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A time-dependent model of laser amplification in an Yb : YAG crystal is considered based on a system of balance equations, as well as radiation transfer and heat conduction equations. The model also takes into account the dependence of the laser characteristics of the gain medium on the injection wavelength and the effect of amplified spontaneous emission. This model is verified based on a diode-pumped amplifier with cryogenic cooling of active elements. The dependences of the gain on the pump pulse energy are experimentally measured for different amplification regimes and compared with simulation results.

The social transformations that took place under the influence of globalization and neoliberalization at the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries led to the need for deep structural and functional changes in the system of domestic higher professional education. Despite the fact that over the past twenty years in domestic practice a lot of directive documents have been developed and a number of serious management decisions have been adopted that have a direct impact on the development of the Russian education system at all levels, the domestic higher school in many respects cannot reach a level that makes it possible to make a serious competition to the participants of the world scientific and educational space. A retrospective analysis of the main conceptual documents that determine the development of the domestic education system, carried out in the work, showed that reforms of the domestic higher education system often do not reach their logical conclusion, since they are predominantly declarative in nature, far from always supported by a legislative framework, which leads to inconsistency in practical actions on their implementation. The article reveals that the incompleteness of the reforms is largely due to the existing gaps in cooperation between the institutions of education, science and industrial production, which all conceptually significant documents declare, but in practice, close mutually beneficial cooperation between these actors does not sufficiently manifest itself. The author indicates that such interaction can be carried out through the development of university systems, which, being integrated into the economy of the regions and acting as a driver of innovative development, can contribute to increasing the competitiveness of Russian universities in the international scientific and educational space.

Aim. To study changes in epithelialization of diabetic foot ulcers and parameters of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in patients with diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) and atrial fibrillation (AF) during complex therapy with the addition of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC).Material and methods. An open-label comparative randomized study in parallel groups was performed. Patients with neuroischemic DFS and persistent FA without previous anticoagulant therapy were randomized into two groups: combination therapy for DFS and rivaroxaban (group 1; n=24) or combination therapy for DFS and dabigatran (group 2; n=22). Changes in local status in diabetic foot ulcers, coagulogram parameters and LDF were studied at 4 and 12 weeks.Results. Complete epithelialization of diabetic foot ulcers after 12 weeks was found in 14 (58.3%) patients in group 1, and in 10 (45.4%) patients in group 2. Statistically significant improvements in LDF parameters were found in both groups in both groups: an increase in the microcirculation index by 53.5% (p=0.02), pulse wave by 124.0% (p=0.003), respiratory wave by 59.4% (p=0.007) was found in group 1. An increase in the microcirculation index by 48.5% (p=0.02), pulse wave by 73.1% (p=0.003), respiratory wave by 47.1% (p=0.03) were found in group 2.Conclusion. Positive statistically significant changes in epithelialization of diabetic foot ulcers and LDF parameters were found in patients with DFS and AF during 12 weeks of complex therapy with the addition of DOACs (rivaroxaban and dabigatran). Further research for DOACs in DFS patients is needed.

A time-dependent three-dimensional model for the laser amplification process has been constructed with allowance for the effect of the temperature distribution on the thermophysical and lasing characteristics of gain media. We have performed numerical modelling of the laser amplification process in the gain elements of a two-stage subjoule-level cryogenic laser amplifier operating at a pulse repetition rate of up to 1 kHz. It has been shown that taking into account the temperature distribution is of critical importance in calculation of cryogenically cooled laser amplifiers pumped with high-power diodes. We have found optimal diode pump parameters at which the maximum achievable pulse energy at the amplifier output can reach 300 and 570 mJ at pulse repetition rates of 1000 and 500 Hz, respectively.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is severe and fatal complication of anticoagulant therapy with an incidence 0.3-0.7% per year. For patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) anticoagulants are administered for decreasing risk of stroke and systemic embolism. In this case the occurrence of intracranial bleeding is hard task for doctor. From the one side it is necessary to reverse the action of the drug for preventing the growth of hematoma. At the same time the discontinuation of therapy increases the risk of systemic embolism for patients with AF significantly. Clinical guidelines and studies have been reviewed about ICH during anticoagulant therapy. Nowadays there is no quality evidence about reversal of anticoagulant effects after ICH and optimal time of resumption of anticoagulant therapy. Firstly, we do not have large randomized controlled trials on this issue. The majority of clinical guidelines were based on retrospective studies and opinions of experts. Soon several randomized controlled trials will be finished and new data will be presented.

Традиційна фокусуюча лінза Френеля концентрує інтенсивність світла в центр сформо­ваного зображення. Однак іноді необхідно перетворювати паралельний потік променів у світлове коло. Такі трансформуючі плоскі лінзи Френеля часто використовуються в сис­темах обробки сигналів. Наведено алгоритм моделювання мікропризматичних структур Френеля, які формують у фокальній площині рівномірно освітлене коло. Цей алгоритм подібний до алгоритму моделювання, розробленого для створення фокусуючих мікро­призматичних елементів з плоскими кільцевими фокусуючими гранями. Запропоновані структури з дискретною зміною кутів заломлення для трансформації світлових потоків можна легко виготовити методом алмазного різання, який дозволяє отримувати плоскі конусні робочі поверхні високої оптичної якості. Розмір призматичних заломлюючих зон не повинен бути занадто великим для зменшення дискретності сформованих зобра­жень. Тому передбачається створення зон заломлення з декількох однакових малих мікро­призм. Запропоновано модифікований алгоритм моделювання параметрів трансфор­муючої лінзи, який враховує процеси концентрації світла лінзою та звуження світлових по­токів мікропризмами.

In modern large-sized tokamaks and those under construction, for example, in ITER, when measuring the average plasma electron density using the refractometry technique, it becomes necessary to study different effects that affect the measurement accuracy. This paper presents the results from studies of the high-temperature effects that can affect the interpretation of delay time measurements of the probing microwave signal in the ITER refractometry diagnostics. The criteria for applicability of different plasma models (“cold” plasma, modified “cold” plasma, and “hot plasma”) are obtained for calculating the plasma refractive index and interpreting the delay times that will be measured using the refractometry diagnostics of the ITER plasma. In the second article, based on the results obtained in this article, we will consider the influence of the high-temperature effects on the accuracy of determining the mean density using the refractometry diagnostics.

