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To investigate the effect of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on vision-related quality of life (QoL) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with low vision. Retrospective. Thirty-three RP patients with low vision who had tunnel vision due to RP and 27 volunteers with healthy vision (controls) were included in the study. Visual loss was classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) was used to determine vision-related QoL. Static automated perimetry (Central 30-2 threshold program) was used for visual field testing, and the degree of the central visual field was calculated. Reading speed was calculated using the Minnesota Low-Vision Reading Acuity Chart (MNREAD) with best near correction. The mean total scores from the NEI VFQ-25 were 47.8 ± 15.8 in the RP group and 94.8 ± 4.3 in the control group (P < .001 for total and subscale scores). The mean total score and the social functioning and dependency scores were higher in the men than in the women (P = .016). The NEI VFQ-25 scores increased when reading speed was above 80 words per minute (wpm). Positive correlations were found between the degree of the central visual field and the mean total score and the general vision, near, and distance activities; social functioning; mental health; role difficulties; dependency; and color vision scores. The factors that affected the NEI-VFQ-25 score the most were male sex and degree of the central visual field in the RP group, whilst education level and the presence of systemic disease were the most effective factors in the controls. The only modifiable factor affecting vision-related QoL in patients with RP was reading speed; thus, QoL could improve if reading speed is increased in patients with RP.

The visualization of flood disasters in virtual reality (VR) scenes is useful for the representation and sharing of disaster knowledge and can effectively improve users’ cognitive efficiency in com...

Innovating for a global market out of a cost-focused engineering center has its challenges, including managing distributed stakeholders, securing engineering resources allocated to application projects, and tunnel vision with respect to innovation needs. All of these challenges must be considered when setting up an innovation management organization. This article describes a structured innovation strategy from a research and development innovation center based in India. Applying this innovation strategy has resulted in consistent key performance indicator improvements including idea per headcount, number of prototypes built for global events and conferences, and employee participation.

Panoramic fog—(noun) the state in which a well‐intentioned individual seeks to understand how their actions impact the world, but the difficulty of doing so induces them to seek comfort in convenient answers, leading them to spend more time reinforcing their acceptance of those answers than questioning them. In the process, they create an irreconcilable gulf between them and persons who accept other convenient answers.

It is increasingly being recognised that human factors can contribute to error in complex safety systems. Healthcare, however, has a long way to go before the promotion of training in, and awareness of, human factors will catch up with other high-risk organisations. A critical component that is deemed essential both for improving clinical performance and reducing medical error is situational awareness (SA). This is dynamic and can reduce quickly or be lost entirely, particularly when the workload is heavy. Tunnel vision, in which healthcare professionals concentrate on a single aspect of a patient's care, is just one example of reduced awareness that can be detrimental to safety. As in aviation and other high-risk organisations, a reduction in SA, if not recognised by individuals or the wider team, can lead to serious or potentially fatal outcomes. We therefore give an overview of SA and show how it can easily be reduced. We also suggest some simple but effective ways to improve it and in turn improve patient safety. We emphasise the importance of clinical teams looking out for each other, particularly in the operating theatre.

We apply virtual reality headsets with eye tracking capabilities to evaluate new training methods for patients living with loss of peripheral vision (“tunnel vision”). It can be shown that systematic gaze patterns, taught in a virtual reality environment, are able to significantly increase the effectively perceived visual area of the participants as well as reduce the number of obstacle collisions in navigation tasks.

We present an interesting case of a 70-year-old female who presented with haematuria on the suspected cancer pathway. Renal ultrasound showed a vascular renal mass on her right kidney measuring 8x7cm with an unremarkable left kidney. She underwent a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy following confirmation of an 8cm renal mass in the right kidney on the contrasted staging CT scan with a repeat review at the multidisciplinary meeting. Post-operatively a subsequent review of the pre-operative CT and ultrasound scan, showed an incidental large left(contralateral) upper quadrant retroperitoneal fatty mass sized 15x10cm, displacing the stomach and spleen. Further investigation in the form of an MRI Abdomen excluded features of a liposarcoma, resulting in the diagnosis of a large retroperitoneal lipoma. This case highlights the significance of selective attention in imaging interpretation. We believe this to be a prime example of the level of meticulousness required as fat-rich tissues have low attenuation on CT-scans, which can be easily missed out. A cautious multi-clinician interpretation of scans should be performed to avoid missing potentially sinister pathology which would impact patient care dramatically. This case has led to more thorough review of future pre-operative imaging by the operating surgical team.

