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Foreign trade has a substantial impact on economic welfare and various economic indicators, including growth and consumer welfare. The primary objective of this research is to examine and explicate the impact of foreign trade on economic welfare in Iran. For this aim, the research model was estimated in two forms using a distributed lag autoregressive approach from 1973 to 2022. In addition to exports and imports, the economic openness index was used to measure foreign trade, and a composite welfare index was employed to calculate economic welfare. The results of this study according to the two indexes of international trade, indicate that a positive impact of the international trade on the welfare, and the favorable effect of exports on welfare is considerably higher than the favorable influence of imports. The terms of trade as a percentage of GDP, oil and gas exports, and real GDP per capita have a positive effect on welfare, whereas inflation mitigates the welfare. According to the findings, while emphasizing the curbing of inflation and implementing strategies to improve the business environment, such as boosting non-oil exports, attracting foreign investment, removing non-tariff barriers, and stabilizing exchange rates, it is recommended that export policies should be given a higher priority compared to import ones to enhance economic welfare.Foreign trade has a substantial impact on economic welfare and various economic indicators, including growth and consumer welfare. The primary objective of this research is to examine and explicate the impact of foreign trade on economic welfare in Iran. For this aim, the research model was estimated in two forms using a distributed lag autoregressive approach from 1973 to 2022. In addition to exports and imports, the economic openness index was used to measure foreign trade, and a composite welfare index was employed to calculate economic welfare. The results of this study according to the two indexes of international trade, indicate that a positive impact of the international trade on the welfare, and the favorable effect of exports on welfare is considerably higher than the favorable influence of imports. The terms of trade as a percentage of GDP, oil and gas exports, and real GDP per capita have a positive effect on welfare, whereas inflation mitigates the welfare. According to the findings, while emphasizing the curbing of inflation and implementing strategies to improve the business environment, such as boosting non-oil exports, attracting foreign investment, removing non-tariff barriers, and stabilizing exchange rates, it is recommended that export policies should be given a higher priority compared to import ones to enhance economic welfare.

This study aims to establish a connection between Russian-Ukraine’s current state of affairs and its impact on trade in the European Union and East Asia-Pacific (EAP) regions. Russia- Ukraine conflict impacts EU and EAP trade openness due to rising military spending. Further, escalating sanctions against Russia would negatively affect trade in these regions. War media coverage may cause temporary trade decline in EU and EAP, but recovery expected in the long run. EU imports and exports flow would be significantly disrupted by conflict, irrespective of country’s financial situation. Study findings can aid policymakers in assessing trade threats and developing mitigation strategies.

The present work starts from the finding that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing our lives. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the economic field has experienced an extremely rapid transformation, in the trade activity being obviously visible from production and logistics, to financial services and customer relations. Since predictions show that, by the beginning of the next decade, the transition to Artificial Intelligence could become a major engine of global prosperity, in this context, the paper aims to highlight the conceptual framework, the advantages, but also the risks associated with the integration. of AI technologies in trading companies, considering that many traders and investors are adopting this technology to improve their trading strategies.

In the era of rapid technological progress, the influence of dizitalization on different aspects of international economic activity can’t be overstated. The aim of this article is to conduct a comprehensive comparative study of digitalization’s impact on global goods and services markets, with a specific focus on advanced and developing economies using multiple linear regression. The research methodology involved comprehensive data collection for 35-38 advanced economies and 52-66 developing economies depending on the availability of data. The analysis included depended variables (18 export and import goods sectors and 18 export and import services), independent variables (digitalization, consisting of ICT deployment, ICT export and import, ICT investment variables), control variables such as GDP growth, CPI, trade openness, exchange rate and political stability. The findings demonstrate the ICT infrastructure and ICT exports positive impact on export of technology-intensive goods, such as ores and metals, machinery and equipment, and tools and devices in advanced economies. Digitalization’s positive impact on trade in goods appeared weaker in developing economies, potentially due to lower levels of ICT adoption or differing export focuses. ICT export has positive impact on financial services imports, indicating a reliance on imported financial services while exporting ICT capabilities. The model shows a high success rate depending on variables. The study highlights digitalization’s varied impact on advanced and developing economies, emphasizing its importance for trade, competitiveness and policymakers in the global market.

Free trade agreements contribute to regional development, further liberalization of foreign trade exchange and harmonization of trade rules with international standards. CEFTA, as an agreement on free trade of the countries of Southeast Europe, aims to ensure liberalization and facilitate trade conditions in the region by removing numerous barriers between member countries, while each of them implements an independent foreign trade policy. It includes very important areas such as: trade in goods and services, investments, public procurement, protection of intellectual property, etc. This agreement signifies a significant step toward enhancing cooperation and integration within the Southeast European region. However, establishing a legislative framework is just one aspect of a broader process; the utilization of opportunities depends on the efforts of signatory countries. Following the European Union, CEFTA signatory countries are critical foreign trade partners for the Republic of Serbia, consistently resulting in a positive trade balance. Sustaining this positive trend is of great importance. The aim of this paper is to point out the main aspects of this exchange, as well as to emphasize the additional efforts that must be made in order to improve the structure of trade exchange, i.e. to increase the participation of products with a higher degree of processing and added value.