Vaccination of the population is one of the most effective countermeasures in responding to the pandemic caused by novel coronavirus infection. Therefore, scientists all over the world have been working to develop effective and safe vaccines. We have developed a synthetic peptide vaccine, EpiVacCorona, against novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which is a suspension for intramuscular administration containing a composition of chemically synthesized peptide immunogens of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus conjugated to a carrier protein and adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. Phase I–II clinical trials of the vaccine have started that consist of two stages: Stage 1 is an open study of the safety, reactogenicity, and immunological activity of the vaccine with the involvement of 14 volunteers aged 18–30 years; Stage 2 is a single blind, comparative, randomized placebo-controlled study with the involvement of 86 volunteers. The study involved volunteers aged 18–60 years; the vaccine was injected intramuscularly twice, spaced 21 days apart between injections. All local reactions in response to vaccine administration were mild, such as a short-term pain at the injection site. There were no signs of development of local or systemic adverse reactions. The two-dose vaccination scheme induced the production of antibodies, specific to the antigens that make up the vaccine, in 100% of the volunteers. Seroconversion with a neutralizing antibody titer ≥ 1:20 was reported in 100% of the volunteers 21 days following the second immunization dose. No seroconversion was reported in the groups of volunteers vaccinated with a placebo. The peptide-based EpiVacCorona Vaccine has low reactogenicity and is a safe, immunogenic product. Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT04527575.

Toxicological properties were studied and production tests were conducted of a veterinary drug “Mastilact LC”. The findings show that by the indicators of acute intragastric toxicity, the drug is referred to the IV class of danger. The therapeutic efficacy of the drug was 87.5%, the course of treatment averaged from 3.25±0.16 to 4.88±0.30 days, depending on the form of mastitis. The drug possesses no negative impact on animal body.

Determination was carried out of indicators of acute toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of a veterinary drug “Gamitrovet”, containing gamithromycin as AAS, for respiratory diseases in calves, lambs and piglets. Indicators of acute toxicity were defined, and LD50 for a veterinary drug “Gamitrovet” was calculated, which after a single subcutaneous injection to white laboratory mice made 3757.5 mg / kg, and after a single oral administration to white laboratory mice made 04376.25 mg / kg. A veterinary drug “Gamitrovet” is an effective means in treatment of cattle, pigs and sheep with respiratory diseases, and allows achieving therapeutic efficacy in the range of 90 – 100%.

Background. Every fifth ischemic stroke is caused by a patient’s history of atrial fibrillation. Nowadays, direct and indirect oral anticoagulants are widely used to prevent thromboembolic complications in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, despite the prescription of this group of drugs, every year 1–2% of patients with atrial fibrillation have an ischemic stroke. In this situation, a number of questions take rise: if it is possible to carry out thrombolytic therapy in the patients who have been taking anticoagulants; if it is worth resuming anticoagulant therapy after a stroke; when exactly this should be done; and what drugs should be used to prevent another stroke.The aim of this review was to summarize the available clinical guidelines and research results on the study of the anticoagu- lant therapy characteristics in patients with atrial fibrillation after an ischemic stroke.Materials and methods. For this review, the information presented in the scientific literature from open and available sourc- es, has been used. The information had been placed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sci- ence Core Collection, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov; Elibrary, Cyberleninka, Google Academy. The covering period was 1997–2020. The search queries were: “ischemic stroke + atrial fibrillation + anticoagulants”; “ischemic stroke + atrial fibrillation + direct oral coagulants” and “atrial fibrillation + ischemic stroke + warfarin” in both Russian and English equivalents.Results and conclusion. Currently, the problem of the use of anticoagulants for the prevention of recurrent thromboembolic complications in patients with AF in the acute period of a stroke, is studied insufficiently. The difficulties are caused by the delivery of TLT in the patients who have been taking DOACs, first of all, due to the impossibility of an accurate assessment of the hemostasis state because of the unavailability of routine specific tests; and second, as a result of the lack of registered antidotes for most drugs, and their high costs. Besides, there are no RCTs dedicated to the study of the optimal time for the resumption or initiation of anticoagulant therapy in the acute period of an IS, and the optimal drugs for this group of patients. Most of the existing recommendations on these aspects, are based on the consensus of experts, and this fact indicates the need for further research in the area under review.

Vitiligo is a common polygenic autoimmune disease in which the foci of depigmentation are formed on the skin and/or mucous membranes as a result of the death of melanocytes. There are several hypotheses for the pathogenesis of the disease, the leading role among them is played the autoimmune hypothesis. This review summarizes the available literature data on the prevalence and structure of comorbid endocrine autoimmune pathology in vitiligo patients. In most studies conducted in Europe, America and Asia the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases (including autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves disease), diabetes mellitus and autoimmune adrenal insufficiency was higher in vitiligo patients than in the general population. The results of some studies indicate a frequent association of vitiligo with autoimmune polyglandular syndromes. In the structure of comorbid pathology the highest prevalence was in autoimmune thyroid diseases. A number of studies have established a higher prevalence of autoimmune endocrine diseases in women, as well as in nonsegmental vitiligo patients and in cases of family history of vitiligo and/or other autoimmune diseases. In addition, it was shown that the prevalence of endocrine diseases increases with increasing area of depigmentation. The data obtained justify the advisability of conducting a timely examination of vitiligo patients with the aim of early detection of comorbid diseases and the appointment of appropriate treatment. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of the identified associations on the course of vitiligo and comorbid endocrinopathies, as well as the effectiveness of therapy and the quality of life of patients.Витилиго является распространенным полигенным аутоиммунным заболеванием, при котором в результате гибели меланоцитов образуются очаги депигментации на коже и/или слизистых оболочках. Существует несколько гипотез патогенеза заболевания, среди которых ведущая роль отводится аутоиммунной. В настоящем обзоре обобщены имеющиеся литературные данные, посвященные изучению распространенности и структуры коморбидной эндокринной аутоиммунной патологии у больных витилиго. В большинстве исследований, проведенных в странах Европы, Америки и Азии, у больных витилиго установлена более высокая, по сравнению с общей популяцией, распространенность аутоиммунных заболеваний щитовидной железы (в том числе аутоиммунного тиреоидита и болезни Грейвса), сахарного диабета и аутоиммунной надпочечниковой недостаточности. Результаты отдельных исследований свидетельствуют о частой ассоциации витилиго с аутоиммунными полигландулярными синдромами. В структуре коморбидной патологии наиболее часто встречается ассоциация витилиго с аутоиммунными заболеваниями щитовидной железы. В ряде работ установлена более высокая распространенность аутоиммунных эндокринных заболеваний у женщин, а также у больных несегментарным типом витилиго и в случаях наличия отягощенного семейного анамнеза. Кроме того, показано, что частота развития эндокринных заболеваний возрастает по мере увеличения площади депигментации. Полученные данные обосновывают целесообразность проведения своевременного обследования больных витилиго с целью раннего выявления коморбидных эндокринных заболеваний и назначения соответствующего лечения. Необходимо проведение дальнейших исследований по изучению влияния выявленных ассоциаций на течение витилиго и сопутствующих эндокринопатий, а также эффективность терапии и качество жизни пациентов.

