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1. LET ME EXPLAIN! Giving employees the opportunity to include narrative explanations with their KPIs helps avoid operational distortion and provides a clearer picture of performance

Author: Bentley, Jeremiah, Blake, Conner, Shackell, Margaret, and Trafford, Pamela
Subjects: Business performance management -- Methods, Employee performance appraisals -- Methods, Narratives, Finance departments, Accounting, Finance, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business, general, Business
Abstract: When it comes to measuring performance in business, the adage has long been 'You get what you measure.' It's been repeated so often that it sounds cliche, but research and [...]
Published: 2020

2. Maternal melatonin: effective intervention against developmental programming of cardiovascular dysfunction in adult offspring of complicated pregnancy

Author: Hans Richter, Mitchell C. Lock, Gina L. J. Galli, Olga V. Patey, Eduardo Villamor, Emilio A. Herrera, Dino A. Giussani, Andrew W. Trafford, Jeremy A. Hansell, Emily J. Camm, Carlos E. Blanco, Hansell, Jeremy A, Richter, Hans G, Camm, Emily J, Herrera, Emilio A, Blanco, Carlos E, Villamor, Eduardo, Patey, Olga V, Lock, Mitchell C, Trafford, Andrew W, Galli, Gina LJ, Giussani, Dino A, RS: GROW - R4 - Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine, Kindergeneeskunde, MUMC+: MA Medische Staf Kindergeneeskunde (9), Richter, Hans G [0000-0002-7224-9388], Herrera, Emilio A [0000-0002-6342-085X], Lock, Mitchell C [0000-0002-3594-1455], Trafford, Andrew W [0000-0002-2770-445X], Giussani, Dino A [0000-0002-1308-1204], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Richter, HG [0000-0002-7224-9388], Herrera, EA [0000-0002-6342-085X], Lock, MC [0000-0002-3594-1455], Trafford, AW [0000-0002-2770-445X], and Giussani, DA [0000-0002-1308-1204]
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Offspring, ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, melatonin, Melatonin, Endocrinology, Pregnancy, Enos, IUGR, Internal medicine, medicine, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH-RETARDATION, Animals, OXIDATIVE STRESS, Rats, Wistar, Hypoxia, ORIGINAL ARTICLE, Fetus, Fetal Growth Retardation, Electrical impedance myography, biology, business.industry, hypoxia, cardiovascular, Hypoxia (medical), biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, BIRTH-WEIGHT, Rats, Pregnancy Complications, ACUTE HYPOXEMIA, NUTRIENT RESTRICTION, fetal programming, AORTIC-WALL THICKNESS, PLATELET-AGGREGATION, Gestation, Female, SYMPATHETIC HYPERINNERVATION, ORIGINAL ARTICLES, medicine.symptom, business, CHRONIC HYPOXIA, medicine.drug
Abstract: Funder: British Heart Foundation; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000274, Adopting an integrative approach, by combining studies of cardiovascular function with those at cellular and molecular levels, this study investigated whether maternal treatment with melatonin protects against programmed cardiovascular dysfunction in the offspring using an established rodent model of hypoxic pregnancy. Wistar rats were divided into normoxic (N) or hypoxic (H, 10% O2) pregnancy ± melatonin (M) treatment (5 μg·ml−1.day−1) in the maternal drinking water. Hypoxia ± melatonin treatment was from day 15–20 of gestation (term is ca. 22 days). To control for possible effects of maternal hypoxia‐induced reductions in maternal food intake, additional dams underwent pregnancy under normoxic conditions but were pair‐fed (PF) to the daily amount consumed by hypoxic dams from day 15 of gestation. In one cohort of animals from each experimental group (N, NM, H, HM, PF, PFM), measurements were made at the end of gestation. In another, following delivery of the offspring, investigations were made at adulthood. In both fetal and adult offspring, fixed aorta and hearts were studied stereologically and frozen hearts were processed for molecular studies. In adult offspring, mesenteric vessels were isolated and vascular reactivity determined by in‐vitro wire myography. Melatonin treatment during normoxic, hypoxic or pair‐fed pregnancy elevated circulating plasma melatonin in the pregnant dam and fetus. Relative to normoxic pregnancy, hypoxic pregnancy increased fetal haematocrit, promoted asymmetric fetal growth restriction and resulted in accelerated postnatal catch‐up growth. Whilst fetal offspring of hypoxic pregnancy showed aortic wall thickening, adult offspring of hypoxic pregnancy showed dilated cardiomyopathy. Similarly, whilst cardiac protein expression of eNOS was downregulated in the fetal heart, eNOS protein expression was elevated in the heart of adult offspring of hypoxic pregnancy. Adult offspring of hypoxic pregnancy further showed enhanced mesenteric vasoconstrictor reactivity to phenylephrine and the thromboxane mimetic U46619. The effects of hypoxic pregnancy on cardiovascular remodelling and function in the fetal and adult offspring were independent of hypoxia‐induced reductions in maternal food intake. Conversely, the effects of hypoxic pregnancy on fetal and postanal growth were similar in pair‐fed pregnancies. Whilst maternal treatment of normoxic or pair‐fed pregnancies with melatonin on the offspring cardiovascular system was unremarkable, treatment of hypoxic pregnancies with melatonin in doses lower than those recommended for overcoming jet lag in humans enhanced fetal cardiac eNOS expression and prevented all alterations in cardiovascular structure and function in fetal and adult offspring. Therefore, the data support that melatonin is a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention against developmental origins of cardiovascular dysfunction in pregnancy complicated by chronic fetal hypoxia.
Published: 2022
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3. Distinct circadian mechanisms govern cardiac rhythms and susceptibility to arrhythmia

Author: Elena Crooks, Sophie M T Wehrens, Hans P. A. Van Dongen, Luigi Venetucci, Shobhan Gaddameedhi, Timothy M. Brown, John S. O’ Neill, Debra J. Skene, Andrew W. Trafford, Edward A. Hayter, Nichola J Barron, David A. Bechtold, Alessandra Stangherlin, Hayter, Edward A [0000-0001-9996-7198], Wehrens, Sophie MT [0000-0001-7523-1514], Van Dongen, Hans PA [0000-0002-4678-2971], Stangherlin, Alessandra [0000-0001-7296-1183], O'Neill, John S [0000-0003-2204-6096], Trafford, Andrew W [0000-0002-2770-445X], Bechtold, David A [0000-0001-8676-8704], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Male, Circadian clock, General Physics and Astronomy, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Arrhythmias, Sleep/physiology, Electrocardiography, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Heart Rate, Medicine, Myocytes, Cardiac, Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics, Atrioventricular Node/metabolism, Sinoatrial Node, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, ARNTL Transcription Factors, Autonomic Nervous System/physiology, Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism, Middle Aged, Cardiovascular physiology, Circadian Rhythm, Sleep deprivation, Atrioventricular Node, cardiovascular system, Circadian Rhythm/physiology, Female, Electrical conduction system of the heart, medicine.symptom, Heart Rate/physiology, Cardiac function curve, Adult, Sinoatrial Node/metabolism, Science, ARNTL Transcription Factors/genetics, Mice, Transgenic, Autonomic Nervous System, Gene Expression Regulation/genetics, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Circadian Clocks, Animals, Humans, Circadian rhythm, cardiovascular diseases, Author Correction, business.industry, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, General Chemistry, Circadian Clocks/physiology, Autonomic nervous system, Gene Expression Regulation, Circadian regulation, business, Sleep, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Electrical activity in the heart exhibits 24-hour rhythmicity, and potentially fatal arrhythmias are more likely to occur at specific times of day. Here, we demonstrate that circadian clocks within the brain and heart set daily rhythms in sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) node activity, and impose a time-of–day dependent susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia. Critically, the balance of circadian inputs from the autonomic nervous system and cardiomyocyte clock to the SA and AV nodes differ, and this renders the cardiac conduction system sensitive to decoupling during abrupt shifts in behavioural routine and sleep-wake timing. Our findings reveal a functional segregation of circadian control across the heart’s conduction system and inherent susceptibility to arrhythmia., Cardiac function fluctuates greatly across the day and night, but this is not simply a consequence of our changing behaviour. The authors highlight the role of the body’s circadian clock in regulating the heart electrical activity, including a time-of-day dependent susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias.
Published: 2021
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4. The use of onabotulinumtoxinA to treat idiopathic overactive bladder in elderly patients is in need of study

Author: Asher Khan, Adrian Wagg, Richard Baverstock, Kevin V. Carlson, Kate Manns, and R. Trafford Crump
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Urinary bladder, business.industry, Urology, MEDLINE, urologic and male genital diseases, medicine.disease, law.invention, medicine.anatomical_structure, Overactive bladder, Randomized controlled trial, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Effective treatment, Age stratification, Neurology (clinical), business
Abstract: BACKGROUND Injecting onabotulinumtoxinA (BoTN-A) into the bladder has been established as an effective treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) and well-tolerated by patients. However, there evidence suggests the efficacy and safety of this treatment may decrease with age due to increased comorbidities and frailty. This study's objective was to establish empirical evidence regarding age-related differences in outcomes related to BoTN-A for the treatment of idiopathic OAB. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Registry for Controlled Trials were systematically searched. Results were restricted to randomized control trials of BoTN-A bladder injections for the treatment of idiopathic OAB. The resulting articles' abstracts were screened independently by two reviewers. Those passing the screen were reviewed in full. Articles were excluded if participants were
Published: 2021
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5. Using the Movember Foundation's GAP3 cohort to measure the effect of active surveillance on patient-reported urinary and sexual function-a retrospective study in low-risk prostate cancer patients

Author: R Trafford, Crump, Sebastiaan, Remmers, Mieke, Van Hemelrijck, Jozien, Helleman, Daan, Nieboer, Monique J, Roobol, Lionne D F, Venderbos, and Urology
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Prostate biopsy, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Urology, Shim (computing), Retrospective cohort study, Original Article on Expectant Management in Genitourinary Malignancies (Prostate, Bladder, Kidney), medicine.disease, Prostate cancer, Reproductive Medicine, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Interquartile range, Internal medicine, medicine, Patient-reported outcome, International Prostate Symptom Score, Sexual function, business
Abstract: Background: Active surveillance (AS) for low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) is intended to overcome potential side-effects of definitive treatment. Frequent prostate biopsies during AS may, however, impact erectile (EF) and urinary function (UF). The objective of this study was to test the influence of prostate biopsies on patient-reported EF and UF using multicenter data from the largest to-date AS-database. Methods: In this retrospective study, data analyses were performed using the Movember GAP3 database (v3.2), containing data from 21,169 AS participants from 27 AS-cohorts worldwide. Participants were included in the study if they had at least one follow-up prostate biopsy and completed at least one patient reported outcome measure (PROM) related to EF [Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM)/five item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5)] or UF [International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)] during follow-up. The longitudinal effect of the number of biopsies on either SHIM/IIEF-5 or IPSS were analyzed using linear mixed models to adjust for clustering at patient-level. Analyses were stratified by center; covariates included age and Gleason Grade group at diagnosis, and time on AS. Results: A total of 696 participants completed the SHIM/IIEF-5 3,175 times, with a median follow-up of 36 months [interquartile range (IQR) 20-55 months]. A total of 845 participants completed the IPSS 4,061 times, with a median follow-up of 35 months (IQR 19-56 months). The intraclass correlation (ICC) was 0.74 for the SHIM/IIEF-5 and 0.68 for the IPSS, indicating substantial differences between participants' PROMs. Limited heterogeneity between cohorts in the estimated effect of the number of biopsies on either PROM were observed. A significant association was observed between the number of biopsies and the SHIM/IIEF-5 score, but not for the IPSS score. Every biopsy was associated with a decrease in the SHIM/IIEF-5 score of an average 0.67 (95% CI, 0.47-0.88) points. Conclusions: Repeated prostate biopsy as part of an AS protocol for men with low-risk PCa does not have a significant association with self-reported UF but does impact self-reported sexual function. Further research is, however, needed to understand whether the effect on sexual function implies a negative clinical impact on their quality of life and is meaningful from a patient's perspective. In the meantime, clinicians and patients should anticipate a potential decline in erectile function and hence consider incorporating the risk of this harm into their discussion about opting for AS and also when deciding on the stringency of follow-up biopsy schedules with long-term AS.
Published: 2021
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6. A gentle nudge: Can choice architecture play a role in retailers’ efforts to promote healthier choices?

Author: A. de la Hunty and E. P. Trafford
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Nutrition and Dietetics, Public health, Food choice, medicine, Medicine (miscellaneous), Business, Marketing, Choice architecture
Published: 2021
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7. Comparing patient-reported outcomes across countries: An assessment of methodological challenges

Author: Ahmer A. Karimuddin, Trafford Crump, Andrée Chartrand, Guiping Liu, Jason M. Sutherland, and Shanika Rajapakshe
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Depression, business.industry, 030503 health policy & services, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, State Medicine, hernia, Cohort Studies, surgery, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, patient-reported outcomes, medicine, Humans, Hernia, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Self Report, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0305 other medical science, Intensive care medicine, business, Original Research
Abstract: Objectives There is little published literature on the comparison of patient-reported outcomes between countries. This study aimed to assess pre- and postoperative health among samples of patients undergoing elective groin hernia repair procedures in the National Health Service (NHS), England, and groin hernia patients in Vancouver, Canada. Methods We used datasets from two different sources. For the English NHS we used published anonymized patient-level data files which include the EQ-5D(3L) patient-reported outcome measure and a number of demographic and clinical characteristics. For Vancouver, we used data from a sample of Vancouver patients who completed the same instrument during a similar time frame. English patients were matched with Vancouver participant’s characteristics using propensity score methods. A linear regression model was used to measure differences in postoperative visual analogue scale values between countries, adjusting for patient characteristics. Results Our study revealed a range of methodological issues concerning the comparability of patient-reported outcomes following hernia repair surgery in the two health systems. These related to differences in approaches to collecting patient-reported outcome measures and the nature of explanatory variables (self-report vs. administrative data), among other challenges. As a consequence, there were differences between the matched samples and the NHS data, indicating a healthy participant bias. Unadjusted results found that Vancouver patients (N = 280) reported more problems in domains of mobility, self care, usual activities and anxiety/depression than the matched cohort of NHS patients (N = 840). Interpreting differences is challenging given different sampling designs. Conclusions There are significant hurdles facing comparisons of surgical patients’ outcomes between countries, including adjusting for patient differences, health system factors and approaches to survey administration. While between-country comparisons of surgical outcomes using patient-reported outcomes shows significant promise, much work on standardizing sampling design, variables and analytic methods is needed.
Published: 2021
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8. Impact of radical prostatectomy on bladder function as demonstrated on urodynamics study—A systematic review

Author: Kevin V. Carlson, Henry H. Yao, Shomik Sengupta, Robert Trafford Crump, Venetia Hoe, Richard Baverstock, and Helen E O'Connell
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Bladder compliance, Urology, medicine.medical_treatment, Urinary Bladder, 030232 urology & nephrology, Contractility, 03 medical and health sciences, Bladder outlet obstruction, 0302 clinical medicine, Qualitative analysis, medicine, Humans, Aged, Prostatectomy, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, business.industry, Guideline, Middle Aged, Urodynamics, Bladder contractility, Female, Neurology (clinical), Bladder function, business
Abstract: AIMS This study aims to describe the effects of radical prostatectomy (RP) on bladder function by performing a systematic review of urodynamics study findings before and after RP. METHODS This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guideline and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020206844). A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase. Studies were included if they involved men who underwent RP and had urodynamics study performed preoperatively, postoperatively, or both. Studies that included only subgroups of patients based on symptoms were excluded. Three hundred and four articles were screened, with 20 articles included. A qualitative analysis was performed. RESULTS The rate of baseline bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) pre-RP was 19%-67%. All six studies with comparative data pre- and postoperatively demonstrated a decrease in the rate of patients with equivocal or clear obstruction. The baseline rates of detrusor overactivity (DO) varied widely from 11% to 61.2%. Six of eight studies with 6 months or more follow-up showed an improvement in the rates of DO ranging from 3.0% to 12.5%. The rate of de novo DO ranged from 0% to 54.5%. Four studies reported an increased rate of impaired bladder contractility and two of three studies showed a worsening rate of impaired bladder compliance following RP. This review is limited by the absence of level I/II studies. CONCLUSIONS Urodynamics study shows that BOO is improved following RP in most patients. RP resolves DO in some patients and cause de novo DO in others. The net effect is a reduced overall rate of DO in most studies. Bladder compliance and contractility may be impaired after RP.
Published: 2021
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9. The minimally important difference of the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index for symptomatic gallstone surgery

