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BackgroundThe transition to pulmonary respiration and the termination of foetal cardiovascular shunts is expected to commence immediately after birth. Subsequently, alveolar ventilation and tissue perfusion must be established, despite the challenge of extra-uterine environmental conditions, which could be quite demanding, even to the adult animals. The current study evaluated neonatal adjustment and diurnally induced changes in respiratory and pulse rates in kids of Red Sokoto, Sahel and West African Dwarf (WAD) goats in a tropical climate.ResultsMorning and afternoon respiratory rates started decreasing (P P P P P P P ConclusionIt was concluded that the afternoon rise in ambient temperature induced the establishment of a clear diurnal variation in respiratory rate 24 h postnatal, while the diurnal variation in pulse rate was weak and irregular. The tropical climate may be quite challenging to the attainment of physiological stability in respiratory and cardiovascular functions of neonatal goat kids, especially during the hot season.

A termografia infravermelha (TIV) representa um exame de imagem complementar, trata-se de uma ferramenta não ionizante e não invasiva que capta e registra a emissão térmica da superfície da pele. Esta vem sendo utilizada na medicina humana há mais de 50 anos, na avaliação das mudanças da temperatura superficial induzida por enfermidades como: neoplasias mamárias, diabetes, distúrbios vasculares, regiões musculares, doenças articulares, alterações simpáticas e parassimpáticas entre outras utilidades. Em medicina veterinária, as TIV primeiras descrições ocorreram na década de 1960, e desde então passou a crescer tecnologicamente. Esta revisão descreveu sobre a princípios básicos e as principais aplicações da TIV em medicina veterinária. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica possibilitando assim consolidar informações relativas à base teórica e ao tema proposto. Após a revisão foi possível identificar a história tecnológica da TIV, além de descrever princípios físicos básicos relacionados a técnica e as principais aplicações em medicina veterinária, visando destacar a eficácia desta modalidade no auxilio diagnóstico das inúmeras situações descritas.

The interaction between bending and shear effects in steel beams can be amplified under fire conditions due to rapid degradation in strength and stiffness properties of steel, together with temperature-induced local instability effects. This paper presents temperature-induced moment-shear (M-V) interaction phenomenon in compact (Class 1) steel beams. Results generated from numerical studies are utilized to quantify the effects of temperature-induced critical parameters influencing moment-shear interaction, shear and flexural sectional capacity, as well as instability in steel beams under fire conditions. The major findings of this work are two folds: (1) occurrence of temperature-induced instability adversely reduces shear capacity, as compared to flexural capacity, and (2) this rapid degradation in shear capacity trigger moment–shear interaction phenomenon at elevated temperatures. Eventually, this shifts failure mode in steel beams towards a shear dominant failure mechanism on the interaction envelope.

The thermophysical data of fruit is vital to the study and optimization of postharvest handling processes. However, data available in the literature are not always consistent and must not be used directly. It is crucial to examine the accuracy and reliability of the property data. Also, models to predict the thermal properties of fruit are not distinctly identified and included in the list of models for food materials. The aim of this review is to show the gaps in fruit properties data with emphasis on those properties that are important during postharvest handling. This paper also presents a review of the measurement and prediction techniques for the thermophysical properties of fruit. Fruit thermophysical properties vary with temperature, moisture content, cultivar, and even between the various parts of the same product. The presented review is a valuable input for developing mathematical models that predict cooling rate, cooling time, cooling uniformity and refrigeration energy usage during postharvest handling processes (e.g. precooling and cold storage), as well as for applications related to prediction and monitoring of temperature induced fruit quality changes.

We present a detailed case study of degradation in monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules operating in a utility-scale power plant over the course of approximately three years. We present the results of degradation analysis on arrays within the site, and find that five of the six arrays degraded faster than the best performing array, even though the arrays consist of modules of the same manufacturer and model. We also describe the results of extensive laboratory characterization of modules returned from the field, including module- and cell-level current–voltage characterization, luminescence imaging, and accelerated testing. The laboratory test results and the field performance are consistent with light and elevated temperature induced degradation (LeTID). Notably, we observe differences in back contact technology between affected and unaffected modules. This article also demonstrates a method to identify possible LeTID degradation in the field and confirm the result with laboratory testing of a small number of modules.