The results on the analysis of methods for the formation of nanoscale elements on thin films of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors and their application to create optical diffraction elements are presented. When creating micro- and nanoelements of optoelectronic devices, micro / nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and diffractive optical elements, chalcogenide glassy semiconductors (CGS) can be effectively used. The use of CGS is mainly based on their sensitivity to various types of radiation, which cause structural changes in them and transparency for infrared light. Numerous studies have been carried out aimed at studying the processes of formation of nanostructures on CGS films. A number of photoinduced changes are observed in CGS, which are associated with structural transformations, phase transitions, defect formation, and atom diffusion. It is of interest to determine the technologies for the formation of micro- and nanoscale structures on CGS films that can be used to create diffractive optical elements for optoelectronic devices. Increasing the resolution of recording media based on vitreous chalcogenide semiconductors can be achieved by choosing recording modes and glass compositions, in which the nonlinearity of the exposure characteristics of photosensitive material is most pronounced, as well as the introduction of noble metal nanoparticles for excitation of precious metals for excitation. A promising area of application of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors can be direct laser recording of diffractive optical elements at upgraded laser beam recorder of master disks. The unique properties of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors allow the formation of microrelief images without selective chemical etching due to the irradiation of thin films with rays of different polarization. Fig.: 8. Refs: 41 titles.

This paper considers an original valve electromagnet with integrated armature, designed to implement an electromagnetic overcurrent release of a circuit breaker. Theoretical and experimental studies of the proposed electromagnet have been carried out to determine the most important parameters of circuit breakers such as sensitivity and high-speed performance. Calculations and experiments have shown the possibility of increasing the sensitivity and speed of the electromagnetic overcurrent release based on the proposed electromagnet with integrated armature in comparison with existing structures used in modern circuit breakers.

The influence of reflective Bragg gratings that are formed in an active medium due to the spatial periodic modulation of gain on the spectral properties of lasing are investigated by an example of a pulsed Nd : YAG laser. It is shown that, at a certain choice of the formation regime of reflective gratings of gain, the lasing bandwidth can be reduced by a factor of 3 – 5, with a corresponding increase in the pulse energy and significant improvement of spatial beam quality.

Methods to create microrelief phase elements for diffractive optics and ophthalmology were analyzed. Direct laser writing, by a laser beam recorder used for master discs is an effective method for the formation of flat microrelief phase elements on thin films of chalcogenide semiconductors, where photo-structural transformations occur under the action of laser radiation.

Objective. To estimate the value of measuring plasma eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a potential biomarker for determining the activity of eosinophilic inflammation. To compare it to determining the number of blood eosinophils and predicting the severity of COPD by determining such clinical characteristics as respiratory function, exacerbation frequency and the BODE index.Materials and methods. Based on the protocol, 161 patients with COPD participated in the study. They made 2 visits for the collection of anamnestic data and the performance of the main study procedures: respiratory function test, 6-minute step test, dyspnea assessment according to the Medical Research Council Scale questionnaire and sputum and blood analysis in order to determine the level of eosinophils and ECP. The second visit was conducted 12 months after the first to assess the dynamics of the disease. We paid particular attention to the presence of allergies in the case history, the frequency of exacerbations, the number of courses of treatment with antibacterial drugs and inhalants, and systemic glucocorticoids.Results. The study has demonstrated that high plasma levels of ECP in patients with COPD are associated with a more severe course of disease and the development of more frequent infection-related exacerbations of the disease, which require the administration of inhaled glucocorticoids and antibiotics. We have demonstrated an inverse relationship between the ECP level and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). This allows the use of this indicator as a predictor of the severity of COPD in patients.Conclusion. According to the obtained data, measuring the ECP level of blood plasma can be recommended for use as a clinical marker in the prognosis of COPD and selection of personalized therapy. It is a noninvasive and a relatively easily accomplished research method.