Author: Guiping Liu, Carmela Melina Albanese, Ahmer A. Karimuddin, Jason M. Sutherland, and Trafford Crump
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Health Status, Gallbladder disease, Minimally important difference, Gallstones, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Cholecystectomy, 030212 general & internal medicine, Patient-reported outcome, Retrospective Studies, Adult patients, business.industry, 030503 health policy & services, Hepatology, medicine.disease, Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index, Care facility, Sample size determination, Elective Surgical Procedures, Quality of Life, Surgery, 0305 other medical science, business, Abdominal surgery
Abstract: Introduction The Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GQLI) is used to measure domains of health and symptoms among people with gastrointestinal disorders. The objective of this study is to calculate the smallest change in the GQLI that is perceived by patients as meaningful among a sample of English-speaking adult patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treatment of symptomatic gallbladder disease. Materials and methods The study is based on retrospective analyses of a sample of participants completing the GQLI and the EQ-5D(3L) preoperatively and six months postoperatively in Vancouver, Canada. Patients are excluded if they are less than 19 years of age, cannot communicate in English, or reside in a long-term care facility. The MID is calculated for the GQLI’s domains using distribution and anchor-based methods. Results Among eligible patients, the participation rate was 51%. The estimated MID for the overall GQLI value ranged between 4.32 and 11.44. There were no statistically significant differences in the GQLI’s MID values between sexes or age subgroups. There were statistically significant differences in the GQLI’s MID values by baseline health status. Discussion This study should provide some comfort that the MID values used in discussing change in health and symptoms with elective cholecystectomy patients are robust to sex. Although the sample size may have been inadequate for age-based analyses, the study found large differences in MID values between age subgroups. Statistically significant differences in MID values based on preoperative health supports reporting MID values separately by baseline value. Further research should explore whether age-based differences in MID values exist using larger samples.
Published: 2021

10. Validating the Foot and Ankle Outcome score for measuring foot dysfunction among hallux valgus surgery patients using item response theory

Author: Kevin Wing, Andrea Veljkovic, Fardowsa Yusuf, Trafford Crump, Jason M. Sutherland, Murray J. Penner, Guiping Liu, and Alastair Younger
Subjects: Male, Canada, medicine.medical_specialty, Activities of daily living, Psychometrics, Bunion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Activities of Daily Living, Item response theory, medicine, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Hallux Valgus, 10. No inequality, Reliability (statistics), Aged, 030222 orthopedics, biology, business.industry, Reproducibility of Results, 030229 sport sciences, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, Differential item functioning, 3. Good health, Surgery, Valgus, medicine.anatomical_structure, Quality of Life, Female, Ankle, business, Ankle Joint, Foot (unit)
Abstract: Background There is an absence of high quality research validating instruments that measure foot and ankle related quality of life among hallux valgus (bunion) patients’ perspectives. The Foot and Ankle Outcome Scale is a patient-reported outcome instrument, that when administered to patients with symptomatic hallux valgus, provides a patient-centric perspective of their foot function. The aim of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of the instrument’s five subscales among preoperative bunion surgery patients. Methods The Foot and Ankle Outcome Scale instrument measures Pain, Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living, Sport and Recreational Activities and Foot/Ankle Related Quality of Life. Preoperative data is collected from a sample of patients scheduled for surgical treatment of their condition in Vancouver, Canada. Classical and item response theory methods are used to report on reliability, validity and differential item functioning among subgroups. Results This study included 249 surveys, representing an overall response rate of 44.1% among 564 eligible patients. The instrument demonstrated high reliability for all subscales, though 18 items across subscales, exhibited poor discrimination between item levels. Four items score differently according to patients’ sex and one item scored differently by age. Conclusions The instrument measures five domains of health important to bunion patients. These findings suggest that the current instrument can be used with an understanding of its limitations, including redundant questions and sex-based differences. Future research should revise a number of items. The results highlight the importance of the psychometric analyses of instruments in specific patient populations.
Published: 2020
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11. Baseline patient reported outcomes data shows high prevalence of overactive bladder, sexual dysfunction, depression and anxiety in Canadian men with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer

Author: Carly Barton, Kevin V. Carlson, Asher Khan, Richard Baverstock, Hilary L. Brotherhood, Robert Trafford Crump, Camille Charbonneau, Jing Jiang, and Henry Han-I Yao
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Urology, Population, 030232 urology & nephrology, urologic and male genital diseases, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Erectile dysfunction, Sexual dysfunction, Reproductive Medicine, Overactive bladder, Lower urinary tract symptoms, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Internal medicine, medicine, Original Article, Prostate neoplasm, medicine.symptom, education, business, Depression (differential diagnoses)
Abstract: Background Research on prostate cancer survivorship patients has largely been on oncological outcome, incontinence and erectile dysfunction, with less data on the relationship between prostate cancer, bladder function and mental health. This study aims to elucidate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), overactive bladder (OAB), sexual dysfunction, depression and anxiety in Canadian men with newly diagnosed localised prostate cancer. Methods This is a single-centre prospective cross-sectional study of men with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer recruited from June 2017 to July 2018. The patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments used in this study included the international prostate symptoms score (IPSS), OAB-V8, EQ-5D™, and the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite short form (EPIC-26). Clinico-pathological data were extracted from medical records. The prevalence of LUTS, OAB, sexual dysfunction, depression and anxiety were determined from the PROs. Results A total of 83 patients were included in this study. The median age was 63. Based on IPSS scores, 55.3% of men had mild LUTS, 36.8% had moderate LUTS and 7.9% had severe LUTS. Based on OAB-V8 scores, 55.8% of men had a score of 8 or higher, suggestive of OAB. Only 55.8% of men reported erections adequate for intercourse. 23.1% of men reported to have a moderate to big problem with depression, and 28.8% of men reported to have a degree of anxiety or depression. Conclusions OAB is a significant problem in men with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer, with a prevalence of 55.8% based on this study. Baseline sexual dysfunction, anxiety and depression are also prevalent in this population.
Published: 2020
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12. Reported infant feeding practices and contextual influences on breastfeeding: qualitative interviews with women registered to MomConnect in three South African provinces

Author: Sara Jewett, Alison Swartz, Peter J. Winch, Lesley Bamford, Zara Trafford, Christopher J. Colvin, Amnesty E LeFevre, and Peter Barron
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Population, Psychological intervention, Breastfeeding, Mothers, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, Social media, 030212 general & internal medicine, Registries, education, mHealth, Qualitative Research, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Research, Infant feeding, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, lcsh:RJ1-570, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infant, lcsh:Pediatrics, lcsh:RA1-1270, Behavioral determinants, medicine.disease, Malnutrition, Breast Feeding, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Influences on decision-making, Female, business, Qualitative research
Abstract: Background Global guidelines recommend exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6 months of life. South African EBF rates have steadily increased but still only average 32% for infants below 6 months of age. Malnutrition and developmental delays continue to contribute substantially to the morbidity and mortality of South African children. MomConnect, a national mHealth messaging system used to send infant and maternal health messages during and after pregnancy, has a specific focus on improving rates of breastfeeding and has achieved high rates of population coverage. Methods For this qualitative study, we interviewed women who were registered to MomConnect to investigate their breastfeeding and other infant feeding practices, decision-making pre- and post-delivery, and the role of the health system, family members and the wider community in supporting or detracting from breastfeeding intentions. Data were collected from February–March 2018 in South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal, Free State and Gauteng provinces. Framework analysis was conducted to identify common themes. Results Most women interviewed had breastfed, including HIV-positive women. Even when women had delivered by caesarean section, they had usually been able to initiate breastfeeding a few hours after birth. Understandings of EBF varied in thoroughness and there was some confusion about the best way to cease breastfeeding. Most women felt well-equipped to make infant feeding decisions and to stick to their intentions, but returning to work or school sometimes prevented 6 months of EBF. Advice from the health system (both via clinics and MomConnect) was considered helpful and supportive in encouraging EBF to 6 months, although family influences could thwart these intentions, especially for younger women. Mothers reported a range of breastfeeding information sources that influenced their choices, including social media. Conclusions Efforts to improve EBF rates must include consideration of the social and economic environment surrounding women. Interventions that focus only on improving women’s knowledge are valuable but insufficient on their own. Attention should also be paid to infant behaviors, and how these affect women’s breastfeeding choices. Finally, although there is strong local policy support for EBF, more rigorous implementation of these and other broader changes to create a more enabling structural environment ought to be prioritized.
Published: 2020
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13. Incidence and predictors of early and late hospital readmission after transurethral resection of the prostate: a population‐based cohort study

Author: Trafford Crump, Samer Shamout, Kevin V. Carlson, Richard Baverstock, and Hilary L. Brotherhood
Subjects: Male, Canada, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Urology, medicine.medical_treatment, Prostatic Hyperplasia, 030232 urology & nephrology, Patient Readmission, 03 medical and health sciences, Population based cohort, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, In patient, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Transurethral resection of the prostate, Hospital readmission, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Transurethral Resection of Prostate, Retrospective cohort study, Odds ratio, Emergency department, Patient Discharge, Population Surveillance, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Emergency Service, Hospital, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incidence and predictors of hospital readmission and emergency department (ED) visits in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a linked administrative dataset from Calgary, Canada. Participants were men who underwent their first TURP procedure between 2015 and 2017. We examined patient demographics, and type of surgery (elective or urgent). Comorbidities were scored using the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). The primary outcomes were unplanned hospital readmissions and ED visits at 30, 60 and 90 days after TURP. The secondary aim was to identify potential predictors across these groups. RESULTS We identified 3059 men, most of whom underwent elective TURP (83%). The mean (sd) patient age was 71.0 (10.0) years. A total of 224 patients (7.4%) were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days, 290 (9.5%) within 60 days, and 339 (11.1%) within 90 days of discharge. The frequency of return visits within 30, 60 and 90 days of TURP were 21.4%, 26% and 28.6%, respectively. The most responsible diagnoses for ED visit within 90 days were haematuria (15.4%) and retention of urine (12.8%). Multivariable analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 1.61, P < 0.001), surgery type (OR 2.20, P < 0.001), and CCI score (OR 2.03, P < 0.001) were independently associated with odds of readmission and ED visits at all time points. CONCLUSION Older age, poorer health and urgent surgery predicted return to ED or readmission after TURP; efforts should be made to improve selection, counselling and preoperative optimization based on these risks.
Published: 2020
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14. Strategies to improve wheat for human health

Author: Alison Lovegrove, Brittany Hazard, Peter R. Shewry, Kay Trafford, Simon Griffiths, and Cristobal Uauy
Subjects: business.industry, food and beverages, Biology, Wholemeal flour, medicine.disease, Obesity, food.food, Biotechnology, Human health, food, Overconsumption, White flour, Food products, medicine, Animal Science and Zoology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract: Despite their economic importance and growing demand, concerns are emerging around wheat-based foods and human health. Most wheat-based foods are made from refined white flour rather than wholemeal flour, and the overconsumption of these products may contribute to the increasing global prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review how the amount, composition and interactions of starch and cell wall polysaccharides, the major carbohydrate components in refined wheat products, impact human health. We discuss strategies and challenges to manipulate these components for improved diet and health using newly developed wheat genomics tools and resources. Commercial foods developed from these novel approaches must be produced without adverse effects on cost, consumer acceptability and processing properties. Concerns are emerging around wheat-based foods made from refined white flour and human health. This Review summarizes the impact of the amount, composition and interactions of the major carbohydrate components within wheat food products on human health and strategies to manipulate these components.
Published: 2020
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15. Health and quality of life among a cohort of patients having lateral internal sphincterotomy for anal fissures

Author: Manoj J. Raval, Ahmer A. Karimuddin, Jason M. Sutherland, Shiana Manoharan, Carl J. Brown, Husain Akbar, Guiping Liu, Terry Phang, Trafford Crump, and Kate Redfern
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Anal Canal, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life, medicine, Humans, Clinical significance, Adverse effect, Depression (differential diagnoses), Anal fissure, Episode of care, business.industry, Gastroenterology, medicine.disease, Treatment Outcome, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Chronic Disease, Cohort, Quality of Life, Physical therapy, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Fissure in Ano, Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy, Lateral internal sphincterotomy, business
Abstract: AIM The aim of this study is to report changes in health-related quality of life attributable to lateral internal sphincterotomy for treatment of anal fissure. There is very little evidence on whether the overall health-related quality of life of patients is detrimentally affected by the condition, or which aspects of self-perceived health status improve after lateral internal sphincterotomy. This study will articulate which aspects of health tend to improve and guide postoperative expectations appropriately. Knowledge gained from this study may also identify gaps in an individual patient's episode of care. METHOD Patients were prospectively identified when they consented to surgical treatment of their anal fissure and were contacted by phone to participate. Participants completed a number of patient-reported outcomes preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Faecal incontinence-related quality of life, pain and depression were measured at both time points. The severity of faecal incontinence was measured at both times. RESULTS Participants reported high levels of pain preoperatively. Postoperatively, improvement in pain exceeded the threshold of clinical relevance (P
Published: 2020
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16. A Prospective Audit of 805 Consecutive Patients With Penetrating Abdominal Trauma

Author: Pradeep H. Navsaria, Anthony Sander, Andrew J. Nicol, Sorin Edu, Richard Trafford Spence, and Deidre McPherson
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Abdominal Injuries, Wounds, Stab, Laparotomy, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, Injury mechanisms, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Univariate analysis, Prospective audit, business.industry, Mortality rate, Surgery, medicine.anatomical_structure, Abdomen, Female, Wounds, Gunshot, business, Penetrating abdominal trauma
Abstract: BACKGROUND Global trends of penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT) have seen a shift toward a selectively conservative management strategy. However, its widespread adoption for gunshot injuries has been sluggish. The purpose of this study is to compare the injury mechanisms of gunshot (GSW) and stab wounds (SW) to the abdomen in presentation, management, and outcomes. METHODS Prospective cohort study, set in Cape Town, South Africa, over 2 years. All patients presenting to the center with PAT during this time were included. Presentation, management, and outcomes were compared by injury mechanism, with a focus on the operative strategy (operative vs nonoperative). RESULTS During the study period, 805 patients (SW 37.6%; GSW 62.4%) with PAT were managed. Immediate laparotomies were performed in 119 (39.3%) SW and 355 (70.7%) GSW, with a therapeutic laparotomy rate of 85.7% and 91.8% for SW and GSW, respectively. Nonoperative management (NOM) was implemented in 184 SW (60.7%) and 147 GSW (29.3%) (P < 0.001), with a 92.9% and 92.5% success rate for SW and GSW, respectively. The therapeutic laparotomy rate for the delayed laparotomies (DOM) was 69.2% for SW, and 90.9% for GSW. The accuracy of clinical assessment (with adjuncts) in determining the need for laparotomy was: GSW-92% and SW-91%. Univariate analysis revealed the mechanism not to be associated with DOM. The overall mortality rate was 7.2%, and nonfatal morbidities 22.2%. CONCLUSION Although GSW is a more morbid and often fatal injury, the general principles of selective conservatism hold true for both GSW and SW, equally.
Published: 2020
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17. Multi-Institution Evaluation of Sequential Gemcitabine and Docetaxel as Rescue Therapy for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Author: Jonathan Wang, William C. DeWolf, M. Eric Hyndman, Trafford Crump, Marcus J. Daniels, Ryan L. Steinberg, Donald L. Lamm, Ashish M. Kamat, Max Kates, Mounica Y. Rao, Kenneth G. Nepple, Nathan A. Brooks, Andrew Vitale, Michael A. O’Donnell, Sarah L. Mott, Trinity J. Bivalacqua, Lewis Thomas, and Supriya Nagaraju
Subjects: Adult, Male, Oncology, Canada, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Biopsy, Urology, 030232 urology & nephrology, Antineoplastic Agents, Docetaxel, Deoxycytidine, Disease-Free Survival, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Rescue therapy, Internal medicine, Humans, Medicine, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, Bladder cancer, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, Cystoscopy, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Gemcitabine, United States, Survival Rate, Administration, Intravesical, Treatment Outcome, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, business, Immunosuppressive Agents, Follow-Up Studies, medicine.drug
Abstract: Rescue intravesical therapies for patients with bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer remain a critical focus of ongoing research. Sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel therapy has shown safety and efficacy in 2 retrospective, single institution cohorts. This doublet has since been adopted as an intravesical salvage option at multiple institutions. We report the results of a multi-institutional evaluation of gemcitabine and docetaxel.Each institution retrospectively reviewed all records of patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer between June 2009 and May 2018. Only patients with recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and a history of bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment were included in the analysis. If patients were disease-free after induction, maintenance was instituted at the treating physician's discretion. Posttreatment surveillance followed American Urological Association guidelines. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and risk factors for treatment failure were assessed with Cox regression models.Overall 276 patients (median age 73 years, median followup 22.9 months) received treatment. Nine patients were unable to tolerate a full induction course. One and 2-year recurrence-free survival rates were 60% and 46%, and high grade recurrence-free survival rates were 65% and 52%, respectively. Ten patients (3.6%) had disease progression on transurethral resection. Forty-three patients (15.6%) went on to cystectomy (median 11.3 months from induction), of whom 11 (4.0%) had progression to muscle invasion. Analysis identified no patient, disease or prior treatment related factors associated with gemcitabine and docetaxel failure.Intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel therapy is well tolerated and effective, providing a durable response in patients with recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy. Further prospective study is warranted.
Published: 2020
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18. Development an ovine myocardial infarction- induced heart failure model and characterisation of altered calcium homeostasis mechanisms

