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Introduction The greater wing of sphenoid presents various foramina, of which the foramen ovale is one important foramen through which advanced surgical therapeutic and diagnostic procedures related to the middle cranial fossa are performed. Materials and Methods A total of 40 dried adult skulls of unknown gender and age, obtained from the Department of Anatomy of the JSS medical College, Mysuru, Kamakata, India. The length and the width of the foramen ovale were measured using digital sliding calipers (tiny deal 150 mm SS digital caliper with LCD display, Kristeel-Shimwa industries, Bombay, India). Results The mean length of the foramen ovale was 0.745 ± 0.31 cm on the right side (RS), and 0.68 ± 0.15 cm on the left side (LS). The mean width was 0.6 ± 0.17 cm on the RS, and 0.56 ± 0.14 cm on the LS. Conclusion The knowledge of variations in the length and breadth of the foramen ovale is of immense importance in neurosurgery during various invasive surgical procedures, such as percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy, and in the biopsy of cavernous sinus tumors and of Meckel cave lesions.

Objective To describe the rapid conceptualization and implementation of an interdisciplinary epilepsy clinic for children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) at Arkansas Children's Hospital (ACH) during the COVID 19 pandemic. Methods Focusing on care design and care coordination for children with DRE, multiple stakeholder groups decided to implement a clinic after the systematic rating of constructs present in a theoretical meta-analytic framework. Based on the projected success, the new interdisciplinary clinic (composed of an epileptologist, a neurosurgeon, and a neuropsychologist and coordinated by a full-time nurse) was established. Clinic operations were further refined through discussions with patients, families, and care providers. We collected data retrospectively (August 2020 to June 2021) to determine referral patterns, clinic scheduling metrics, patient characteristics, clinical recommendations, and epilepsy quality metrics. Results Of the 32 Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research constructs assessed, 24 were positively rated to predict a high probability of successful implementation of the clinic. For approximately 100 patient visits, appearance and usage rates were >75%, yielding a clinic utilization rate of approximately 60%. Among 76 unique patients (average age of 12 years, 60% focal epilepsy), 39 patients (51.3%) were deemed eligible for epilepsy surgery evaluation. The majority of the patients (53.9%) were advised for additional diagnostic testing, and 31.6% of patients were scheduled for vagus nerve stimulation. More patients (33%) had changes in their existing anti-seizure medication (ASM) regimen rather than an addition of a new ASM (7.9%). Standardized epilepsy quality measures showed >80% to 90% adherence in 3 (reproductive counseling, depression and anxiety screening, documentation of seizure frequency) out of 4 metrics. Significance This is the first study to show that an interdisciplinary clinic can be a valuable attribute of care models in high-need children with DRE by enabling comprehensive one-stop service for diagnostic evaluation, surgical consideration, and brief assessment of psychiatric comorbidities without compromising consensus-based best practices.

The relationship between ATR/Chk1 activity and replication stress, coupled with the development of potent and tolerable inhibitors of this pathway, has led to the clinical exploration of ATR and Chk1 inhibitors (ATRi/Chk1i) as anticancer therapies for single-agent or combinatorial application. The clinical efficacy of these therapies relies on the ability to ascertain which patient populations are most likely to benefit, so there is intense interest in identifying predictive biomarkers of response. To comprehensively evaluate the components that modulate cancer cell sensitivity to replication stress induced by Chk1i, we performed a synthetic-lethal drop-out screen in a cell line derived from a patient with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), using a pooled barcoded shRNA library targeting ~350 genes involved in DNA replication, DNA damage repair, and cycle progression. In addition, we sought to compare the relative requirement of these genes when DNA fidelity is challenged by clinically relevant anticancer breast cancer drugs, including cisplatin and PARP1/2 inhibitors, that have different mechanisms of action. This global comparison is critical for understanding not only which agents should be used together for combinatorial therapies in breast cancer patients, but also the genetic context in which these therapies will be most effective, and when a single-agent therapy will be sufficient to provide maximum therapeutic benefit to the patient. We identified unique potentiators of response to ATRi/Chk1i and describe a new role for components of the cytosolic iron–sulfur assembly (CIA) pathway, MMS19 and CIA2B-FAM96B, in replication stress tolerance of TNBC.