This study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing the gravity model and FMOLS estimation, to examine how economic sanctions affect the trade relationship between Iran and Nigeria. Additionally, it explores the influence of factors such as GDP, exchange rate, strong sanctions, and weak sanctions. By doing so, this research contributes to the existing knowledge on bilateral trade between these two nations and provides valuable insights into areas that require attention for fostering trade development between them. The research findings reveal that in the bilateral trade relationship between Iran and Nigeria, there exists a positive correlation between GDP and weak sanctions (LIM) with trade. An increase of 1% in GDP leads to a 7.79% increase in trade, while a 1% increase in weak sanctions contributes to a 3.91% increase in trade. Conversely, strong sanctions and exchange rate have a negative impact on trade, with a 1% increment in strong sanctions resulting in a 1.18% decrease in trade, and a 1% increment in exchange rate leading to a 1.96% decrease in trade.

The paper is mainly aimed at identifying the sources of total factor productivity (TFP) growth within the framework of convergence for the Republic of Srpska (RSRP). The main research question is what it is that drives technological progress for a small transition country. The current study focuses on the RSRP, as the follower, and the Republic of Serbia (RSRB), as the technological leader. The analysis carried out in this research study confirms the presence of convergence at the industry level, which means that the farther away from the technological frontier a country is, the higher the TFP growth rate. The research results enable policymakers to design and implement policies capable of enhancing domestic development and increase productivity growth.

This study aims to analyze the business cycle synchronization (BCS) between Indonesia and 14 Middle Eastern countries and its determinants. The BCS was measured using BCS Index. The panel data was analysed using Feasible General Least Square with estimated coefficients. The results show that the Indonesia-Middle East BCS is strong in terms of index and trend. Trade openness positively and significantly affects the BCS. This study provides evidence for the endogeneity of trade relations and the BCS. Price factors, such as inflation and exchange rates, are more difficult to forecast. This information allows stakeholders to promote Indonesia’s open trade policies and liberalization in the Middle East. This study proposes an update for how Indonesia and Middle East have benefited from the openness of trade and investment that exists between them. The BCS indices and trends in the two regions are important sources for expanding their economic partnership. JEL: E32, F13, N95, C33.

The article emphasizes the relevance of the formation and implementation of the State policy of ensuring structural changes and institutional reforms in the internal market. The aim of the study is to scientifically substantiate the methodological and applied principles of structural changes in the internal market. On the basis of the carried out analysis of the current results of researches in the field of conceptual foundations of structural changes, reforms of transformations, institutionalism, structural policy, etc., the directions (components, criteria for analysis) of generalization of the theoretical and methodological principles of structural changes are defined and, as shown, they include the following: structure of the economy by types of economic activity; full-fledged institutional environment and institutional transformations; effective changes in reproductive processes; balance of proportions between sectors of the regional economy; innovation and technological activity and its contribution to the competitiveness of the regional economy. It is concluded that within the framework of the product and sectoral approaches, structural reforms are manifested in the formation of a rational and effective production and sectoral structure of the regional economy. It is proved that, according to the institutional approach, structural reforms are based on the quality of the institutional-organizational and institutional-legal environment of economic management. It is stated that with account of changes in the reproduction processes, structural reforms are characterized by the quality and dynamics of reproduction processes in terms of resource provision and material production, also by the ratios between savings, investments, and consumption. It is confirmed that, according to the sectoral approach, structural reforms are characterized by the formation of rational correlations among the forms of ownership, organizational and legal forms of management, size of enterprises, spheres of the enterprise activity, etc. It is identified that according to the innovation-technological approach, structural reforms are determined by the volume, intensity, progressiveness and efficiency of innovation-technological modernization of enterprises.

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of foreign economic factors on the economics of trade and commodity science. The study is aimed at analyzing the role of foreign trade in the formation of economic processes in the modern globalized world. The publication examines in detail the main aspects of the relationship between foreign economic factors and the development of trade and commodity science. The significance of foreign trade as a key mechanism for stimulating economic growth and development is disclosed. The role of international trade agreements, treaties and cooperation in ensuring the stability of economic processes in the country is highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the study of the influence of foreign economic factors on commodity science. The impact of imports, exports and international production chains on the quality of goods, their competitiveness and consumer value is considered. The influence of international standards and requirements on the quality and safety of goods is studied. In the context of the growing importance of ecological issues, the influence of foreign economic factors on the environmental aspect of trade and commodity science is also considered. The impact of international ecological standards and restrictions on the production and circulation of goods is studied. As a sum, the publication highlights the deep connection between foreign economic factors and the economics of trade and commodity science. The need to take these factors into account in economic decision-making and policy-making in the globalized economic environment is emphasized. The results of the study can be used in the development of strategies for foreign economic activity and improvement of commodity science processes.

