction process will be performed by two reviewers independently. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. The pooled effects will be calculated separately for each association found between one of the outcome measures and the non-medical determinants using a random effects model. Heterogeneity of the studies will be assessed using the I2statistic.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is necessary for a systematic review with meta-analysis. The findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018056105.

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy may improve postoperative recovery compared with open pancreatoduodenectomy. However, there are concerns that the extensive learning curve of this complex procedure could increase the risk of complications. We aimed to assess whether laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy could reduce time to functional recovery compared with open pancreatoduodenectomy. METHODS: This multicentre, patient-blinded, parallel-group, randomised controlled phase 2/3 trial was performed in four centres in the Netherlands that each do 20 or more pancreatoduodenectomies annually; surgeons had to have completed a dedicated training programme for laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy and have done 20 or more laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomies before trial participation. Patients with a benign, premalignant, or malignant indication for pancreatoduodenectomy, without signs of vascular involvement, were randomly assigned (1:1) to undergo either laparoscopic or open pancreatoduodenectomy using a central web-based system. Randomisation was stratified for annual case volume and preoperative estimated risk of pancreatic fistula. Patients were blinded to treatment allocation. Analysis was done according to the intention-to-treat principle. The main objective of the phase 2 part of the trial was to assess the safety of laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (complications and mortality), and the primary outcome of phase 3 was time to functional recovery in days, defined as all of the following: adequate pain control with only oral analgesia; independent mobility; ability to maintain more than 50% of the daily required caloric intake; no need for intravenous fluid administration; and no signs of infection (temperature

IntroductionSocial vulnerability is known to be related to ill health. When a pregnant woman is socially vulnerable, the ill health does not only affect herself, but also the health and development of her (unborn) child. To optimise care for highly vulnerable pregnant women, in Rotterdam, a holistic programme was developed in close collaboration between the university hospital, the local government and a non-profit organisation. This programme aims to organise social and medical care from pregnancy until the second birthday of the child, while targeting adult and child issues simultaneously. In 2014, a pilot in the municipality of Rotterdam demonstrated the significance of this holistic approach for highly vulnerable pregnant women. In the ‘Mothers of Rotterdam’ study, we aim to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of the holistic approach, referred to as targeted social care.Methods and analysisThe Mothers of Rotterdam study is a pragmatic prospective cohort study planning to include 1200 highly vulnerable pregnant women for the comparison between targeted social care and care as usual. Effectiveness will be compared on the following outcomes: (1) child development (does the child show adaptive development at year 1?) and (2) maternal mental health (is maternal distress reduced at the end of the social care programme?). Propensity scores will be used to correct for baseline differences between both social care programmes.Ethics and disseminationThe prospective cohort study was approved by the Erasmus Medical Centre Ethics Committee (ref. no. MEC-2016–012) and the first results of the study are expected to be available in the second half of 2019 through publication in peer-reviewed international journals.Trial registration numberNTR6271; Pre-results.

A reliable overview of measured concentrations of TC, TN and TS, TOC/TN ratios, and their regional distribution patterns in agricultural soil at the continental scale and based on measured data has been missing - despite much previous work on local and the European scales. Detection and mapping of natural (ambient) background element concentrations and variability in Europe was the focus of this work. While total C and S data had been presented in the GEMAS atlas already, this work delivers more precise (lower limit of determination) and fully quantitative data, and for the first time high-quality TN data. Samples were collected from the uppermost 20 cm of ploughed soil (Ap horizon) at 2108 sites with an even sampling density of one site per 2500 km2 for one individual land-use class (agricultural) across Europe (33 countries). Laboratory-independent quality control from sampling to analysis guaranteed very good data reliability and accuracy. Total carbon concentrations ranged from 0.37 to 46.3 wt% (median: 2.20 wt%) and TOC from 0.40 to 46.0 wt% (median: 1.80 wt%). Total nitrogen ranged from 0.018 to 2.64 wt% (median: 0.169 wt%) and TS from 0.008 to 9.74 wt% (median: 0.034 wt%), all with large variations in most countries. The TOC/TN ratios ranged from 1.8 to 252 (median: 10.1), with the largest variation in Spain and the smallest in some eastern European countries. Distinct and repetitive patterns emerge at the European scale, reflecting mostly geogenic and longer-term climatic influence responsible for the spatial distribution of TC, TN and TS. Different processes become visible at the continental scale when examining TC, TN and TS concentrations in agricultural soil Europe-wide. This facilitates large-scale land-use management and allows specific areas (subregional to local) to be identified that may require more detailed research.