Introduction: Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) enables highly multiplexed assessment of more than 30 proteins at a time for the quantification of cell phenotypes within the tumor microenvironment of formaldehyde fixed-paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue. This methodology provides a deep understanding of the immune-contexture while preserving their spatial information in regards to malignant cells. We report a detailed workflow for optimization of a 27-plex immune-oncology (IO) panel, immune-phenotyping, and spatial analysis of tumor tissue. Methods: IO-panel includes 27 antibodies targeting lymphoid (CD3e, CD4, CD8a, CD19, CD45RO, LAG3, ICOS, Granzyme-B), myeloid (CD11b, CD14, CD33, CD68, CSF1R, IDO-1), immune-regulatory (HLA-DR, OX-40, VISTA, TIM-3, CD73, B7-H3), epithelial (Cytokeratin), proliferative (Ki-67), and constitutive (GAPDH, NaKATPase, Vimentin, aSMA, Histone H3) markers that were selected by singlet automated chromogenic immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. BSA-free formulation from the same clones of antibodies were isotope-metal conjugated and manual indirect immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to confirm the stability of metal-tagged antibodies. The optimization by singlet-IF and multiplexed-IMC staining was performed with normal and malignant tissues (4mm core TMA with tonsil, placenta, prostate, breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, and endometrioid carcinoma tissues). All images from IHC (HALO software), indirect IF (InForm software), and IMC (MCD viewer software) slides were evaluated by two pathologists. Cell densities and spatial analysis of a breast carcinoma core was performed using HALO software. Results: All antibodies included in the panel were individually optimized by IHC under the same protocol conditions. A significant correlation of optimal antibody concentrations where observed across the different staining techniques (IHC vs IF, r=0.51; IHC vs IMC, r= 0.54; IF vs IMC, r=0.992; all p values Conclusions: IMC is a powerful platform for highly multiplexed detection of protein and cell phenotypes quantification in FFPE samples. Our developed IMC panel and digital image analysis of tissues allow the quantification of immune cells and spatial analysis of the tumor tissue microenvironment. Citation Format: Pedro Rocha, Luisa Solis, Edwin Parra, Ou Shi, Barbara Mino, Vidya C. Sinha, Amanda Rinkenbaugh, Auriole Tamegnon, Mak Duncan, Wei Lu, Mei Jiang, Lakshimi Kakarala, Jared K. Burks, Helen Piwnica-Worms, Cara Haymacker, Michael Teztlaff, Ignacio Wistuba, Alejandro Francisco-Cruz. Immuno-oncology panel optimization for imaging mass cytometry and digital image analysis of tumor tissues [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2679.

Now a days notice board has become an important thing in institutes/organization or public places like railway stations, bus stands and hospitals. But to use the paper notices stacked on a notice board is a time taking and expensive process and there is wastage lot of time, paper and labour. The notice board is used to display the information in an effective way to the people, but to update the messages instantly is not easy on the notice board. In this paper we have proposed and implemented an advanced Hi-Tech wireless Notice Board. An Android application of smart phones or tablet which is connected to Bluetooth (HC-0S) can be used to display the latest information by enhancing the system. A low cost programmed microcontroller (arduino uno) is used at the receiver to receive and display messages in the LCD display. Instead of sticking notices manually on a notice board the authorized user can speak and the verbalized voice is sent through a Bluetooth and displayed on the LCD screen. In this project we are using a flexible and most successful speech recognize technique called as Hidden Markov Model(HMM) to recognize the speech for voice and then that recognized sampled speech voice are processed identified as a verbalized text done by connecting to a google's server via internet. And the speech is inputted from a microphone and only an English message has taken as an input for our application and it is online speech to text conversion.

Lung Cancer is a disease can be defined as uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. If we detect the Lung Cancer in its early stage, then that could be the key of its cure. In this work the non-invasive methods are studied for assisting in nodule detection. It supplies a Computer Aided Diagnosis System (CAD) for early detection of lung cancer nodules from the Computer Tomography (CT) images. CAD system is the one which helps to improve the diagnostic performance of radiologists in their image interpretations. The main aim of this technique is to develop a CAD system for finding the lung cancer using the lung CT images and classify the nodule as Benign or Malignant. For classifying cancer cells, SVM classifier is used. Here, image processing techniques have been used to de-noise, to enhance, for segmentation and edge detection of an image is used to extract the area, perimeter and shape of nodule. The core factors of this research are Image quality and accuracy.

Background: Liver being the largest organ in the body receives blood supply from hepatic artery (25%) and portal vein (75%) and drained by three major hepatic veins opening into inferior vena cava. The dimensions of hepatic veins are quite essential during portosystemic shunting procedure and radiological interventions. The presence of variants of major hepatic veins is of prime importance to evaluate donor and recipient in living donor liver transplantation. Objectives: The objectives of the study were (1) to evaluate the ramification pattern and morphometry of major hepatic veins of liver by cast method and (2) to study the clinical implications of the hepatic vein variations. Materials and Methods: Forty liver specimens (22 males and 18 females) aged between 30 and 60 years were obtained from the Department of Forensic Medicine of JSS Medical College and Mysore Medical College. The silicone gel was injected into vena cava and pushed thoroughly into the ostia of hepatic veins. The drainage patterns of hepatic veins were noted and measurement of hepatic veins was done using thread and measuring scale. Results: The present study ramification pattern of middle and left hepatic veins showed Type 1 pattern in 24 specimens (58%), Type 2 in 12 specimens (40%), and Type 3 in 5 specimens (12%). There was a significant difference with P < 0.05 in all the parameters among males and females except the length and diameter of common trunk. Conclusion: Thorough knowledge of hepatic vein variants and its morphometry is essential during imaging procedures, anatomic resection of hepatic veins in hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and other liver surgeries.