We report a case of a patient with progressed retinitis pigmentosa (RP) who underwent bilateral cataract extraction with implantation of a monofocal enlarged optic in the far dominant eye and a high-add AMD intraocular lens (IOL) in the near dominant eye (hybrid monovision XL-MAGS). A 71-year-old woman presented to our clinic complaining of reduced visual acuity additionally to her diagnosis of RP. The high-add IOL LENTIS® MAX LS-313 MF80 (Oculentis, Germany) was implanted in the right eye and the 7.0 mm optic ASPIRA-aXA IOL (HumanOptics, Germany) in the left eye. Six months postoperatively, the uncorrected distance visual acuity improved from hand motion to 0.5 logMAR in the right eye and to 0.3 logMAR in the left eye. Similarly, best corrected near visual acuity significantly improved to 0.4 and 0.7 logMAR, respectively. The patient’s subjective quality of life and autonomy improved significantly. RP is a severe retinal disease which leads to loss of vision and typical “tunnel vision” with visual field defects. As this genetic disorder is incurable, many ophthalmologists are not willing to perform cataract surgery. However, this case report shows that creating hybrid monovision with a high-add lens and a 7.0 mm optic IOL led to improvement of visual function and, more importantly, enhanced quality of life and self-autonomy of the patient.

This study replicates previous research that investigated the influence of rapid identification information on the interpretation of a crime scene conducted with English crime scene investigators (CSIs). Given the special circumstances under which CSIs in one country operate, the present study investigates the robustness and generalisability of the previous findings by studying whether identical decision-making phenomena are found in a replication study within a different police environment. Dutch CSIs (N = 65) participated in the same study and results are compared with the English findings. The utility of the replication study is reflected in both the revealed robustness and differences in the findings. First, the results demonstrate the robustness of the previous finding that ID information influenced the interpretation of the crime scene, even more when this information was provided after CSIs had constructed a provisional scenario. Secondly, this study revealed differences in decision-making: English CSIs used ID information to make efficient decisions by prioritising traces with direct progression opportunities for the case and disregarding those without direct opportunities, which led to a form of tunnel vision, namely the ignorance of the involvement of a second offender. Dutch CSIs showed to be less prone to bias towards traces that produced database matches. Dutch CSIs seemed to be more focused on the relation of the trace with the crime, while English CSIs are more focused on the database match. Consequently, important information was overlooked. We question whether the emphasis on efficiency in England goes at the expense of the quality of an investigation.

When vision is provided through thermal-imaging systems field-of-view is reduced, effectively the soldier must operate with severe tunnel vision and so there is a requirement for a system which provides automated warning and immersive imaging. We present a computational multi-aperture thermal infrared (MA-TIR) imaging system with single-photon range imaging to provide enhanced video-rate detection of obscured biological signatures in clutter. Our multi-camera computational imaging system creates a 360° panoramic image, and we employ synthetic baseline integral imaging (SBII) for the construction of three-dimensional thermal scenes, including detection of occluded objects. We further fuse thermal imaging with covert time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) LIDAR to provide the complementary capability of video-rate ranging with the ability to detect and classify targets through clutter, particularly based on movement signatures. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to discriminate between biological scene components and static clutter based on temporal modulations of picosecond resolution TCSPC returns.

There is a need for simple and effective ways to screen for visual field defects (VFD). Watching a movie is a simple task most humans are familiar with. Therefore we assessed whether it is possible to detect and reconstruct visual field defects based on free viewing eye movements, recorded while watching movie clips. Participants watched 90 movie clips of one minute, with and without simulated visual field defects (sVFD), while their eye movements were tracked. We simulated homonymous hemianopia (HH) (left and right sided) and glaucoma (small nasal arc, large nasal arc, and tunnel vision). We generated fixation density maps of the visual field and trained a linear support vector machine to predict the viewing conditions of each trial of each participant based on these maps. To reconstruct the visual field defect, we computed "viewing priority" maps and maps of differences in fixation density of the visual field of each participant. We were able to classify the simulated visual field condition with more than 85% accuracy. In simulated HH, the viewing priority distribution over the visual field indicated the location of the sVFD in the simulated HH condition. In simulated glaucoma the difference in fixation density to the control condition indicated the location of the sVFD. It is feasible to use natural viewing behavior to screen for and reconstruct (simulated) visual field defects. Movie clip viewing in combination with eye tracking may thus provide an alternative to or supplement standard automated perimetry, in particular in patients who cannot perform the latter technique.