The GEMAS (geochemical mapping of agricultural soil) project collected 2108 Ap horizon soil samples from regularly ploughed fields in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km(2). The

Assessing performance of mental health services (MHS) providers merely by their outcomes is insufficient. Process factors, such as treatment cost or duration, should also be considered in a meaningful and thorough analysis of quality of care. The present study aims to examine various performance indicators based on treatment outcome and two process factors: duration and cost of treatment. Data of patients with depression or anxiety from eight Dutch MHS providers were used. Treatment outcome was operationalized as case mix corrected pre-to-posttreatment change scores and as reliable change (improved) and clinical significant change (recovered). Duration and cost were corrected for case mix differences as well. Three performance indicators were calculated and compared: outcome as such, duration per outcome, and cost per outcome. The results showed that performance indicators, which also take process variability into account, reveal larger differences between MHS providers than mere outcome. We recommend to use the three performance indicators in a complementary way. Average pre-to-posttreatment change allows for a simple and straightforward ranking of MHS providers. Duration per outcome informs patients on how MHS providers compare in how quickly symptomatic relief is achieved. Cost per outcome informs MHS providers on how they compare regarding the efficiency of their care. The substantial variation among MHS providers in outcome, treatment duration and cost calls for further exploration of its causes, dissemination of best practices, and continuous quality improvement.

Optimal nutrition for patients in the intensive care unit has been proposed to be the provision of energy as determined by indirect calorimetry and the provision of protein of at least 1.2 g/kg.Prospective observational cohort study in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit in an academic hospital. In total, 886 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients were included. Nutrition was guided by indirect calorimetry and protein provision of at least 1.2 g/kg. Cumulative intakes were calculated for the period of mechanical ventilation. Cox regression was used to analyze the effect of protein + energy target achieved or energy target achieved versus neither target achieved on 28-day mortality, with adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, diagnosis, and hyperglycemic index.Patients' mean age was 63 ± 16 years; body mass index, 26 ± 6; and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, 23 ± 8. For neither target, energy target, and protein + energy target, energy intake was 75% ± 15%, 96% ± 5%, and 99% ± 5% of target, and protein intake was 72% ± 20%, 89% ± 10%, and 112% ± 12% of target, respectively. Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for energy target and protein + energy target were 0.83 (0.67-1.01) and 0.47 (0.31-0.73) for 28-day mortality.Optimal nutritional therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients, defined as protein and energy targets reached, is associated with a decrease in 28-day mortality by 50%, whereas only reaching energy targets is not associated with a reduction in mortality.

Tendon injuries are notorious for their slow and functionally inferior healing. Intratendinous application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been reported to stimulate the repair process of tendon injuries, but there is little conclusive evidence for its effectiveness. A placebo-controlled experimental trial was performed to test the hypothesis that a single intratendinous PRP treatment enhances the quality of tendon repair, as evidenced by improved biochemical, biomechanical, and histological tissue properties. In six horses, tendon lesions were created surgically in the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendons (SDFT) of both front limbs, one of which was treated with PRP and the other with saline. After 24 weeks, the tendons were harvested for biochemical, biomechanical, and histological evaluations. Collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and DNA content (cellularity) was higher in PRP-treated tendons (p = 0.039, 0.038, and 0.034, respectively). The repair tissue in the PRP group showed a higher strength at failure (p = 0.021) and Elastic Modulus (p = 0.019). Histologically, PRP-treated tendons featured better organization of the collagen network (p = 0.031) and signs of increased metabolic activity (p = 0.031). It was concluded that PRP increases metabolic activity and seems to advance maturation of repair tissue over nontreated experimentally induced tendon lesions, which suggests that PRP might be beneficial in the treatment of clinical tendon injuries. (C) 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:211-217, 2010