In the current conditions of globalisation and rapid development of market competition, effective investment attraction is becoming a critical success factor for enterprises in the trade sector. The purpose of this study is to analyse ways to attract investment in the development of the economic potential of commercial enterprises and substantiate the areas for potential development. In the course of the study, methods of statistical analysis of enterprise reporting data, methods of abstraction and generalisation were used. The paper discusses such strategies as the active use of digital technologies for business promotion, focus on startups and innovative projects, environmental responsibility and social orientation of businesses, new methods of attracting investment, such as crowdfunding and the use of cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies, and attracting corporate investments and partnerships. Various areas of attracting investment were compared, including bank lending, private placement of shares, initial public offering of shares, and raising venture capital. These advantages and disadvantages of each area help businesses understand which approach might be most appropriate for their specific needs. The factors influencing the choice of investment attraction strategy for commercial enterprises are considered. First of all, the company must define its goals and needs for investment, analyse the market situation, assess financial stability and solvency, and assess risks and potential profitability. Next, the company can choose the most suitable investment attraction tool in accordance with its goals and market conditions. The company METRO Cash and Carry Ukraine is analysed as one of the leaders among commercial enterprises in Ukraine. METRO Cash and Carry Ukraine uses an innovative policy of investing in economic potential, actively raising funds for automation and optimisation of activities, and uses leasing to expand its network with minimising risks. In general, attracting investment is very important for the growth of an enterprise and the successful implementation of its economic potential, the choice of investment attraction strategy is crucial for the growth of trading enterprises, helping to secure the necessary financial resources and increase their competitiveness

Introduction/Main Objectives: Discrimination between male and female workers occurs because of the difference in the “endowment” and social and cultural norms, especially in developing countries. This study aims to examine the impact of input tariffs on the ratio of female workers who are differentiated, based on technology-intensity and the labor-intensive sector and the non-labor-intensive sector. Background Problems: Trade openness contributes to technological change so companies reallocate resources more efficiently and reduce discrimi­nation. Previous studies have yielded ambiguous results regarding input tariffs and the ratio of female workers. Therefore this study attempts to estimate the impact of input tariffs on the ratio of female workers in Indonesia. Novelty: In contrast to the previous studies that did not include the lag-dependent variable, this study includes the lag variable female labor ratio as an exogenous variable in the estimation. Research Methods: Using FE-IV, panel data at the company level for the period from 2003 to 2015. Finding/Results: The estimation results show that trade openness can eliminate discrimination and increase the ratio of female workers. When firms are differentiated by their technology-intensity, the reduction in input tariffs leads to an increase in the ratio of female workers in medium and high technology-intensity firms, and non-labor-intensive firms, where the impact is the same between importing and non-importing firms. The estimation results show that trade openness can eliminate discrimination and increase the ratio of female workers entering the market. Conclusion: Trade openness can have both positive and negative impacts on Indonesian workers, especially female workers. To increase female labor participation, the Indonesian government needs to implement supporting policies, to improve equitable access to education for all citizens in Indonesia, needs to provide child-care facilities around office areas, flexibility in working hours for women, training and skills, and provide opportunities for women to occupy strategic positions.

This research article examines the economic analysis of the influence of the Russian war in Ukraine on Poland and U.S. trade. The study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to investigate the impact of the conflict on trade dynamics between the two countries. The quantitative analysis utilizes trade data, including import and export volumes, trade balances, trade flows, and economic output from 2003 to 2022 using TradeMap data. Descriptive and various econometric estimations were estimated. The qualitative analysis involves the evaluation of policy responses, trade strategies, and business decisions made in response to the conflict. The results indicate a rise in Polish exports to the U.S., but dominated by specific products. This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how the Russian war in Ukraine has affected Poland's trade with the U.S., provides valuable insights into the economic consequences of the conflict, and identifies potential avenues for future trade cooperation between Poland and the U.S.