The aim of the research is to present a possible approach to help visually impaired people to make decisions while interacting with a data visualisation task. The main goal is to build a Machine Learning model (i.e. Reinforcement Learning) that can predict the visual behaviour of visually impaired people when they interact with a data visualisation. This work concerns partial vision, where the damage occurred in either the peripheral vision such as in the Tunnel vision (e.g. due to Glaucoma), or in the central vision (e.g. in age-related Macular Degeneration). Getting the desired results would help in designing accessible visualisation tasks which will assist the decision-making process for the relevant users. Initially, the model will be iteratively evaluated on existing visual search tasks from the literature; the tasks will consist of both visual impairment-and normal vision-related tasks. Once the model is tested, a new visualisation task that is suitable for the visually impaired will be designed and evaluated on human participants in order to help the cycle of design, development and testing, with the ultimate goal of supporting and transforming user experience for the visual impaired. The model will be iteratively refined using more advanced methods such as Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). Furthermore, rational analysis framework will inform the building of the model, as it uses rationality as an empirical tool to explain how and why people adapt to their environment.

A 22-year-old man complained of progressive bilateral blurred vision that had developed 6 years ago. He also noted dispersed scotomas and graying of vison in both eyes, without photopsia, orbital pain, or double vision. He had not seen an ophthalmologist until he could hardly recognize people by appearance 1 week previously. Bilateral optic atrophy (figure, A) was recorded with best-corrected visual acuities of counting fingers OD and 20/400 OS. Perimetry revealed global visual field loss OD and tunnel vision OS (figure, B). He was referred to our neurology clinic, where he reported recurrent mild dull headache from age 10.

Silent vasculitis may accompany polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), resulting in complications such as vision deterioration. Reduced visual field is a possible manifestation. A 66-year-old man was diagnosed with PMR and treated accordingly (prednisone maximum 15 mg/day) at a tertiary center, with resolution of his symptoms. After 18 months, he suddenly experienced right eye vision loss. Visual field of his left eye was peripherally limited (Figure 1). Color Doppler ultrasound …

The aim of the study was to evaluate retinal sensitivity and stereoacuity (SA) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients. Twenty-six patients with RP were examined, mean age 36.4 ± 7.21 (SD) years old and best corrected visual acuity better than 0.15 logMAR. The control group (CG) included 25 healthy subjects matching the RP group by age and sex. Every patient and healthy control underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination: Titmus, Lang, TNO stereotests and microperimetry (MP-1) (Nidek Technologies). Results were subjected to factor analysis using Varimax rotation, and p values

Levamisole-contaminated cocaine is an increasingly reported cause of a syndrome characterized by vasculitic skin lesions and immunologic abnormalities. With approximately 70% of cocaine in the United States now contaminated with levamisole, the incidence of this syndrome is likely to increase. We report the case of a 42 years-old Caucasian woman who presented with fronto-temporal pulsating headache and progressive bilateral loss of vision.

Background: With the emergence of social media, physicians who use social media, including emergency medicine physicians, have shared their experiences with their colleagues instead of working alone and keeping their experiences to themselves. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the rate and type of use of electronic online sources and social media, in order to improve learning and education among emergency medicine residents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out from September 2015 until August 2016 on emergency medicine residents of two main medical universities of Tehran, Iran. A questionnaire was prepared by reviewing the existing studies and asking emergency medicine professors inside and outside Iran for opinions. Census sampling method was applied and all emergency medicine residents were included. The gathered data were analyzed using statistical tests of chi square, Independent-samples t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient via SPSS version 21. Results: Seventy three residents with the mean age of 34.2±5.2 years participated in this study (60.3% female). Smart phone is the most important tool they use for connecting to the Internet. About 30% use the Internet for about 1-2 hours a day. In half of these participants less than 25% of this time is spent on something related to their academic field of study. The correlation of sex (p=0.034) and age (p=0.049) with extent of using social media related to the academic field of study were significant. Other analytical analyses were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: In summary, the findings of current study showed that despite sufficient access to proper technology, use of social media and online sources by high majority of the studied EM residents regarding improvement of their learning and educational level is very limited.