The thermal lens problem of optical system caused by high temperature environment is a common problem. Athermal design of lenses based on optical calculation software is an effective passive compensation method. But it is difficult to determine its accuracy and measure it experimentally. We describe an athermal design technology and propose a simulated scheme to verify the accuracy of this design. Three materials with negative dn/dT have been selected to compensate for the thermal lenses produced by a fused silica lens. The results show that the compensation effect of N-PSK53A is the best.

The evolution rule of temperature-induced deflection in main girders is an important index to evaluate the service performance of long-span cable-stayed bridges, which directly reflects th...

Optical lenses used in high temperature environment are usually affected by thermal lenses problems, but it is difficult to evaluate their focal shifts in practical applications. A three-dimensional single-lens model based on finite element solver was built to evaluate the focal shift in this study, when the temperature of surface was raised from the initial temperature to the specified temperature. An experimental method based on a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor was proposed to verify the rationality of the model. The nearly same results between simulations and experiments for N-BK7 and fused silica were obtained, which proves that it is feasible to analyze focal shifts of optical lenses by simulation methods.

Owing to its thermal conductivity property, the strength of structural steel is highly susceptible to elevated temperature. When steel is used in main load-bearing members in buildings that are vulnerable to fire, great attention should be paid to the effect of the elevated temperature on the residual strength of those members. Hence, the design criteria of such members must incorporate temperature in their requirements. Current standards and codes of practice for steel structures have attempted to address the elevated temperature in their design procedures. However, the design procedures suggested by these standards and codes still lack accuracy and rationality compared to experimental results, especially at high values of elevated temperature. The main objective of the present study is to suggest a new and accurate analytical method to reasonably predict the residual axial and lateral strength of steel beam columns when subjected to elevated temperature. The suggested method uses a newly derived moment-curvature equation of steel beam columns at elevated temperature. The effect of elevated temperature on the material and mechanical characteristics of the steel was accounted for by utilizing reduction factors suggested by Eurocode 3 (EC3). Validation of the suggested method against experimental and numerical simulation results has demonstrated that the developed method can reasonably predict the residual axial and lateral resistance of steel beam-columns at high values of elevated temperature. The suggested method has many significant applications in the design of steel members at elevated temperature induced by fire.

The pressure-dependent electronic properties of polycrystalline β-Ag0.33V2O5 were investigated and a discontinuous change of electrical resistance is found at around 4.5 GPa, where semiconductive-like decreasing trend before 4.5 GPa and a metallic-like increasing trend after 4.5 GPa with increasing temperature was observed. Furthermore, high temperature/pressure treatment can markedly reduce the semiconductor-metal (S-M) transition pressure to around 1.5 GPa. The results indicate a promising way for engineering the electronic properties of polycrystalline Ag0.33V2O5, and this pressure/temperature induced semiconductor-metal switch may have potential applications in electronics field.

PREMIER (PREmixed Mixture Ignition in the End-gas Region) combustion occurs with auto-ignition in the end-gas region when the main combustion flame propagation is nearly finished. Auto-ignition is triggered by the increases in pressure and temperature induced by the main combustion flame. Similarly to engine knocking, heat is released in two stages when engines undergo this type of combustion. This pattern of heat release does not occur during normal combustion. However, engine knocking induces pressure oscillations that cause fatal damage to engines, whereas PREMIER combustion does not. The purpose of this study was to elucidate PREMIER combustion in natural gas spark-ignition engines, and differentiate the causes of knocking and PREMIER combustion. We applied combustion visualization and in-cylinder pressure analysis using a compression–expansion machine (CEM) to investigate the auto-ignition characteristics in the end-gas region of a natural gas spark-ignition engine. We occasionally observed knocking accompanied by pressure oscillations under the spark timings and initial gas conditions used to generate PREMIER combustion. No pressure oscillations were observed during normal and PREMIER combustion. Auto-ignition in the end-gas region was found to induce a secondary increase in pressure before the combustion flame reached the cylinder wall, during both knocking and PREMIER combustion. The auto-ignited flame area spread faster during knocking than during PREMIER combustion. This caused a sudden pressure difference and imbalance between the flame propagation region and the end-gas region, followed by a pressure oscillation.