The United States and China are locked in a strategic rivalry covering numerous fields, like trade and finance. The most important one, however, is technology. Given how rapidly this rivalry is growing, we can speak of two ever more clearly defined, albeit still interrelated, ecosystems in the areas of semiconductors and artificial intelligence (AI). In turn, global production chains are being reshaped partly on economic grounds, but, without question, for geopolitical reasons too. These changes will not only impact trade flows throughout the world, but also foreign direct investment (FDI), gradually splitting production into two major blocs, based on differing technologies and standards. Where does the European Union (EU) stand in in all this? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The goal of the paper is to examine the dynamics between innovation, market structure and trade performance. Firstly, the author first investigates the effects of innovation on trade performance. Secondly, the author then examines how market structure affect trade by classifying industries based on their innovation intensity. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses a detailed level data set of eight OECD countries in a panel of 17 industries from the STAN and ANBERD Database. The author employs both a pooled regression and a two-stage quantile regression analysis. The author first investigates the effects of innovation at the aggregate level, and then the author assesses the effects at the disaggregated or firm level. Findings – The author finds that at the aggregate level, innovation and market size have a positive and significant effect on competitivity in most of the specifications. However, innovation is negatively associated with trade performance in the case of bilateral trade between Spain and the Netherlands. Also, the sectoral analysis provides evidence that the innovation-trade nexus depends on technological classification. The author shows that: (1) the effect of innovation activity on trade performance economic performance is lower for the high technology and high concentration (HTHC) market compared to the low technology (LT) market; (2) the impact of innovation on economic performance is ambiguous for firms in the high technology and low concentration (HTLC) market. Research limitations/implications – Although the database provides a rich data set on industrial data, it fails to provide innovation output such as patent data which may underestimate the innovation activities of firms that do not have a separate R&D records. In the current context of subdue economic growth these research results have important policy implications. Firstly, the positive impact of innovation on trade performance strengthens its role for sustainable development. The negative coefficient on innovation is an indication that research intensity in some cases has not been able to create a new demand capable to boost economic performance. Practical implications – The market classification analysis provides new evidence that innovation in the LT market has the potential to enhance competition. Secondly, market size supports industries that are competing in the international market. Policy makers must therefore put in place incentives to encourage firms to grow in size if they want to remain globally competitive. Social implications – Sustainable development can be supported through investment in research and development in the low technology sector. Originality/value – The study is the first as far as the author knows, to examine the impact of innovation on bilateral trade performance using industry level data from OECD countries. Secondly, the author complements the existing literature by examining how innovation activities (classified as high technological intensive or low technological intensive) affect trade performance. – 本研究擬探討創新觀念、市場結構和貿易表現之間的相互變革動力關係。我們首先研究創新觀念對貿易表現的影響,繼而探討市場結構對貿易表現的影響。根據各個行業的創新觀念強度,我們把行業分為不同類別。我們採用八個經濟合作暨發展組織國家的詳細級數據庫,而這八個國家、乃是STAN and ANBERD 數據庫內一個包括17個行業組別內的國家。我們採用混合估計和兩階段分位數回歸分析; 我們首先探討創新觀念所帶來的整體影響,繼而評估細分層面 (即公司層面) 上的影響。我們發現、在整體的層面上,創新觀念和市場規模、在我們大部份的規格上,均對競爭力帶來積極和重要的影響。唯在西班牙與荷蘭兩國之間的雙邊貿易上,創新觀念與貿易表現卻出現負相關的情況。而且,行業分析證實創新與貿易的關係是取決於技術分類的。我們的研究顯示:(1) 與低技術市場相比,於高技術、高集中程度的市場,創新觀念的活動對貿易表現和經濟表現的影響會較低; (2) 對處於高技術、低集中程度市場的公司而言、創新觀念對經濟表現的影響是不明確的。雖然該數據庫在工業數據方面提供一個豐富的數據集,卻未能提供如專利數據等的創新產出,這可能會導致沒有單獨研發記錄公司的創新觀念活動會被低估的情況。在現時經濟成長受到壓制的環境下,這些研究結果提供重要的政策啟示; 首先,創新觀念對貿易表現的積極影響增強了它在可持續發展方面所扮演的角色。創新觀念上的負系數顯示、在某些情況下,研究強度未能創造一個可提高經濟表現的新需求。市場分類分析提供新的證據、證明在低技術市場,創新觀念有提高競爭力的潛力; 其次,市場規模為於國際市場競爭的行業提供支援; 因此,政策制定者必須提供誘因、以鼓勵希望繼續具有全球競爭力的公司擴大其規模。

The Black Sea is at the intersection of Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East, being an important center of transport for steel, agriculture goods and energy. A connection between different cultures, a region with political, social and economic fragmentation. It is linked to the Mediterranean, through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Strait, which is a region vulnerable to the impact of global warming. Historically, it has also constituted a convenient route with the west, as it is today. The trades that are made in this area are ones of high value not only for each country that surrounds it, but as well for the global market. Innovative approaches are needed in order to implement policies and measures to ensure sustainable development in order to adapt for the future, whether it is to minimize the effects of climate changes or different crises this area may face. Adaptation and development of each country is important in order to sustain these challenges, not to mention that in these modern times, imbalances have occurred and strategies need to be rethought by each country.

Objective: The research aimed to examine the strength and nature of the UK’s relations with China under new circumstances caused by Brexit. Specifically, this article attempts to answer what was the impact of Brexit on economic and political relations between the UK and its significant economic partner, China. In pursuance of the goal, the authors discuss the economic and political implications of a new status quo in bilateral cooperation in the field of trade and investment and the political aspects of Brexit for both partners. Research Design & Methods: We explored the UK-China relationship in the context of Brexit implications using a literature analysis and examined the strength and nature of economic relations between countries mentioned above using the trade orientation and intensity indicators. Findings: Brexit created a new landscape for bilateral cooperation between the UK and its partners worldwide. The long-term consequences of Brexit will continue to unfold in years to come, but we may already recognize some early trends in bilateral relations. The analysis of the UK’s trade orientation based on the historical data for the period 2013-2022 revealed the decreasing significance of Germany and the increasing position of China and the United States as the UK’s trading partners. Moreover, the analysis of trade intensity revealed the lowest trade intensity between the UK and China post-2012 compared with Germany and the US. Nevertheless, the values of the trade intensity index with China indicate that there is still potential to increase exports to China. Implications & Recommendations: The proposed set of indicators can serve to question the major tendencies of bilateral trade. Together, the indicators portray a comprehensive picture of interdependence and the strength of existing connections between two countries and help examine whether cooperation is strengthening or weakening. The orientation index identifies the strength and importance of the relationship with the trading partner relative to other trade relations’ significance and monitors the progress of the cooperation, while the trade intensity index can be used to determine whether the value of trade between two countries is greater or smaller than expected based on their importance in world trade. The analysis results will allow scholars to determine possible actions that should be undertaken by the UK and – possibly – the EU to develop trade and investment cooperation with China in a more balanced way. Contribution & Value Added: The article extends the knowledge of Brexit’s economic and political implications for UK-China bilateral cooperation. Furthermore, the article presents a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the current UK-China relations in the context of Brexit. We examined economic relations between the countries mentioned by means of trade orientation and intensity indicators.

