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The textile and dyeing industry have shown dramatic growth alongside synthetic chemistry in the last century. With operations and economic importance, challenges also increase, including environmental pollution, work safety, and consumer health. Change of perspectives in the industry is on the rise, so environmentally-friendly solutions for safer processes and more circularity are urgently sought-after. A possible solution for the pressing issue of textile dyeing is the use of natural colourants obtained in fermentation processes. In this contribution, a comparison between biologically-derived dyes and their synthetic counterparts is conducted on several levels. The structural diversity of biogenic dyes is potentially high enough to pose an alternative on a broad front. Matching fundamental properties concerning dyeing, (bio)synthesis and toxicity give an impression of the advantages of developing this natural alternative. The most important topics for the future are outlined. Major challenges and potential solutions that limit the implementation of biogenic dyes into the textile dyeing value chain are discussed. Biotechnology offers numerous methods to increase reliable production or engineer molecular properties elegantly. The biggest advantage from a Green Chemistry perspective is the possibility to switch to renewable starting materials and obtain more biodegradable dyes. A more sustainable alternative in textile dyeing is afoot. It needs to be embraced and developed to provide the world population with a sustainable way into the future.

Among all textile sectors, textile dyeing has a major contribution to environmental load in the form of effluent due to the use of hazardous chemicals, high consumption of water, and use of synthet...

The utilization of natural colorants in textile dyeing and printing has come to the forefront of production of textile goods. Extractions of natural dyes from waste materials and their utilization ...

There has been lately a phenomenal rise in the use of natural dyes in different areas, although the principal problem with these natural dyes is their high cost for the production. The main idea of this study is to convert the waste of saffron flower to an eco-friendly natural colorant for sustainable textile coloration of wool fabric. This work studies the stability of saffron flower extract (SFE) by UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, the use of mordants, and the color fastness of wool fabric dyed. SFE has good thermal and pH stability under acidic conditions; it would be suitable for textile dyeing processes. The optimized dyeing conditions such as: dye concentration of 6 % for direct dyeing and 2 % for mordant dyeing (dyeing in the presence of mordant), pH value of 3, dyeing temperature of 90 °C, and dyeing time of 60 min are obtained for better dyeing performance of wool with about 60 % bath exhaustion rate after pre-mordanting. A range of colors from brown to green are obtained with good fastness to washing, wet and dry rubbing, acid and alkaline perspiration, and an acceptable color fastness to light. In general, the abundantly available agricultural by-product SFE has considerable potential to be utilized as a natural textile dyestuff.

Stenter machines are used widely in textile dyeing and printing houses for drying and heat setting of fabric. This is one of the most thermal energy-consuming equipment in the textile process. In t...

Technology is changing rapidly today. Developing technology brings some undesirable situations along with many benefits. Intercontinental transport of unwanted bacteria together with textile produc...

Phytoremediation is one of the biological approaches for remediating textile dyeing effluents. The objective of this study is the use of Pistia stratiotes, an aquatic macrophyte, which was found to...

Background: The textile dyeing industry uses large number of chemicals, acids and dyes. The workers are exposed to these chemicals during their daily work activities. Chronic exposure to these chemicals may have adverse effect on the liver functions, as liver plays an important role in detoxification of these chemicals Objective: To assess serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels of the industrials workers exposed to textile dyes. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology,Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2016 to June 2017 on 25 apparently healthy male workers aged 20-40 years working in a textile dye factory for 2 years or more. Similar age, sex, BMI & socioeconomically matched 25 apparently healthy non exposed workers were enrolled as control. Serum ALP and GGT levels were estimated by autoanalyzer. For statistical analysis unpaired Student’s t-test were performed Results: Serum ALP and GGT levels were significantly higher in textile dye exposed workers than those of control group (p

The textile industry is a sector completely dependent on water for its full functioning; on the other hand, water represents a very high cost in the production process. The textile chemical processing area is mainly responsible for the large consumption of water. On the opposite side of this high consumption there is an evident water crisis worldwide. That fact has led to many problems to textile companies, mainly for the preparation, dyeing and printing sectors. This present work focuses on an ecologically friendly alternative for cellulosic fiber dyeing processes using seawater. Dyeing cotton fabrics with reactive dye in three primary colors (blue, yellow and red) was performed, and the results compared with processes using distilled water. Samples dyed with seawater exhibit good uniformity, intense color (color strength – K/ S) and excellent washing and rubbing fastness properties compared to the conventional process. It was possible to observe also that the use of seawater did not affect the mechanical properties of the substrate. Thereby, it was verified that the use of seawater presents as a potential and important alternative to applications in the textile dyeing process.