Background & aims: Optimal nutritional therapy for energy and protein in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients can be defined as: providing calories matched with the measured energy expenditure and delivery of protein in an amount of 1.2-1.5 g/kg pre-admission weight/day. Several enteral nutritional products are available with different energy/protein proportions. We developed an algorithm to choose the nutritional formula that combines optimal energy and protein supply for individual patients. Methods: The energy and protein values of three nutritional formulas were used together with an aimed provision of 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg/day to construct a nomogram. From that, an algorithm followed, which was tested retrospectively in 203 mechanically ventilated patients with a normal BMI and known values for energy expenditure and weight. Results: In the nomogram cut-off points for energy/weight ratios were: 19.0-23.8 for a normal energy/high protein formula, 23.8-29.8 for a high energy/high protein formula and 30-37.5 for the normal energy/normal protein formula. The algorithm uses energy expenditure/body weight ratio of the patients to choose one of the three formulas. This resulted in an adequate provision of protein in 93% of the patients. Conclusion: The algorithm leads to provision of adequate amounts of protein and energy in the majority of critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent atypical antipsychotics, conventional antipsychotics and anticholinergics are prescribed simultaneously in daily clinical practice in Europe. Method A pharmaco-epidemiological study was carried out in which hospital pharmacists from 45 hospitals in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, The Netherlands and Scotland participated. Prescription data for 2,725 patients (mainly inpatients) who had been using an atypical antipsychotic for more than 6 weeks were analysed. Main outcome measure The frequencies of simultaneous prescription of atypical antipsychotics with other antipsychotics and/or anticholinergics. Results In this sample of patients with an atypical antipsychotic 42.1% was prescribed another antipsychotic (24.1% if low-potent antipsychotics were not included in the analysis) and 30.1% was prescribed an anticholinergic. In total 47.1% of patients were prescribed an atypical antipsychotic without any other antipsychotic or anticholinergic. Conclusion It is common practice to prescribe a combination of atypical antipsychotics and conventional antipsychotics and/or anticholinergics. This suggests that monotherapy involving an atypical antipsychotic is not considered to be an adequate treatment for a substantial number of patients in clinical practice.

Background: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is an invasive and advanced rescue feeding technique that has acceptable short-term survival although at costs of substantial risks. Survival after the clinical use of TPN .6 mo is unknown. Objective: We determined long-term survival after clinical TPN use in a consecutive cohort who were attending an academic hospital. Design: The study included a prospective cohort with a retrospective analysis of all 537 consecutive episodes of TPN in 437 patients between January 2010 and April 2012. Follow-up was until October 2013 with a total follow-up of 608 patient-years. Survival was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. Results: Survival was 58% in 437 patients with a first-time use of TPN at an average of 1.5 y after the initiation of TPN. The mortality rate was 30 deaths/100 patient-years. Older age, admission at an intensive care unit or a nonsurgical department, lower body mass index, and an underlying malignancy were positively associated with mortality. Conclusion: TPN use, if correctly indicated, is a clinical sign of intestinal failure and a surrogate marker for markedly increased risk of mortality even .1.5 y after TPN use. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02189993 with protocol identification name TPN-01. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.087015.

This article addresses the day-ahead economic optimisation of energy storage systems within the setting of electricity spot markets. The case study is about a lithium-ion battery system integrated in a low voltage distribution grid with residential customers and photovoltaic generation in the Netherlands, whereas the optimisation objective is to maximise revenues from energy arbitrage in the day-ahead auction. Assuming accurate predictions of the photovoltaic generation, the residential load and the market clearing prices, the constrained optimisation problem is formulated as the minimisation of a cost function, and is solved by utilising an internal model of the battery system to plan the future response of the charging and discharging process. Emphasis is given on the effect of the system efficiency, which significantly impacts the economic performance due to energy losses during the charging and discharging cycles.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of persistent drug-induced movement disorders namely, tardive dyskinesia (TD), parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dystonia in a representative sample of long-stay patients with chronic severe mental illness. Method Naturalistic study of 209, mainly white, antipsychotic-treated patients, mostly diagnosed with psychotic disorder. Of this group, the same rater examined 194 patients at least two times over a 4-year period, with a mean follow-up time of 1.1 years, with validated scales for TD, parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dystonia. Results The frequencies of persistent movement disorders in the sample were 28.4% for TD, 56.2% for parkinsonism, 4.6% for akathisia and 5.7% for tardive dystonia. Two-thirds of the participants displayed at least one type of persistent movement disorder. Conclusions Persistent movement disorder continues to be the norm for long-stay patients with chronic mental illness and long-term antipsychotic treatment. Measures are required to remedy this situation.