Light- and elevated-temperature-induced degradation (LeTID) in p-type multicrystalline silicon has a severe impact on the effective minority carrier lifetime of silicon and remains a crucial challenge for solar cell manufacturers. The precise cause of the degradation is yet to be confirmed; however, several approaches have been presented to reduce the extent of degradation. This paper presents insights on the impact of thermal budgets and cooling rates during post-firing illuminated anneals and their role in changing the lifetime and mitigating LeTID for thermal processes between 350 and 500 °C. We demonstrate that the thermal budget of these processes plays a crucial role in LeTID suppression and that the cooling rate only plays a role during short treatment durations (≤1 min). For the parameter space studied, we show that annealing for an appropriate time and temperature can both enhance the minority carrier lifetime and completely suppress the LeTID, with the injection-dependent Shockley–Read–Hall lifetime analysis indicating that the recombination activity of the LeTID defects in the bulk has been eliminated. Finally, this paper demonstrates a process that results in a stable lifetime after 800 h of conventional light-soaking at 75 °C.

Through decades of operation, deformation fluctuation becomes a central problem affecting the normal operating of concrete truss combination arch bridge. In order to clarify the mechanism of temperature-induced deformation and its impact on structural stress distribution, this article reports on the temperature distribution and its effect on the deformation of concrete truss combination arch bridge based on bridge health monitoring on a proto bridge with 138 m main span. The temperature distribution and deformation characteristics of the bridge structure in deep valley area are studied. Both of the daily and yearly temperature variation and structural deformation are studied based on bridge health monitoring. Using the outcome of monitoring data, three-dimensional solid finite element models are established to analyze the mechanism of temperature-induced deformation of the whole bridge under different temperature fields. The influence of temperature-induced effect is discussed on local damage based on the damage observation of the background bridge. The outcome of comparisons with field observation validates the analysis results. The relevant monitoring and simulation result can be referenced for the design and evaluation of similar bridges.

Monitoring the light and elevated temperature induced degradation (LeTID) of crystalline silicon solar cells is becoming a standard quality control point in manufacturing. The conventional method light soaking shows several drawbacks, such as the slow response, the large footprint, and low throughput, which limit the LeTID test sampling rate, especially in GW scale mass production. Besides light soaking, LeTID can be induced by applying forward bias upon the P-N junction, which is the current injection. Here, we prove that the current injection can induce the same level of LeTID as light soaking does. In this way, a wide range of current induced degradation (CID) conditions are established on a commercialized equipment. Regarding to the multi crystalline PERC solar cells, 3.5 A-105 °C (for 157 mm cells) is chosen as an accelerated condition to induce LeTID, which is supported by simulations and experimental data.

The friction-type bolted joint transfers the internal forces in the structural members by interface friction, but noticeable seasonal temperature and bolt fracture cause the redistribution of interface friction and threaten the joint safety. Therefore, this study carried out finite element analysis on the interface friction considering the influence of seasonal temperature and bolt fracture. Through finite element analysis, the simulation of interface friction under seasonal temperature revealed the distribution of temperature induced interface friction in different areas and locations. Further simulation of fractured bolts revealed the influence of quantity and location of fractured bolts on the redistribution of interface friction. Finally, the interface frictions in the bolted joint were evaluated using limit state equations. The results showed that: 1) the quantity and location of fractured bolts cause obvious redistribution of interface friction in the bolt-fractured areas; 2) the quantity and location of fractured bolts have slight effect on the total interface friction in the whole splice plate; 3) the reduced interface friction in the bolt-fractured areas was transferred to the areas without bolt fracture, producing little change in the total interface friction; 4) all the splice plates had abundant safety margin after analysis of their limit state equations.