The operation of the LM27762 bipolar DC–DC converter chip was simulated using WEBENCH software developed by Texas Instruments. The main attention is paid to the influence of the load current on the negative voltage ripples at the output of the charge pumping system and the chip output. The results of the calculations are compared with the results of the experiments. It is shown that the model of operation of the microcircuit created by the manufacturer is approximate. When the microcircuit operates in burst mode, which is realized at relatively low load currents, the discrepancies in the number of discharge – charge cycles, voltage poles at the output of the pumping system, and in the time intervals between bursts are very significant. The model does not allow obtaining data on the ripples of the negative voltage at the chip output. Experiments have shown that the very limited data on output voltage ripples given in the microchip documentation is underestimated. They significantly depend on the input and output voltage and load currents. The discrepancy between the experimental results and the simulation results obtained using the model of the manufacturer LM27762 showed that the actual perfection test of the microcircuits should be based on three factors: experiment, simulation and joint analysis of the obtained results. The simulation results of the operation of the LM27762 circuit board of bipolar DC–DC converter using the WEBENCH Power Designer software developed by the Texas Instruments manufacturing company are presented. The calculations are made at the company's website. For the experimental studies the ready-for-use test board of LM27762EVM test module, provided by the manufacturer of the LM27762 circuit board, is used. The use of the test board, simulator, and software developed by the manufacturer of the circuit board ensures to have no problem while comparing the simulation and experimental results, which can be associated with the use of circuit components with differing characteristics, or with the board layout. The technical documentation for the circuit board does not have information about the characteristics of the keys and capacitors used in the circuit board. Unfortunately, a description of the developed model is not available either. The information mainly concerns the influence of load currents on negative voltage ripples at the charge pump system output and at circuit board output. The simulation has shown that already at a load current of 40 mA, the control system starts operating with a permanent charge pump frequency, while, according to the results of the experiments, the control system continues to work in the pulse train mode even at a higher current of 50 mA. The pulse train for such current consists of 15 charge transfer pulses, the interval between the trains is 3 μs, and the increase in negative voltage per pulse train is also about 75 mV. The comparison made of simulation results and the results of the experiment have shown that the model of operation of the LM27762 circuit board, created by the manufacturer, is approximate. It has been established that owing to a large number of assumptions in the developed circuit board model, when it operates in the pulse train mode, which is realized at relatively low load currents, the discrepancies are rather significant in the number of discharge–charge cycles, the pulsation amplitude at the charge pump system output, and the time intervals between the pulse trains. The simulation of operation of the circuit board does not give data on the negative voltage pulses at its output. The experiments have shown that the data provided in the documentation on the circuit board output voltage pulses, though quite limited, are underestimated. They largely depend on the input and output voltage and load currents. In general, the comparison of the results of simulation of the operation of the charge pump system of the LM27762 circuit board, when it operates in the pulse train mode, and the corresponding experimental results shows that the coincidence of the calculation results and those of the experiment in terms of quality can be considered satisfactory. The discrepancy between the experimental and simulation results, obtained using the manufacturer’s LM27762 model has proved that the true testing of the quality of circuit boards requires three factors to be taken into consideration: experiment, simulation and joint analysis of the obtained results.

Problem statement. Today, mankind is faced with the need to solve complex problems related to climate change, emissions of-products of the industrial enterprises into the atmosphere of the planet and as a consequence an increase of the greenhouse effect, man-made disasters, the constant increase of the world population. People need to learn to survive in these difficult conditions and make every effort to prevent in the future the development of negative phenomena. Try to solve these tasks by building energy-efficient underground multifunctional complexes and public buildings (hotels, social and educational institutions, pharmacies, shops, gyms). A long staying under the ground entails a series of transformations of the body: changes in the balance of fluid in the body – within a year, it significantly reduces in the biochemical composition of the human body there will be several new minerals, which are unavoidably inhaled by the person under the ground, vitamin D deficiency, hormonal changes, deterioration in psychological state. In the near future, healthy living environments, providing optimal conditions for work, life, leisure and movement of the urban population will depend on the effective use of underground space in urban areas. The purpose of the article is to offer a solution for the development of projects of energy-efficient underground multifunctional complexes and public buildings in Ukraine. Conclusions: energy-efficient underground public buildings solve the problem of construction of high-rise buildings in historically valuable urban residential development, freeing up space above ground for residential buildings and recreational areas as well as conserving natural resources, improving the environmental condition, increasing energy conservation resources in Ukraine.

The place of methods for the formation of strategies for the development of economic systems as a complex of development directions in the general system of methods for forming strategies for the development of economic systems is considered. The composition is considered, the content is described and the main features (including peculiarities and shortcomings) of the methods of forming the development strategies of economic systems as a complex of development areas are identified, including: a complex multivariate method, a method for assessing the level of synergy by the matrix of mutual support of strategic economic zones of I. Ansoff, SPACE, a method based on the Hofer-Shendel model, a method of forming a strategy based on an assessment of the norm of use value, a method based on the MCDONALD'S strategy, a method based on model A. ompsona and A. Strickland, a method based on the model "ADL / LC" (Arthur D. Little / Life Cicle), a method based on the model of "lemons market" J. Akerlof. Taking into account the potential and limitations of using each of the methods of forming strategies for the development of economic systems as a complex of development directions, the spheres of their rational use at various stages of the strategic process are described.

A mathematical model is presented that describes the distribution of the potential and electric field strength in cells of a microfluidic device for culturing a cellular monolayer with built-in electrodes of different geometries. The design of the measuring cell and the geometry of the electrodes are selected by analyzing the results from calculations.

The launch of the Russian-Germany interstate project (the Russian-German Year of Scientific and Educational Cooperation 2018-2020) sets new requirements for the agenda formation for interstate cooperation in the field of education and science. The “Russian-German Roadmap for Cooperation in Education, Science, Research and Innovation” (the Roadmap) defines new opportunities for expanding cooperation between states in the educational and research fields, as well as developing economical innovations. The key directions of the cooperation are: “Large research infrastructure”, “Priorities”, “Young talents”, “Innovations, science and society”. The expansion of bilateral cooperation on a wide range of topics, the development of large research infrastructures and joint research projects in particular, will be carried out in the areas that are priority for both countries. By means of the Roadmap, young scientists should be supported, and the academic mobility of researchers, students and postgraduate students should be increased. It is also planned to enhance the transfer of research results to the real economy, as well as increase the advanced innovative business involvement in the partnership. One of the tasks that the organizers of the year face, is to create conditions for the public presentation of specialized events, as well as the dissemination of cooperation practices in the academic environment. For this purpose, a special website to gather the information from participants and organizers of events implemented in both countries, was launched ( https://russia-germanycooperation.ru) . The inclusion of innovative business in the year’s action field will create conditions for the formation of joint teams, both in the academic and professional environment, aimed at tackling new problems of states economies' innovative development.

A high peak and high average power femtosecond laser system based on media doped with Yb3+ ions is being developed at the Institute of Laser Physics of the SB RAS. For efficient laser amplification and to avoid optical damage is actually to compensate wave front distortion caused by grating astigmatism in pump channel. Based on theory of propagation of gaussian beam in space and through optical elements the calculation of optimal parameters of two lenses telescope and comparison with experimental data has been performed. The obtained results can be used for decrease of astigmatic effect on beam profile quality in design of laser systems with elements involving astigmatism.