The clinical safety and efficacy of imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections was compared with the combination of aztreonam and clindamycin in a randomized prospective trial. The severity of illness was determined by means of the Apache II score and a fixed outcome reporting scheme was used. One hundred and four patients were entered into the study, of whom 80 were evaluable. Forty-two patients were treated with imipenem/cilastatin (500 + 500 mg qds) and 38 with aztreonam (600 tds) and clindamycin (1000 mg tds). The study groups were comparable for age and sex. The imipenem/cilastatin group differed from the aztreonam and clindamycin group in having significantly more patients with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (P < 0.01) and a significantly lower mean Apache score (P < 0.05). The predominate microorganisms isolated in both groups were Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. Treatment with imipenem/cilastatin proved successful in 71% and failed in 24%, and initial success only was seen in 5%. The numbers in the group treated with aztreonam and clindamycin were 64%, 29% and 7% respectively. Severity of illness, as measured by Apache II score, had no influence on the study outcome. Imipenem/cilastatin as well as the combination of aztreonam and clindamycin were effective in the treatment of abdominal infections and no major adverse reactions were seen.

Background Modern omics research involves the application of high-throughput technologies that generate vast volumes of data. These data need to be pre-processed, analyzed and integrated with existing knowledge through the use of diverse sets of software tools, models and databases. The analyses are often interdependent and chained together to form complex workflows or pipelines. Given the volume of the data used and the multitude of computational resources available, specialized pipeline software is required to make high-throughput analysis of large-scale omics datasets feasible. Results We have developed a generic pipeline system called Cyrille2. The system is modular in design and consists of three functionally distinct parts: 1) a web based, graphical user interface (GUI) that enables a pipeline operator to manage the system; 2) the Scheduler, which forms the functional core of the system and which tracks what data enters the system and determines what jobs must be scheduled for execution, and; 3) the Executor, which searches for scheduled jobs and executes these on a compute cluster. Conclusion The Cyrille2 system is an extensible, modular system, implementing the stated requirements. Cyrille2 enables easy creation and execution of high throughput, flexible bioinformatics pipelines.

Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was utilized in an experimental investigation of vibrational nonequilibrium in hydrogen-oxygen rocket engines. Oxygen temperatures were measured at subsonic, sonic, and supersonic portions of the nozzle flow. Rotational temperatures were determined from rotational Raman scattering. Both rotational and vibrational temperatures were determined from vibrational-rotational Raman spectra. Rotational temperatures from the two types of Raman scattering agree within the very large experimental error present. Vibrational temperatures are in agreement with rotational temperatures within the experimental error as well. Vibrational Raman spectroscopy is shown to be a valid means of estimating rotational temperatures within the rocket chamber and at low nozzle area ratios. Flowfield effects due to vibrational nonequilibrium are concluded to be minor. (Author)

Experimental investigations of the photovoltaic properties of metal-silicon Schottky barriers are reported, in which edge collection of the photocurrent is dominant as in the majority-carrier grating solar cells proposed by Green. Both elemental metals and alloy Schottky electrodes, and both crystalline and semicrystalline cast silicon have been studied. The superposition principle for dark currents and photocurrents is shown unambiguously to be violated, and the effects of grain-boundary recombination and shunt resistance are identified. Limitations to the operation of these devices above the semiempirical limit of continuous Schottky barrier solar cells is seriously compromised by enhanced space-charge recombination current. This results from the large photocurrent densities for low contact area/active area ratios. The treatment of the space-charge recombination mechanism under optical illumination follows the normal Sah-Noyce-Shockley approach, but we introduce here a built-in “recombination potential” to encompass the non-zero recombination for short-circuit conditions.