For the friction-type high-strength bolted joint, the bolt fracture can cause redistribution of interface friction, which will seriously endanger the connection safety of structural members. However, current study scarcely focuses on the redistribution of interface friction after bolt fracture. Therefore, this paper will specifically carry out finite element analysis on the redistribution of interface friction caused by fractured bolts. Firstly, the refined finite element model of friction-type high-strength bolted joint is used to investigate the variation of interface friction with uniform temperature and the distribution of interface friction in different areas. Furthermore, stochastic finite element method is introduced to explain how the quantity and location of fractured bolts influence the redistribution of interface friction. Finally, the mathematical model of friction redistribution is built to describe the redistribution of temperature-induced interface friction in the friction-type high-strength bolted joint after bolt fracture. After validation, the mathematical model can well describe the redistribution of interface friction caused by fractured bolts.

Although hyperthermia is associated with poor outcomes in ischaemic stroke (IS), some studies indicate that high body temperature may benefit reperfusion therapies. We assessed the association of temperature with effective reperfusion (defined as a reduction of &ge, 8 points in the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) within the first 24 h) and poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) &gt, 2) in 875 retrospectively-included IS patients. We also studied the influence of temperature on thrombolytic (cellular fibronectin (cFn), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)) and inflammatory biomarkers (tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&alpha, ), interleukin 6 (IL-6)) and their relationship with effective reperfusion. Our results showed that a higher temperature at 24 but not 6 h after stroke was associated with failed reperfusion (OR: 0.373, p = 0.001), poor outcome (OR: 2.190, p = 0.005) and higher IL-6 levels (OR: 0.958, p &lt, 0.0001). Temperature at 6 h was associated with higher MMP-9 levels (R = 0.697, p &lt, 0.0001) and effective reperfusion, although this last association disappeared after adjusting for confounding factors (OR: 1.178, p = 0.166). Our results suggest that body temperature &gt, 37.5 &deg, C at 24 h, but not at 6 h after stroke, is correlated with reperfusion failure, poor clinical outcome, and infarct size. Mild hyperthermia (36.5&ndash, C) in the first 6 h window might benefit drug reperfusion therapies by promoting clot lysis.

Light-induced degradation (LID) is a major concern in solar cells as it can significantly affect the long-term stability, and this issue has been highly observed in modules of silicon substrates doped with boron during the Czochralski (Cz) process. In addition to LID, major performance degradation has been observed at elevated temperature conditions in case of Cz silicon solar cells as well as mass produced multi-crystalline PERC solar cells which use dielectrically passivated surfaces. Increasing the efficiency of solar cells has proved to be a challenging task, and hence further reduction in degradation should be controlled and mitigated for better performance of cells. This review paper helps to understand several causes behind LeTID like excess carrier concentration, temperature and its effects on PERC solar cells. Few possible mitigation techniques like fast firing and laser annealing which are practiced by Tier 1 Module manufacturers are discussed at the end.

Expansion/contraction of coal, induced by the sorption of carbon dioxide and methane in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions, was measured. The investigation is of great importance in the context of validating the potential CO2sequestration in unmined coal seams. Changes in temperature in underground coal beds can influence the sorption balance, resulting in strains in coal strata, which could lead to the desorption of gas and leaks to the ground surface. The research shows that the strains induced by CO2sorption are about twice the size of those resulting from the sorption of CH4. The linear strains are anisotropic and greater in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane. The results of the non-isothermal experiments show that a temperature increase gives rise to the sample swelling in the presence of methane, but a different pattern is observed for coal–CO2systems, where sample contraction occurs. This behaviour is explained by the different mechanism of CH4and CO2deposition and by the diversity in the maceral composition of the samples.

For a supertall structure, the temperature effect is an important factor that must be considered during the design, construction, and performance assessment. In this article, temperature-induced displacement of the 600-m-high Canton Tower is studied by the data-driven approach based on the sufficient real measurement data obtained from the structural health monitoring system. A multiple linear regression model is employed to establish the quantitative relation between the displacement and temperature data at different facades and sections of the structure in different seasons. Results show that an ordinary linear regression model is able to fit the monitoring data well. However, the model fails to interpret the physical meaning of the model coefficients. A regularized linear regression model is then employed and validated to describe the temperature-induced displacement of the structure. The physical relationship between the temperature and displacement is provided. Finally, the model is also used to separate the temperature- and wind-induced displacement of the supertall structure.