This article studies the sources from which Nigerian university students receive information about China. The awareness of the Nigerian youth about China's initiatives such as 'One Belt One Road' and 'Forum on China-Africa Cooperation' further discloses the perception of the students on the rise of China and its influence on global affairs. In addition, the study reveals how African students perceive China as a trade partner. The results indicate the internet and social media are major sources of awareness. Some students are somewhat aware of the Chinese initiatives, but others have never heard about these initiatives. The students think that China has influence in the World and African affairs and are neutral about the responsible behavior of China as a global power. Students are positive about the Chinese development model and are concerned about the influx of Chinese labor in Nigeria.

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This special issue sheds light on transnational migrants' engagement with informal urban economies worldwide. Building on anthropological literature on migration and economy, it proposes "transnational street business" as a new concept for grasping transnational dynamics in the informal urban economy. Through ethnographic case studies from different regions, the special issue illuminates how the concept of "transnational street business" serves to analytically capture the urban street's multitude of economically entangled and interdependent transnational social alliances, hierarchies, friendships, and networks. The concept encompasses the materiality of the street and the goods that are exchanged and transacted in trade relations. It also highlights the skills for competition that are needed for orientation in legal and political landscapes that cut across the formal and informal divides that migrants are faced with when setting out to create a livelihood abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike other foreigners, the French merchants who migrated to Hispanic America in the 19th century have received little attention, partly because they are supposed to have been few. With the emancipation of the River Plate, the Declaration of Independence in 1816 and the end of the Spanish commercial monopoly – and despite many difficulties due to revolutionary turmoil – some French merchants saw the legal opening of the rioplatense market as an opportunity and became more present in Buenos Aires, although less than their British counterparts. Building upon the Buenos Aires commercial court’s records and data from censuses, this paper sheds light on the French commercial presence in Buenos Aires during the Independence and civil wars, which hampered the circulation of credit instruments, the fluidity of credit relations, and business activities. It shows the importance of merchants’ private initiatives in consolidating the French presence, and how they coped with wartime consequences. Whereas those who were poorly integrated into local society were vulnerable in these times of crisis, others benefited from close relations within the local society and acquired economic and social prominence. Such integration may have contributed to making them key interlocutors for French authorities as they manifested an increased interest in the River Plate in the context of the post-1815 imperial reconfigurations, when international and European rivalries continued in Hispanic America, particularly between France and Britain.

E-commerce is a big part of the economy and is extremely important for businesses that sell their products or services online. Thanks to e-commerce, businesses have the opportunity to reach more customers, because, due to the current global economic challenges, quite a lot of people shop online, which is the fastest-growing retail market. Therefore, digital marketing allows businesses to expand their target market and increase sales of products or services and the effectiveness of communications with their customers. In this article, we considered the theoretical aspects and main types of e-commerce researched the marketing tools, and analyzed the development trends and the basis of digitalization, the accelerated development of which was mostly caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, during which e-commerce and retail trade played an important role both for the economy and for society as a whole. On the basis of the conducted study of e-commerce in European countries, enterprises are offered to expand various types of digital activities, implement digital innovations and rethink interaction and communication with consumers.

"Online" stores have grown in popularity all over the world. These tend to become dominant, even covering large "en-details" sales segments and some niches on the "en-gross" market. This situation forces companies to follow very carefully the competition situation, the appearance of "new players" on the online market. The situations and developments of several online sales companies, which cover a large segment of the current market, were followed, as well as their management and marketing strategies, which they use to maintain and develop. Several aspects have been observed that can be used by the managers of smaller firms that have entered this market or are about to enter.

Theoretical background: The strategies for the development of the European Union presented at the beginning of the new century portrayed bioeconomy as a modern concept of ensuring the sustainable and dynamic development of EU member states and bioeconomy itself became an important area of interest to the EU authorities. At present, the development of bioeconomy is a significant element of implementing the economic development strategies of respective EU member states. Purpose of the article: This article aimed to examine the international competitive position of Poland in the bio-based products trade on the common EU market in comparison to other member states of the EU. Research methods: The competitive position in bio-based products trade was evaluated based on the following indicators: balance of trade, Poland’s share in EU exports and imports, trade coverage ratio, import penetration ratio, relative export orientation ratio, intra-industry trade intensity ratio, and export specialisation index. Groups of bio-based products identified based on an official classification of products according to CPA, version 2.1, consistent with NACE. The analysis was based on data derived from the Eurostat database for the years 2008–2017. Main findings: The surveys imply that in 2008–2017, the competitive position of Poland improved mostly in the Forestry, Wood products, Paper and paper products, and Food sector, and in particular in the Tobacco products sector, which has been in line with the bioeconomy development strategy of the European Union.