Active search on graphs focuses on collecting certain labeled nodes (targets) given global knowledge of the network topology and its edge weights (encoding pairwise similarities) under a query budget constraint. However, in most current networks, nodes, network topology, network size, and edge weights are all initially unknown. In this work we introduce selective harvesting, a variant of active search where the next node to be queried must be chosen among the neighbors of the current queried node set; the available training data for deciding which node to query is restricted to the subgraph induced by the queried set (and their node attributes) and their neighbors (without any node or edge attributes). Therefore, selective harvesting is a sequential decision problem, where we must decide which node to query at each step. A classifier trained in this scenario can suffer from what we call a tunnel vision effect: without any recourse to independent sampling, the urge to only query promising nodes forces classifiers to gather increasingly biased training data, which we show significantly hurts the performance of active search methods and standard classifiers. We demonstrate that it is possible to collect a much larger set of targets by using multiple classifiers, not by combining their predictions as a weighted ensemble, but switching between classifiers used at each step, as a way to ease the tunnel vision effect. We discover that switching classifiers collects more targets by (a) diversifying the training data and (b) broadening the choices of nodes that can be queried in the future. This highlights an exploration, exploitation, and diversification trade-off in our problem that goes beyond the exploration and exploitation duality found in classic sequential decision problems. Based on these observations we propose D $$^3$$ TS, a method based on multi-armed bandits for non-stationary stochastic processes that enforces classifier diversity, which outperforms all competing methods on five real network datasets in our evaluation and exhibits comparable performance on the other two.

No abstract available Keywords: Human factors situational awareness; Medical error; Patient safety; Team working; Tunnel vision.

Foveated rendering synthesizes images with progressively less detail outside the eye fixation region, potentially unlocking significant speedups for wide field-of-view displays, such as head mounted displays, where target framerate and resolution is increasing faster than the performance of traditional real-time renderers. To study and improve potential gains, we designed a foveated rendering user study to evaluate the perceptual abilities of human peripheral vision when viewing today's displays. We determined that filtering peripheral regions reduces contrast, inducing a sense of tunnel vision. When applying a postprocess contrast enhancement, subjects tolerated up to 2× larger blur radius before detecting differences from a non-foveated ground truth. After verifying these insights on both desktop and head mounted displays augmented with high-speed gaze-tracking, we designed a perceptual target image to strive for when engineering a production foveated renderer. Given our perceptual target, we designed a practical foveated rendering system that reduces number of shades by up to 70% and allows coarsened shading up to 30° closer to the fovea than Guenter et al. [2012] without introducing perceivable aliasing or blur. We filter both pre- and post-shading to address aliasing from undersampling in the periphery, introduce a novel multiresolution- and saccade-aware temporal antialising algorithm, and use contrast enhancement to help recover peripheral details that are resolvable by our eye but degraded by filtering. We validate our system by performing another user study. Frequency analysis shows our system closely matches our perceptual target. Measurements of temporal stability show we obtain quality similar to temporally filtered non-foveated renderings.

Consultant Outcomes Publication (COP) has the longest history in cardiothoracic surgery, where it was introduced in 2005. Subsequently COP has been broadened to include all surgical specialties in NHS England in 2013–14. The Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT) fully supports efforts to improve patient care and trust in the profession and is keen to overcome potential unintended adverse effects of COP. Identification of these adverse effects is the first step in this process: Firstly, there is a risk that COP may lead to reluctance by consultants to provide trainees with the necessary appropriate primary operator experience to become skilled consultant surgeons for the future. Secondly, COP may lead to inappropriately cautious case selection. This adjusted case mix affects both patients who are denied operations, and also limits the complexity of the case mix to which surgical trainees are exposed. Thirdly, COP undermines efforts to train surgical trainees in non-technical skills and human factors, simply obliterating the critical role of the multidisciplinary team and organisational processes in determining outcomes. This tunnel vision masks opportunities to improve patient care and outcomes at a unit level. It also misinforms the public as to the root causes of adverse events by failing to identify care process deficiencies. Finally, for safe surgical care, graduate retention and morale is important – COP may lead to high calibre trainees opting out of surgical careers, or opting to work abroad. The negative effects of COP on surgical training and trainees must be addressed as high quality surgical training and retention of high calibre graduates is essential for excellent patient care.

Background Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is one of the most severe hereditary retinal disorders with a worldwide prevalence reaching 1 in every 3000–5000 people and a total of almost one million affected individuals. RP is heterogeneous in its clinical presentations but typically presents as progressive visual dysfunction, including nyctalopia in adolescence, restricted peripheral vision (tunnel vision) in young adults, and loss of central vision at an advanced age. Case description Herein, we want to report a case of RP who presented with gradual worsening of vision and headache, and further evaluation revealed a concomitant non-functional pituitary macroadenoma. Ophthalmologic evaluation revealed a little chance for him to regain his vision, so the patient refused to undergo endoscopic surgical resection. However, he is still under clinic-radiologic follow-up, to be evaluated for progression in tumor size and obstructive hydrocephalus. Conclusion Presenting with similar symptoms of tunnel vision, the simultaneous occurrence of these two diseases in a patient may delay the diagnosis of the latter, leading to its progression.