Our overall goal is to distinguish aggressive from indolent breast cancers by characterizing determinants of breast cancer progression. The detection of early-stage (in situ) neoplastic lesions in the breast has risen dramatically due to widespread mammography. Early detection represents a significant opportunity to intervene and halt the progression of these early lesions to invasive breast cancer. However, our understanding of the natural history of in situ lesions remains limited. Here, we describe our efforts to characterize the microenvironment of DCIS in patient samples and mouse models using a combination of traditional and novel multiplexed immunostaining methods. In particular, we present our early work on applying multispectral fluorescence imaging as well as highly parametric imaging mass cytometry to describe the immune cells surrounding and infiltrating DCIS, with focus on the interaction of these immune cells with each other and the incipient invasive tumor cells. Future studies will be directed at determining if the immune microenvironment of DCIS can identify patients at risk for progression or recurrence so that these patients can be appropriately managed upfront. Citation Format: Vidya C. Sinha, Fei Yang, Amanda L. Rinkenbaugh, Xinhui Zhou, Xiaomei Zhang, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Helen Piwnica-Worms. Multiparametric imaging to evaluate human and mouse breast carcinoma in situ [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B59.

Background: The internal carotid artery supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages and sends branches to the forehead and nose.Carotid canal is a curved channel in the petrous temporal bone through which internal carotid artery enters the skull. Aim: In the present study 20 skulls of unknown sex were considered. The morphometric study of carotid canal was studied by direct bone method and by silicone cast method. The present study aimed to show the differences of measurements by two methods and the silicon cast method is of its kind to measure the length of the carotid canal. Materials and Methods: Carotid canal were measured at three different levels by both methods. Length of carotid canal to bend, diameter at the bend, length from the bend to foramen lacerum. The data was analysed for all the measurements of two methods and comparison of mean and SD at three different levels was done.Significant difference between two methods at three different levels was observed. Independent sample t-test was applied for total length of carotid canal. Results: By observation there is a mean significant difference between two methods in the measurements of carotid canal from lower opening till the angulation on left side of the skull.The study showed that there is a bilateral significant difference in measurements of diameter between two methods. There was no significant difference observed in total length of the canal in both left and right sides. Conclusion: Morphometrical details of the canal are of great significance to neurosurgeons and otologists. Silicon cast method was cost effective and much easier method to study the length and measurements of carotid canal as it exactly depicts the curvature of carotid canal.

Portal vein provides about three-fourths of liver's blood supply. Portal vein is formed behind the neck of pancreas, at the level of the second lumbar vertebra and formed from the convergence of superior mesenteric and splenic veins. The purpose of this study is to review the normal distribution and variation, morphometry of portal vein and its branches for their implication in liver surgery and preoperative portal vein embolization. It is also helpful for radiologists while performing radiological procedures. A total of fresh 40 livers with intact splenic and superior mesenteric vein were collected from the mortuary of Forensic Department, JSS Medical College and Mysuru Medical College. The silicone gel was injected into the portal vein and different segments were identified and portal vein variants were noted. The morphometry of portal vein was measured by using digital sliding calipers. The different types of portal vein segmental variants were observed. The present study showed predominant type I in 90% cases, type II 7.5% cases, and type III 2.5% cases. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of length of right portal vein among males and females were 2.096±0.602 cm and 1.706±0.297 cm, respectively. Mean and SD of length of left portal vein among males and females were 3.450±0.661 cm and 3.075±0.632 cm, respectively. The difference in the Mean among the males and females with respect to length of right portal vein and left portal vein was found to be statistically significant (P=0.010). Prior knowledge of variations regarding the formation, termination and tributaries of portal vein are very helpful and important for surgeons to perform liver surgeries like liver transplantation, segmentectomy and for Interventional Radiologists.

The idea that there is a uniformly �optimal� governance structure for corporations features prominently in current debates and policy proposals. In this paper, we propose a different, constitutional theory of corporate governance: the criterion for a good corporate governance structure is whether it is freely chosen by the shareholders. We illustrate our approach by comparing the constitutional rights of shareholders under US corporate law and Swiss corporate law. Moreover, we discuss the mandatory provisions that shareholders would likely include in corporate law at a constitutional stage, behind the veil of ignorance.