Textile industry produces huge amounts of wastewater containing synthetic dyes and impurities. Contaminants include toxic dyes, which can be found in dyeing wastewater. In textile industry, various...

An inclusive chemical definition of “reactive” dyeing of textiles is introduced, encompassing the CI Azoic, CI Mordant, CI Reactive, CI Sulphur and CI Vat dye application classes. Such reactive dyeing increases fibre retention of dye and makes application practically possible. The analogous application of dyes and fluorescent probes as microscopic stains in biology and medicine is outlined, focussing on using reactive fluorescent probes with living cells. Parallels with textile dyeing are noted, eg, enhanced probe retention and facilitation of probe application. However, the primary purpose of using reactive probes with live cells is detection of properties of biological systems: to identify biological structures and chemical/biochemical contents; assess biological functions and physicochemical properties; and determine changes in locations of cells and cell components. Problems occurring with such probes are outlined, particularly the problematic character of many standard protocols, and localisation artefacts arising with reactive probes whose reactant and product species are physiochemically significantly different. This latter problem is explored via a case study of possible reactant/product artefacts with probes for reactive oxygen species. Comparison of experimental observations of probe localisations with the localisations predicted using quantitative structure activity (QSAR) modelling indicates that such artefacts can occur with a significant proportion of chemically diverse, widely used, commercially available probes, as well as with experimental compounds reported in the literature. A graphical flowchart is provided to assess possible occurrence of reactant/product artefacts arising with reactive fluorescent probes localising in various organelles of living cells.

Anthocyanins are the largest group of polyphenolic pigments in the plant kingdom. These non-toxic, water-soluble compounds are responsible for the pink, red, purple, violet, and blue colors of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Anthocyanins are widely used in the production of food, cosmetic and textile products, in the latter case to replace synthetic dyes with natural and sustainable alternatives. Here, we describe an environmentally benign method for the extraction of anthocyanins from red chicory and their characterization by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS. The protocol does not require hazardous solvents or chemicals and relies on a simple and scalable procedure that can be applied to red chicory waste streams for anthocyanin extraction. The extracted anthocyanins were characterized for stability over time and for their textile dyeing properties, achieving good values for washing fastness and, as expected, a pink-to-green color change that is reversible and can therefore be exploited in the fashion industry.

The versatility of cellulose-based textile products was tailored by the incorporation of Au, Ag, and AgAu nanoparticles into dry-jet wet-spun man-made cellulose fibers. Bleached birch prehydrolyzed...

Textile wastewater is known to have a large number of hazardous pollutants, intense color and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. The electron beam method is considered useful in treatment textile wastewater through chemical oxidation process. In this study, three real textile wastewaters (Sample 1: Reactive Black 5, Reactive Red 10, and Reactive Orange 13; Sample 2: Reactive Red 10 and Yellow GR; Sample 3: Reactive Black 5 and Turquoise Blue HF–G) from textile dyeing company in Ho Chi Minh city were treated by electron beam method. The effect of absorbed doses and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at different concentrations on the change of pH, removal capacity, COD and five day’s biological oxygen demand (BOD5) were investigated. The results indicated that color, COD, BOD5 and pH decreased with increasing absorbed dose. A sufficient amount of H2O2 in the radiation process could accelerate the color removal process. In the same condition, a color removal efficiency of ~90% was obtained with EB/H2O2, in contrast with color loss by using EB alone (~71%). These results highlighted the potential of EB radiation technology for treatment of textile dyeing wastewater.

In the early 1880s, chemist Adolf von Baeyer devised a scheme that would revolutionize the fashion industry. For thousands of years prior, people had dyed fabric blue using powders painstakingly extracted from the leaves of indigo plants (Indigofera tinctoria). But thanks to Baeyer’s Nobel Prize–winning chemical synthesis of the indigo molecule, factories around the globe now churn out some 70,000 metric tons of the iconic dye each year—much of it to color the global wardrobe staple denim. Yet the $66 billion industry is not without its faults: large-scale indigo synthesis uses a lot of energy and water. It also requires the use of toxic chemicals like formaldehyde. In recent years, a number of suppliers have tried to make textile dyeing more sustainable and simultaneously replace problematic chemicals. One of the latest companies to pursue this goal is Tinctorium, a San Francisco Bay Area start-up that launched earlier this year. It

In this manuscript, a computerized systematic analysis system for identifying and selecting fluorescent dyes suitable for textile dyeing applications is discussed. Five representative fluorescent dyes are recommended for textile applications based on the overall evaluations. The analytical system includes rating fluorescent dyes based on their quantum yields, computational modeling of their structural features, estimation of their aquatic environmental toxicity, and calculation of their affinity to fibers. This system could significantly reduce and prevent negative consequences of applying fluorescent chemicals in textiles and consumer products.