The loss of peripheral vision is experienced by millions of people with glaucoma or retinitis pigmentosa, and has a major impact in everyday life, specifically to locate visual targets in the environment. In this study, we designed a wearable interface to render the location of specific targets with private and non-intrusive tactile cues. Three experimental studies were completed to design and evaluate the tactile code and the device. In the first study, four different tactile codes (single stimuli or trains of pulses rendered either in a Cartesian or a Polar coordinate system) were evaluated with a head pointing task. In the following studies, the most efficient code, trains of pulses with Cartesian coordinates, was used on a bracelet located on the wrist, and evaluated during a visual search task in a complex virtual environment. The second study included ten subjects with a simulated restrictive field of view (10&deg, ). The last study consisted of proof of a concept with one visually impaired subject with restricted peripheral vision due to glaucoma. The results show that the device significantly improved the visual search efficiency with a factor of three. Including object recognition algorithm to smart glass, the device could help to detect targets of interest either on demand or suggested by the device itself (e.g., potential obstacles), facilitating visual search, and more generally spatial awareness of the environment.

International audience; This paper presents novel LED-based lighting solutions that can impact the mobility of individuals with low vision. By conducting three separate experiments involving mobility courses, the authors evaluate the effects of illuminance, correlated color temperature, object edge enhancement and contrast-enhancing lighting on the mobility of people with low vision. Using a total of 134 participants comprising of elderly, low vision subjects, and normal vision subjects wearing low-vision simulation glasses, the impact of these lighting solutions on the mobility of low vision subjects with blurry vision, central scotoma, tunnel vision and cataract are presented, making them a potential alternative to conventional mobility aids.

Visual field defects interfere with free actions and influence the quality of life of patients with retinitis pigmentosa; the prevalence of this disease is increasing in aging societies. Patients with progressive disease may require visual aids; however, no such devices are currently available. We utilized a retinal projection eyewear system, QD laser eyewear, which includes a projector inside the spectacle frame, to draw the image taken by a connected portable camera with a wide field lens. The images are projected onto the retina using a Maxwellian view optical system, which is not influenced by refractive error or the amount of incident light. Goldmann perimetry and figure recognition tests with the QD laser eyewear showed increased visual field areas and angles, and shortened the time for recognition of the number of figures in a sheet, in a limited visual field model that we developed by using a pin-hole system to simulate the tunnel vision of retinitis pigmentosa in 19 healthy adults. The device supported the quality of vision. Additionally, the visual field defect model used in healthy adults was useful for validating the device in the development stage of the study, to clarify both advantages and future goals for improving the device.

People living with a degenerative retinal disease such as retinitis pigmentosa are oftentimes faced with difficulties navigating in crowded places and avoiding obstacles due to their severely limited field of view. The study aimed to assess the potential of different patterns of eye movement (scanning patterns) to (i) increase the effective area of perception of participants with simulated retinitis pigmentosa scotoma and (ii) maintain or improve performance in visual tasks. Using a virtual reality headset with eye tracking, we simulated tunnel vision of 20° in diameter in visually healthy participants (n = 9). Employing this setup, we investigated how different scanning patterns influence the dynamic field of view—the average area over time covered by the field of view—of the participants in an obstacle avoidance task and in a search task. One of the two tested scanning patterns showed a significant improvement in both dynamic field of view (navigation 11%, search 7%) and collision avoidance (33%) when compared to trials without the suggested scanning pattern. However, participants took significantly longer (31%) to finish the navigation task when applying this scanning pattern. No significant improvements in search task performance were found when applying scanning patterns.

Archaeological tunneling is a standard excavation strategy in Mesoamerica. The ancient Maya built new structures atop older ones that were no longer deemed usable, whether for logistical or ideological reasons. This means that as archaeologists excavate horizontal tunnels into ancient Maya structures, they are essentially moving back in time. As earlier constructions are encountered, these tunnels may deviate in many directions in order to document architectural remains. The resultant excavations often become intricate labyrinths, extending dozens of meters. Traditional forms of archaeological documentation, such as photographs, plan views, and profile drawings, are limited in their ability to convey the complexity of tunnel excavations. Terrestrial Lidar (light detection and ranging) instruments are able to generate precise 3D models of tunnel excavations. This article presents the results of a model created with a Faro™ Focus 3D 120 Scanner of tunneling excavations at the site of El Zotz, Guatemala. The lidar data document the excavations inside a large mortuary pyramid, including intricately decorated architecture from an Early Classic (A.D. 300–600) platform buried within the present form of the structure. Increased collaboration between archaeologists and scholars with technical expertise maximizes the effectiveness of 3D models, as does presenting digital results in tandem with traditional forms of documentation.