Machining-induced residual stresses not only have great influence on the fatigue life of machined components, but also can cause serious distortion in machining of components with large sizes. Thus, it is of great significance to predict and control residual stresses induced by machining. This paper reviews the exploration of residual stress prediction models and three main methods for predicting residual stresses during the last few decades, i.e., empirical, analytical and finite element methods (FEMs), which are introduced in detail. Empirical methods together with effects of different cutting parameters and influential factors on residual stress are classified according to the published experimental results. They are convenient but have limited application range since they are usually established under certain conditions. Analytical methods, which aim at theoretically investigating the instantaneous stresses and temperature induced by machining and revealing how residual stresses are accumulated during the machining process, are explained and discussed according to the evolution histories of all existing approaches. It is observed that different approaches together with some relevant machining mechanisms are merged into the analyzing procedures. Finite element methods, which are adopted to intuitively simulate the machining process, are reviewed at the end of this paper. It is found that FEMs are helpful to study the influential factors and to bridge industry-relevant parameters, but have low efficiency, especially for the three-dimensional models. Advantages and disadvantages corresponding to every model are discussed and summarized. From comprehensive review, it can be concluded that developing a more accurate residual stress measuring method, establishing a more general analytical model and improving the computational efficiency of finite element analysis are greatly desired.

We compare light induced degradation behaviours in lifetime samples and fully fabricated solar cells made from p-type boron-doped high performance multicrystalline silicon, p-type boron-doped mono-like silicon, n-type phosphorus-doped high performance multicrystalline silicon and p-type boron-doped Czochralski-grown silicon. Our results confirm that the degradation in multicrystalline silicon is triggered by the rapid cooling after the firing process. All cast-grown silicon samples subjected to fast cooling show lifetime reduction after light soaking. Interestingly, the degradation rate in n-type multicrystalline silicon is found to be orders of magnitude slower than in p-type multicrystalline silicon, suggesting that the defect formation mechanism could be affected by the positions of the quasi fermi levels.

Accurate methane gas adsorption capacity estimation is key for the coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir gas-in-place assessment. As in situ, the reservoir pressure and temperature vary from one location to another. The temperature induced gas sorption capacity evaluation is important for the CBM and mining industry. In this study, grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation was used to investigate temperature effect on methane adsorption capacity and adsorbed methane density for different sized pores. Methane adsorption experiments were performed to show realistic temperature effect on methane adsorption capacity and the experimental data were used directly to validate the numerical model. The pore structure of coal was characterized by high-pressure mercury injection, low-pressure N2 gas adsorption, low-pressure CO2 gas adsorption. The simulation results revealed that, first, temperature influence on methane adsorption was more obvious in smaller pores than that in larger pores. Based on the characteristics of the temperature influence on methane adsorption, pores can be divided into three categories: 0.7–0.9 nm pores, 1.0–1.3 nm pores and pores larger than 1.4 nm. In the 0.7–0.9 nm group, methane adsorption capacity decreased by approximately 19% at 3 MPa from 20 °C to 100 °C. In contrast, in the 1.0–1.3 nm pores and pores larger than 1.4 nm, methane adsorption capacity decreased by approximately 32% and 45%. Second, in 0.7 nm and 1.0 nm pores, methane adsorption capacity decreased linearly with an increase in temperature. In 4.0 nm pores methane adsorption capacity exhibited a negative exponential decrease with increasing temperature at low pressure (

There has been growing interest in minimally invasive foot surgery due to the benefits it delivers in post-operative outcomes in comparison to conventional open methods of surgery. One of the major factors determining the protocol in minimally invasive surgery is to prevent iatrogenic thermal osteonecrosis. The aim of the study is to look at various drilling parameters in a minimally invasive surgery setting that would reduce the risk of iatrogenic thermal osteonecrosis.Sixteen fresh-frozen tarsal bones and two metatarsal bones were retrieved from three individuals and drilled using various settings. The parameters considered were drilling speed, drill diameter, and inter-individual cortical variability. Temperature measurements of heat generated at the drilling site were collected using two methods; thermocouple probe and infrared thermography. The data obtained were quantitatively analysed.There was a significant difference in the temperatures generated with different drilling speeds (p0.05). However, there was no significant difference in temperatures recorded between the bones of different individuals and in bones drilled using different drill diameters. Thermocouple showed significantly more sensitive tool in measuring temperature compared to infrared thermography.Drilling at an optimal speed significantly reduced the risk of iatrogenic thermal osteonecrosis by maintaining temperature below the threshold level. Although different drilling diameters did not produce significant differences in temperature generation, there is a need for further study on the mechanical impact of using different drill diameters.