While common textile dyeing processes are responsible for a large amount of residues in the wastewater from textile finishing companies, dyeing with natural dyes becomes more popular in the last time. In this way, not only water can be saved and water pollution avoided, but a broad spectrum of colors can be reached, opening new possibilities for textile designers. On the other hand, natural dyes are usually less intense and more prone to bleaching due to mechanical impact, washing or UV irradiation. Here we give an overview of different combinations of natural dyes used for dyeing diverse textile materials with and without pretreatment of the textile fabric. The resulting fabrics show a broad range of colors, depending mostly on the textile material and in some cases also on the pretreatment. While washing and UV treatment show a relatively small influence, Martindale abrasion tests changed some of the colors significantly.

The biodegradability improvement of simulated textile dyeing (reactive), printing, and overall wastewater was carried out by electron beam (e-beam) radiation for an activated sludge proces...

The necessity to meet the growing demand of consumers led to the revolution in textile dyeing and functional finishes worldwide. In the present era, the main focus is given to develop eco-friendly technologies as a suitable alternative to some of the synthetic dyes owing to the growing awareness in green chemistry to solve few of the environmental problems coupled with the toxicity associated with synthetic dyes. Apart from this, health and hygiene are the primary requirements of human being to live comfortably. The modern consumers expect more natural products and materials with fewer synthetic additives in such products for increased safety. Traditional chemical processing methods depending on fossil fuels are not sustainable. Green reactions are sustainable, eco-friendly (nonhazardous waste and solvents), easier to use, highly stable, and more efficient (fewer steps and resources; so lesser waste generation). There are 12 principles to assess, out of which the most vital is the amount of waste generated. Recent research works majorly concern in making textile processing more greener. It includes the concept of greener fibers, greener dyes and auxiliaries, greener solvents, eco-friendly processing, bio-resources, reduce–reuse–recycle technology of water and chemicals as well as effluent treatment. In this chapter, the concept of green chemistry involved for sustainable development in textile processing is explained at the outset.

It is very obvious that synthetic textile dyes represent a large group of organic compounds that may have adverse environmental effects and that certain organic dyes may also pose risks to humans. The growing uncertainty and challenge in the management of textile waste has contributed to a constant quest for efficient and commercially feasible new approaches. Until now, however, no efficient method has been found to remove both the color and the toxic properties of the dyes released into the environment. Hence, the production and use of synthetic dyes for textile dyeing is now a huge industry. Synthetic dyes have a wide range of bright colors. The use of synthetic dyes has a negative impact on all life forms. The presence of sulfur, naphthol, vat dyes, nitrates, acetate acid, and certain auxiliary chemicals together make the textile effluent highly toxic, e.g., copper, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel or cobalt, and certain additives. Other noxious chemicals in water may include formaldehyde-based harmful agents, chlorinated stain removers, hydrocarbon-based softeners, and nonbiologically deteriorating toxic chemicals. The colloidal matter present in addition to the colors, the oily scum raises the turbidity, makes the water look bad and smell bad, and inhibits the sunlight required for photosynthesis to penetrate. That in effect interferes with the oxygen transport system on the air–water interface, which in turn interferes with marine life and water self-cleaning.

The textile dyeing wastewater pollutes the environment with the presence of residual highly reactive dyes. In this study, real textile dyeing wastewater collected from Textile and Dyeing Kim Thanh Hung (KTH) Company and synthetic wastewater prepared from Suncion Red (SR) and Suncion Blue (SB) reactive dyes were used. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analytical results showed that electro-Fenton was effective in textile dyeing wastewater treatment due to its ability to decompose and transform dyes and cyclic compounds. From experiments on effect of FeSO 4 and NaCl amounts, it is discovered that the removal efficiencies of color and COD fluctuated depending on the amounts of two chemicals. And, the suitable conditions for high color removal in batch electro-Fenton model including a 24V-10A of DC power supply and a 100 cm2 of MMO electrode was found to be in pH range 2 – 4, with the dosage of FeSO 4 and NaCl are 1 and 15 g, respectively for 3 L of wastewater. Besides, the efficiencies of color and COD removal from SR dyes were higher than those from SB dyes. On the contrary, the SB’s decolorization rate was faster than that of SR through the difference of the rate constant obtained from kinetics study.