Within the field of crime prevention we have for decades already been provided with numerous research projects that study the effectiveness of crime prevention measures. Effectiveness is, without a doubt, a crucial element when evaluating these measures. Unfortunately, other important aspects of crime prevention evaluation are often overlooked, or are hardly ever subjected to criminological scientific research. In this contribution we highlight key components that are needed to develop a fully-fledged cost-benefit analysis, which is a vital tool for decision makers to avoid choosing prevention measures where benefits are cancelled out by unexpected, or unknown, side effects.

Surgeons care deeply about optimizing femoral tunnel position in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. We use a combination of anatomy, isometry, and fluoroscopy to determine the appropriate position of our graft. Although malposition does increase the risk of surgical complication, it is unclear whether femoral tunnel position actually matters for clinical outcome. Surgeons should avoid “tunnel vision” in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction by recognizing the combination of anatomic, biomechanical, patient-specific, and technique-dependent variables that may drive patient satisfaction and subjective outcome.

Purpose Visual field defect (VFD) is one of the most common impairments that can occur after the brain damage. Different approaches: optical aids, compensatory training and restorative training were extensively evaluated, however each of these therapies still leave much to be desired, since they did not always accomplish the expected result. The aim of the presented case is to demonstrate that optometric vision therapy (OVT) in open space, commonly used in patients with binocular vision disorders, may be an alternative and efficient treatment of VFD, since it focuses on the integration of sensory and motor functions with the strong engagement of visual attention. Case Report This report describes the case of young patient diagnosed with a bilateral tunnel vision defect and central sparing. This was caused by a cyst in the occipital area. OVT was implemented to improve the visual field, accommodation and vergence skills. After 8 months of the therapy (25 in-office sessions with home enhancement) all visual parameters and visual field were in normal range. Conclusions OVT appears to be a promising rehabilitation method especially in young patients with acquired brain injury. Further investigation however, of the effect of OVT on the visual field enlargement is needed.

Train driving is a highly visual task. The visual capabilities of the train driver affects driving safety and driving performance. Understanding the effects of train speed and background image complexity on the visual behavior of the high-speed train driver is essential for optimizing performance and safety. This study investigated the role of the apparent image velocity and complexity on the dynamic visual field of drivers. Participants in a repeated-measures experiment drove a train at nine different speeds in a state-of-the-art high-speed train simulator. Eye movement analysis indicated that the effect of image velocity on the dynamic visual field of high-speed train driver was significant while image complexity had no effect on it. The fixation range was increasingly concentrated on the middle of the track as the speed increased, meanwhile there was a logarithmic decline in fixation range for areas surrounding the track. The extent of the visual search field decreased gradually, both vertically and horizontally, as the speed of train increased, and the rate of decrease was more rapid in the vertical direction. A model is proposed that predicts the extent of this tunnel vision phenomenon as a function of the train speed. Relevance to industry This finding can be used as a basis for the design of high-speed railway system and as a foundation for improving the operational procedures of high-speed train driver for safety.

The cancellation task is a visual search task requiring rapid and accurate placement of a mark through each occurrence of a specific target displayed in an array of distractors on a sheet of paper. This study of 30 university students was conducted to examine the effects of visual field constriction on visual search in the cancellation task. Participants administered the orderly array cancellation task and the random array cancellation task while their visual fields were unrestricted (full vision), or restricted to 5°, 10°, or 15° by tunnel vision simulation goggles. The number of errors, time to completion, and the performance score as an index of cancelling efficiency were calculated. Results showed that the time to completion and the performance score were significantly greater in the random array cancellation task than in the structured array cancellation task, and in the narrowest visual field condition (5°) than in other visual field conditions (10°, 15°, and full vision). These results suggest that the visual search efficiency was degraded when the visual field was restricted to be less than 5° in the orderly and random array cancellation tasks used for this study.

Contains fulltext : 142783.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) In scholarly debate on the gravity and prevalence of tunnel vision in criminal investigation procedures, one relevant issue has, thus far, been insufficiently explored; specifically, how have police forces responded to the apparent increased focus on the phenomenon of tunnel vision in criminal investigations? The present article examines this question through providing a narrative history of the effects of administrative oversight policies developed in response to a certain serious crime in the Netherlands and which was designed to better prevent the assumed problem of tunnel vision in major criminal investigations. In addition, we conducted group interviews with major criminal investigation teams so as to bring into focus their perception of the effectiveness of this policy. We concluded that the adopted policy had failed to give balanced consideration to the polarity between efficacy (raising the number of solved crimes) and precaution (prevention of errors in criminal investigations). Additionally, based on the interviews, we concluded that the policy did not significantly improve efficiency or eliminate tunnel vision from working its way into the investigation process. 25 april 2014 15 p.