Author: C Pius, David A. Eisner, Andrew W. Trafford, B C Niort, Katharine M. Dibb, and C Marris
Subjects: Calcium metabolism, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Heart failure, Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, Myocardial infarction, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.disease, business
Abstract: Introduction Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and heart failure (HF) are the major complications following myocardial infarction (MI). In both conditions, there is a key role for perturbed calcium homeostasis of which the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. A preclinical model that faithfully presents most of the features of MI-induced HF has been lacking. The complexity of this syndrome means that animal modelling is difficult. As the hearts of large animals share many electrophysiological similarities to humans, ovine modelling of cardiac diseases could better reflect human pathologies than in small mammals. Question Is it possible to develop a clinically relevant ovine model with moderate cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction? Methods MI was induced in sheep by inflating an angioplasty balloon distal to the second diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery for 90 min. Cardiac function was monitored for 20 weeks using electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, blood biochemical analysis, and subjective signs of cardiac deterioration (lethargy, dyspnoea, and cough). 20 weeks post-MI, the animals were humanely killed and single left ventricular myocytes were isolated from the infarct border zone. Changes in cellular electrophysiology and intracellular calcium concentration were monitored using whole-cell patch technique in voltage-clamp mode and the calcium sensitive fluorescent indicator Fura-2 (K5 salt). Results By using minimally invasive procedures, we obtained a survival rate of 80% (n=15). During surgery, our data show clinical features of ischaemia, including changes in the ECG features (elevation of the ST and T segment, left bundle branch block and/or pathological Q waves) and elevation of the cardiac biomarker such as troponin I. Following MI, we observed a decline in ejection fraction (−25±3%, p Conclusion We successfully established an ovine MI model using minimally invasive procedure which displays a moderately impaired cardiac function, reduced contractility, and pro-arrhythmic electrophysiological remodelling. Future analysis will examine the role of the L-type calcium channel with respect to the excitation-contraction coupling process and myocyte contractility and how we can improve therapeutic strategies towards VA and HF. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): British Heart Foundation
Published: 2021
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19. SCPI: IoT and the Déjà Vu of Instrument Control

Author: John Schmalzel and Russell Trafford
Subjects: Structure (mathematical logic), Instrument control, business.industry, Process (engineering), Emerging technologies, Computer science, Suite, Interoperability, Software engineering, business, Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments, Variety (cybernetics)
Abstract: Efforts to provide coherent support for interoperability for devices using new technologies remains an ongoing process. Those involved in standards development know this all too well. The challenge remains: How best to keep up with rapidly evolving paradigms such as the IoT, IIoT, Industry 4.0, and similar major shifts? Recent work as part of the IEEE P1451.x standards development looked backwards to identify standards that are mature and extensible, offering a rich functional suite adaptable to new devices and architectures. Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments (SCPI-1999) is one such industry standard, which long ago solved the problem of communicating with devices from many manufacturers. SCPI was an elegant solution for converting unreadable vendor-specific commands to a universal set adaptable by all. Developing interoperability between IoT devices could benefit from a similar SCPI-like approach. To investigate this potential, a typical IoT scenario was developed. Existing nonreadable commands were converted into a SCPI-like command structure. The results of this effort were compelling and suggest that such an approach could achieve interoperability among a wide variety of IoT devices and vendors.
Published: 2021
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20. Transverse-tubule remodelling in remote and border regions following myocardial infarction

Author: Perera, Tharushi, Pinali, Christian, Radcliffe, Emma, Niort, Barbara, Pius, Charlene, and Trafford, Andrew
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, serial block face scanning electron microscopy, myocardial infarction, business.industry, Internal medicine, fragmentation, medicine, Cardiology, transverse-tubule remodelling, Myocardial infarction, medicine.disease, business, Transverse tubule
Abstract: Serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) was used to image ventricular cardiac myocytes in healthy and myocardial infarction (MI) sheep. 3-dimensional renderings of EM stacks of images revealed an increase of t-tubule remodelling following myocardial infarction, from the remote myocardium to the peri-infarct border zone. This study, thereby increases our understanding of the cardiac ultrastructural remodelling following MI.
Published: 2021
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21. Canadian cost data associated with treating overactive bladder is lacking

Author: Carly Barton, Richard Baverstock, Kevin V. Carlson, Dylan Viste, and R. Trafford Crump
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, biology, business.industry, Urology, Context (language use), Euros, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Economic cooperation, Oncology, Overactive bladder, Family medicine, Health care, medicine, Generalizability theory, business, health care economics and organizations, Original Research, Cost database
Abstract: Introduction: Cost-effectiveness analysis forms an integral part of the approval process for new medical treatments in Canada, including drug and non-drug technologies. This study’s primary objective was to identify peer-reviewed studies that report Canadian-specific cost data for treating overactive bladder (OAB) based on the Canadian Urological Association (CUA) guidelines. A secondary objective was to identify studies that report cost data from other healthcare jurisdictions that could be generalizable to the Canadian context. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the published peer-reviewed literature. We included studies from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, excluding the U.S., published in English since January 2009. Results: From 165 abstracts identified in our initial search, 18 studies were ultimately included for analysis. This included one Canadian-based study reporting costs in Canadian dollars, all related to second-line treatments. The other studies were primarily from Europe, reporting costs in Euros or U.K. pounds. There were no studies reporting costs for first-line treatments. Gaps in costs for select second-line and third-line treatments recommended by the CUA were also identified. Conclusions: Canadian-specific cost data for OAB treatments published in the peer-reviewed literature is limited to a single study reporting costs for only a few second-line treatments sourced from a single province over 10 years ago. Cost data from other healthcare jurisdictions are available, but the generalizability of costs associated with third-line treatments is questionable.
Published: 2021
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22. Adherence to Active Surveillance Protocols for Low-risk Prostate Cancer: Results of the Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance Initiative

Author: Arveen A. Kalapara, Jan F.M. Verbeek, Daan Nieboer, Michael Fahey, Vincent Gnanapragasam, Mieke Van Hemelrijck, Lui Shiong Lee, Chris H. Bangma, Ewout W. Steyerberg, Tim Harkin, Jozien Helleman, Monique J. Roobol, Mark Frydenberg, Bruce Trock, Behfar Ehdaie, Peter Carroll, Christopher Filson, Jeri Kim, Christopher Logothetis, Todd Morgan, Laurence Klotz, Tom Pickles, Eric Hyndman, Caroline M. Moore, Prokar Dasgupta, Chris Bangma, Monique Roobol, Arnauld Villers, Antti Rannikko, Riccardo Valdagni, Antoinette Perry, Jonas Hugosson, Jose Rubio-Briones, Anders Bjartell, Lukas Hefermehl, Lee Lui Shiong, Yoshiyuki Kakehi, Byung Ha Chung, Theo van der Kwast, Henk Obbink, Wim van der Linden, Tim Hulsen, Cees de Jonge, Mike Kattan, Ji Xinge, Kenneth Muir, Artitaya Lophatananon, Ewout Steyerberg, Liying Zhang, Kerri Beckmann, Brian Denton, Andrew Hayen, Paul Boutros, Wei Guo, Nicole Benfante, Janet Cowan, Dattatraya Patil, Emily Tolosa, Tae-Kyung Kim, Alexandre Mamedov, Vincent LaPointe, Trafford Crump, Jenna Kimberly-Duffell, Aida Santaolalla, Jonathan Olivier, Tiziana Rancati, Helén Ahlgren, Juanma Mascarós, Annica Löfgren, Kurt Lehmann, Catherine Han Lin, Hiromi Hirama, Kwang Suk Lee, Guido Jenster, Anssi Auvinen, Masoom Haider, Kees van Bochove, Ballentine Carter, Sam Gledhill, Mark Buzza, Sophie Bruinsma, Urology, and Public Health
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Urology, 030232 urology & nephrology, Tumour stage, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Biopsy, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Statistical analysis, 10. No inequality, Patient summary, Aged, Repeat biopsy, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Prostatic Neoplasms, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Action plan, Epidemiological Monitoring, T-stage, Surgery, business
Abstract: Background Active surveillance (AS) enrolment criteria and follow-up schedules for low-risk prostate cancer vary between institutions. However, uncertainty remains about adherence to these protocols. Objective To determine adherence to institution-specific AS inclusion criteria and follow-up schedules within the Movember Foundation’s Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance (GAP3) initiative. Design, setting, and participants We retrospectively assessed the data of 15 101 patients from 25 established AS cohorts worldwide between 2014 and 2016. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Adherence to individual AS inclusion criteria was rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from poor to excellent. Nonadherence to follow-up schedules was defined as absence of repeat biopsy 1 yr after the scheduled date. Cohorts were pooled into annual and Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS)-based biopsy schedules, and a generalised linear mixed model was constructed to test for nonadherence. Results and limitations Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) inclusion criteria were followed in 92%, Gleason score (GS) criteria were followed in 97%, and the number of positive biopsy cores was followed in 94% of men. Both age and tumour stage (T stage) criteria had 99% adherence overall. Pooled nonadherence rates increased over time—8%, 16%, and 34% for annual schedules and 11%, 30%, and 29% for PRIAS-based schedules at 1, 4, and 7 yr, respectively—and did not differ between biopsy schedules. A limitation is that our results do not consider the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions In on-going development of evidence-based AS protocols, variable adherence to PSA and GS inclusion criteria should be considered. Repeat biopsy adherence reduces with increased duration of surveillance, independent of biopsy frequency. This emphasises the importance of risk stratification at the commencement of AS. Patient summary We studied adherence to active surveillance protocols for prostate cancer worldwide. We found that inclusion criteria were generally followed well, but adherence to repeat biopsy reduced with time. This should be considered when optimising future active surveillance protocols.
Published: 2020

23. A New Recalibrated Four-Category Child–Pugh Score Performs Better than the Original Child–Pugh and MELD Scores in Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Decompensated Alcoholic Cirrhotic Patients with Acute Variceal Bleeding: a Real-World Cohort Analysis

Author: Eduard Jonas, Jake E. J. Krige, Marius Hoogerboord, James Ellsmere, and Richard Trafford Spence
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Alcoholic liver disease, Esophageal and Gastric Varices, Gastroenterology, Cohort Studies, End Stage Liver Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Liver disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Hospital Mortality, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Middle Aged, Vascular surgery, medicine.disease, Cardiac surgery, Cardiothoracic surgery, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Acute Disease, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Surgery, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, business, Abdominal surgery, Cohort study
Abstract: There currently is no consensus on how to accurately predict early rebleeding and death after a major variceal bleed. This study investigated the relative predictive performances of the original Child–Pugh (CP), model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and a four-category recalibrated Child–Pugh (rCP). This prospective study included all adult patients admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital with acute esophageal variceal bleeding secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis, between January 2000 and December 2017. CP and rCP grades and MELD score were calculated on admission, and the predictive ability in discriminating in-hospital rebleeding and death was compared by area under receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curves. During the study period, 403 consecutive adult patients were treated for bleeding esophageal varices of whom 225 were secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis. Twenty-four (10.6%) patients were CP grade A, 88 (39.1%) grade B and 113 (50.2%) grade C on hospital admission. MELD scores ranged from 6 to 40. Thirty-one (13.8%) patients rebleed, and 41 (18.2%) patients died. There was no difference in the discriminatory capacity of the CP (AUROC 0.59, 95% CI 0.50–0.670) and MELD (AUROC 0.62, 95% CI 0.51–0.73) to predict rebleeding (p = 0.72), or between the Child–Pugh (AUROC 0.75, 95% CI 0.71–0.81) and MELD (AUROC 0.71, 95% CI 0.62–0.80) to predict death (p = 0.35). The rCP classification (A–D) had a significantly improved discriminatory capacity (AUROC 0.83 95% CI 0.77–0.89) compared to the CP score (A–C) and MELD to predict death (p = 0.004). A recalibrated Child–Pugh score outperforms the original Child–Pugh grade and MELD score in predicting in-hospital death in patients with bleeding esophageal varices secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis.
Published: 2019
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24. Producer organisations that add value: a case study in Papua New Guinea

Author: Naomi Mwayawa, Suzanne Trafford, Nicholas J. Lees, and Michael C. Lyne
Subjects: Corporate governance, Value (economics), New guinea, Classical economics, Business, Horticulture
Published: 2019
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25. Consistent Biopsy Quality and Gleason Grading Within the Global Active Surveillance Global Action Plan 3 Initiative: A Prerequisite for Future Studies

Author: Theo H. van der Kwast, Jozien Helleman, Daan Nieboer, Sophie M. Bruinsma, Monique J. Roobol, Bruce Trock, Behfar Ehdaie, Peter Carroll, Christopher Filson, Jeri Kim, Christopher Logothetis, Todd Morgan, Laurence Klotz, Tom Pickles, Eric Hyndman, Caroline M. Moore, Vincent Gnanapragasam, Mieke Van Hemelrijck, Prokar Dasgupta, Chris Bangma, Monique Roobol, Arnauld Villers, Antti Rannikko, Riccardo Valdagni, Antoinette Perry, Jonas Hugosson, Jose Rubio-Briones, Anders Bjartell, Lukas Hefermehl, Lee Lui Shiong, Mark Frydenberg, Yoshiyuki Kakehi, Byung Ha Chung, Theo van der Kwast, Henk Obbink, Wim van der Linden, Tim Hulsen, Cees de Jonge, Mike Kattan, Ji Xinge, Kenneth Muir, Artitaya Lophatananon, Michael Fahey, Ewout Steyerberg, Liying Zhang, Wei Guo, Nicole Benfante, Janet Cowan, Dattatraya Patil, Emily Tolosa, Tae-Kyung Kim, Alexandre Mamedov, Vincent LaPointe, Trafford Crump, Jenna Kimberly-Duffell, Aida Santaolalla, Jona-than Olivier, Tiziana Rancati, Helén Ahlgren, Juanma Mascarós, Annica Löfgren, Kurt Lehmann, Catherine Han Lin, Hiromi Hirama, Kwang Suk Lee, Guido Jenster, Anssi Auvinen, Masoom Haider, Kees van Bochove, Ballentine Carter, Sam Gledhill, Mark Buzza, Sophie Bruinsma, Urology, and Public Health
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Biopsy, Urology, Concordance, 030232 urology & nephrology, Gleason grading, Gleason Score 6, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Carcinoma, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Watchful Waiting, Quality of Health Care, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Prostatic Neoplasms, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Action plan, Surgery, Histopathology, Neoplasm Grading, business
Abstract: Within the Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance (GAP3) initiative, 25 centers across the globe collaborate to standardize active surveillance (AS) protocols for men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). A centralized PCa AS database, comprising data of more than 15000 patients worldwide, was created. Comparability of the histopathology between the different cohorts was assessed by a centralized pathology review of 445 biopsies from 15 GAP3 centers. Grade group 1 (Gleason score 6) in 85% and grade group ≥2 (Gleason score ≥7) in 15% showed 89% concordance at review with moderate agreement (κ=0.56). Average biopsy core length was similar among the analyzed cohorts. Recently established highly adverse pathologies, including cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma, were observed in 3.6% of the reviewed biopsies. In conclusion, the centralized pathology review of 445 biopsies revealed comparable histopathology among the 15 GAP3 centers with a low frequency of high-risk features. This enables further data analyses-without correction-toward uniform global AS guidelines for men with low-risk PCa. PATIENT SUMMARY: Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance (GAP3) initiative combines data from 15000 men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) across the globe to standardize active surveillance protocols. Histopathology review confirmed that the histopathology was consistent with low-risk PCa in most men and comparable between different centers.
Published: 2019
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26. Use of mobile health (mHealth) technologies in ophthalmology patients in Alberta

Author: Helya Aghazadeh, Matthew T.S. Tennant, Ezekiel Weis, and Trafford Crump
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Vision Disorders, MEDLINE, Subspecialty, Alberta, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Survey methodology, 0302 clinical medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Ophthalmology, Humans, Medicine, Oculoplastics, Young adult, Child, mHealth, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Telemedicine, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Female, The Internet, business, Cell Phone, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Objective This study aims to quantify the proportion of ophthalmology patients using information technology for finding information on their eye condition(s). Design A survey method study design was used to collect information for this study. Participants Over the course of 4 months, 206 consecutive patients in oculoplastics, oncology, and retina subspecialty ophthalmology clinics were surveyed. Methods A 14-question survey instrument was developed for the purposes of this study, focusing on 3 main domains of technology use: mobile phones, computers, and software used on either of those devices. Results When the entire group was analyzed, 85% stated they own a cell phone, 87% own and use a computer, and 47% reported using the internet to search for information on their eye condition. Significant differences based on patient age emerged when assessing whether patients used the internet to search for information on eye condition(s). The majority of patients younger than 60years reported having searched the internet for information (67%), whereas only 29% of patients older than 60years reported the same thing. Similar differences in the age groups also arose for other variables. Conclusion Overall, the majority of ophthalmology patients do not search the internet for information on eye conditions. However, when stratified into separate age groups (less than and greater than age 60 years), the majority of younger patients search the internet for information on their eye condition(s), whereas the majority of older patients do not. As a result, one can conclude that age is a significant predictive factor in the use of internet technologies for information regarding eye conditions.
Published: 2019
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27. From Prostate Health to Overactive Bladder: Developing a Crosswalk for the IPSS to OAB-V8