It is shown that under the influence of technological stress on the body of cattle, there is a violation of the ratio of normal forms of red blood cells – discocytes and their pathological forms – stomatocytes, echinocytes, the most common are echinocytes. To correct impaired body functions, the effect of continuous and fractional exposure to low-intensity laser radiation with wavelengths of 830 nm and 650 nm was studied. The obtained data indicate that the NILI with a wavelength of 650 nm and 830 nm does not have a negative effect on the morphology of bovine red blood cells. The stimulating and normalizing effect of low-intensity laser radiation on red blood cells was most pronounced in a continuous mode of exposure with a wavelength of 830 nm.

The present work is devoted to the study of current characteristics of a high-current, plasma-filled electron gun with multi-gap initiation of explosive emission by dielectric surface flashover at different accelerating voltages and densities of plasma preliminarily filling the space between the cathode and collector. Multi-gap initiation of explosive emission is performed with the use of resistively decoupled and operating in parallel arc plasma sources which are built-in to the disk explosive-emission cathode. Plasma anode was formed by high-current reflective (Penning) discharge or by hybrid discharge matching Penning discharge with vacuum arcs. Experiments have demonstrated good emissivity of a new cathode assembly, which is approximately 1.5–2 times higher than emissivity of traditional multi-wire copper explosive-emission cathode. Stable operability of this high-current electron gun is confirmed for the amplitude of accelerating voltage in the range of 5–30 kV in contrast to mentioned above traditional gun requiring, at least, 17– 20 kV for reliable operation of the cathode.

A numerical three-dimensional non-stationary model describing laser amplification process with account of the dependencies of properties of active element on temperature distribution was developed. A numerical simulation of the laser amplification process in cryogenically cooled high peak, high average power amplifier was performed and it is shown that optimization of pump parameters allows one to obtain up to 50% more energy at the output of the amplifier.

The dynamics of phase distortions during laser amplification in the cryogenically cooled active elements with high power diode pump was modeled and analyzed. The possibility of significant reduction of wavefront distortions with small decrease of the gain coefficient by choosing the optimal values of the pump radiation radius is shown.

The paper is devoted to the question of natural radionuclides (40K, 238U, 232Th) distribution in the soils on the territory of New Moscow. Based on the processing of the results of aero-gamma-spectrometry and analysis of extensive cartographic material (geological, soil, neotectonic maps, satellite data SRTM), the distribution of these radionuclides within the area under consideration has been estimated. The areas with elevated values of radionuclides relative to regional background values characteristic for the territory of the European part of Russia have been identified. These areas are considered as potentially dangerous for the environment and human health. Using GIS-technology has allowed determining probable anthropogenic and natural causes of the obtained distribution. Elevated contents of radionuclide 40K (up to 2,3%) coincide with the location of agricultural land and farms and, most likely, are associated with excessive mineral fertilization. The maximum contents of the radionuclide 238U (up to 2•10-4%) are localized at the intersection of the neotectonic fault and river valleys. High concentrations of radionuclide 232Th (up to 11,9•10-4%) are concentrated at the sites of development of large cracks and neotectonic fault, determined by authors as a result of relief digital model designing, and most likely, are due to natural causes (the composition of the initial rocks – substrate).

Aim. To assess the dynamics of quality of life indicators and echocardiography parameters depending on adherence to treatment in patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease at 5-year follow-up. Material and methods . A total of 180 patients with RHD were examined. According to the Moriski-Green test 60% were not adherent to treatment; 28,9% are not sufficiently adherent; 11,1% — adherent to treatment. Echocardiography was performed on a Philips Affinity 50 machine, the quality of life was assessed using SF-36, KCCQ, MHFLQ. Results. Both at baseline and after 5 years of observation, the maximum linear dimensions of left atrium — 4,90 [4,62;5,22] cm, left ventricle end-diastolic dimension — 5,55 [4,39;6,69] cm and left ventricle end-systolic dimension 3,70 [4,63;5,23] cm were in a group of adherent to treatment patients. The maximum dimensions of the right atrium (4,80 [4,55;5,15] cm) and of the right ventricle (2,70 [2,40;2,94]) cm at baseline and, after 5 years, were observed in group not adherent to treatment. Differences in the area of mitral valve between groups are not received. On the scales of quality of life, initially, the best value was in group of not sufficiently adherent: MHFLQ — 34,29 [26,97;40,3]; KCCQ functional status — 25,20 [19,28;31,18], KCCQ clinical summary score — 55,00 [47Д67.0]; SF-36 physical health — 34,26 [26,05;45,36], SF-36 mental health — 43,36 [37,49;48,60]. In the group of treatment adherents, the worst values of physical health SF-36 were 33,62 [32,5;36,92] and KCCQ clinical summary score was 37,50 [21,5;56,5]. After 5 years, in group of not sufficiently adherent patients maintained the best quality of life values: MHFLQ - 30,5 [11,5;48,5]; SF-36 physical health is 37,81 [31,51;45,91 ], KCCQ overall summary score — 24,85 [18,55;33,95]. Group of adherents to treatment had the best indicators of quality of life only for SF-36 mental health — 44,29 [30,47;58,33] and KCCQ clinical summary score — 67,50 [48,8;87,5]. Conclusion. In the study with RHD, there was no unambiguous effect of adherence to drug therapy on indicators of heart remodeling and quality of life. The data obtained on the greater severity of dilatation of left heart in adherents to treatment and dilatation of right in non-adherents require a comparison with patients who did not receive drug therapy and, possibly, a longer follow-up period.