A numerical model for evaluating the performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) slabs under fire conditions is presented. The numerical model utilizes a macroscopic finite element based approach to trace thermo-mechanical response of FRP-strengthened RC slabs from linear elastic stage to collapse under fire conditions. The model accounts for temperature dependent properties of concrete, steel, FRP, and fire insulation as well as for temperature induced degradation of bond between concrete and FRP. The model is validated by comparing predicted response of FRP strengthened RC slabs with measured temperatures and deflections in fire tests. A case study is also presented to compare fire performance of RC slabs with and without FRP strengthening, as well as with different insulation and bond configurations. Results from the analysis indicate that a FRP strengthened RC slab, without any fire insulation, yields lower fire resistance as compared to conventional RC slab. Also, temperature induced bond degradation significantly influences fire performance of an FRP strengthened RC slab and neglecting bond degradation may lead to un-conservative estimation of fire resistance.

Metastable germanium–tin alloys are promising materials for optoelectronics and optics. Here we present the first electrical characterization of highly crystalline Ge0.81Sn0.19 nanowires grown in a solution-based process. The investigated Ge0.81Sn0.19 nanowires reveal ohmic behavior with resistivity of the nanowire material in the range of ∼1 × 10−4 Ω m. The temperature-dependent resistivity measurements demonstrate the semiconducting behavior. Moreover, failure of devices upon heating to moderate temperatures initiating material degradation has been investigated to illustrate that characterization and device operation of these highly metastable materials have to be carefully conducted.

If not adequately suppressed, Light and elevated Temperature Induced Degradation (LeTID) has been shown to cause severe degradation of multicrystalline (mc-Si) silicon solar cells and modules with passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC). Within this work, the system performance of LeTID-sensitive mc-Si modules is investigated when operated in temperate and mediterranean climates, and a correlation to predict the observed field performance based on accelerated laboratory testing is presented. Severe degradation induced by LeTID of up to 7% in maximum output power is detected after one thousand hours of laboratory testing, which is shown to correspond to ~ 3 years of field installation time in Cyprus. In contrast, LeTID-sensitive modules installed in Germany show a degradation of 2.5% within the same time period. Due to lower irradiance values and module temperature in Germany the LeTID rate is lower than in Cyprus. A significant dependence of system performance loss and energy yield due to LeTID on installation site is shown. Hence, the loss in system performance due to LeTID affects one-to-one the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) compared to reference without LeTID. Furthermore, it is shown that LeTID in the field can be suppressed by applying Hanwha Q CELLS’ Q.ANTUM technology, independently of installation site.

Within this work, both the performance and reliability of industrial p -type monocrystalline solar cells with dielectrically passivated rear side and corresponding modules are investigated. Results of the mass production of Q.ANTUM solar cells at Hanwha Q CELLS on boron-doped p -type Czochralski-grown silicon (Cz-Si) substrates are presented, exceeding 21.5 % average conversion efficiency. Without power-enhancing measures such as the use of half cells, multi-wire approaches or light-capturing ribbons, essentially all currently (as of March 2017) produced Cz-Si Q.ANTUM solar modules exhibit output powers of > 300 Wp with 60 full 4-busbar cells. In terms of reliability, light-induced degradation (LID) is investigated in detail, with conditions relevant for the activation of, both, the boron-oxygen (BO) defect, and, so-called “Light and Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation” (LeTID). While the formation of the BO defect has been considered the most prominent LID mechanism in boron-doped p -type Cz-Si, LeTID has so far been discussed mainly as a potential issue for passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC) on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) substrates. This work shows that, if not adequately suppressed, LeTID can also occur in p -type Cz-Si PERC with a degradation in output power of up to > 6 %, which cannot be suppressed in a straightforward manner by conventional processing steps to permanently deactivate the BO defect. In contrast to conventional PERC, Hanwha Q CELLS’ Q.ANTUM technology is shown to reliably suppress, both, LID due to BO defect formation, and , LeTID in modules manufactured from, both, p -type mc-Si and Cz-Si substrates.