Author: Richard Baverstock, Anika Sehgal, Kevin V. Carlson, Robert Trafford Crump, and Ian Wright
Subjects: Adult, Male, Prostatic Diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Urology, 030232 urology & nephrology, urologic and male genital diseases, Severity of Illness Index, Diagnostic Self Evaluation, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Prostate, Internal medicine, Severity of illness, medicine, Humans, Young adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Models, Statistical, Urinary bladder, Urinary Bladder, Overactive, business.industry, Male lower urinary tract, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Overactive bladder, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Ordinary least squares, business
Abstract: Objectives To develop a statistical model to facilitate the comparison of 2 common patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments in male lower urinary tract symptoms. Methods Two PROs used by urologists are the International Prostate Symptoms Severity (IPSS) and the Overactive Bladder-Validated 8 questions (OAB-V8). The former measures symptoms related to prostate cancer, the latter measures the severity of symptoms related to OAB. Ordinary least squares regression was used to develop 3 models for translating responses to the IPSS into OAB-V8 scores. The root mean square error was used to compare the models. Results The sample consisted of 493 participants, ranging from 18 to 93 years of age. The recommended model included the individual responses to the IPSSʼ items and participantsʼ age. Due to the low root mean square error (0.7606), indicating low variation and high precision, we can explain about 63% (R2 = 0.6260) relationship between IPSS and OAB-v8. Conclusion This study successfully modeled global OAB-V8 scores from IPSS responses. This model performed comparably well to others developed using similar methods.
Published: 2019
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28. Concordance and timing in recording cancer events in primary care, hospital and mortality records for patients with and without psoriasis: A population-based cohort study

Author: Alex M Trafford, Martin K. Rutter, Rosa Parisi, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Global Psoriasis Atlas, Christopher E.M. Griffiths, and Darren M. Ashcroft
Subjects: Keratinocytes, Male, Skin Neoplasms, Databases, Factual, General Practice, Lung and Intrathoracic Tumors, Epithelium, Cohort Studies, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal Cells, Neoplasms, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Electronic Health Records, 030212 general & internal medicine, Medical diagnosis, Skin Tumors, Data Management, Multidisciplinary, Prostate Cancer, Liver Diseases, Prostate Diseases, Middle Aged, Hospitals, Oncology, Nephrology, Renal Cancer, Female, Cellular Types, Anatomy, Liver cancer, Cohort study, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Concordance, Science, Urology, Immunology, MEDLINE, Dermatology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Autoimmune Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Pancreatic Cancer, Psoriasis, Internal medicine, Gastrointestinal Tumors, Humans, Primary Health Care, business.industry, Carcinoma, Cancer, Biology and Life Sciences, Cancers and Neoplasms, Epithelial Cells, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Genitourinary Tract Tumors, Biological Tissue, Clinical Immunology, Clinical Medicine, business
Abstract: Background The association between psoriasis and the risk of cancer has been investigated in numerous studies utilising electronic health records (EHRs), with conflicting results in the extent of the association. Objectives To assess concordance and timing of cancer recording between primary care, hospital and death registration data for people with and without psoriasis. Methods Cohort studies delineated using primary care EHRs from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD and Aurum databases, with linkage to hospital episode statistics (HES), Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality data and indices of multiple deprivation (IMD). People with psoriasis were matched to those without psoriasis by age, sex and general practice. Cancer recording between databases was investigated by proportion concordant, that being the presence of cancer record in both source and comparator datasets. Delay in recording cancer diagnoses between CPRD and HES records and predictors of discordance were also assessed. Results 58,904 people with psoriasis and 350,592 comparison patients were included using CPRD GOLD; whereas 213,400 people with psoriasis and 1,268,998 comparison patients were included in CPRD Aurum. For all cancer records (excluding keratinocyte), concordance between CPRD and HES was greater than 80%. Concordance for same-site cancer records was markedly lower ( Conclusions Concordance between CPRD and HES is poor when restricted to cancers of the same site, with greater discordance in people with psoriasis for some cancers of specific sites. The use of linked patient-level data is an important step in reducing misclassification of cancer outcomes in epidemiological studies using routinely collected electronic health records.
Published: 2021

29. Covid-19 (in) a Class of Its Own: Student and Teacher Musings Regarding Their Learnings and Well-Being when Moving a Large Blended First Year Class Virtually Overnight

Author: T. R. De Freitas, A. P. Rebelo da Silva, A. Hart, J. Trafford, G. Carlson, S. Rope, Ailsa Haxell, and K.-M. Lau
Subjects: Higher education, media_common.quotation_subject, Face (sociological concept), Education, 0502 economics and business, Pedagogy, Sociology, 050207 economics, L7-991, Function (engineering), media_common, cogenerative dialoguing, Class (computer programming), business.industry, 05 social sciences, Perspective (graphical), 050301 education, Education (General), Aotearoa, flexible learning, higher education, Well-being, on-line learning, Treasure, business, Covid-19, 0503 education
Abstract: Covid-19 is (in) a class of its own in its influence on human lives and livelihoods globally, precipitating steep learning and psychological well-being curves for university teachers and students. This has impacted dramatically on the conditions under which higher education has had to function in regard to research and what is now referred to as ‘emergency online education’. As staff face unprecedented challenges, so too do students. Given that the consequences of these times are likely to be felt well into the future, it is important to capture what is happening now. We therefore present this perspective piece comprising 13 musings co-authored by students and educators regarding our experiences of two lockdowns within Aotearoa New Zealand in 2020 representative of the disrupted university in its adjustment to learning and teaching. In contributing to calls to develop a post-pandemic pedagogy for higher education, and better support staff and student well-being, we draw on methods that would multiply questions and invoke possibilities, as an impetus for reimagining higher education. Making use of a cogenerative dialoguing process, these musings enable multiple voices to be heard and considered. A non-representational lens enables us to explore the what and how of Covid-19 creating disruption and uncertainty for students’ and educators, influencing their psychological well-being and higher education pedagogy and practices, and becoming a contextually relevant taonga (treasure) of experiences that might inform future educational activities. © Copyright © 2021 Trafford, Haxell, Lau, Carlson, Rebelo da Silva, Hart, De Freitas and Rope.
Published: 2021
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30. The Society’s In Vivo Taskforce

Author: Lucy F. Donaldson and Andrew W. Trafford
Subjects: business.industry, In vivo, Medicine, Pharmacology, business
Published: 2021
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31. BS9 Regional alterations to the transverse-tubule network in an ovine model of myocardial infarction

Author: Andrew W. Trafford, Emma J. Radcliffe, Charlene Pius, Barbara Niort, Christian Pinali, and Tharushi Perera
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Contraction (grammar), Sarcolemma, business.industry, Infarction, 3d scanning, medicine.disease, Transverse tubule, Contractility, Internal medicine, Cardiology, Medicine, Myocardial infarction, Border zone, business
Abstract: The highly organised transverse tubule (t-tubule) network consisting of invaginations of the cell sarcolemma facilitates synchronous cardiac myocyte contraction. This study aimed to investigate post-myocardial infarction (MI) t-tubule remodelling in infarct border and remote regions in a translationally relevant ischaemia reperfusion injury MI model. Six adult sheep were used in this study (n=3 MI, n=3 control). Eight weeks after MI, left ventricular tissue was collected from the remote and border MI regions and from control sheep, processed and imaged using 3D scanning electron microscopy. The t-tubule network was manually segmented using 3dmod. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc correction, unpaired t-tests or Mann-Whitney U test were used where appropriate. Marked disorganisation of the t-tubule network was observed in the border region following MI. Quantitative analysis revealed that in comparison to the control sheep myocardium, the MI border zone had a decreased t-tubule count (0.07 ± 0.007 tubules per μm3 in control vs 0.05 ± 0.004 tubules per μm3 in border; p = 0.02) and showed t-tubule dilation (405 ± 22 nm in control vs 533 ± 30 nm in border; p = 0.02). Whilst there was minimal disorganisation and loss of t-tubules in the MI remote region, we observed increased t-tubule length as a fraction of the cell diameter (0.41 ± 0.04 in control vs 0.56 ± 0.04 in remote; p = 0.045). In addition to gross t-tubule remodelling, we also noted post-MI fragmentation of t-tubules, particularly in the border region. In comparison to control, the number of t-tubule fragments per μm3 was increased in the post MI heart (control, 0.17 ± 0.1 fragments per μm3; border, 2.21 ± 0.7 fragments per μm3; remote, 1.20 ± 0.4 fragments per μm3; p = 0.04 border vs control; p = 0.02 remote vs control). The volume occupied by fragments as a percentage of the cell volume was also higher following MI (control, 0.003 ± 0.002 %; border, 0.071 ± 0.023 %; remote 0.014 ± 0.005 %; p = 0.003 border vs control; p = 0.013 border vs remote). Whilst there was no difference in fragments density between the remote and border regions, there was an increase in the volume of cell occupied by fragments in the MI border region compared to remote. This is explained by a larger average fragment volume in the border region (0.04 ± 0.006 μm3 in border vs 0.01 ± 0.002 μm3 in remote; p Our research shows remodelling of the t-tubule network in the post-MI sheep myocardium. We noted reduced t-tubule count, t-tubule fragmentation, and dilation of remaining t-tubules. Importantly our work shows that these changes occur in a regional manner, being most pronounced in the border region. These changes may reflect regional wall stresses post-MI, and we speculate that our observations may result in region-specific changes to systolic calcium and contractility post-MI. Conflict of Interest Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Published: 2021
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32. Optimising Large Animal Models of Sustained Atrial Fibrillation: Relevance of the Critical Mass Hypothesis

Author: Katharine M. Dibb, George W.P. Madders, Andrew W. Trafford, Charlotte E.R. Smith, Nathan Denham, and Charles M. Pearman
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Logistic regression, Nerve conduction velocity, 03 medical and health sciences, Electrophysiology study, 0302 clinical medicine, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, QP1-981, fibrillation, pathophysiology, Fibrillation, model, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, critical, Effective refractory period, Atrial fibrillation, Odds ratio, Brief Research Report, atrial, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, ovine, 030104 developmental biology, Cardiology, mass, hypothesis, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: BackgroundLarge animal models play an important role in our understanding of the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). Our aim was to determine whether prospectively collected baseline variables could predict the development of sustained AF in sheep, thereby reducing the number of animals required in future studies. Our hypothesis was that the relationship between atrial dimensions, refractory periods and conduction velocity (otherwise known as the critical mass hypothesis) could be used for the first time to predict the development of sustained AF.MethodsHealthy adult Welsh mountain sheep underwent a baseline electrophysiology study followed by implantation of a neurostimulator connected via an endocardial pacing lead to the right atrial appendage. The device was programmed to deliver intermittent 50 Hz bursts of 30 s duration over an 8-week period whilst sheep were monitored for AF.ResultsEighteen sheep completed the protocol, of which 28% developed sustained AF. Logistic regression analysis showed only fibrillation number (calculated using the critical mass hypothesis as the left atrial diameter divided by the product of atrial conduction velocity and effective refractory period) was associated with an increased likelihood of developing sustained AF (Ln Odds Ratio 26.1 [95% confidence intervals 0.2–52.0] p = 0.048). A receiver-operator characteristic curve showed this could be used to predict which sheep developed sustained AF (C-statistic 0.82 [95% confidence intervals 0.59–1.04] p = 0.04).ConclusionThe critical mass hypothesis can be used to predict sustained AF in a tachypaced ovine model. These findings can be used to optimise the design of future studies involving large animals.
Published: 2021
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33. An Exploration On-demand Article Recommender System for Cancer Patients Information Provisioning

Author: Behrouz H. Far, M. Mehdi Afsar, and Trafford Crump
Subjects: Knowledge management, Computer science, business.industry, Process (engineering), 05 social sciences, Provisioning, 02 engineering and technology, Recommender system, Field (computer science), Knowledge base, On demand, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, 0509 other social sciences, 050904 information & library sciences, Baseline (configuration management), business, Information provision
Abstract: Information provision plays an important role in ed- ucating patients with serious illnesses, like cancer, to cope with their disease conditions and to actively partic- ipate in shared-decision making process. Recent stud- ies suggest that there is a lack of appropriate educa- tional resources for such patients, specifically prostate cancer patients. To address this issue, in this paper, a Knowledge-based Exploration on-demand article Rec- ommender System (called KERS) is proposed that can provide evidence-based information for patients. Rec- ognizing the fact that exploration is expensive when the user of the system is a human, the main idea in KERS is to minimize exploration while achieving the maximum long-term satisfaction. Therefore, using a knowledge- base developed by an expert in the field, KERS learns user interests as quickly as possible and then it ex- ploits this knowledge to recommend the best articles. Furthermore, KERS needs no information from users beforehand and it learns them through interacting with users. The system will help patients make informed de- cisions, and at the same time, will reduce the burden on the healthcare providers. The results of experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed system compared to baseline methods.
Published: 2021
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34. Case report: Haemoperitoneum secondary to acute rupture of primary hepatic angiosarcoma

Author: Jane Cross, Boyoung Kim, Trafford Fehlberg, Benjamin Allanson, Rebecca Reardon, and Gratian J. Punch
Subjects: Spontaneous rupture, Disseminated intravascular coagulation, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Incidence (epidemiology), Case Report, Hepatic Angiosarcoma, Disease, Malignancy, medicine.disease, Complete resection, Surgery, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, medicine, Hepatectomy, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Primary hepatic angiosarcoma, business, Haemoperitoneum
Abstract: Introduction and importance Primary hepatic angiosarcoma (PHA) is a rare and aggressive liver malignancy of endothelial cell origin and is associated with poor outcome. Pre-operative confirmation of the diagnosis is challenging, as clinical and radiological findings are generally non-specific. Very rarely, spontaneous haemoperitoneum may occur due to the spontaneous rupture of previously undiagnosed PHA. Case presentation We describe a case of a 28-year-old male with haemoperitoneum due to the rupture of previously undiagnosed PHA. After failing to respond to the non-operative measures, the patient underwent emergency partial liver resection and recovered without any post-operative complications. Histopathological examination of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of PHA. Two months after the operation, the patient represented with advanced metastatic disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The patient died one month after discharge. Clinical discussion A patient with PHA presents a diagnostic challenge due to its rare incidence and non-specific clinical findings. Spontaneous intra-abdominal haemorrhage can occur due to PHA rupture and carries a dismal prognosis. In addition to emergency haemorrhage control, complete surgical resection with clear margins is the definitive treatment to date, however, most cases of PHA are unresectable at diagnosis and recurrence is common even after complete resection. Conclusion PHA is associated with very poor outcomes, due to its rapid progression, early recurrence, and metastatic nature. The median survival is approximately 5 months. Haemoperitoneum secondary to rupture of previously undiagnosed PHA is uncommon and is a poor prognostic indicator. Complete surgical resection of the disease is challenging and there is no established treatment., Highlights • Primary hepatic angiosarcoma (PHA) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma. • PHA presents a diagnostic challenge due to its non-specific clinical findings. • Haemoperitoneum can rarely occur due to the spontaneous rupture of PHA. • Complete resection of PHA is the only curative treatment, however challenging. • PHA has a poor prognosis and there is no established treatment guideline.
Published: 2021

35. Centimeter-Long Weavable Fibers of Carbon Nanotubes with Giant Thermoelectric Power Factor

Author: Yohei Yomogida, Lauren W. Taylor, Oliver S. Dewey, Kazuhiro Yanagi, Yota Ichinose, Geoff Wehmeyer, Junichiro Kono, Natsumi Komatsu, Mitchell A. Trafford, and Matteo Pasquali
Subjects: Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Centimeter, Materials science, law, business.industry, Optoelectronics, Carbon nanotube, business, Thermoelectric power factor, law.invention
Abstract: Low-dimensional materials have recently attracted much interest as thermoelectric materials because of their charge carrier confinement leading to thermoelectric performance enhancement. Carbon nanotubes are promising candidates because of their one-dimensionality in addition to their unique advantages such as flexibility and light weight. However, preserving the large power factor of individual carbon nanotubes in macroscopic assemblies has been challenging, primarily due to poor sample morphology and a lack of proper Fermi energy tuning. Here, we report an unprecedentedly high value of power factor (14±5 mWm-1K-2) for centimeter-long weavable fibers of aligned carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh electrical and thermal conductivity. Our theoretical simulations show that the observed giant power factor originates from the one-dimensional quantum confinement of charge carriers, appearing when the Fermi energy is near a van Hove singularity in the electronic density of states. We fabricated a textile thermoelectric generator based on these carbon nanotube fibers, which demonstrated high thermoelectric performance, weavablity, and scalability. The giant power factor we observed make these fibers strong candidates for the emerging field of thermoelectric active cooling, which requires a large thermoelectric power factor and a large thermal conductivity at the same time.
Published: 2021
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36. Critical Assessment of Three Decades of Breast Cancer Research in Yemen: Systematic Review

Author: Redhwan Ahmed Al-Naggar, Lutfi Al-Maktari, Bahaa Saleh, Salah Ibrahim Mossfer, Julie Trafford, and Hisham Alshaikhli
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Web of science, business.industry, Invasive ductal carcinoma, medicine.disease, Poor quality, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Breast cancer, Family medicine, medicine, Clinical significance, Critical assessment, skin and connective tissue diseases, business
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this review is to critically assess three decades (1989 to 2019) of breast cancerresearch in Yemen and to identify the gaps in, and need for, breast cancer research in Yemen.Methodology: A search was performed in Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar and Ovidto identify articles on breast cancer research in Yemen that were published in the last three decades. Thearticles were selected and reviewed by experts in this field, based on clinical relevance and future researchimplications.Results: This review comprised 19,031 participants, extracted from 27 articles that were included andanalyzed. Breast cancer patients in Yemen were commonly diagnosed at an early age of 50 years or younger.Overall, awareness of breast cancer among Yemeni women was very poor. Some studies reported that a lowrate of only 11%-17.4% of Yemeni women practiced breast screen examination. Only 1.6% of the Yemeniwomen had been screened by a mammogram test. The highest performed surgery was a modified radicalmastectomy (N=211). The highest cases of breast cancer were reported in Hadramout (N=956) and the mostcommon histological subtype was invasive ductal carcinoma (N=2695).Conclusions: Yemen is characterised by three decades of scattered, fragmented and poor quality breastcancer research. Therefore, there is a need to establish a breast cancer research center in Yemen to researchall aspects of breast cancer in Yemen, and to build bridges for collaborations in breast cancer researchglobally.
Published: 2021
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37. Macroscopic weavable fibers of carbon nanotubes with giant thermoelectric power factor