Objective. Evaluation of heart rate variability in patients with rheumatic heart disease. Material and methods . The study enrolled 230 patients, of whom 156 patients with mitral stenosis (CRHD), 36 patients with mitral valve regurgitation, and 38 patients with acquired aortic stenosis were selected. CHF functional class was determined using a 6-minute walk test according to the standard method; there were no patients with FC IV. HRV values were obtained using the Kardiotekhnika-04-3R (M) cardiorespiratory monitor with an estimation of time domain and frequency domain. Results. The CRHD patients had lower HRV indicators in the time (SDNN - 126.38 ms, SDANN - 112.07 ms, RMSSD - 32.79 ms) and frequency domain (VLF - 2,098.59 ms 2 ; LF - 865.39 ms 2 , HF - 323.48 ms 2 ) compared with patients with mitral valve regurgitation and aortic stenosis. Evaluation of HRV within patients with CRHD, depending on the presence or absence of combined mitral-aortic stenosis, did not show differences in the general and sympathetic tone of the ANS. In patients with combined mitral-aortic stenosis, only a decrease in parasympathetic tone was revealed: RMSSD - 31.18 ms, HF - 286.36 ms 2 . Stratification of patients according to FC CHF showed an increase in parasympathetic tone: RMSSD was 26.67 ms for FC I and 43.69 ms for FC III; HF was 254.67 ms 2 for FC I and 541.23 ms 2 for FC III. The sympathetic and general tone of the ANS was minimal in patients with FC II CHF. A study of the change of indicators over 5 years did not demonstrate a significant increase in the time domain, and the main indicators of the frequency domain decreased significantly: VLF from (1,882.73 ± 119.48) to (1,603.54 ± 99.22) ms 2 ; HF from (334.34 ± 33.13) to (252.87 ± 17.84) ms 2 , LF from (819.48 ± 94.41) to (647.01 ± 42.50) ms 2 . A decrease in the frequency domain was also observed when comparing the HRV results of survived and deceased patients. Conclusions. The patients with CRHD had lower values of the ANS tone in comparison with patients with other acquired heart valve disease. The smallest values of the general tone of the ANS and SNS were observed in those studied with CRHD with FC II CHF, and the activity of the PNS was maximum at FC III. After 5 years of follow-up, only the frequency indices of HRV were significantly reduced.

Aim.To assess the effect of polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-а (TNF-α) cytokines and interleukin (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-10) on echocardiographic parameters in patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD).Material and methods. A total of 128 patients with RHD were examined, average age was 58,96±0,34 years. Echocardiography was performed on a Philips Affinity 50 machine. Genotyping was carried out using polymorphic TNF-α markers (G308A, IL-10 G1082A, IL-17A G197A, IL-17F А161Н0 by polymerase chain reaction with an electrophoretic scheme for detecting the result of “SNP-EXPRESS”.Results. RHD homozygotes for TNF-а A308A had the largest linear dimensions of the left ventricle (left ventricle end-diastolic dimension (LVED) — 5,80±0,22 cm, left ventricle end-systolic dimension (LVES) — 3,93±0,27 cm), as well as the studied homozygous for IL-17A A197A (LVED — 5,81±0,13 cm, LVES — 3,78±0,11 cm). In group of TNF-α G308G homozygotes, values of right heart (right ventricle — 2,75±0,05 cm, right atrium — 4,80±0,11 cm) were the largest and mitral valve orifice area (MVOA) was smallest — 1,52±0,04 cm2. Heterozygous patients with IL-17F Д161Н also had a greater dilatation of the ventricles compared with homozygotes of IL-17F Н161Н, in which parameters were close to normal (LVED 5,58±0,05 cm, LVES 3,68±0,04 cm). There was no statistically significant difference in linear sizes of the left and right heart in patients with IL-10 polymorphism. IL-10 polymorphism patients had statistically significant MVOA differences: minimum MVOA in G1082A heterozygotes — 1,40±0,06 cm2and maximum — 1,64±0,04 cm2in G1082G homozygotes. IL-10 G1082G homozygotes was characterized by maximum values of interventricular septum — 1,13±0,04 cm, left ventricular posterior wall — 1,10±0,03 cm.Conclusion. Homozygosity of TNF-α A308A and IL-17A A197A in RHD patients leads to the largest linear sizes of the left ventricle, and homozygosity for TNF-а G308G — to the maximum sizes of the right heart and left atrium against the background of the minimum sizes of MVOA. IL-10 polymorphism has not effect on heart linear dimensions, but IL-10 G1082G leads to maximum MVOA size.

There is an increase in the prevalence of chronic, noncommunicable diseases, including allergic and autoimmune diseases in developed countries. In this regard, the study of factors modifying the population’s immune response is very important.According to the “old friends” hypothesis , insufficiency of infectious stimulation and decrease in prevalence of helminthiasis are associated with development of noncommunicable diseases. Studies revealed that intestinal parasites modulate the host immune response and alter susceptibility to immunological diseases. It is suggested that one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of immune response modulation by parasites is an increase in the content of gastrointestinal bacteria with anti-inflammatory effect. Advanced technologies of microorganism identification provide a deep insight into the microbiota in different pathologies. The study of changes in the intestine and bile microbiota of the host in helminthiases provides new possibilities for prevention, diagnosis and control of such conditions as chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and allergic diseases. The purpose of this review is to analyze current experimental and clinical data on intestinal microbiota in helminth infections and possible association with development of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

The purpose of this review is to examine the possibilities and prospects for the use of direct oral anticoagulants for the prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular complications. Atrial fibrillation is associated with a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease and more rapid progression of existing renal pathology. The presence of chronic kidney disease in atrial fibrillation on the one hand leads to an increased risk of thromboembolism, and on the other to an increased risk of bleeding when using anticoagulants. The standard for the prevention of thromboembolic complications in atrial fibrillation, including those with concomitant renal pathology, was considered warfarin for many years. However, modern studies have shown that the use of warfarin may enhance vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease, which in turn may lead to an increased risk of ischemic strokes.Analyzing clinical recommendations, randomized studies, meta-analyzes and a systematic review on the use of anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and renal pathology, revealed the advantage of using direct oral anticoagulants over warfarin at stage 1-3 of chronic kidney disease. Data on the use of direct oral anticoagulants with a more pronounced renal dysfunction and in patients on dialysis is limited due to the lack of a sufficient number of large randomized studies. Due to the presence of renal clearance in all oral anticoagulants, their pharmacokinetics changes to some extent with a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, which requires dose adjustment of drugs depending on creatinine clearance. Therefore, the use of anticoagulants for the prevention of thromboembolic complications during atrial fibrillation requires special attention in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Chest pain can be a “mask” of a life-threatening condition, which the practitioner must remember. One of such life-threatening condition is aortic aneurysm, which diagnosis presents significant difficulties in routine clinical practice. Clinical manifestations of thoracic aortic aneurysms are extremely variable and non-specific and are mainly depends on the size of the aneurysmal sac, its localization and extent, as well as the etiology of the disease. Here we present a clinical case report of a 48 y.o. patient who died because of the acute cardiac tamponade as a complication of dissecting thoracic aorta aneurysm. The lack of symptoms and clinical instrumental data, initially suggesting the presence of life-threatening disease did not allow the physician to suspect aortic aneurysm and urgently take action regarding it.