Textile dyeing is a hazardous and toxic process. While traditionally it has been managed through effluent treatment, new approaches focused upon improving the dyeing process are gaining relevance. In this work, we sought to obtain, for the first time, an eco-friendly chitosan-nanoparticle based textile dyeing method. To that end, yellow everzol and navy blue itosperse loaded chitosan nanoparticles were produced and their capacity to dye textiles and cytotoxicity towards human skin cells were evaluated. The results obtained showed that it was possible to obtain nanoencapsulated dyes through ionic gelation with an average entrapment efficacy above 90 %. Nanoparticles presented a positive surface charge and sizes between 190 and 800 nm with yellow everzol NPs occurring via ionic interactions while navy blue itosperse NPs were formed through hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, the produced dye NPs presented no cytotoxicity towards HaCat cells and presented staining percentages reaching 17.60 % for a viscose/wool blend.

It is widely acknowledged that textile processing is increasingly unsustainable, for example textile dyeing is experiencing a rising use of water, leading to a scarcity of freshwater globally (Easton, 2009, p145). It is imperative to investigate alternative strategies to colouration and whilst there is no single resolution to the problem, using design intelligence from diverse design specialisms, in this instance knitted fabric design, can offer a realistic framework within which to develop solutions. \ud Following established design methodologies, successful knit design requires knowledge of materials, process, technology and aesthetics which is utilised in unique combinations to create a specified product. Disrupting this approach to design through the application of innovative technologies or removing the concept of designing for a specified product, this unique body of knowledge can question wider societal problems, including textile coloration, and determine a range of solutions through knitted fabric design practice. \ud The paper will report on the development of sustainable textile coloration through innovative lighting technologies. New research explores the breadth of colour gamut achievable with a limited palette of yarn (so minimising dyeing) when recognised optical effects, for example optical mixing, are observed in different lighting conditions. The iterative design/research methodology used exploits the materiality and structural knowledge inherent in knitted fabrics and allows the creation of unique fabrics, which would be unachievable in any other medium, to test ideas abductively. A feature of this methodology is an acceptance of unexpected outcomes that challenge the concept of designing for a specified product. The fabrics produced are not in themselves functional, except as a communication tool for the knowledge revealed through the design research.

Innovations and modifications are the continuous processes of wet processing technology in clothing and textile industries. Due to inadequacy of water resources, consumer demands, other environmental and commercial issues, a lot of research works are being carried out throughout the world to develop the eco-friendly and cost effective textile dyeing mechanism. In this research, an attempt was taken to develop efficient dyeing method of widely used cotton and polyester blend knitted fabric by the simple modification of recognized two bath cotton/polyester blend dyeing process. The main goal of this study was to find out an alternative dyeing process to reduce the water consumption, process time and production cost replacing conventional dyeing process. In this regard, the pre-treatment and dyeing process of cotton/polyester blend fabric were modified and reduction-clearing process was eliminated without applying any extra wash off chemicals. The results revealed outstanding efficiency in terms of process time, water consumption and cost minimization maintaining all quality parameters as required. By applying modified process, the water consumption was reduced approximately by 26 %, power consumption and processing time by 15 %, and steam consumption by 3.6 %, thus overall production cost by 8 %. The proposed method could be applied to cotton/polyester knitted fabric dyeing regardless of construction, blend ratio, color, and shade %.

In early June, Dalton Cheng realized something big was afoot. Cheng, who is head of technology for the textile printing firm Intech Digital, heard from customers that Chinese government authorities in Jiangsu province had shut down massive factories that produce synthetic dyes used by the textile industry. It was just the latest in a series of actions that started in the summer of 2017, when tens of thousands of China’s factories were forced to close and undergo environmental inspections. Overall, as much as 60% of China’s denim-dyeing chemical capacity has been shuttered, Cheng says, equal to roughly 30% of global capacity. And that’s why his phone was ringing. Intech, headquartered in Hong Kong, might be in a position to help apparel industry customers out of a critical supply bind. Intech’s specialty is digital printing on textiles, including cotton and other cellulosic fabrics like rayon. Printing textiles with pigments rather than

Natural dyes, namely, indigo carmine, cochineal carmine, curcumin and annatto, were encapsulated in silica by a sol-gel method and applied in the dyeing of different textile fibers by exhaustion. For comparative reasons, dyeing using the free (non-encapsulated) bare dyes was also carried out. The hybrid materials were analyzed by a set of techniques to investigate their elemental, structural, textural and morphological properties, and the results showed that it was possible to obtain stable natural dyes for applications in textile dyeing. The silica-structured dyes showed better affinities with the fibers (WO, PA, PAC and PET) in dyeing with cochineal carmine, while cotton (CO) showed better affinities with the encapsulated curcumin and annatto dyes. The performances of the encapsulated dyes were evaluated by color and washing fastness measurements and resulted in improved dye absorption and wash fastness properties. The color change and color transfer measurements of the encapsulated dyes were better (rated at 4–5 on a scale of 1–5) compared to the bare dyes.