Author: Matteo Pasquali, Mitchell A. Trafford, Geoff Wehmeyer, Kazuhiro Yanagi, Yota Ichinose, Natsumi Komatsu, Oliver S. Dewey, Lauren W. Taylor, Yohei Yomogida, and Junichiro Kono
Subjects: Thermoelectrics, Multidisciplinary, Materials science, business.industry, Science, Thermoelectric devices and materials, General Physics and Astronomy, Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, Fermi energy, General Chemistry, Carbon nanotube, Power factor, Thermoelectric materials, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Thermoelectric generator, Thermal conductivity, law, Seebeck coefficient, Thermoelectric effect, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract: Low-dimensional materials have recently attracted much interest as thermoelectric materials because of their charge carrier confinement leading to thermoelectric performance enhancement. Carbon nanotubes are promising candidates because of their one-dimensionality in addition to their unique advantages such as flexibility and light weight. However, preserving the large power factor of individual carbon nanotubes in macroscopic assemblies has been challenging, primarily due to poor sample morphology and a lack of proper Fermi energy tuning. Here, we report an ultrahigh value of power factor (14 ± 5 mW m−1 K−2) for macroscopic weavable fibers of aligned carbon nanotubes with ultrahigh electrical and thermal conductivity. The observed giant power factor originates from the ultrahigh electrical conductivity achieved through excellent sample morphology, combined with an enhanced Seebeck coefficient through Fermi energy tuning. We fabricate a textile thermoelectric generator based on these carbon nanotube fibers, which demonstrates high thermoelectric performance, weavability, and scalability. The giant power factor we observe make these fibers strong candidates for the emerging field of thermoelectric active cooling, which requires a large thermoelectric power factor and a large thermal conductivity at the same time., Preserving the large power factor of carbon nanotubes is challenging, due to poor sample morphology and a lack of proper Fermi energy tuning. Here, the authors achieve a value of power factor of 14 ± 5 mW m−1 K−2 originating from the preserved conductivity and the ability to tune Fermi energy.
Published: 2021

38. Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Author: Eugenia Abaleke, Mustafa Abbas, Sadia Abbasi, Alfie Abbott, Ashraf Abdelaziz, Sherif Abdelbadiee, Mohamed Abdelfattah, Basir Abdul, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Abdulfatahi Abdulmumeen, Niyaz Abdulshukkoor, Kula Abdusamad, Yazeed Abed El Khaleq, Mai Abedalla, Abeer UA Abeer Ul Amna, Adebanke Aboaba, Hani Abo-Leyah, Ahmed Abou-Haggar, Mahmoud Abouibrahim, Miriam Abraham, Tizzy Abraham, Abraheem Abraheem, Judith Abrams, Hyacinth-John Abu, Ahmad Abu-Arafeh, Syed M Abubacker, Akata Abung, Yaa Aceampong, Devikumar Acharya, Janet Acheson, Andres Acosta, Catherine Acton, Jacqueline Adabie-Ankrah, Fiona Adam, Matthew Adam, Huzaifa Adamali, Carol Adams, Kate Adams, Richard Adams, Tim Adams, Malgorzata Adamus, Kirsty Adcock, Aderonke Adebiyi, Ken Adegoke, Vicki Adell, Aldrin Adeni, Sherna Adenwalla, Oluwasegun A Adesemoye, Emmanuel O Adewunmi, Joyce Adeyemi, Elizabeth Adeyeye, Gabrielle Adkins, Adnan Adnan, John Aeron-Thomas, Lynn Afari, Debbie Affleck, Carmel Afnan, Deborah Afolabi, Muhammad Afridi, Rachel Agbeko, Chris Agbo, Sunil Aggarwal, Arameh Aghababaie, Judith Agwada-Akeru, Kwame A Agyapong, Shafana Ahamed Sadiq, Mohamed H Ahammed Nazeer, Jonathan Ah-Chuen, Mahin Ahmad, Ashar Ahmed, Bilal Ahmed, Forizuddin Ahmed, Iram Ahmed, Irshad Ahmed, Liban Ahmed, Maria C Ahmed, Muhammad S Ahmed, Naseer Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Osama Ahmed, Rajia A Ahmed, Rizwan Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Sammiya Ahmed, Sara Ahmed, Syed H Ahmed, Roa Ahmed Ali, Sana Ahmer, Dhiraj Ail, Adam Ainsley, Mark Ainsworth, Myriam Aissa, Lucy Aitchson, Lindianne Aitken, Bini Ajay, Abdulakeem Ajibode, Ayesha Ajmi, Muhammad N Akhtar, Nasim Akhtar, Suha Akili, Oludoyinsola Akindolie, Yinka Akinfenwa, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Ibrahim Akinpelu, Umeh Akudo, Asma Al Balushi, Majd Al Dakhola, Narendra Aladangady, Sajid Alam, Abbas Al-Asadi, Kyriaki Alatzoglou, Lorraine Albon, Stephen Alcorn, Aggie Aldana, David Alderdice, Rayan Aldouri, Jonathan Aldridge, Nicolas Aldridge, Ana Alegria, Alison Alexander, John Alexander, Peter DG Alexander, Julyan Al-Fori, Bahij Al-Hakim, Shams Al-Hity, Ali Ali, Anyat Ali, Fawzia R Ali, Jawad Ali, Mariam Ali, Mohammad Ali, Oudai Ali, Sakina Ali, Syed Ali, Abid Alina, Katrin Alizaedeh, Maithem Al-Jibury, Moutaz Alkhusheh, Alison Allanson, Robert Allcock, Eireann Allen, Jonathan Allen, Kerry Allen, Louise Allen, Rebecca Allen, Sam Allen, Sharon Allen, Simon Allen, Kathryn Allison, Bethan Allman, Lynne Allsop, Christine Almadenboyle, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Magda Al-Obaidi, Lina Alomari, Akram Al-Rabahi, Bahar Al-Ramadhani, Zayneb Al-Saadi, Warkaq Al-Shamkhani, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Mary Alvarez, Maysaa Alzetani, Susan Amamou, Sakarai Ambalavanan, Sarah-Jayne Ambler, Robert Ambrogetti, Chris Ambrose, Amir Ameen, Maria R Amezaga, Allison Amin, Amina Amin, Kanish Amin, Amjad Amjad, Victoria Amosun, Khaled Amsha, Atul Anand, Samantha Anandappa, Julie Anderson, Laura Anderson, Michelle Anderson, Nicola Anderson, Rachel Anderson, Rory Anderson, Prematie Andreou, Angela Andrews, Jill Andrews, Kanayochukwu Aneke, Andrew Ang, Wan Wei Ang, Tammy Angel, Paola Angelini, Lazarus Anguvaa, Oleg Anichtchik, Millicent Anim-Somuah, Krishnan Aniruddhan, Alpha Anthony, Aaron Anthony-Pillai, Philip Antill, Zhelyazkova Antonina, Varghese Anu, Muhammad Anwar, Aristeidis Apostolopoulos, Sarah Appleby, Diane Appleyard, Bianca Araba, Angela Aramburo, Ann Archer, Denise Archer, Simon Archer, Christian Ardley, Ana-Maria Arias, Ryoki Arimoto, Charlotte Arkley, Charlotte Armah, Ilianna Armata, Adam Armitage, Ceri Armstrong, Maureen Armstrong, Sonia Armstrong, Philippa Armtrong, Heike Arndt, Clare Arnison-Newgass, David Arnold, Rachael Arnold, Dhawal Arora, Pardeep Arora, Rishi Arora, Arslam Arter, Ganesh Arunachalam, Rita Arya, Salma Asam, Denisa Asandei, Adeeba Asghar, Catherine Ashbrook-Raby, Helen Ashby, Jan Ashcroft, John Ashcroft, Ayesha Ashfaq, Abdul Ashish, Sally Ashman-Flavell, Sundar Ashok, Muhammad Z Ashraf, Saima Ashraf, Mohammad B Ashraq, Deborah Ashton, Susan Ashton, Andrew Ashworth, Rebecca Ashworth, Harshini Asogan, Julia Asplin, Atif Asrar, Omar Assaf, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Deborah Athorne, Christopher Atkins, Stacey Atkins, John Atkinson, Vicki Atkinson, Ahmed Attiq, Paula Aubrey, Suzannah August, Aye CT Aung, Hnin Aung, Kyaw Thu Aung, Nini Aung, Zaw Myo Aung, Emily Austin, Karen Austin, Miriam Avery, Joanne Avis, Cristina Avram, Paula Avram, Gabriel Awadzi, Aszad Aya, Eman Ayaz, Amanda Ayers, Vivek Ayra, Jawwad Azam, Mohammed Azharuddin, Ghazala Aziz, Ashaari Azman Shah, Giada Azzopardi, Hocine Azzoug, Nasaruilla Babajan, Fiyinfoluwa Babatunde, Melvin Babi, Babiker Babiker, Gayna Babington, Matthew Babirecki, Adetona O Babs-Osibodu, Gina Bacon, Jenny Bacon, Bibi Badal, Gurpreet R Badhan, Shreya Badhrinarayanan, Joseph Bae, Alice Baggaley, Amy Baggott, Graham Bagley, Dinesh Bagmane, Kasra Bahadori, Gayathri Baijiu, Charles Bailey, Julie Bailey, Katie Bailey, Lindsey Bailey, Liz Bailey, Morgan Bailey, Peter Bailey, Hamish Baillie, Kenneth Baillie, Jennifer Bain, Karen Bain, Becky Bainton, David Baird, Yolanda Baird, Aiysha Bajandouh, Evelyn Baker, Johanne Baker, Kenneth Baker, Pearl Baker, Hugh Bakere, Nawar Bakerly, Michelle Baker-Moffatt, Panos Bakoulas, Abhijit Bal, Niranjan Balachandran, Irvin Balagosa, Andrea Balan, Theodosios Balaskas, Madhu Balasubramaniam, Alison Balcombe, Cheryl Baldwick, Alexander Baldwin, Ashley Baldwin, Danielle Baldwin, Lisa Baldwin, Rebekah Baldwin-Jones, James Balfour, Ceri Ball, Craig Balmforth, Gabby Bambridge, Alasdair Bamford, Amy Bamford, Peter Bamford, Adefunke Bamgboye, Kasun Bamunuarachchi, Elizabeth Bancroft, Hollie Bancroft, Joyce Banda, Srini Bandi, Nageswar Bandla, Somaditya Bandyopadhyam, Ritwik Banerjee, Sandip Banerjee, Harrison Banks, Luke Banks, Daniel Banner, Oliver Bannister, Christopher Bannon, Laura Banton, Mariamma Baptist, Tanya Baqai, Ananya M Baral, Desislava Baramova, Russell Barber, Emma Barbon, Monica Barbosa, Jamie Barbour, Alexander Barclay, Charlotte Barclay, Stephanie Bareford, Shahedal Bari, Amy Barker, Debbie Barker, Joseph B Barker, Leon Barker, Oliver Barker, Kerry Barker-Williams, Sinha Barkha, Juliana Barla, Gavin Barlow, Richard Barlow, James Barnacle, Alex Barnard, Debi Barnes, Nicky Barnes, Amy Barnett, Debra Barnett, Ashton Barnett-Vanes, William Barnsley, Andrew Barr, David Barr, Shaney Barratt, Manuella Barrera, Fiona Barrett, Jessica Barrett, Jazz Bartholomew, Sarah Bartholomew, Claire Bartlett, Georgina Bartlett, Greg Barton, Jill Barton, Rachael Barton, Rosaleen Baruah, Sonia Baryschpolec, Archana Bashyal, Betsy Basker, Ayten Basoglu, Amira Bassaly, G Bassett, Bengisu Bassoy, Anupam Basumatary, Adam Bataineh, Freddie Batalla, Tristan Bate, Harry John Bateman, Kathryn Bateman, Vhairi Bateman, Eleanor Bates, Hayley Bates, Michelle Bates, Rizvan Batha, Sally Batham, Ana Batista, Amit Batla, Dushyant Batra, Harry Batty, Thomas Batty, Miranda Baum, Carina Bautista, Fatima S Bawani, Simon Bax, Matt Baxter, Nicola Baxter, Hannah Bayes, Farid Bazari, Rohit Bazaz, Ahmad Bazli, Laura Beacham, Hannah Beadle, Wendy Beadles, Philip Beak, Andy Beale, Kathy Beardsal, Jack Bearpark, Karen Beaumont, Matthew Beaumont, Dawn Beaumont-Jewell, Theresa Beaver, Sarah Beavis, Christy Beazley, Sarah Beck, Virginia Beckett, Rosie Beckitt, Heidi Beddall, Seonaid Beddows, Deborah Beeby, Michelle Beecroft, Sally Beer, Jane Beety, Gabriela Bega, Alison Begg, Susan Begg, Sara Beghini, Ayesha Begum, Safia Begum, Teresa Behan, Roya Behrouzi, Jon Beishon, Claire Beith, James Belcher, Holly Belfield, Katherine Belfield, Ajay Belgaumkar, Dina Bell, Gareth Bell, Gillian Bell, Lauren Bell, Louise Bell, Nicholas Bell, Stephanie Bell, Jennifer L Bell, Mary Bellamy, Arianna Bellini, Amanda Bellis, Fionn Bellis, Lesley Bendall, Naveena Benesh, Nicola Benetti, Leonie Benham, Guy Benison-Horner, Ann Bennett, Caroline Bennett, Gillian Bennett, Kristopher Bennett, Lorraine Bennett, Sara Bennett, Vivienne Benson, Andrew Bentley, Ian Benton, Eva Beranova, Matthew Beresford, Colin Bergin, Malin Bergstrom, Jolanta Bernatoniene, Thomas Berriman, Zoe Berry, Kimberley Best, Yvonne Beuvink, Emily Bevan, Sarah Bevins, Tom Bewick, Helen Bexhell, Andrew Bexley, Sonay Beyatli, Fenella Beynon, Arjun Bhadi, Sanjay Bhagani, Shweta Bhagat, Shiv Bhakta, Rekha Bhalla, Mahesh Bhalme, Khushpreet Bhandal, Kulbinder Bhandal, Ravina Bhanot, Prashanth Bhat, Nikhil Bhatia, Rahul Bhatnagar, Janki Bhayani, Deepika Bhojwani, Salimuzzaman Bhuiyan, Anna Bibby, Naheeda Bibi, Salma Bibi, Tihana Bicanic, Julie Bigg, Sarah Biggs, Alphonsa Biju, Andras Bikov, Sophie Billingham, Jessica Billings, Alice Binns, Oliver Bintcliffe, Catherine Birch, Janine Birch, Jenny Birch, Katherine Birchall, Sam Bird, Sumedha Bird, Mark Birt, Kilanalei Bishop, Linda Bishop, Lisa Bishop, Nibedan Biswas, Sahar Biuk, Karen Blachford, Ethel Black, Helen Black, Karen Black, Mairead Black, Polly Black, Sabrina Black, Bethan Blackledge, Joanne Blackler, Samantha Blackley, Helen Blackman, Caroline Blackstock, Francesca Blakemore, Helen Blamey, Sujata Blane, Simon Blankley, Parry Blaxill, Jane Blazeby, Natalie Blencowe, Ben Bloom, Angela Bloss, Hannah Bloxham, Louise Blundell, Susara Blunden, Mark Blunt, Ian Blyth, Kevin Blyth, Andrew Blythe, Karen Bobruk, Pritesh Bodalia, Neena Bodasing, Gabriele Boehmer, Marta Boffito, Sumit Bokhandi, Maria Bokhar, Saba Bokhari, Sakina Bokhari, Syed Owais Bokhari, Ambrose Boles, Matthew Bolton, Helena Bond, Stuart Bond, Thomas Bond, Alice Bone, Georgia Boniface, Lizzy Bonney, Joanne Borbone, Stephanie Borg, Catherine Borra, Samuel Bosompem, Liam Botfield, Fiona Bottrill, Hannah Bouattia, Laura Bough, Hayley Boughton, Zoe Boult, Miriam Bourke, Karen Bourne, Michelle Bourne, Rachel Bousefield, Lucy Boustred, Alexandra Bowes, Amy Bowes, Philip Bowker, Louise Bowman, Simon Bowman, Angie Bowring, Geetha Boyapati, Jenny Boyd, Laura Boyd, Namoi Boyle, Pauline Boyle, Rosalind Boyle, Louise Boyles, Leanna Brace, Jodie Bradder, Clare J Bradley, Pamela Bradley, Patrick Bradley, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Lynne Bradshaw, Zena Bradshaw, Rebecca Brady, Shirin Brady, Marie Branch, Emily Brandl-Salutz, Christina Branfield, Jamie Brannigan, Louise Brassington, Fiona Bray, Nancy Bray, Manny Brazil, Lucy Brear, Tracy Brear, Stephen Brearey, Morwenna Brend, Andrew Brereton, Chris Brewer, Gavin Bridgwood, Sara Brigham, John Bright, Christopher Brightling, Elaine Brinkworth, Robin Brittain-Long, Vianne Britten, Lauren Broad, Sarah Broad, Rosie Broadhurst, Andrew Broadley, Marie Broadway, Christopher Brockelsby, Megan Brocken, Tomos Brockley, Fiona Brogan, Felicity Brokke, Jacob Brolly, David Bromley, Hannah Brooke-Ball, Verity Brooker, Matthew Brookes, Alison Brooks, Kate Brooks, Nicole Brooks, Rachel Brooks, Sophie Brooks, Natalie Broomhead, Chloe Broughton, Nathaniel Broughton, Matt Brouns, Alison Brown, Carly Brown, Catrin Brown, Ellen Brown, Heather Brown, Janet Brown, Louise Brown, Niall Brown, Pauline Brown, Richard Brown, Robert Brown, Steven Brown, Tom Brown, Charlotte Browne, Duncan Browne, Rachel Browne, Stephen Brownlee, David Bruce, Johanna Bruce, Michelle Bruce, Wojciech Brudlo, Nigel Brunskill, Luke Brunton, Margaret Brunton, Jade Bryant, Mark Bryce, Maya Buch, Ruaridh Buchanan, Amanda Buck, Elizabeth Buckingham, Laura Buckley, Philip Buckley, Sarah Buckley, Carol Buckman, George Bugg, Ramadan Bujazia, Shanzay Bukhari, Richard Bulbulia, Alex Bull, Damian Bull, Rhian Bull, Thomas Bull, Sam Bullard, Naomi Bulteel, Katherine Bunclark, Roneleeh Bungue-Tuble, Caroline Burchett, Christy Burden, Thomas G Burden, Sarah Burge, Mika Burgess, Sophia Burgess, Emma Burke, Sara Burnard, Caroline Burnett, Amy Burns, Collette Burns, James Burns, Karen Burns, Daniel Burrage, Kate Burrows, Claire Burston, Ben Burton, Fiona Burton, Angus Butchart, Aaron Butler, Jo Butler, Joanne Butler, Joshua Butler, Peter Butler, Susan Butler, Al-Tahoor Butt, Caryl Butterworth, Nicola Butterworth-Cowin, Robert Buttery, Heather 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Cartwright, Claire Carty, Jaime Carungcong, Paula Carvelli, Aisling Cashell, Barbara Cassimon, Teresa Castiello, Gail Castle, Melanie Caswell, Ana Maria Catana, Heidi Cate, Susanne Cathcart, Katrina Cathie, Christine Catley, Laura Catlow, Kerry Causer, Luke Cave, Frianne Cawa, Kathryn Cawley, Philippa Cawley, Chloe Caws, Hankins Cendl, Jeva Cernova, Ed Cetti, Stephanie Chabane, Manish Chablani, Cathleen Chabo, David Chadwick, Julie Chadwick, Robert Chadwick, Ela Chakkarapani, Arup Chakraborty, Mallinath Chakraborty, Mollika Chakravorty, James Chalmers, Georgina Chamberlain, Sarah Chamberlain, Carol Chambers, Emma Chambers, Jonathan Chambers, Lucy Chambers, Naomi Chambers, Shreekant Champanerkar, Carmen Chan, Cheuk Chan, Evelyn Chan, Kimberley Chan, Ping Chan, Rebekah (Pui-Ching) Chan, Xin H Chan, Chris Chandler, Kim J Chandler, Zoe Chandler, Badrinathan Chandrasekaran, Josephine Chaplin, Graeme Chapman, John Chapman, Katie Chapman, Laura Chapman, Lianne Chapman, Polly Chapman, Timothy 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Dermody, Amisha Desai, Purav Desai, Sanjeev Deshpande, Vai Deshpande, Sirjana Devkota, Prakash Dey, Vishal Dey, Rogin Deylami, Gurlove K Dhaliwal, Kevin Dhaliwal, Sundip Dhani, Amandeep Dhanoa, Mili Dhar, Sukhjit Dhariwal, Devesh Dhasmana, Ekanjali Dhillon, Reiss Dhillon, Kayleigh Diaz-Pratt, Pamela Dicks, Matthew Dickson, Sean Dillane, Sarah Diment, Paul Dimitri, Alex Dipper, Laura Dirmantaite, Lisa Ditchfield, Sarah Diver, Nandita Divikar, Lavanya Diwakar, Masroor Diwan, Caroline Dixon, Catherine Dixon, Petr Dlouhy, Paul Dmitri, Marinela Dobranszky Oroian, Charlotte Dobson, Lee Dobson, Marie Docherty, Morven Dockery, Emma Docks, James Dodd, Jackie Dodds, Rebecca Dodds, Steve Dodds, Richi Dogra, Erin Doherty, Warren Doherty, Yumiko Doi, Iain Doig, Daniel Dolan, Mark Dolman, Rozzie Dolman, Lisa Donald, Callum Donaldson, Denise Donaldson, Kate Donaldson, Sinead Donlon, Joanne Donnachie, Christopher Donnelly, Eilish Donnelly, Emma Dooks, Andrew Dooley, Kane Dorey, Sharon Dorgan, Davinder Dosanjh, Paula Dospinescu, Andrew Dougherty, Katie Douglas, Lucy Dowden, Michelle Dower, Sud Dowling, Hayley Downe, Nicola Downer, Charlotte Downes, Rob Downes, Thomas Downes, Damian Downey, Louise Downs, Simon Dowson, Cornel Dragan, Cristina Dragos, Chelsea Drake, Victoria Drew, Olivia Drewett, Celine Driscoll, Helena Drogan, Ronald Druyeh, Simon Drysdale, Hazel Dube, Judith Dube, Stephen Duberley, Simon Dubrey, Roger Duckitt, Hayley Duckles-Leech, Nicola Duff, Helen Duffy, Lionel Dufour, Annette Duggan, Parveen Dugh, Janice Duignan, Simon Dummer, Andrew Duncan, Barrie Duncan, Christopher Duncan, Fullerton Duncan, Alessia Dunn, Damian Dunn, Laura Dunn, Karen Dunne, Fiona Dunning, Aidan Dunphy, Venkat Duraiswamy, Beatriz Duran, Ingrid DuRand, Alison Durie, Emily Durie, Laura Durrans, Hannah Durrington, Akshay Dwarakanath, Laasya Dwarakanath, Ellen Dwyer, Claudia Dyball, Harvey Dymond, Tom Dymond, Chris Eades, Melissa Earwaker, Nicholas Easom, Clare East, Jack Easton, Ruth Eatough, Oluwadamilola Ebigbola, Martin Ebon, Sinan Eccles, Chloe Eddings, Michael Eddleston, Maureen Edgar, Katharine Edgerley, Mary Edmondson, Tracy Edmunds, Alexandra Edwards, Andrea Edwards, Catherine Edwards, Joy Edwards, Kennedy Edwards, Mandy Edwards, Steven Edwards, Jenny Eedle, Dawn Egginton, Sarah Eisen, Ugochukwu Ekeowa, Mohamed Ekoi, Ayomide Ekunola, Kate El Bouzidi, Ashley Elden, Jennifer Elder, Haifa Eldew, Diana Eleanor, Maysoon Elfadil, Eman Elfar, Mayy M Elgamal, Amr Elgohary, Stellios Elia, Jennifer Elias, Tania Elias, Nadia Elkaram, Amin Elkhawad, Andrew V Elkins, Julie Ellam, Nikki Ellard, Laura Nicola Ellerton, Amy Elliott, Fiona Elliott, Kerry Elliott, Valmai Elliott, Annie Ellis, Hayley Ellis, Kaytie Ellis, Tak-Yan Ellis, Yvette Ellis, Rahma Elmahdi, Einas Elmahi, Omer Elneima, Mohamed Elokl, Ahmed Elradi, Mohamed Elsaadany, Sally El-Sayeh, Hana El-Sbahi, Tarek Elsefi, Karim El-Shakankery, Sarah Elyoussfi, Jonathan Emberson, John Emberton, Julian Emmanuel, Ingrid Emmerson, Charis Emmett, Michael Emms, Marieke Emonts, Angila Engden, Katy English, Nicola Entwistle, Hene Enyi, Ruth Erin Jones, Agota Ermenyi, Hanif Esmail, Ajmal Eusuf, Brynach Evans, Chris Evans, Debra Evans, Gail Evans, Gareth Evans, Jennifer Evans, Lynn Evans, Melanie Evans, Mim Evans, Morgan Evans, Ranoromanana Evans, Teriann Evans, Terry J Evans, Caroline Everden, Lynsey Evison, Jacqueline Faccenda, Leila Fahel, Youstina Fahmay, Sara Fairbairn, Andy Fairclough, Louise Fairlie, Anne Fajardo, Euan Falconer, John Fallon, David Faluyi, Qayyum Farah, Novin Fard, Amr Farg, Adam Farmer, Katie Farmer, Toni Farmery, Frances Farnworth, Samantha Farnworth, Faiyaz Farook, Hadia Farooq, Sidrah Farooq, Fiona Farquhar, Aaron Farrell, Barbara Farrell, James Farthing, Syeda Farzana, Rahmatu Fasina, Azam Fatemi, Mina Fatemi, Nibah Fatimah, Saul N Faust, Joe Fawke, Sinmidele Fawohunre, Alex Feben, Federico Fedel, Christopher Fegan, Mae Felongco, Lynsey Felton, Tim Felton, Kate Fenlon, Andrea Fenn, Isabelle Fenner, Ciara Fenton, Melisa Fenton, Cameron Ferguson, Jenny Ferguson, Kathryn Ferguson, Katie Ferguson, Lisa Ferguson, Susan Ferguson, Susie Ferguson, Victoria Ferguson, Denzil Fernandes, Candida Fernandez, Eduardo Fernandez, Sonia Fernandez Lopez, Ahmed Feroz, Pietro Ferranti, Thais Ferrari, Catarina Ferreira-De Almeida, Alexandra Ferrera, Emma Ferriman, Nicholas Fethers, Ben Field, Janet Field, Andra Fielding, Julie Fielding, Sarah Fielding, Asma Fikree, Sarah Ann Filson, Joanne Finch, Laurie Finch, Natalie Fineman, Adam Finn, Joanne Finn, Sofia Fiouni, Jo Fiquet, James Fisher, Neil Fisher, Daniel Fishman, Krystofer Fishwick, Marie Fisk, Jan Flaherty, Michael Flanagan, Charles Flanders, Julie Fleming, Lucy Fleming, Paul Fleming, William Flesher, Alison Fletcher, Lucy Fletcher, Sophie Fletcher, Christopher Flood, Jonathan Flor, Vincent Florence, Sharon Floyd, Adama Fofana, Georgina Fogarty, Linda Folkes, Aiwyne Foo, Andrew Foot, Jayne Foot, Jane Forbes, Kathryn Forcer, Jamie Ford, Jennifer Foreman, Caroline Fornolles, Adam Forrest, Ellie Forsey, Thomas Forshall, Elliot Forster, Julian Forton, Emily Foster, Joseph Foster, Rachel A Foster, Tracy Foster, Angela Foulds, Ian Foulds, Folakemi Fowe, Emily Fowler, Robert Fowler, Stephen Fowler, Caroline Fox, Claire Fox, Heather Fox, Jonathan Fox, Lauren Fox, Natalie Fox, Simon Fox, Sarah-Jane Foxton, Rebecca Frake, Alex Francioni, Olesya Francis, Rebecca Francis, Sarah Francis, Theodora Francis-Bacon, Victoria Francois, Sharon Frayling, Martyn Fredlund, Michael Freeborn, Carol Freeman, Elaine Freeman, Hannah Freeman, Nicola Freeman, Clare Freer, Eleanor French, Anastasia Fries, Matthew Frise, Renate Fromson, Claire Froneman, John Frost, Victoria Frost, Rachel Frowd, Arun Fryatt, Bridget Fuller, Elizabeth Fuller, Tracy Fuller, Duncan Fullerton, Sarah Funnell, John Furness, Hassina Furreed, Waqas Gaba, Elizabeth Gabbitas, Claire Gabriel, Joshua Gahir, Katarzyna Gajewska-Knapik, Christopher Gale, Hugo Gale, Swetha Gali, Bernadette Gallagher, Edith Gallagher, Jude Gallagher, William Gallagher, Catherine Galloway, Emma Galloway, Jacqui Galloway, James Galloway, Laura Gamble, Liz Gamble, Brian Gammon, Jaikumar Ganapathi, Ramesh Ganapathy, Kaminiben Gandhi, Sarah Gandhi, Usha Ganesh, Abrar Gani, Iris Garcia Deniz, Antoni D Gardener, Danielle Gardiner, Emma Gardiner, Kirsty Gardiner, Siobhan Gardiner, Caroline Gardiner-Hill, Jonathan Gardner, Mark Garfield, Atul Garg, Nathan Garlick, Lucie Garner, Zoe Garner, Rosaline Garr, Mark Garton, Florence Garty, Rachel Gascoyne, Hyeriju Gashau, Aoife Gatenby, Erin Gaughan, Alok Gaurav, Mariana Gavrila, Jane Gaylard, Emma Gaywood, Catherine Geddie, Sarah Gee, Gemma Genato, Neil Gent, Susan Gent, Natalie Geoghegan, Nithin George, Sam George, Tina George, Simon Georges, Domonique Georgiou, Leigh Gerdes, Louise Germain, Helen Gerrish, Abel Getachew, Hisham Ghanayem, Auns Ghazanfar, Anca Gherman, Alison Ghosh, Arjun Ghosh, Justin Ghosh, Sudhamay Ghosh, Sarra 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Julia Greig, Rebecca Grenfell, Teena Grenier, Susan Grevatt, Glaxy Grey, Andrew Gribbin, Ben Griffin, Denise Griffin, Mel Griffin, Sian Griffith, Andrew Griffiths, Daniel Griffiths, David Griffiths, Donna Griffiths, Isabel Griffiths, Nicola Griffiths, Oliver Griffiths, Sofia Grigoriadou, Steph Grigsby, Russell Gritton, Evelina Grobovaite, Clarissa Grondin, Rachel Groome, Liliana Grosu, Jenny Grounds, Jayne Groves, Neil Grubb, Julie Grundy, Francesca Guarino, Sharada Gudur, Shivang Gulati, Vikas Gulia, Pumali Gunasekera, Kirun Gunganah, Jessica Gunn, Emma Gunter, Alok Gupta, Atul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Richa Gupta, Tarun Gupta, Vineet Gupta, Ankur Gupta-Wright, Sambasivarao Gurram, Ishy Gurung, Shraddha Gurung, Hazel Guth, Ruth Habibi, Pamela Hackney, Christian Hacon, Aiman Haddad, Denise Hadfield, Michalis Hadjiandreou, Anna Haestier, Nauman Hafiz, Rana Hafiz-Ur-Rehman, Samantha Hagan, Jack W Hague, Rosemary Hague, Andrew Haigh, Kate Haigh, Christina Haines, Scott Hainey, Morton Hair, Brigid Hairsine, Juraj Hajnik, Anne Haldeos, Carmel Halevy, William Halford, Alistair Hall, Anthony Hall, Chloe Hall, Claire Hall, Emily Hall, Helen Hall, Jennifer Hall, Kathryn Hall, Toni Hall, Jan Hallas, Kyle Hallas, Charles Hallett, Heather Halls, Maryam Hamdollah-Zadeh, Bilal Hameed, Imran Hamid, Mohamad Hamie, Bethany Hamilton, Fergus Hamilton, Leigh Hamilton, Ruth Hamlin, Eleanor Hamlyn, Shirley Hammersley, Kate Hammerton, Bev Hammond, Leah Hammond, Rachel Hammond-Hall, Fiona Hammonds, Nidal Hammoud, Ibrahim Hamoodi, Karen Hampshire, Jude Hampson, Shi Han Lee, Ozan Hanci, James Hand, Soran Handrean, Georgina Hands, Sheharyar Hanif, Amy Hannington, Merhej Hannun, Aidan Hanrath, Jane Hanson, Kathryn Hanson, Mazhar U Haq, Ala Haqiqi, Monjurul Haque, Zoe Harding, Simon Hardman, Kumar Haresh, Rachel Harford, Beverley Hargadon, Carolyn Hargreaves, James Hargreaves, Alice Harin, Mohammed Haris, Helen Harizaj, Edward Harlock, Paula Harman, Tracy Harman, Mark Harmer, Muhammad A Haroon, Charlie H Harper, Heather Harper, Peter Harper, Rosemary Harper, Sarah Harrhy, Sian Harrington, Yasmin Harrington-Davies, Claire Harris, Jade Harris, Julie Harris, Laura Harris, Marie-Clare Harris, Nichola Harris, David Harrison, Laura Harrison, Melanie Harrison, Rowan Harrison, Susie Harrison, Tom Harrison, Wendy Harrison, Elizabeth Harrod, Ciaran Hart, Dominic Hart, Rosemary Hartley, Ruth Hartley, Tom Hartley, William Hartrey, Hans Hartung, Alice Harvey, Angela Harvey, Max Harvey, Catherine Harwood, Helen Harwood, Neda Hasan, Brigitte Haselden, Mohammed Hashimm, Imranullah Hashmi, Zena Haslam, Abdulhakim Hassan, Adil Hassan, Ali Hassan, Waqar Ul Hassan, Philip Hassell, Alex Hastings, Bethany Hastings, Jonathan Hatton, Jennifer Haugh, May Havinden-Williams, Stefan Havlik, Dan Hawcutt, Liz Hawes, Nicola Hawes, Annie Hawkins, Nancy Hawkins, Daniel Hawley, Edward Haworth, Cathy Hay, Jamal Hayat, Anne Hayes, Melony Hayes, Fiona Hayes, Antara Hayman, Melanie Hayman, Matthew Haynes, Richard Haynes, Rachel Hayre, Patrick Haywood, Tracy Hazelton, Phoebe Hazenberg, Zhengmai He, Elizabeth Headon, Carrie Heal, Brendan Healy, Amy Hearn, Angela Heath, Rowan Heath, Diane Heaton, Kerry Hebbron, Neil Hedger, Katrine Hedges, Cheryl Heeley, Elaine Heeney, Rajdeep Heire, David Helm, Ulla Hemmila, Scott Hemphill, Deborah Hemsley, Alistair Henderson, Jennifer Henderson, Steven Henderson, Joanne Henry, Karol Henry, Lavinia Henry, Margo Henry, David Henshall, Gillian Herdman, Rosaleen Herdmangrant, William Herrington, Emilia Heselden, Peta Heslop, Simon Hester, Emily Hetherington, Joseph Hetherington, Andrew Hetreed, Chamila Hettiarachchi, Gihan Hettiarachchi, Hayley Hewer, John Hewertson, Anna Hewetson, Sue Hewins, Claire Hewitt, Davina Hewitt, Richard Hewitt, Robert S Heyderman, Matthis Heydtmann, Joseph Heys, Jonathan Heywood, Meg Hibbert, Naomi Hickey, Alexander Hicks, Jenny Hicks, Scott R Hicks, Daniel Higbee, Jennifer Higgins, Lucy Higgins, Andrew Higham, Martin Highcock, Judith Highgate, Mondy Hikmat, Amanda Hill, Helen Hill, Joanne Hill, Phoebe Hill, Annette Hilldrith, Catherine Hillman-Cooper, Zoe Hilton, Alice Hindmarsh, Paul Hine, Kim Hinshaw, Clare Hird, Jemma Hives, Benson Ho, David Hobden, Gill Hobden, Maria Hobrok, Simon Hobson, Simon Hodge, Lesley Hodgen, Holly Hodgkins, Sally Hodgkinson, David Hodgson, Helen Hodgson, Luke Hodgson, Sheila Hodgson, Gemma Hodkinson, Kenneth Hodson, Matthew Hogben, Lucy Hogg, Lee Hoggett, Abigail Holborow, Becky Holbrook, Catherine Holbrook, Catherine Holden, Jill Holden, Melinda Holden, Thomas Holder, Hannah Holdsworth, Lisa Holland, Maureen Holland, Nicky Holland, Marie Hollands, Elizabeth Holliday, Nina Holling, Nigel Hollister, Laszlo Hollos, Evelyn Holmes, Megan Holmes, Raphael Holmes, Rebecca Holmes, Kelly Holroyd, Lyndsey Holt, Siobhan Holt, Alexandra Holyome, Marie Home, Kate Hong, Andrew Hood, Clare Hooper, Samantha Hope, Susan Hope, Bridget Hopkins, Peter W Horby, Stephanie Horler, Anil Hormis, Rachel Horn, Nicola Hornby, Sophie Horrocks, Latoya Horsford, Megan Horsford, Valana Horsham, Alex Horsley, Ashley Horsley, Elizabeth Horsley, Sarah Horton, Jane Hosea, Toby Hoskins, Ejaz Hossain, Muhammad S Hossain, Rashed Hossain, Maxine Hough, Sarah Hough, Kathryn Houghton, Rebecca Houlihan, Gordon Houston, Hamish Houston, Eleanor Hoverd, Roseanna Hovvels, Lee How, Laura Howaniec, Laura Howard, Linda Howard, Lucy Howard, Sarah Howard, Richard Howard-Griffin, Serena Howe, Mark Howells, Lyn Howie, Alex Howlett, Sophie Howlett, Josh Hrycaiczuk, Desmond Hsu, Hein Htet, Zaw Htet, Naing Z Htoon, Su Htwe, Ying Hu, Abby Huckle, Shahzya Huda, Alison Hudak, Lisa Hudig, Heather Hudson, Alison Hufton, Conor Huggins, Alistair Hughes, Emma Hughes, Gareth Hughes, Heather Hughes, Luke Hughes, Rachel Hughes, Rhian Hughes, Samantha Hughes, Stephen Hughes, Vikki Hughes, Wesley Hughes, Lukas Huhn, Ching Hui, Ruth Hulbert, Diana Hull, Robert Hull, Amanda Hulme, Peter Hulme, Wendy Hulse, George Hulston, Ryan Hum, Charlotte Humphrey, Alasdair Humphries, Joanne Humphries, David Hunt, Fiona Hunt, Jane Hunt, Kristen Hunt, Luke Hunt, Karl Hunter, Neil Hunter, Elizabeth Hurditch, Cian Hurley, Katrina Hurley, Mohammed A Husain, Syeda Y Husaini, Coralie Huson, Ibraar Hussain, Mohammad Hussain, Muhammad Hussain, Reda Hussain, Sajid Hussain, Samia Hussain, Sanniah Hussain, Yasmin Hussain, Mohammed Hussam El-Din, Rebecca Hussey, Christopher Hutchcroft, Camille Hutchinson, Dorothy Hutchinson, Elizabeth Hutchinson, John Hutchinson, Claire Hutsby, Paula Hutton, Daniella Hydes, Jamie Hyde-Wyatt, Niamh Hynes, Megan Hyslop, Ahmed Ibrahim, Asil Ibrahim, Kamal Ibrahim, Mohamed Ibrahim, Wadah Ibrahim, Muhammad Idrees, Hina Iftikhar, Chukwuemeka Igwe, Mohammad Ijaz, Amaju Ikomi, Clare Iles, Stamatina Iliodromiti, Lorna Ilves, La'ali Imam-Gutierrez, Christopher Imray, Haider Imtiaz, Jack Ingham, Julie Ingham, Rory Ingham, Tejas Ingle, Anne Ingram, Luke Ingram, Peter Inns, Ken Inweregbu, Andreea A Ionescu, Ana 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Sabrina Jansz, Deepa Japp, Catherine Jardine, Ellie Jarvie, Rosina Jarvis, Patrycja Jastrzebska, Hafsa Javed, Lona Jawaheer, Dinakaran Jayachandran, Deepak Jayaram, Geeshath Jayasekera, Lalith Jayasekera, Saman Jeddi, Mohammad S Jeelani, Katie Jeffery, Rachel Jeffrey, Nathan Jeffreys, Benjamin Jeffs, Debbie Jegede, Taylor Jemima, Ifan Jenkin, Alison Jenkins, David Jenkins, Elinor Jenkins, Sarah Jenkins, Sian Jenkins, Stephen Jenkins, Edward Jenner, David Jennings, Jacqui Jennings, Louise Jennings, Virginia Jennings, Ellen Jerome, Douglas Jerry, Ellen Jessup-Dunton, Jorge A Jesus Silva, Kishan Jethwa, Abi Jeyabalan, Akhilesh Jha, Shaman Jhanji, Khoo Jian, Zhixin Jiao, Ana Jimenez Gil, Jithin Jith, Teishel Joefield, Navraj Johal, Karine Johannessen, Aisyah Johari, Annie John, Anu John, Emma Johns, Margaret Johns, Antoinette Johnson, Gillian Johnson, Kathryn Johnson, Luke Johnson, Mark Johnson, Claire Johnston, Janet Johnston, Susan Johnston, Victoria Johnston, Dawn Johnstone, Ed 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Caroline V Williams, Claire Williams, Dewi Williams, Felicity Williams, Gail Williams, Hannah Williams, James Williams, Jennie Williams, John Williams, Joseph JR Williams, Karen Williams, Kathryn Williams, Marie Williams, Matthew Williams, Patricia Williams, Penny Williams, Samson Williams, Sarah Williams, Sophie Williams, Tamanna Williams, Annie Williamson, Cath Williamson, Catherine Williamson, Dawn Williamson, James D Williamson, Elizabeth Willis, Emily Willis, Heather Willis, Herika Willis, Joanna Willis, Louise Wills, Lucy Willsher, Francesca Willson, Alison Wilson, Andrea Wilson, Antoinette Wilson, Debbie Wilson, James Wilson, Kate Wilson, Lucinda Wilson, Mark Wilson, Toni Wilson, Tim Wilson, Marlar Win, Tin T Win, Lucinda Winckworth, Laura Winder, Piers Winder, Nicola Window, Simon Winn, Carmen Winpenny, Helen Winslow, Martin Winstanley, Helen Winter, Jonathan Winter, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, Stephen Wisdom, Martin Wiselka, Sophie Wiseman, Steven Wishart, Eric Witele, Nicholas Withers, Janet Wittes, Donna Wixted, Nicola Wolff, Kirsten Wolffsohn, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Elena Wolodimeroff, Chi-Hung Wong, Edwin Wong, Jessica SY Wong, Kit Y Wong, Nick Wong, Sam Wong, Caroline Wood, Dianne Wood, Fiona Wood, Hannah Wood, Jennifer Wood, Joe Wood, Lisa Wood, Louise Wood, Michelle Wood, Stephen Wood, Tracy Wood, Katharine Woodall, Rebecca Woodfield, Christopher Woodford, Jill Woodford, Louise Woodhead, Timothy Woodhead, Philip Woodland, Marc Woodman, Jane Woods, Katherine Woods, Sarah Woods, Elizabeth Woodward, Zoe Woodward, Megan Woolcock, Gemma Wooldridge, Rebecca Woolf, Chris Woollard, Louisa Woollen, Emma Woolley, Jade Woolley, Daniel Woosey, Dan Wootton, Joanne Wootton, Stephy Worton, Jonathan Wraight, Lynn Wren, Caroline Wrey Brown, Demi Wright, Francesca Wright, Imogen Wright, Lianne Wright, Rachel Wright, Caroline Wroe, Henry Wu, Peishan Wu, Pensee Wu, Johnathan Wubetu, Retno Wulandari, Kim Wyness, Frederick Wyn-Griffiths, Inez Wynter, Bindhu Xavier, Zhongyang Xia, Masseh Yakubi, May Yan, Michael Yanney, Salima Yasmin, Bryan Yates, David Yates, Edward Yates, Helen Yates, Mark Yates, Charlotte Yearwood Martin, Khin Yein, Robert Yellon, Fiona Yelnoorkar, Peter Yew, Kawai Yip, Laura Ylquimiche Melly, Inez Ynter, Cissy Yong, Jemma Yorke, Abdel Younes Ibrahim, Gail Young, Louise Young, Sajeda Youssouf, Ahmed Yousuf, Chrissie Yu, Bernard Yung, Daniel Yusef, Anna-Sophia Zafar, Silvia Zagalo, Su Zaher, Kareem Zaki, Nabhan Zakir, Kasia Zalewska, Ane Zamalloa, Mohsin Zaman, Shakir Zaman, Julie Zamikula, Louise Zammit, Marie Zammit-Mangion, Ausra Zdanaviciene, Esther Zebracki, Daniel Zehnder, Lisa Zeidan, Xiaobei Zhao, Dongling Zheng, Jane Zhixin, Doreen Zhu, Madiha Zia, Omar Zibdeh, Rabia Zill-E-Huma, Ei T Zin, Vivian Zinyemba, Christos Zipitis, Arkadiusz Zmierczak, Azam Zubir, Naz Zuhra, Rasha Zulaikha, Carol Zullo, Ana Zuriaga-Alvaro, National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, Horby, PW, Roddick, A, Spata, E, Staplin, N, Emberson, JR, Pessoa-Amorim, G, Peto, L, Day, J, Thwaites, G, Mafham, M, Haynes, R, and Landray, MJ
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_treatment, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Azithromycin, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/humanitarian_conflict_response_institute, Rate ratio, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Oxygen therapy, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hospital Mortality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, azithromycin, education.field_of_study, Covid19, clinical trial, General Medicine, 3rd-DAS, Middle Aged, Hospitalization, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome, Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.medical_specialty, RM, Population, COVID-19/drug therapy, Azithromycin/therapeutic use, 03 medical and health sciences, Pharmacotherapy, Tocilizumab, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, education, Survival rate, Mechanical ventilation, Science & Technology, business.industry, COVID-19, NIS, Length of Stay, R1, United Kingdom, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RECOVERY Collaborative Group, chemistry, Relative risk, business, RA, Anaesthesia Pain and Critical Care
Abstract: The RECOVERY trial is supported by a grant to the University of Oxford from UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and NIHR (MC_PC_19056) and by core funding provided by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Department for International Development, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. TJ is supported by a grant from UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_0002/14) and an NIHR Senior Research Fellowship (NIHR-SRF-2015-08-001). WSL is supported by core funding provided by NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre. Background: Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatory actions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once per day by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatment groups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment and were twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants and local study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to the outcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. Findings: Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) were eligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was 65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomly allocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall, 561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median 10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days (rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98-1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, no significant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87-1·03; p=0·24). Interpretation: In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restricted to patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication. Publisher PDF
Published: 2021
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39. The relationship between overactive bladder and prostate cancer: A scoping review