Our visual brain is remarkable in extracting invariant properties from the noisy environment, guiding selection of where to look and what to identify. However, how the brain achieves this is still poorly understood. Here we explore interactions of local context and global structure in the long-term learning and retrieval of invariant display properties. Participants searched for a target among distractors, without knowing that some "old" configurations were presented repeatedly (randomly inserted among "new" configurations). We simulated tunnel vision, limiting the visible region around fixation. Robust facilitation of performance for old versus new contexts was observed when the visible region was large but not when it was small. However, once the display was made fully visible during the subsequent transfer phase, facilitation did become manifest. Furthermore, when participants were given a brief preview of the total display layout prior to tunnel view search with 2 items visible, facilitation was already obtained during the learning phase. The eye movement results revealed contextual facilitation to be coupled with changes of saccadic planning, characterized by slightly extended gaze durations but a reduced number of fixations and shortened scan paths for old displays. Taken together, our findings show that invariant spatial display properties can be acquired based on scarce, para-/foveal information, while their effective retrieval for search guidance requires the availability (even if brief) of a certain extent of peripheral information.

As the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, glaucoma impacts a large population of individuals over 40. Although visual acuity often remains unaffected in early stages of the disease, visual field loss, expressed by tunnel vision condition, gradually increases. Glaucoma often remains undetected until it has moved into advanced stages. In this paper, we introduce a wearable system for automatic tunnel vision detection using head-mounted sensors and machine learning techniques. We develop several tasks, including reading and observation, and estimate visual field loss by analyzing user's head movements while performing the tasks. An integrated computational module takes sensor signals as input, passes the data through several automatic data processing phases, and returns a final result by merging task-level predictions. For validation purposes, a series of experiments is conducted with 10 participants using tunnel vision simulators. Our results demonstrate that the proposed system can detect mild and moderate tunnel visions with an accuracy of 93.3% using a leave-one-subject-out analysis.

Peripheral vision loss (also called tunnel vision) is one of the main visual field disorders that can be very frustrating, and affect confidence and main activities of the patient. In this paper, two promising solutions for the peripheral vision loss are presented and discussed. The first one uses optical see-through glasses that are augmented by computer-generated images to notify the user about any moving parts the peripheral vision area. The second solution is to create a complete artificial reality scene and display it in the healthy area of the eye. In this case, the lost part of the vision is provided by: (i) augmenting the captured scenes (via built-in cameras) and (ii) generating an artificial image for the peripheral vision. For both scenarios, a unit of ubiquitous computing is proposed to process and present the captured images in a way tailored to individual needs of the patients. Technical requirements and psychological aspects of the proposed solutions are also presented and discussed in this paper.

Background Individuals with a restricted peripheral visual field or tunnel vision (TV) have problems moving about and avoiding obstacles. Some individuals adapt better than others and some use assistive optical aids, so measurement of the visual field is not sufficient to describe their performance. In the present study, we developed a new clinical test called the ‘Assessment of Visual Awareness (AVA)’, which can be used to measure detection of peripheral targets. Methods The participants were 20 patients with TV due to retinitis pigmentosa (PTV) and 50 normally sighted participants with simulated tunnel vision (STV) using goggles. In the AVA test, detection times were measured, when subjects searched for 24 individually presented, one degree targets, randomly positioned in a 60 degrees noise background. Head and eye movements were allowed and the presentation time was unlimited. The test validity was investigated by correlating the detection times with the ‘percentage of preferred walking speed’ (PPWS) and the ‘number of collisions’ on an indoor mobility course. Results In PTV and STV, the detection times had significant negative correlation with the field of view. The detection times had significant positive relations with target location. In the STV, the detection time was significantly negatively correlated with the PPWS and significantly positively correlated with the collisions score on the indoor mobility course. In the PTV, the relationship was not statistically significant. No significant difference in performance of STV was found when repeating the test one to two weeks later. Conclusion The proposed AVA test was sensitive to the field of view and target location. The test is unique in design, quick, simple to deliver and both repeatable and valid. It could be a valuable tool to test different rehabilitation strategies in patients with TV.