Potential applications for colorants derived from the spalting fungi Chlorociboria aeruginascens, Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Scytalidium cuboideum, and Scytalidium ganodermophthorum are of growing interest across a variety of fields, from wood and textile dyes, to solar cells. Previous research found that these dyes could be carried in natural oils, specifically raw linseed oil, instead of organic solvents, thereby eliminating the toxicity issues surrounding such carriers. In this work, dyes from the aforementioned fungi were extracted, carried in raw linseed oil, and mixed with a range of oil and acrylic paints to determine if the oil carrier was appropriate for delivering the dyes into a paint matrix. The oil-based dyes did not mix evenly with the acrylic paints; however, the acrylic paints maintained the color of the dyes. In contrast, the oil-based paints mixed well with the dyes, but the dyes decolorized (completely lost color) due to the presence of refined linseed oil in the paint base. Artists’ paints do not appear to be compatible with fungal dyes when carried in oil; however, there are still many potential applications for the oil-based dyes, such as wood and textile dyeing.

The combustion characteristics of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) in N2/O2, CO2/O2, and N2/CO2 atmospheres, and blends of TDS with coal were analyzed using TGA (thermogravimetric analysis). Results showed that the replacement of N2 by CO2 resulted in negative effects on the combustion and pyrolysis of TDS. Comparing N2/O2 and CO2/O2 atmospheres, combustion of TDS was easier in a N2/O2 atmosphere, but the residual mass after TDS pyrolysis in pure CO2 was less than that in N2 by approximately 4.51%. When the proportion of TDS was 30-50% in the blends of coal with TDS, a synergistic interaction clearly occurred, and it significantly promoted combustion. In considering different combustion parameters, the optimal proportion of TDS may be between 20-30%. The activation energy Ea value decreased from 155.6 kJ/mol to 53.35 kJ/mol with an increasing TDS proportion from 0% to 50%, and it rapidly decreased when the TDS proportion was below 20%.

Traditionally, wool fibers are dyed with acid dyes at the boil, which is energy-intensive process, and increases the cost of dyeing. The development of alternative energy-efficient dyeing processes is quite attractive to the textile industry to make textile dyeing sustainable. In this work, the feasibility of low-temperature dyeing of wool fabric with several aniline sulfonic acid (ASA) derivatives by oxidative polymerization method was investigated. The effect of dyebath conditions, such as monomer concentration, monomer to oxidant ratio, pH, temperature, and time on the shade produced and color strength was systematically studied. The treatment with various ASAs produced various yellowish-brown color shades with tonal change. The treatment conditions had a great effect on color strength and colorfastness to washing. The optimum treatment conditions were found to be pH 3, 30 °C, and 60 min. The excellent colorfastness to washing exhibited by the ASA-treated fabrics (colorfastness grades from 4 to 4–5) showed that the developed method could be used for the coloration of wool and other polyamide fibers.

The present study was planned in order to identify hazards and risks (Health and safety) workers who are working in dyeing industry. Longer the duration of work more may be the effects of the dye on human body Since dyeing industries work with corrosive chemicals, reactive dyes, hazardous solvents and other toxic and substance, the long term contact and exposure affected people’s health. Therefore there was a need to study the effects of the dyeing chemicals on the health of the place. This would create awareness about their safety and precaution to be taken during the operations. Such hazards when identified proper action could be carried out to illuminate the short comings and defects.

Dyer’s is the basic need for textile industry; during work they feel unhealthy due to effect of surrounding environment and activity of the process. In dyeing different kinds of dyeing products are used, which are hazardous in nature and every dye have different impact on dyer’s health when exposed to the environment. The natural dye is basically originated from natural sources and a synthetic dye is manufactured by using different kinds of chemical reaction which is hazardous in nature and effect on dyer’s health working in textile dyeing industry. So the need of the study was to know the effects of dyes on dyer’s health when they have prolong exposes in dyeing process, it is also important to find out the effect of the same on generations health.