Author: Asher Khan, R. Trafford Crump, Kevin V. Carlson, and Richard Baverstock
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, Exacerbation, business.industry, Prostatectomy, Urology, Incidence (epidemiology), medicine.medical_treatment, Population, MEDLINE, Review, urologic and male genital diseases, medicine.disease, humanities, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, Prostate cancer, Oncology, Overactive bladder, Lower urinary tract symptoms, Internal medicine, medicine, business, education
Abstract: Introduction: The relationship between prostate cancer (PCa) and overactive bladder (OAB) is poorly understood. PCa and OAB are frequently diagnosed in elderly populations, so it could be expected that both conditions would be observed in older patients. Whether PCa and OAB occur independently with age, or the presence of PCa leads to the onset of OAB/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has not been explored. This review aimed to investigate whether men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) are more likely to have overactive bladder (OAB) compared to the general population, and if the various treatment modalities for PCa are likely to impact the incidence or exacerbation of OAB. Methods: The University of Calgary’s databases for Medline and PubMed were searched for relevant publications. No restrictions were placed on the study design reported. Any publications reporting OAB and a PCa diagnosis and/or observation relating to PCa diagnosis and rates of OAB/LUTS in an adult population were included for full review. Results: Of the studies examining the relationship between PCa and LUTS, results varied, but frequently indicated an inverse association between PCa and LUTS in which patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer were more unlikely to have LUTS compared to the general population. Following treatment, brachytherapy resulted in a higher prevalence of OAB symptoms compared to surgical treatment and external beam radiation therapy. Conclusions: Diverse evidence was found regarding the relationship between the prevalence of pre-treatment OAB and PCa diagnosis. However, limited evidence, as well as uncertainty regarding pre-treatment symptoms and their impact on post-treatment outcomes, restricts potential conclusions.
Published: 2021
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40. Feed them the facts: a refresher on the feed process for cattle that you can take to your customers and consumers

Author: Trafford, Jeff
Subjects: Livestock industry -- International economic relations, Business, Food and beverage industries
Abstract: 'Now, what I want is Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. You can [...]
Published: 2015

41. More Than Just Assistive Devices: How a South African Social Enterprise Supports an Environment of Inclusion

Author: Shona McDonald, Leslie Swartz, Margi Linegar, Zara Trafford, and Erna van der Westhuizen
Subjects: Adult, 030506 rehabilitation, Service (systems architecture), low-resource settings, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, lcsh:Medicine, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life (healthcare), Assistive technology, Situated, Limited capacity, assistive devices, participation, Humans, Disabled Persons, 030212 general & internal medicine, childhood disability, Child, Social enterprise, Government, business.industry, lcsh:R, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Social Support, Public relations, Self-Help Devices, Disabled Children, inclusion, Africa, Quality of Life, Business, 0305 other medical science, Inclusion (education)
Abstract: Appropriate assistive technology has the potential to considerably enhance quality of life, access to health and education, and social and economic participation for people with disabilities. Most disabled people in the world live in low- and middle-income countries where access to assistive devices and other support is severely lacking. There is little evidence that describes contextually relevant approaches to meeting these needs, particularly in African countries. We provide a detailed description of a South African organisation which has manufactured mobility and seating devices for children with disabilities since 1992. The Shonaquip Social Enterprise (SSE) also trains and builds capacity among a wide range of stakeholders (caregivers, health workers, educators, government, and communities) to acknowledge and advocate for the wellbeing of disabled children and adults, and works closely with government to strengthen existing service provisions. Using examples from the SSE, we highlight a number of useful principles to consider when trying to provide for the needs of people with disabilities, particularly in low-resource settings. While access to assistive devices is important, devices have limited capacity to improve participation if the broader environment is overly restrictive and stigmatising. Improved access to devices ought to be situated within a range of broader efforts to increase the inclusion and participation of people with disabilities.
Published: 2021

42. Measuring the impact of delayed access to elective cholecystectomy through patient’s cost-utility: an observational cohort study