The influence of temperature induced bond degradation on response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams exposed to fire is presented. A finite element based numerical model is developed in ABAQUS for tracing the response of reinforced concrete beams exposed to fire. Temperature induced interfacial bond degradation between concrete and reinforcing steel is specifically taken into account using bond-link element approach. The effect of temperature dependent local bond stress-slip relations on fire resistance of both normal strength and high strength reinforced concrete beams is investigated. A comparison of numerical model predictions with response parameters measured in fire tests clearly indicate that interfacial bond between reinforcing steel and concrete can influence extent of strength degradation and deflections in RC beams exposed to fire leading to relatively lower fire resistance in the beams. Hence, the current approach of assuming a perfect bond between rebar and concrete in fire resistance analysis of reinforced concrete structures may be un-conservative in certain scenarios, especially for RC beams reinforced with smooth rebars and when rebar temperature exceeds 400 °C.

Seen from an international perspective preinsulated bonded pipe systems dominate in heat distribution. These pipe systems are usually buried in sand and soil-pipe interaction hinders thermal strains, which make economic solutions for bow- and T-sections possible. For static design pipe-soil interaction must be known as accurate as possible. However, several parameters are influencing the quantity of the expected soil reaction. Main influencing factors are dependent on the used bedding material and geometry. Furthermore current research results made additional soil-phenomena evident, which are hardening effects and stress redistribution during operation. A new calculation approach for the axial soil reaction was developed in 2015 based on existing test results and numerical simulations. A sensitivity analyses were carried out to estimate the significance of relevant parameters and the existing calculation approaches. This paper identifies the significant parameters and suggests parameter sets for lowest and highest axial soil reaction. Two main boundary situations are taken into account a) first movement b) during operation.

Continuous-wave (CW) lasing was recently achieved in colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) by lowering the threshold through the introduction of biaxial strain. However, the CW laser threshold is still much higher than the femtosecond threshold. This must be addressed before electrically injected lasing can be realized. Here we investigate the relationship between threshold and temperature and find a subpicosecond recombination process that proceeds very efficiently at temperatures reached during CW excitation. We combine density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations to explore potential candidates for such a process, and find that crystal defects having thermally vibrating energy levels can become electronic traps

To perform geodetic measurements of displacements of the ground and manmade constructions, stabilised reference points are needed from which control points on the object or its surroundings could be measured. Reference points are most commonly stabilised with reinforced concrete pillars, however, they are not always constructed in an appropriate manner. The influence of temperature variation within a pillar on the position of the fixed screw for forced centring is not negligible and should be considered when performing precise measurements. In this research paper, the displacement of a pillar was calculated as a result of the temperature changes in the pillar, and then an experiment was performed in which the pillar was heated from one side, and the horizontal displacement of the fixed screw for forced centring was measured. Both, calculations and measurements, show that at a temperature difference of 16.2 &deg, C, the fixed screw on a 1.5 m high pillar moves by approximately 1 mm, which is a displacement that should be taken into account in precise measurements.

Thermal Imaging (Infrared-Imaging-IRI) is a promising new technique for psychophysiological research and application. Unlike traditional physiological measures (like skin conductance and heart rate), it is uniquely contact-free, substantially enhancing its ecological validity. Investigating facial regions and subsequent reliable signal extraction from IRI data is challenging due to head motion artefacts. Exploiting its potential thus depends on advances in analytical methods. Here, we developed a novel semi-automated thermal signal extraction method employing deep learning algorithms for facial landmark identification. We applied this method to physiological responses elicited by a sudden auditory stimulus, to determine if facial temperature changes induced by a stimulus of a loud sound can be detected. We compared thermal responses with psycho-physiological sensor-based tools of galvanic skin response (GSR) and electrocardiography (ECG). We found that the temperatures of selected facial regions, particularly the nose tip, significantly decreased after the auditory stimulus. Additionally, this response was quite rapid at around 4–5 seconds, starting less than 2 seconds following the GSR changes. These results demonstrate that our methodology offers a sensitive and robust tool to capture facial physiological changes with minimal manual intervention and manual pre-processing of signals. Newer methodological developments for reliable temperature extraction promise to boost IRI use as an ecologically-valid technique in social and affective neuroscience.