The environmental impact of textile dyeing and finishing is of paramount concern in the textile industry. Enzyme and laser processing technologies present attractive alternatives to conventional textile coloration and surface patterning methods. Both technologies have the capability to reduce the impact of manufacturing on the environment by reducing the consumption of chemicals, water and energy, and the subsequent generation of waste. Two emerging textile processing technologies, laser processing and enzyme biotechnology, were investigated as a means of applying surface design and color to materials with a focus on improving the efficiency and sustainability of existing textile design and finishing methods. Through industrial stakeholder engagement and interdisciplinary research involving textile design, fiber and dye chemistry, biotechnology and optical engineering, this design-led project brought together design practice and science with a commercial focus. Each technology was used to modify targeted material properties, finding and exploiting opportunities for the design and finishing of textiles. The work resulted in a catalog of new coloration and design techniques for both technologies making it possible to achieve: selective surface pattern by differential dyeing, combined three-dimensional and color finishing and novel coloration of textile materials. The chapter provides a literature review mapping the use of enzyme biotechnology and laser processing technology within textile design and manufacturing to date, identifying current and future opportunities to reduce environmental impacts through their application. The methodological approach, which was interdisciplinary and design-led, will be introduced and the specific design and scientific methods applied will be detailed. Each of the techniques developed will be discussed and examples of the design effects achieved will be presented. And, an indication of the reductions in chemical effluent, efficiencies in resource use, and design-flexibility in comparison with traditional textile coloration and surface patterning techniques will be given.

Currently, the global community is more attentive and alert in using textile products due to widespread awareness of stringent environmental standards. In textile processing effluent load is of much concern, which needs a lot of methods to be treated. Different methods are being used to modify textile processing on the basis of conventional methods, statistical optimization of dyeing variables i.e. response surface modeling but modern methods such as application of radiation in textile dyeing on account of time, energy labor and cost-effectiveness is gaining global fame. The purpose of such radiation is either to activate the dye bath or to modify the fabric surface to decrease the effluents via improved fixation. The current chapter is presenting a brief review of applications of the microwave, ultrasonic and ultraviolet radiation for cotton fabric processing and dyeing of cotton also polyester fabrics using disperse, Vat, reactive and direct dyes using conventional process or via statistical optimization where the improvement in color characteristics of dyed fabrics after irradiation treatment has also been elaborated. This current study has been providing a model of aspiration for academicians, researchers, and traders who intend to utilize the modern tool for developing cost-effective textile processing.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the histopathological effects of diluted cotton textile dyeing and printing effluent on the testes of mice. To evaluate the effects of dose and duration dependent in vivo exposure of textile dyeing and printing effluent, the toxic stress was imposed by a daily oral administration of 5, 10, 15 and 20 % /kgbody weight (bw)/day doses of diluted effluent for 2, 4 and 6 days exposure durations.Results revealed marked histopathological damages in the mice testes. The testes of the experimental groups showed distinct histological lesions. Few of the observed lesions include severe damages within the seminiferous tubules, changes in spermatocytes, scattered spermatids, degeneration and severe necrosis in the sertoli cells.Results of thepresent study suggested that the dose and duration dependent exposure oftextile dyeing and printing industry effluentsinducedseveral significant histopathological lesions in the testes of mice. It was also observed that the toxic effects in terms of the histopathological lesions were more of exposure duration dependent.

Historical and archaeological textiles are among the most crucial and vulnerable records of our social and cultural history. Analysis of organic colorants found in these materials is unquestionably one of the most powerful tools to understand historical developments, cultural exchanges, and progress in science and technology. Natural anthraquinones represent the most commonly used natural colorants for textile dyeing until the late 19th century. The identification of anthraquinones in cultural heritage objects is a challenging task due to the small size of historical samples, diversity of potential dye sources, variable extraction procedures and dyeing methods, complex chemical constitution, structurally analogous chromophores, and possible presence of degradation products and contaminants. Developments in dye analysis of historical interest have originated and expanded along with the general advances in analytical science. In the last few decades, a close cooperation between science and cultural heritage disciplines contributed enormously to this field. The topic of historical dyes and their analysis in textiles, artworks, archaeological objects and cultural heritage materials has been reviewed several times in the last fifteen years. However, no review has been published to-date exclusively on the analysis of anthraquinone colorants in historical and archaeological textiles. Overall, liquid chromatography (LC)-based techniques have been the most widely used method for anthraquinone dye analysis. Owing to increasing demand of minimally invasive/non-invasive techniques, recent developments of novel techniques have resulted in the availability of many alternative/complementary methods to LC-based analysis. This review begins with a short overview of sources, chemistry and importance of natural anthraquinone dyes found in historical textiles before turning to a detailed discussion on developments involving established and emerging analytical techniques of anthraquinone dye analysis for textile cultural heritage materials. To illustrate the state-of-the-art, representative examples of analytical techniques highlighting their advantages, limitations and applicability are also presented.