The article presents the results of the study of endothelial function (EF) and lipid spectrum in 114 patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD) during 5 years. The average age of the patients was 58.68 ±0.47 years; 18 men (15.8%) and 96 women (84.2%). Angioscan-01 apparatus was used to study EF. The occlusion index amplitude was reduced in all patients with CRHD. The minimum values of EF in the system of small resistive arteries were in patients with I functional class (FQ of chronic heart failure: 1.39 ± 0.07, and the maximum with II FO 1.73 ± 0.16. In the system of large conductive arteries, on the contrary, more pronounced changes are noted in II FC (-10,36 ± 2,07) and III FC (-8,94 ± 2,23), and the smallest in I FC (1,46 ± 6,69). The augmentation index showed high rigidity of the vascular wall and tended to decrease from the group with FC I (15,65 ± 2,05%) to the group with FC III (13,06 ± 2,35), but the difference was statistically insignificant. The age of the vascular wall varied significantly from 62.88 ± 3.46 years (I FC) to 70.71 ± 2.74 years (III FC). The values of total cholesterol (5.14 ± 0.12 and 5.48 ± 0.20 mm/l, after 5 years) and low-density lipoproteins (2.75 ± 0.09 and 2.72 ± 0.12 mm/l, after 5 years) did not change. Thus, patients with СRHD have EF disorders both in large conductive arteries (phase shift -6.64 ± 1.95 and -4.42 ± 2.29 ms, after 5 years) and in the microcirculation system (occlusion index 1.40 ± 0.09 and 1.46 ± 0.08, after 5 years) without significant dynamics during 5 years of observation.

The paper presents the results of studies of the operation of the inverting DC–DC converter with charge pump and LDO, which are part of the combined bipolar secondary power supply LM27762, at the near to maximum input voltage of 5.5 V and an output voltage of –4.9 V. The ripple voltages were measured at various load currents from 10 to 250 mA at the positive pole of the flying capacitor, at the output of the charge pump system and at the output of the microcircuit. It was shown for the first time on the basis of the obtained information that at low load currents up to about 107 mA the charge pump system operates in the burst mode, and at currents greater than 109 mA – in the charge pump mode with a constant frequency. The results do not confirm the information in the documentation on the microcircuit that, at themaximum input voltage of 5.5 V, the charge pump can enter the PWM mode in hot conditions. When working in burst mode, the presence of LDO in the LM27762 chip reduces the ripples of the negative voltage at the output. However, they significantly exceed the values given in the documentation on the chip. During switching to the constant–frequency mode, the level of negative voltage ripples at the output of the microcircuit decreases sharply, but it increases with further increase of the load current and exceeds the values given in the documentation.

The existing emotion recognition techniques based on the analysis of the tone of voice or facial expressions do not possess sufficient specificity and accuracy. These parameters can be significantly improved by employing physiological signals that escape the filters of human consciousness. The aim of this work was to carry out an EEG-based binary classification of emotional valence using a convolutional neural network and to compare its performance to that of a random forest algorithm. A healthy 30-year old male was recruited for the experiment. The experiment included 10 two-hour-long sessions of watching videos that the participant had selected according to his personal preferences. During the sessions, an electroencephalogram was recorded. Then, the signal was cleared of artifacts, segmented and fed to the model. Using a neural network, we were able to achieve a F1 score of 87%, which is significantly higher than the F1 score for a random forest model (67%). The results of our experiment suggest that convolutional neural networks in general and the proposed architecture in particular hold great promise for emotion recognition based on electrophysiological signals. Further refinement of the proposed approach may involve optimization of the network architecture to include more classes of emotions and improvement of the network’s generalization capacity when working with a large number of participants.

The objective. The assessment of the severity, prevalence and five-year dynamics of anxiety and depression in those studied with rheumatic heart disease.Materials and methods. The study included 168 patients with rheumatic heart disease: mean age 58,69±0,47 years; 141 women (83,93%) and 27 men (16,07%). To assess anxiety and depression, the following scales were used: HADS (hospital anxiety and depression scale), CES-D (depression scale of the epidemiological research center), and STAI (Spielberger anxiety scale). Quality of life was assessed using total scale SF-36 (Short Form Medical Outcomes Study), KCCQ (Kansas questionnaire for patients with cardiomyopathy), and MHFLQ (Minnesota questionnaire for the quality of life of patients with CHF).Results. Initially, patients with rheumatic heart disease had mild depression and anxiety, except for the high level of state anxiety according to STAI — 48.00 ± 0.95. More pronounced depressive disorders were revealed in patients with CHF NYHA III and IV. According to CES-D — 17,58±1,27 for FC I and 23,4±0,75 for FC IV, for HADS — 7,00±0,64 for FC I and 13,6±0,78 for FC IV. Anxiety disorders, on the contrary, were less with III and IV FC CHF: 8,5±0,49 with FC I and 8,2±1,02 with FC IV in HADS. According to STAI state anxiety — 47,58±1,22 (FC I) and 42,8±1,76 (FC IV), for trait anxiety — 42,67±1,08 (FC I) and 40,4±1,85 (FC IV). For the five-year period there was no negative and positive dynamics according to the questionnaires of anxiety and depression. The only exception was the increase in anxiety according to HADS by 0.66 points. In terms of quality of life, there was a decrease in physical health according to SF-36 by 1.78, and in overall summary score according to KCCQ by 1.55 and MHFLQ by — 3.99.Conclusions. In patients with rheumatic heart disease, the severity of anxiety and depression is insignificant and does not increase during five years of observation. Indicators of depression are more pronounced in the group with CHF NYHA III and IV, and anxiety indicators in patients with CHF NYHA I and II. An increase in depression rates in subjects with rheumatic heart disease is associated with a deterioration in the quality of life. With an improvement in the quality of life values, depressive symptoms decrease, and anxiety rates increase.