The purpose of the study is to determine if the Gravity Model is applicable in the Albanian economy and conforms to the economic theory. This study offers a timeline of the historical changes that brought about the commerce liberalization and the integration of the country into organizations and trade agreements that have facilitated significant growth. This study employs an original panel data regression of the Gravity Model focusing on exports between Albania and its European reported trade countries during 2003-2019. The Model supports the theoretical framework and demonstrates how GDP and FTA’s positively impact export, while distance negatively impacts export. In addition, this study also discusses the Mini Schengen Zone. The Model also supports the economic theory, proving that GDP impacts positively the export flows and distance negatively. However, the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTA) on export flows was not significant.

The main purpose of the article is to identify ways to improve the trading system in the framework of the development of international commercial law. The object of research is the trading system and commercial law in Jordan. The scientific task is to form a model for improving the trading system in the framework of the development of international commercial law in Jordan. The main method used in the article is the IDEF3 method, which allows, through a system of flowcharts, to model the directions for improving the trading system in the framework of the development of international commercial law. As a result of the study, the key stages of improving the trading system in Jordan in the framework of the development of international commercial law were identified and characterized, including the use of digital technologies, the expansion of rights and freedoms in trade, and the use of smart contracts. The value of the obtained results lies in modelling and improving the efficiency of trade operations in Jordan taking into account the norms and rules of international commercial law. The limitations of the study concerned taking into account the specifics of trade and law only in Jordan because the author of the article belongs to this country.

The main purpose of the article is to identify the key aspects of strategic planning for the development of trade in the framework of ensuring a high level of security. The object of research is strategic planning of trade development. The scientific task is to present one's own vision of trade development planning through a modern methodological approach by modelling the main stages and processes. The methodology is based on the use of parametric modelling, which brings novelty to the definition of strategic guidelines for planning the economic development of trade. The study offers a modern approach to planning trade development through the presentation of an appropriate methodological approach using modelling tools. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is presented in the form of a methodical approach to the strategic planning of trade development in the system of ensuring a high level of economic security. The practical value of the results obtained is due to the fact that the model can be used in practical activities to ensure the development of socioeconomic systems. Prospects for further research should be devoted to the formation of an operational mechanism for the development of trade in the system of ensuring a high level of economic security.

This paper presents the results of a diachronic and multidisciplinary investigation into the production and consumption of cooking ware in the ancient city of Priene (Turkey). Three major chronological horizons are considered, covering the fourth to the first century BCE: the late Classical/early Hellenistic period, the middle Hellenistic period, and the late Hellenistic/early Roman Imperial period. Following a thorough typological and macroscopic study of fabrics, an integrated analytical approach combining petrography and elemental analysis (wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence) was applied to investigate the main macroscopic types and fabrics that characterised cooking wares. Integration of the results from the typological study with the subsequent analyses of 90 representative samples has provided high-resolution insights into cooking ware production and consumption at Priene over the study period. In addition to tracing transformations in local and regional manufacture over time, the results show that cooking wares were imported to the city from several places and, moreover, at a scale at least equivalent to that for other categories of ceramic vessels at that time. Changes in the manufacturing technology of local and regional products and the origin of imports are discussed in the context of significant historical developments that took place in this region over the period covered by the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at determining the current state of foreign trade relations between Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia. The modern development of trade in Southeast Asia, namely in Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia, allowed them to take an important place in world-wide trade. The government’s policy of openness of the economy of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia, resulted in an active development of foreign trade of countries that joined the World Trade Organization, which had a positive influence on the development of their own trade. In recent years, these countries have achieved a high level of macroeconomic indicators. There was an increase in GDP, GDP per capita, etc. Significant fluctuations in economic development were associated with the global COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a decrease in the main indicators of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia and a significant increase in the unemployment rate in the countries under study. The article defines that the main partners of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia for export-import operations are Asian countries, which is due to close geographical location, close cooperation within the framework of the АСЕАН association and historically formed ties. The commodity structure of exports and imports of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia in 2020 is analyzed. It is noted that the main export items of these countries are: electric machines and related equipment, mineral fuel, mineral oils and their distillation products, etc. The place of Singapore, the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia in international rankings is analyzed. Thus, in the Competitiveness Ranking and Economic Freedom Ranking, Singapore ranks first and is the country with the freest economy among the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia need to continue reforming their sectors of the national economy to improve their place in the rankings.

This study looks at carbon emissions among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries during the period 2000–2019. Through panel data using both pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel least square regressions, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is tested as well as a model which includes GDP per capita, foreign direct investment (FDI), energy use, trade and an interaction term between FDI and energy use. The interaction term is built from and being expanded from the existing FDI–energy nexus. A cointegration test is also conducted to find out whether there exists a long-run relationship among the variables. The findings indicate that as a whole region, ASEAN observes the EKC hypothesis but different results occur when categories of oil versus non-oil exporting and Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam (CLMV) versus non-CLMV countries are defined. In ASEAN overall, the pooled and panel data regressions suggest GDP per capita, FDI and energy use would increase emissions. In contrast, trade would reduce carbon emissions. The interaction term of FDI and energy was found to be a mediating variable and it was statistically significant. Policy implications are discussed.