Waste management and reuse have now become the trend topics because of the demand to the comfortable survival of human being. For the cleaner production these two approaches have of great importance. Waste management and reuse consists many activities containing production and consumption of the goods and services. Here in this study, the wastes from a cotton yarn spinning line (mostly containing cotton fibers, seed coats etc.) were collected and characterized then they were used in decolorization of a dye solution containing a cationic (basic) dye. Before using the wastes, the wastes were dried at different temperatures for different durations, and these wastes were used as dye-adsorbing materials, such as those not previously treated with heat. As a result, it was determined that the adsorbents constituted of the spinning mill wastes had the ability to adsorb the dye from the dye solution. It has also been found that the heat pretreatment has an effect on the color removal efficiency of the wastes. By this way, it has been tried to introduce a process that uses waste from the spinning mill to remove the color of textile dye wastes containing basic dyes.

The textile wash-off process consumes substantial amounts of water, which generates large volumes of wastewater that pose potential pollution issues for the environment. In the present study, catalytic ozonation was applied to degrade residual dyes present in rinsing effluents from wash-off processes towards the aim of recycling the waste effluents. A magnetic catalyst was prepared for promoting dye degradation by catalytic ozonation. Via a hydrothermal reaction, highly magnetic manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) particles were successfully loaded on carbon aerogel (CA) materials (MnFe2O4@CA). The results showed that the developed catalyst strikingly promoted the degradation of dye contaminants by catalytic ozonation, in terms of color removal and reduction of chemical oxidation demand (COD) in rinsing effluents. COD removal efficiency in catalytic ozonation was enhanced by 25% when compared with that achieved by ozonation alone under the same treatment conditions. Moreover, we confirmed that after catalytic ozonation, the rinsing effluents could be recycled to replace fresh water without any evident compromise in the color quality of fabrics. The color difference (&Delta, Ecmc(2:1)) between fabrics treated with recycled effluents and water was not more than 1.0, suggesting that the fabrics treated with recycled effluents displayed acceptable color reproducibility. Although colorfastness and color evenness of fabrics treated with recycled effluents were slightly poorer than those of fabrics treated with water, they were still within the acceptable tolerance. Therefore, the present study validated that catalytic ozonation was a promising technology for saving water and wastewater elimination in textile dyeing. It provides a feasibility assessment of catalytic ozonation for recycling waste effluents to reduce water dependence in textile production. Furthermore, we show a new perspective in on-site recycling waste effluents by catalytic ozonation and enrich the knowledge on feasible approaches for water management in textile production.

At present, the weft tilt angle of fabrics is mainly detected by photoelectric method or camera method. The photoelectric detection method can not adapt to thicker fabrics, and the detection accuracy is not high enough; while the camera detection method is vulnerable to local shadows, defects and noise, and can not give accurate weft tilt angle detection value of fabrics. Therefore, how to improve the accuracy of weft skew detection is a common problem faced by textile dyeing and finishing industry. In order to solve this problem, the author proposes a camera detection method for weft inclination angle of fabrics based on stepwise Otsu method and pixel statistics. Firstly, the fabric image is segmented preliminarily by Otsu method and morphological processing; secondly, the segmented image is binarized by Otsu method, and then the processed image is superimposed to form a complete binary image; finally, the accurate weft skew value is obtained according to the maximum statistical value of window pixels. Tests show that the method can still reduce the detection error to less than 0.3 degrees in the presence of shadows, defects and noises.

In a Millennial world we need new manufacturing technologies if we are to meet the demands of a new generation of consumers. Microwave technologies facilitate that evaluation, let’s investigate how microwave technology is disrupting every sector of textile coloration. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current status of microwave processing technology, and to find out an applications of unique properties leading to replacement of conventional techniques due to reduced cost, energy, and time. and enhance the properties of the different fabric for end use.. Furthermore, we will focus on the future of textile coloration and developments employing the microwave processing.

Textile inkjet printing is an increasingly popular process in the textile industry, as it allows for the incorporation of complex and detailed patterns onto fabrics, as well as the production of small and medium volumes of printed text. Unfortunately, most of the dyes used by the textile industry come from synthetic and/or non-renewable sources. There has been some research to date in using fungal pigments from wood rotting fungi (&lsquo, spalting&rsquo, fungi) as textile dyes, however these have never been tested in inkjet printing. Of particular interest is the red crystallizing pigment from Scytalidium cuboideum, which has previously shown exceptional stability on textiles. To test this pigment in an inkjet setting, cotton and polyester fabrics were printed with three different ink formulations involving the red pigment: hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ethanol, and acetone. The CTAB and ethanol-based ink formulations formed a &lsquo, mesh-like&rsquo, structure on the surface of the cotton and polyester fibers, and turned the fabric purple. Acetone formulas formed crystal structures on the surface and turned the fabric red. These results show promise for turning the red pigment of S. cuboideum into an environmentally friendly, inkjet colorant, however further research is required to evaluate the crocking and explain the crystallization differences between inks.