Author: Guiping Liu, Trafford Crump, Jason M. Sutherland, Carmela Melina Albanese, and Ahmer A. Karimuddin
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Canada, medicine.medical_treatment, Health Status, cholecystectomy, Comorbidity, Preoperative care, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life, quality adjusted life year, Medicine, Humans, AcademicSubjects/MED00860, 030212 general & internal medicine, Original Research Article, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Elective surgery, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, 030503 health policy & services, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Age Factors, COVID-19, Retrospective cohort study, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Quality-adjusted life year, EQ-5D(3L), delayed surgery, Elective Surgical Procedures, Emergency medicine, Quality of Life, Cholecystectomy, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Health Expenditures, 0305 other medical science, business, Elective Surgical Procedure, Cohort study
Abstract: Background Deferral of surgeries due to COVID-19 has negatively affected access to elective surgery and may have deleterious consequences for patient’s health. Delays in access to elective surgery are not uniform in their impact on patients with different attributes. The objective of this study is to measure the change in patient’s cost utility due to delayed elective cholecystectomy. Methods This study is based on retrospective analysis of a longitudinal sample of participants who have had elective cholecystectomy and completed the EQ-5D(3L) measuring health status preoperatively and postoperatively. Emergent cases were excluded. Patients younger than 19 years of age, unable to communicate in English or residing in a long-term care facility were ineligible. Quality-adjusted life years attributable to cholecystectomy were calculated by comparing health state utility values between the pre- and postoperative time points. The loss in quality-adjusted life years due to delayed access was calculated under four assumed scenarios regarding the length of the delay. The mean cost per quality-adjusted life years are shown for the overall sample and by sex and age categories. Results Among the 646 eligible patients, 30.1% of participants (N = 195) completed their preoperative and postoperative EQ-5D(3L). A delay of 12 months resulted in a mean loss of 6.4%, or 0.117, of the quality-adjusted life years expected without the delay. Among patients older than 70 years of age, a 12-month delay in their surgery corresponded with a 25.1% increase in the cost per quality-adjusted life years, from $10 758 to $13 463. Conclusions There is a need to focus on minimizing loss of quality of life for patients affected by delayed surgeries. Faced with equal delayed access to elective surgery, triage may need to prioritize older patients to maximize their health over their remaining life years.
Published: 2021

43. Nata vimpi curmi da: Dead Languages and Primordial Nationalisms in Folk Metal Music

Author: Simon Trafford
Subjects: Literature, Modern English, History, Celtic languages, business.industry, Vernacular, Lyrics, language.human_language, Popular music, Old Norse, language, Singing, business, Period (music)
Abstract: Folk metal is an immensely varied genre but an interest in the past in general, and the remote barbarian past, in particular, is a universal and defining characteristic. Performers evoke history in a number of ways, including musical sound, visual imagery, and lyrical subject matter, but the most emphatic tactic adopted (albeit by a minority of bands) is by the use of lyrics in dead languages (defined as those with no speakers for whom they are a mother tongue). Europe has many of these, of which much the most prestigious is Latin; folk metal bands, however, tend to use one or other of the vernacular languages, invariably that spoken during the earliest and formative period of their own national group. This practice of singing in dead languages originated in 1994 with the Norwegian band Enslaved, in a period in which extreme metal bands were self-consciously rejecting English – pop music's dominant tongue – in an attempt to distance themselves from what they saw as inauthentic neo-liberal Anglo-American cultural hegemony. From its beginnings, it had strongly patriotic and nationalistic overtones but it is argued that the ancient texts from which lyrics are taken also acquire a quasi-religious character for listeners, not least because of the occulted and numinous air imparted by the opaqueness of the language. The acts that have most often composed lyrics in dead languages have been Scandinavian – singing in Old Norse – but the most popular act that currently engages in it is Eluveitie, from Switzerland, who, whilst mostly performing in modern English, include at least one song on every album in reconstructed ‘Gaulish’. This linguistic strategy is at once a means of locating Eluveitie within the ‘code’ of folk metal, a method of acquiring the sub-cultural capital associated with ‘authenticity’, and an opportunity to align themselves with internationally-familiar and popular ‘Celtic’ identity and sensibilities.
Published: 2020
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44. Postnatal Enalapril to Improve Cardiovascular Function Following Preterm Preeclampsia (PICk-UP):: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Feasibility Trial

Author: Heather Glossop, Matthew Luckie, Jenny Myers, Suzanne Higson, Andrew W. Trafford, Stephen A Roberts, Elizabeth Cottrell, Laura Ormesher, and Edward D. Johnstone
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Randomization, Diastole, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Blood Pressure, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Placebo, Ventricular Function, Left, Preeclampsia, law.invention, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Double-Blind Method, Enalapril, Pre-Eclampsia, law, Pregnancy, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Ventricular remodeling, business.industry, Hemodynamics, Infant, Newborn, Exanthema, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Treatment Outcome, Cough, Echocardiography, Vascular resistance, Cardiology, Feasibility Studies, Female, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Hypertensive disease in pregnancy is associated with future cardiovascular disease and, therefore, provides an opportunity to identify women who could benefit from targeted interventions aimed at reducing cardiovascular morbidity. This study focused on the highest-risk group, women with preterm preeclampsia, who have an 8-fold risk of death from future cardiovascular disease. We performed a single-center feasibility randomized controlled trial of 6 months’ treatment with enalapril to improve postnatal cardiovascular function. Echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements were performed at baseline (P =0.59) or systolic function (global longitudinal strain: P =0.14) between groups at 6 months. However, women treated with enalapril had echocardiographic measurements consistent with improved diastolic function (E/E′[the ratio of early mitral inflow velocity and early mitral annular diastolic velocity]: P =0.04) and left ventricular remodeling (relative wall thickness: P =0.01; left ventricular mass index: P =0.03) at 6 months, compared with placebo. Urinary enalapril was detectable in 85% and 63% of women in the enalapril arm at 6 weeks and 6 months, respectively. All women responded positively to taking enalapril in the future. Our study confirmed acceptability and feasibility of the study protocol with a recruitment to completion rate of 2.2 women per month. Importantly, postnatal enalapril treatment was associated with improved echocardiographic measurements; these early improvements have the potential to reduce long-term cardiovascular disease risk. A definitive, multicenter randomized controlled trial is now required to confirm these findings. Registration— URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03466333.
Published: 2020
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45. Addressing the mental health of Canadians waiting for elective surgery: a potential positive post-pandemic legacy

Author: Eric Cadesky, Jason M. Sutherland, Trafford Crump, and Sam M. Wiseman
Subjects: Canada, Time Factors, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Waiting Lists, Pneumonia, Viral, MEDLINE, Health Services Accessibility, Time-to-Treatment, Betacoronavirus, Pandemic, Preoperative Care, medicine, Humans, Stepped care, Elective surgery, Pandemics, Infection Control, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Physical health, COVID-19, medicine.disease, Mental health, Mental Health, Elective Surgical Procedures, Commentary, Surgery, Medical emergency, business, Coronavirus Infections, Healthcare system
Abstract: SUMMARY The impact of waiting for surgery on the mental health of patients usually receives little attention. Because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the waits for elective surgery have been lengthening, potentially inducing or exacerbating mental health burdens. Provinces' health systems need to provide better support to assess not only patients' physical health, but also their mental health, and provide them with timely access to care based on need. A stepped care approach is needed to mitigate negative mental health effects associated with prolonged waits for elective operations. To provide the best care possible, we need to recognize and address both the physical and mental health problems of our waiting patients.
Published: 2020

46. The effect of active surveillance on patient-reported erectile and urinary function. Results of the Movember Foundation’s GAP3 cohort

Author: Jozien Helleman, Sebastiaan Remmers, Daan Nieboer, M. Van Hemelrijck, Trafford Crump, Monique J. Roobol, and Lionne D.F. Venderbos
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Urology, Cohort, Medicine, Foundation (evidence), business, Urinary function, lcsh:Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, lcsh:RC870-923, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, lcsh:RC254-282
Published: 2020

47. Non-ischemic Heart Preservation via Hypothermic Cardioplegic Perfusion Induces Immunodepletion of Donor Hearts Resulting in Diminished Graft Infiltration Following Transplantation

Author: Andrew W. Trafford, Guangqi Qin, Stig Steen, Ivar Risnes, John P Stone, William R. Critchley, Trygve Sjöberg, Qiuming Liao, James E. Fildes, and Helge Scott
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Graft Rejection, Chemokine, Pathology, Swine, medicine.medical_treatment, Apoptosis, heart transplantation, acute rejection, Leukocyte Count, 0302 clinical medicine, heart preservation, Leukocytes, Immunology and Allergy, Original Research, Heart transplantation, biology, Graft Survival, Heart, Organ Preservation, Immunohistochemistry, Tissue Donors, Perfusion, Reperfusion Injury, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, hypothermic cardioplegic ex vivo heart perfusion, Infiltration (medical), Cell-Free Nucleic Acids, lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, medicine.medical_specialty, passenger leukocytes, Immunology, Heart preservation, Cold storage, Lymphocyte Depletion, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Cryopreservation, business.industry, Myocardium, medicine.disease, Transplantation, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, business, lcsh:RC581-607, Ex vivo, Biomarkers, 030215 immunology
Abstract: Introduction: Many donor organs contain significant leukocyte reservoirs which upon transplantation activate recipient leukocytes to initiate acute rejection. We aimed to assess whether non-ischemic heart preservation via ex vivo perfusion promotes immunodepletion and alters the inflammatory status of the donor organ prior to transplantation.Methods: Isolated porcine hearts underwent ex vivo hypothermic, cardioplegic perfusion for 8 h. Leukocyte populations were quantified in left ventricle samples by flow cytometry. Cell-free DNA, cytokines, and chemokines were quantified in the perfusate. Tissue integrity was profiled by targeted proteomics and a histological assessment was performed. Heterotopic transplants comparing ex vivo hypothermic preservation and static cold storage were utilized to assess graft infiltration as a solid clinical endpoint.Results: Ex vivo perfusion significantly immunodepleted myocardial tissue. The perfusate displayed a selective, pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine pattern dominated by IFN-γ. The tissue molecular profile was improved following perfusion by diminished expression of nine pro-apoptotic and six ischemia-associated proteins. Histologically, no evidence of tissue damage was observed and cardiac troponin I was low throughout perfusion. Cell-free DNA was detected, the source of which may be necrotic/apoptotic leukocytes. Post-transplant graft infiltration was markedly reduced in terms of both leucocyte distribution and intensity of foci.Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that ex vivo perfusion significantly reduced donor heart immunogenicity via loss of resident leukocytes. Despite the pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern observed, a pro-survival and reduced ischemia-related profile was observed, indicating an improvement in graft viability by perfusion. Diminished graft infiltration was observed in perfused hearts compared with those preserved by static cold storage following 48 h of transplantation.
Published: 2020
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48. Mechanistic insights into ventricular arrhythmogenesis of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19

Author: Yimei Du, Hannali Flores, Xinying Ji, Chieh-Ju Lu, Andrew W. Trafford, Guoliang Hao, Xiaohui Tian, Gongxin Wang, Henggui Zhang, Lin Wu, Luxi Wamg, Yanfang Xu, Herring Neil, David J. Paterson, Yanhong Niu, Christopher L.-H. Huang, Kevin Zhang, Dan Li, Ming Lei, and Piotr Maj
Subjects: Proarrhythmia, Electrical alternans, Action potential, biology, business.industry, Chemistry, hERG, Hydroxychloroquine, Pharmacology, medicine.disease, QT interval, QRS complex, Electrophysiology, Therapeutic index, medicine, biology.protein, business, Intracellular, medicine.drug
Abstract: AimsWe investigate mechanisms for potential pro-arrhythmic effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) alone, or combined with azithromycin (AZM), in Covid-19 management supplementing the limited available experimental cardiac safety data.MethodsWe integrated patch-clamp studies utilizing In Vitro ProArrhythmia Assay (CiPA) Schema IC50 paradigms, molecular modelling, cardiac multi-electrode array and voltage (RH237) mapping, ECG studies, and Ca2+ (Rhod-2 AM) mapping in isolated Langendorff-perfused guinea-pig hearts with human in-silico ion current modelling.ResultsHCQ blocked IKr and IK1 with IC50s (10±0.6 and 34±5.0 μM) within clinical therapeutic ranges, INa and ICaL at higher IC50s, leaving Ito and IKs unaffected. AZM produced minor inhibition of INa, ICaL, IKs, and IKr,, sparing IK1 and Ito. HCQ+AZM combined inhibited IKr and IK1 with IC50s of 7.7±0.8 μM and 30.4±3.0 μM, sparing INa, ICaL and Ito. Molecular modelling confirmed potential HCQ binding to hERG. HCQ slowed heart rate and ventricular conduction. It prolonged PR, QRS and QT intervals, and caused prolonged, more heterogeneous, action potential durations and intracellular Ca2+ transients. These effects were accentuated with combined HCQ+AZM treatment, which then elicited electrical alternans, re-entrant circuits and wave break. Modelling studies attributed these to integrated HCQ and AZM actions reducing IKr and IK1, thence altering cell Ca2+ homeostasis.ConclusionsCombined HCQ+AZM treatment exerts pro-arrhythmic ventricular events by synergetically inhibiting IKr, IKs with resulting effects on cellular Ca2+ signalling, and action potential propagation and duration. These findings provide an electrophysiological basis for recent FDA cardiac safety guidelines cautioning against combining HCQ/AZM when treating Covid-19.
Published: 2020
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49. P939Identifying predictive electrocardiographic features for ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction in an ovine model

Author: B C Niort, C Pius, Christian Pinali, Andrew W. Trafford, and Katharine M. Dibb
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Ventricular fibrillation, Cardiology, Medicine, Myocardial infarction, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.disease
Abstract: Funding Acknowledgements British Heart Foundation Introduction Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of mortality with complications such as left ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias. Despite the well characterized clinical characteristics of MI, little is known about the cellular remodeling that occurs. Altered calcium (Ca2+) handling in disease can give rise to Ca2+ waves resulting in a transient inward current via the Na+- Ca2+ exchanger. Under certain conditions this causes membrane depolarization and potentially triggered arrhythmias. Since abnormal intracellular Ca2+ handling leads to both dysfunction and arrhythmias, an ovine MI model was established to simultaneously investigate cellular and in vivo alterations that occur post-MI. Methods: Young female sheep (∼18 months) were randomly allocated as control or for MI induction surgery. A minimally invasive technique was used to create the infarct by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery. Electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded at intervals. At 8 weeks, ventricular cells were isolated from the infarct border zone (BZ) and loaded with a Ca2+ indicator to study the systolic calcium transient, calcium sparks and occurrence of calcium waves. Statistical significance was taken as p
Published: 2020
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50. P935Can we predict the occurrence of persistent atrial fibrillation in large animal models to improve study efficiency?

Author: Charles M. Pearman, George W.P. Madders, Charlotte E.R. Smith, Nathan Denham, Katharine M. Dibb, and Andrew W. Trafford
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Persistent atrial fibrillation, medicine, Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Large animal
Abstract: Funding Acknowledgements British Heart Foundation Project Grant FS/17/54/33126 Background A key consideration when using animals in research is maximising experimental efficiency to minimise the number of animals required. Large animal models have proven an invaluable tool for establishing pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning atrial fibrillation (AF) and testing novel therapeutics, however animals may be resistant to developing the arrhythmias required. While the relationships between atrial refractory periods, conduction velocity, surface area, and vulnerability to fibrillation have been established in clinical practice, these parameters are not regularly used to design animal studies of persistent AF (PsAF). Purpose We investigated whether routinely collected baseline parameters could be used to improve experimental efficiency in an ovine model, by predicting the development of PsAF as opposed to arrhythmia resistance. The aims were to: reduce the number of animals used in future studies, and avoid prolonged experiments in animals likely to be resistant to AF. Methods All procedures were conducted with respect to the Animals [Scientific Procedures] Act, UK, 1986; and were approved by the local ethical review board. The ovine model consisted of healthy adult Welsh mountain sheep that underwent implantation of a neurostimulator connected via an endocardial pacing lead to the right atrial appendage. The device was programmed to deliver intermittent 30 second bursts of 50Hz and sheep were monitored over an eight week period for PsAF. Eight variables were collected at time of implant including weight (kg), left atrial diameter (LAD; cm), P wave duration (msec), PR interval (msec), atrial effective refractory period (ERP; msec), atrial conduction velocity (CV; m/s), AF inducibility with 50Hz bursts (secs), and rate threshold of atrial action potential alternans (msec). Analysis of the data was performed using multiple logistic regression and receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Regression coefficients are presented as natural logarithm of odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Seventeen sheep were included in this study. Five (29%) developed PsAF whereas twelve (71%) were resistant (non-sustained or no AF). Univariate analysis found none of the parameters alone could predict PsAF, however ERP (OR -0.05, CI -.01 to 0.01, p = 0.089) and LAD (OR 8.1, CI -1.6 to 17.5, p = 0.095) suggested a combination may be predictive. A multivariate analysis using Fibrillation number (calculated as LAD / [ERP X CV]) was predictive (OR 26.9, CI 1.1 to 52.7; p = 0.04], with an area under ROC curve of 0.85 (p = 0.027). Conclusions Fibrillation number can predict the development of PsAF in healthy sheep. Practically speaking, this means animals with: a larger LAD, shorter ERP and slower CV are more likely to develop PsAF. These findings can be used to optimise the design of future studies, particularly by reducing the number of animals required.
Published: 2020
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