In this chapter: How automation benefits create a tunnel vision that increases risk exposure Understanding why risk management must evolve to meet the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Why mathematical emulation is needed to identify the best path forward and evaluate the potential rewards of any proposed actions

A 48-year-old man complained of tunnel vision after he experienced a cardiac arrest with out-of-hospital resuscitation. Best-corrected visual acuities were 20/15 OD and OS. Pupil responses were unremarkable. Goldmann perimetry showed bilateral homonymous hemianopia with central sparing and presence of temporal crescents (figure 1). Funduscopic examination was normal OU. MRI demonstrated bilateral posterior watershed infarctions (figure 2). This particular visual field pattern with sparing of 2 visual field regions located on opposite anatomic poles in the visual cortex is rare1 and presumably results from vascular redundancy and sparing of the anterior and posterior most aspects of the calcarine cortex.2

It is argued that just as relationships are said to face a "seven-year itch," scientific and technical subjects encounter a five-year itch. Five years is roughly the period during which you can master and contribute significantly to a subject. Beyond that, there are still many things to investigate, but the point is that you won’t discover them. After five years, some degree of tunnel vision is almost guaranteed. Managers face a similar time span. A fresh topic, with a different set of challenges and boundary conditions, allows you to contribute to a new field and broaden your skills. An engineer or scientist with expertise in different corners of microelectronic design is able to bring more value to a company or a research team. Moreover, a regular change of topic keeps your mind fresh and eager for challenges.

Looking at historical projects has much to offer our understanding of project management, for both research and practice. However, there are important challenges in how alternative narratives about such projects are reconstructed and related to each other. To explore these challenges, this paper uses the example of the Thames Tunnel project, completed under the direction of Marc Brunel in 1843, and reputed to be the first tunnel to be built under a major river. In telling the story of the project, we focus on five alternative discourses: technico-rational; practice; networks of people, things, and ideas; politics; and society. The common response to such variety is either to attempt to construct an overarching meta-narrative, or to explore the differences as a way of highlighting the localized and contingent nature of knowledge about projects, or adopt some intermediate position somewhere on the spectrum between these two extremes. Instead we seek a different route grounded in a sociology of knowledge that acknowledges simultaneous, provisional, and contested processes of division and stabilization in the ways that epistemic communities constitute knowledge through their own narratives and practices. These have implications for the stories that are told about project management and, crucially, the activities and interests that both shape and are shaped by such narratives.

This paper presents the preliminary design and development of a set visual augmentation glasses with the potential to assist people with varying degrees of loss of vision. The wearable spectacles are intended to be non-obstructive, and therefore employs a Transparent OLED display providing 360o viewing angles and creating an assistive overlay rather than the simulated view of a Virtual Reality (VR) device. Several aspects regarding the software have been achieved, including a functional operating system running on an embedded device, the Jetson TK1, face detection and eye tracking and hand-gesture recognition and control. Preliminary hardware design for the glasses has also been developed. The results of the testes have been promising, with considerable challenges remaining in the development of the visual perception aspects of the proposed visual aid.

A thorough understanding of the role of human factors in error in health care for improving patient safely is paramount. One area particularly crucial for optimising clinical performance is the recognising the importance of situational awareness. Loss of situation awareness can occur in many different settings, particularly during stressful and unexpected situations. Tunnel vision is a classic example where clinicians focus on one aspect of care, often to the detriment of overall patient management. Loss of situational awareness can result in serious compromise to patient safety if it is not recognised by either the individual or clinical team. We provide an introduction to situational awareness for those not familiar with it, including some important theory which explains how awareness can be lost, and discuss the important approaches we use in our day-to-day practice to safeguard both patients and clinicians in the workplace environment.

A fundamental issue in visual attention is the relationship between the useful field of view (UFOV), the region of visual space where information is encoded within a single fixation, and eccentricity. A common assumption is that impairing attentional resources reduces the size of the UFOV (i.e., tunnel vision). However, most research has not accounted for eccentricity-dependent changes in spatial resolution, potentially conflating fixed visual properties with flexible changes in visual attention. Williams (1988, 1989) argued that foveal loads are necessary to reduce the size of the UFOV, producing tunnel vision. Without a foveal load, it is argued that the attentional decrement is constant across the visual field (i.e., general interference). However, other research asserts that auditory working memory (WM) loads produce tunnel vision. To date, foveal versus auditory WM loads have not been compared to determine if they differentially change the size of the UFOV. In two experiments, we tested the effects of a foveal (rotated L vs. T discrimination) task and an auditory WM (N-back) task on an extrafoveal (Gabor) discrimination task. Gabor patches were scaled for size and processing time to produce equal performance across the visual field under single-task conditions, thus removing the confound of eccentricity-dependent differences in visual sensitivity. The results showed that although both foveal and auditory loads reduced Gabor orientation sensitivity, only the foveal load interacted with retinal eccentricity to produce tunnel vision, clearly demonstrating task-specific changes to the form of the UFOV. This has theoretical implications for understanding the UFOV.