This article aims to examine and present trade relations in global value chains (GVCs) and their impact on Polish trade, emphasizing Poland's ability to react to rapid changes in the global economy, as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, the author proposed a two-stage study. The first stage focuses on analyzing selected indexes describing the Polish share and position in GVCs against the background of the European Union (EU) and OECD countries. The second stage is related to the analysis of the latest economic trade data and the reaction of Poland, the EU, and OECD to changes in international trade in 2020 and 2021 in the context of GVC. The study uses data from the OECD and WTO Trade in Value Added Database and the Eurostat Database. The relatively quick adaptation of Poland to the world's standards indicates great possibilities for adaptation of the Polish economy. The share of foreign value added in Polish exports was consistent with global trends. The export orientation of Polish production increased during the analyzed period, proving Poland's deep commitment to global production chains. Despite a similar decline in import and export in the first months of 2020, as in the OECD and the EU26, the growth dynamics in the following months were higher in Poland. Many industries in Poland are highly dependent on the smooth operation of GVCs. At the same time, the service sector is gaining importance, and its share in exports is systematically growing. The highly flexible nature of Poland's international trade allowed it to reduce the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its economy.

The objective of this research is the assessment of the employment offers and the competency framework of the urban planner’s trade. The research is based on the results of a survey carried out with urban planning graduates, dealing with the acquired competencies during the university training, and on the documentary analysis of the Algerian framework of competencies of the urban planner with regard to its counterparts – the Operational Register of Trades/Professions and the Professional Office of Qualification of Urban Planners in France. The adopted approach follows these stages: the inventory of 422 trade sheets; their breakdown into indicators; the analysis of the requirements for job access; the comparison of the Algerian urban planner sheet with the French one; and the crossing of their competencies. The assessment demonstrates the inadequacy of the Algerian urban planner framework with its French counterpart; the disrespect of Bloom’s taxonomy and the rules of writing competencies; and the mismatch between the training offer and the employment offers. The results allow for the development of employment opportunities and improvement of the relevance of the framework competencies for urban planners in Algeria in view of a better employability of this trade and the concordance between training and employment.

Based on hitherto untapped documents from the Israeli and Turkish state archives, this article discusses Turkish–Israeli relations during the 1960s. It shows that since the relationship was more important for Israel, Ankara called most of the shots while Israel used its relative advantages, especially in the economic and trade fields, to keep the relations going. Hence, despite intensifying political and economic ties with the Arab world since the mid-1960s, Ankara resisted persistent pressures to downscale, if not end altogether, its relations with Israel, though these took the odd beating in line with the vicissitudes in Turkey's domestic and international affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decent work and economic growth are one of the crucial segments of Sustainable development goals, for which an attempt is made in the context of emerging nations to achieve economic growth through International support of investments. This study investigates the impact of international investments, i.e. FDI & FII on the growth of its economy. FDI & FII are attracted with the resources possessed by the country, which allows them on the condition that they will generate employment and bring technological innovations with them. This paper attempts to study those impacts and measure the growth of the economy, resulting thereby.

The article is aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis of various scientific approaches to determining the stages of the life cycle (LC) of enterprises with an emphasis on the specialization in trade. To achieve the aim, general scientific and special research methods were used. As a result of systematization of definitions of the concept of «life cycle of enterprise», four main scientific approaches to determining its essence are allocated, namely: through changes or variables; through regularities of development or events; through sequence of stages; through time characteristics or time period. It is substantiated that the essence of the LC of enterprise should be considered as an aggregate of stages of its changes. The results of a cross-comparison of the alternative models of LC of enterprises and the classical stages of development of living organisms showed that all of them can be reduced to three or four stages of LC of the latter. Based on the data of the critical analysis of the existing methods of identification of the stages of the enterprise’s LC and own researches of the LC of the operating enterprises, a new approach to determining the stages of the enterprise’s LC i selaborated, which, unlike the existing ones, provides for the calculation of the cost of the enterprise’s LC, taking into account the importance of progressive innovative changes and tasks related to achieving the goals of sustainable development. The systems of interrelations between the parameters of different types of expenses at each stage of the enterprise’s LC are modeled. It is determined that in the field of trade a LC is formed under the influence of formats of both the trade enterprises and the buyers. The conclusion, that is substantiated, is that managers of trade enterprises should constantly increase the number of active buyers, and, at the first signs of a recession, implement innovations. It is concluded that the management of the development of enterprises is a task in which it is necessary to take into account the LC of the particular enterprise, taking into account the sectoral specifics of its activities, the period of entering the market, size, and cross-cultural features. It is indicated that the obtained results can be used for further research of the stages of the LC of enterprises, taking into account the sectoral specifics.