A smart sensor utilizing absorption spectroscopy that meets both demands of textile dyeing process and industrial specifications is presented. The proposed sensor has two path lengths, 1 mm and 20 mm, and its electronic circuitry is integrated into a very compact body with wireless communication ability. It is designed, produced and finally tested in a textile dyeing machine. Also, to gather, store and analyze sensor data related to the process, a data acquisition architecture is devised and implemented. It is demonstrated that absorbance change in both dyeing and rinsing steps of textile dyeing process, having different ranges of dyebath concentrations, may be monitored by this optical sensor. Thanks to real-time monitoring of the dyebath, total dyeing and washing durations may be decreased up to 20.1% and 16.6%, respectively. At the same time, consumption of energy, water and chemicals is reduced.

Numerous textiles dating back to Late Antiquity and Middle Ages found on archaeological sites in the Sudan preserve intact threads with vivid shades of blue, red and yellow. While some of these fabrics were imported, others are products of local textile craft. These textiles are the only witnesses to date of the dyeing activity practiced by the inhabitants of the Nubian kingdoms. The most popular decorative patterns were coloured bands and/or stripes, declined on a plain ground. More sophisticated fabrics preserve traces of geometrical or vegetal ornaments woven in tapestry or in broche. Independently of the technique chosen to embellish the fabric, the weaver needed dyed threads. Those can be coloured before spinning – as raw fibre, or after spinning – as yarns. A closer observation of the threads shows they are usually well dyed on their surface while the core appears less penetrated by the colour, which points to the application of the dye on spun threads. Except for the textiles, there is no other archaeological attestation of dyeing activity to date. The examination of 59 samples by HPLC-MS lead to the identification of the various plant dyes used in Ancient and Medieval Sudan and showed the combinations of these dyes to obtain various tones of a shade and create additional colours such as orange, pink or green.

The target of this research is to figure out the state of practice and transmission of Batik, an Indonesian textile dyeing Intangible Cultural Heritage, and necessary angles for its conservation. Knowledge related to Batik is shared and transmitted in craftspeople communities in Wukirsari Village, which is one of Batik centers in Indonesia. What’s more, Batik cloth production organizations play an essential role in the transmission of Batik technique through creating job opportunities, establishing selling systems and so on. Apart from that, these organizations also hold mutual aiding activities, which build strong relationship among craftspeople and support daily life of craftspeople financially. So it is can be concluded that 3 points are necessary for the transmission of Batik culture: building a knowledge-sharing environment, making Batik practice an occupation, offering values beyond financial benefits.

Today, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been increasingly used in many technological and industrial sectors, as well as in the textile industry; In fact, the application of these anionic clays with lamellar structure and their composites in the textile industry offers consumers and manufacturers new opportunities. The objective of the current paper is to give a concise overview about recent researches considering the application of LDH in the textile industry as well as in nanofibers. In this review, firstly, the recent applications of LDHs and their composites as promising adsorbents and/or efficient photocatalyst in the textile dyeing wastewater treatment have been reviewed. Since LDHs have been playing an important role in the design of wearable electronics, the applications of different fibers for creating and developing textile energy storage devices have been presented. In the following, the applications of LDHs for creating textiles with other special features such as UV protection, flame retardancy, and On-demand personal thermal management and also the applications of metal oxide/LDH composite in the textile industry are mentioned. In addition, since nanofibers can be considered as attractive aspects in textile academic circles, new opportunities provided by the synchronous application of LDHs and nanofibers in different areas including medical applications, environmental applications, the catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction, and high-performance supercapacitor electrode have been introduced. Finally, future trends and prospects are provided.

This research is to develop the dyeing parameter optimization model for functional textiles based on the analysis of relationship between the manufacturing parameters in the dyeing process and the dyeing performance. The aim of this research is to minimize the total dyeing cost including the production and energy costs with the consideration of robustness measure and dyeing performance. The first task of this research is to analyze the relationship between the dyeing parameters and dyeing performance by the Central Composite Design (CCD). The result of the CCD is the estimated response surface for the use of our second task of the dyeing parameter optimization to search for the optimal combination of dyeing parameters with a robust performance against the manufacturing variability.