Relevance. The relevance of the problem is determined by the importance of rail transport in Russia for supporting a diversified economy and implementing socially important services for transportation of goods, baggage and passengers. A system of rapid response and medical assistance to victims in large-scale emergencies on the railway also exists due to large numbers of victims and remoteness of emergency areas from large settlements.Intention. To develop an algorithm for predicting irretrievable and sanitary losses depending on the nature and conditions of railway accidents.Methods. A comprehensive analysis of the 200 most significant railway accidents in the world from 1960 to 2018. Using statistical procedures, the determinants of the number of victims were assessed.Results and discussion. The average data, the dispersion of the number of victims in emergency situations on the railway were determined depending on the nature of accidents. The factors influencing the number of sanitary and irretrievable losses are identified. A predictive algorithm to determine the number of victims depending on the nature and conditions of railway accidents. The structure of injuries in victims depending on the nature and conditions of railway accidents is described.Conclusion. The data obtained in the study will help in making decisions on the elimination of emergency situations on the railway.

The natural and man-made space environment generates serious risks for the implementation of space missions, both automatic and human. The main natural and technogenic risk factors that limit or pose a threat to the implementation of space-based automatic and manned space missions in the near-Earth space are cosmic radiation and space debris. In the upper layers of the atmosphere, natural transient electromagnetic phenomena associated with significant energy release are also risk factors for suborbital flights. It is planned to create a system of spacecraft in the proposed Universat-SOCRAT project that makes it possible, in a mode close to real-time, to determine the radiation conditions in a significant part of the area of trapped radiation, up to the orbits of global navigation satellite systems or the geostationary orbit. It is also planned to create a space segment of monitoring space debris and electromagnetic transients in the upper atmosphere. Monitoring of space debris will allow all-weather and global tracking of near-Earth objects and, thereby, increase the efficiency of analyzing data and making necessary decisions. In some cases it will improve the accuracy of determining the coordinates of objects for their subsequent cataloging. Successful realization of the project will make it possible to create a space system for monitoring and preventing space hazards for both ongoing and planned space missions for the first time in the world.

The paper presents a project of a satellite experiment on the observation of intense flashes (transients) of electromagnetic emission from the Earth's atmosphere in different spectral ranges, as well as the measurement of medium- and long-term dynamics of spatial distribution of fluxes of energetic charged particles in the near-Earth space. To implement the experiment, it is planned to develop a Russian-Azerbaijani small spacecraft capable of carrying a payload of up to 25-30 kg. The satellite is also expected to realize a number of technology experiments, in particular, to study the effect of space flight factors on the matrices of silicon photomultipliers. We also consider the possibility of installing a telescope for photometric observations of binary stars. The requirements to the orbit and spacecraft attitude modes, as well as to its on-board systems, are considered in accordance with the goals and objectives of the experiment. The measurement data which are planned to be obtained during this experiment will subsequently be used for various scientific and applied problems including validation of existing and development of new dynamic models of radiation in the near-Earth space, ensuring the safety of the functioning of spacecraft.

The article deals with the development of transport and communication networks which are the major part of the production infrastructure of the Russian mineral resources. The development of such networks is shown on the example of the development of the regions of the East of Russia (Northern Transbaikalia) where the country’s large-sized mining areas and production facilities are located ensuring thereby the development of deposits of the most important minerals for the country’s economy including strategic metals.

Aim. To study the frequency of prescribing antithrombotic agents in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) who were hospitalized in the cardiology department of a multidisciplinary hospital.Material and methods. A retrospective one-time study of medical records of 765 patients with non-valvular AF treated in the cardiology department of a multidisciplinary hospital in 2012 and 2016 was performed.Results. All patients were stratified in three groups depending on the CHA2DS2-VASc score. The frequency of prescribing antithrombotic agents was evaluated in each group. A low risk of thromboembolic complications was found in 1% (n=3) of patients in 2012 and 0.6% (n=3) in 2016. All these patients received antithrombotic agents. CHA2DS2-VASc=1 was found in 6% (n=15) of patients with AF in 2012 and in 3.4% (n=17) in 2016. A significant number of patients in this group received anticoagulant therapy with vitamin K antagonists (warfarin) or with direct oral anticoagulants. A high risk of thromboembolic complications (CHA2DS2-VASc≥2) was found in 93% of patient (n=245) in 2012 and in 96% (n=482) in 2016. Anticoagulant therapy was prescribed in 70.2% (n=172) patients with high risk in 2012 and 80% (n=387) in 2016. However, some patients with high risk of thromboembolic complications did not have the necessary therapy.Conclusion. Positive changes in the structure and frequency of prescribing anticoagulant drugs in patients with AF and a high risk of thromboembolic complications were found during the years studied.

Effect of load current and input and output capacitors on the frequency dependence of the ripple rejection ratio is studied for a classical linear voltage regulator based on an LM317L-N chip. In the absence of external capacitors, ripple rejection decreases with an increase in the load current at different input and output voltages. It is shown that a capacitor connected at the regulator output provides a significant increase in the ripple rejection ratio at frequencies of higher than 200 kHz and a capacitor connected in parallel to the regulating resistor in the feedback circuit provides an increase at frequencies of less than 300 kHz.

The Novosibirsk FEL facility has three FELs installed on the first, second, and fourth orbits of the multiturn energy recovery linac (ERL). The first FEL covers the 90–240 μm range of wavelengths at an average radiation power of 0.5 kW with a pulse repetition rate of 5.6 or 11.2 MHz and a peak power of 1 MW. The second FEL operates in the 40–80 μm range of wavelengths at an average radiation power of 0.5 kW with a pulse-repetition rate of 7.5 MHz and a peak power of around 1 MW. These two FELs are the world’s most powerful (in terms of average power) sources of coherent narrow-band (less than 1%) radiation in their wavelength ranges. The third FEL was commissioned in 2015 to cover the 5–20 μm range of wavelengths. The Novosibirsk ERL is the world’s first and only multiturn ERL. Its distinctive features include a normally-conductive 180 MHz accelerating system, a direct current (DC) electrostatic electron gun with a control grid and thermionic cathode, three operating modes of the magnetic system, and a compact (6 × 40 m) design. The Novosibirsk FEL facility has been in operation for users of terahertz radiation since 2004.