DBA/2 mice were immunized against the syngeneic SL2 lymphoma by two or five injections with irradiated lymphoma cells given IP or SC, respectively. The antitumor efficacy induced in immunized mice was tested by (a) IP injection of the immunized mice with nonirradiated tumor cells and (b) transfer of the total 'immune' peritoneal exudate, the cellular fraction only, or the cell-free fraction only, IP into tumor-bearing recipients, or (c) tumor neutralization tests (Winn assay). It was shown that immunized mice were able to reject 5 X 10(7) SL2 tumor cells (8 of 14 mice survived greater than 100 days), while in most transfer experiments 2 X 10(5) SL2 cells could be eradicated. In the tumor neutralization experiments a number of 10(6) SL2 cells were eradicated. When the immune exudates were given before the inoculations of SL2 tumor cells the number of survivors increased significantly. Further, it was shown that the cellular fraction is the major contributor to the antitumor effect in the transfer experiments, since there was no significant difference in tumor eradication after injection of a complete immune exudate and after injection of the isolated cellular fraction. Injection of the noncellular fraction had no measurable antitumor effect. An increase in the number of injections with total peritoneal exudates from immunized mice did not result in an increase in tumor eradication in the tumor-bearing recipients. Extra stimulation (IP) of immunized mice with 10(4) nonirradiated cells 6 days after the last immunization resulted in an increase of the antitumor efficacy of these peritoneal exudates of these mice when collected 4-24 h after this stimulation. Extra stimulation with 10(6) irradiated cells had no measurable effect.

The advent of low-power-requirement electronic distance relays has lead to the possibility of generating low-power test signals for such relays using a minicomputer. Such a test program has been written, for steady-state and transient, i.e. dynamic, testing of distance relays, and the tests performed on an actual relay. The tests are highly automated, with results appearing as "R-X diagram" plots on a CRT screen, and tripping time versus distance-to-fault. It is suggested that this approach can lead to savings in time and expense, as well as increased flexibility, over conventional methods.

An electronic circuit that tracks the phase of a sinusoidal signal and then ‘remembers’ the phase for a short time after the signal has collapsed to zero, is described. A simple tuned circuit will accomplish the desired result at one frequency ; the self-tuning circuit described here will operate properly over a range of frequencies.

After I had put myself the task of investigating the correctness of the results obtained by Heibges concerning the clausulae of Chariton, I decided to determine the frequency in which the different rhythmical forms appear in the authors of non-rhythmical works. For that purpose I investigated the prose works of Thucydides and Plutarch as carefully and in as specified a form as was possible. This I did with the intention to compare the percentages with those of Heibges. In this comparison, however, I came to the conclusion that the figures for Thucydides and Plutarch differed considerably, and that in such a way that certain conclusions could be drawn concerning the manner in which Plutarch constructed his clausulae according to fixed rules.

Zusammenfassung Die von O. Halpern und Mitarbeitern gefundene Formel fur die Albedo β = 1− 4 ✓3 1 ✓N wird erganzt, indem der folgende Term der Reihenentwicklung abgeschatzt wird. Die Formel lasst sich dann schreiben: β = 1− 4 ✓3 1 ✓N + 2.86 N

SUMMARYThe degree to which a binary tactile (or visual) image matches the original object is limited by the resolution of the sensor array. Given this fundamental limitation it is still possible to minimize the error in the image formed by the interconnection of the centers of activated sensors along the object's edge. This is achieved by a suitable choice of the physical size of each sensor within the limits of the pixel size. An empirical investigation shows that normally a sensor area of about 50% of the square of the resolution yields an optimal result.

Some remarks on the definition of standard illuminant A, with special reference to the (provisional) CIE recommendation, as formulated during the CIE meeting, Stockholm 1951.

According to different authors1, 2, under appropriate conditions seeing is possible in the ultra-violet down to a wave-length as small as 3100 A. This fact has been confirmed on 21 persons (age 25–50 years) using as light sources discharge tubes containing (1) high-pressure mercury, (2) low-pressure cadmium and zinc (both in neon). The tubes were of quartz, 15 mm. × 120 mm. Visible light and short waves (