Amaç - Uluslararası ticareti ve ülke ekonomilerini derinden etkileyen COVID-19 ülkelerin getirdiği kısıtlamalar ile birlikte bir kriz haline dönüşmüştür. Bu bağlamda, salgın döneminde Çin ve Türkiye arasındaki ikili ticari ilişkilerinin ve her iki ülkenin ekonomik durumu incelenerek özgün bir araştırma yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. Yöntem - Araştırmada nitel ve nicel veri toplama yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgular – Araştırma bulgularında, 2020 Aralık ayında geçen senenin aynı ayına kıyasla, Türkiye’nin Çin’e ihracatı %15,70, Çin’den ithalatı ise %32,16 bir artış görülmüştür. Her iki ülkeyi ayrı değerlendirdiğimizde elde edilen sonuçlar, 2020’de Türkiye’nin ihracatı %6,3 düşüş gösterirken, ithalatı ise %4,3 artmıştır. 2020 Aralık’ta 2019’un Aralık’a kıyasla Çin’in ihracatı 18,1% artarken, ithalatı ise %6,5 oranında artışla rekor seviyeye ulaşmıştır. Sonuç – Her iki ülkenin ticari ilişkileri her ne kadar istenilen düzeyde olmasa da salgın döneminde pozitif yönde gelişme kaydetmiştir.

There have been weaker growth rates, globally, being coupled with an increase in trade protectionist policies, fall in commodity prices, and high economic uncertainty in developed nations. Developing countries face weak external positions due to overreliance on trade to improve growth. In this context, this study uses the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ADRL) approach to evaluate the applicability of the trade led and domestic demand led growth (DDLG) hypothesis using a sample of 12 SADC countries over the period 1994-2019. The DDLG hypothesis is more applicable over both the short and long run. The exports led growth hypothesis is not applicable while the imports explain growth in the long run. There is joint causality from domestic demand and imports to growth. Individual countries adjust to the long run equilibrium at different speeds which confirms short run heterogeneity while long term outcomes converge. The study offers some policy implications.

The tourism industry is now an important economic sector in Africa. However, as with trade, Africa’s global share of the tourism industry is quite small, which could be attributed to a similarly low level of both intra-regional trade and tourism. Prevailing data and studies suggest that there is a relationship between tourism and trade. The aim of this study, therefore, is to examine the empirical link between tourism and exports in Africa for the period 2006 to 2015. We estimate a structural gravity model using the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator that allows for bilateral zero trade values between trading partners, controls for heteroskedasticity and addresses the potential endogeneity. We find that a 10 percent increase in intra-African tourism boosts the continental exports by between 1.4 and 3.2 percent. These results strongly posit that boosting regional tourism could be instrumental in catalysing intra-African trade, especially within the context of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

This paper analyses the influence of an export supporting policy on the technical progress of a country. The model is closely related to the model by Acemoglu et al. (2006) which constitutes the context between growth and the distance to the world technology frontier but modified considering import and export sector of a small economy. An export supporting strategy is introduced which increases the project size in the export sector. It shows that the project size is an influencing factor for the outcome and the growth of the technological knowledge. An economy benefits from trade in every stage of development. Furthermore, technological small and big countries are distinguished and analyzed, which are confronted with the exogenous world technology frontier or rather to the endogenous world technology frontier. In both cases the economy benefits by trade.

Purpose. The study purpose is determining the prospects of formation and development of clusters of food sector in Ukrainian regions. To achieve this purpose, it is substantiated the scientific and methodological approach to assessing regions in terms of cluster structures formation in the food sector field, acceptable types of economic activities for food cluster development are identified, localization coefficients for food cluster formation by Ukrainian regions are calculated, types of economic activities for cluster core formation by regions are substantiated, the regions are ranked according to the prospects of cluster structures’ formation in food sector. Methodology / method / approach. During the research, general scientific and special research methods are used, namely: industry analysis, generalization and systematization methods for determining economic activity types which are acceptable for the food cluster development; multidimensional statistical analysis for grouping of regions according to industry factor of enterprises which are the cluster core; multicriterion assessment for determining prospects on formation of cluster structures of food sector in regions. The initial basis of the study is data from State Statistics Service of Ukrainian regions development. Results. On the base of the research results, it is made conclusion about the prospects of development of cluster structures of food sector in regions of Ukraine. It is determined that the most promising for the cluster formation is the integrated structure creation on the base of enterprises which main economic activity is agriculture. Taking into account the value of localization coefficients by types of economic activity, Ukrainian regions are grouped according to the prospects criterion for the formation and development of cluster structures in the food sector. As a result of the conducted research the conclusion about significant prospects of food clusters’ formation in regions of Ukraine is made: it is determined that 11 regions have high prospects, 7 regions have average prospects of creation of cluster structures in food sector. Originality / scientific novelty. It is improved the scientific and practical approach to the assessment of regions by the criterion of prospects’ formation and development of cluster structures in the food sector; it is based on the taking into account level of activity localization in the food sector and food production dynamics by regions. Practical value / significance. The development of agriculture, trade and food production in Ukraine predetermines the reasonability of food clusters creating in regions of the country. The practical value of the proposed scientific and methodological approach to assessing the regions using the coefficients of localization and food production growth is the possibility of its use for identifying the most promising regions of Ukraine in terms of cluster structures’ formation in the food sector.