We report a study on pump- and temperature-induced repetition frequency response in hybrid mode-locked stretched-pulse erbium fiber laser with distributed polarizer. For the first time to the best of our knowledge, we have shown frequency-dependent loss (FDL) contribution to pump-induced repetition frequency response behavior. FDL originates from wavelength-dependent saturation of nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) mechanism which is inherent to stretched-pulse regime of operation. We have proposed an analytical model adequately describing NPE influence on pump-induced repetition frequency response. As it is observed, NPE-induced contribution substantially dominates over other physical perturbations leading to strictly different pump-induced repetition frequency response behavior compared to erbium fiber soliton laser.

In this paper we have used a sequential measurement routine to separate and evaluate the effects of two dominant mechanisms for degradation of the carrier lifetime of silicon wafers: Boron-oxygen related light induced degradation (BO-LID) and light and elevated temperature induced degradation (LeTID). Wafers from different heights in a high performance multicrystalline silicon brick have first been illuminated at room temperature to fully activate the BO-LID process in the wafers, followed by an illuminated annealing to activate the more detrimental recombination sites causing LeTID. By isolating the effects of LeTID in this way we hope to improve the analysis and arrive closer to an understanding of the underlying recombination mechanism. The concentration of LeTID defects was observed to increase with height in the bottom half of the ingot and then decrease towards the top in the upper half.

In this work, a high voltage, both sides screen-printed n-type passivated emitter and rear totally diffused rear junction (n-PERT-RJ) solar cell concept with Al point contacts on its rear side is proposed. A dash pattern for the firing through Ag contact is applied instead of performing the selective doping on the front surface field (FSF), that effectively reduced the area-weighted metal-induced recombination current J0, Met (Ag). The impact of different n-bulk properties on the n-PERT-RJ solar cell performance is revealed by Quokka3 simulation. An innovative “point-line” concept is then introduced which is composed of dot-shaped laser contact opening (LCO) and Al metal grid, aims to possess bifacial gain in addition to the preservation of high VOC in order to further reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). This industrial type n-PERT-RJ solar cell demonstrates the same performance level as the advanced passivated contact solar cell concepts, the cost of ownership (COO) is close to the p-PERC solar cells, last but not least, shows the performance stability after light and elevated temperature induced degradation (LeTID) tests.

Light and elevated temperature induced degradation (LeTID) is known to be affected by the last dark anneal that the silicon wafers or cells experience prior to illumination. Here we study how low-temperature dark anneal performed on fully processed multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) passivated emitter and rear solar cells (PERC) influences LeTID characteristics, both the intensity of the degradation and the degradation kinetics. Our results show that a relatively long anneal at 300°C provides an efficient means to minimize LeTID while too short dark anneal at the same temperature seems to have a negative impact on the subsequent degradation under light soaking. Finally, we compare the experimental results with the model originally developed for metal precipitation and discuss the possibility of metals being involved in LeTID mechanism.

Many environmental stressors, including stress temperature, high density, hypoxia, low food availability, high social pressure, and bright background colour, have been found to cause masculinization in fish. The environmental-friendly factors-induced masculinization provides a possibility of environmental-friendly mono-sex production for aquaculture. In the present work, we found high temperature (33.5 °C) or cortisol administration (300 mg kg−1 feed) covering the critical period of ovarian differentiation (15–38 days post-fertilization, DPF) caused partial masculinization of XX genotype in yellow catfish, via the application of sex-linked markers and successive histological analysis containing critical time window of ovarian and testicular differentiation and differentiated gonads, including 25 DPF, 35 DPF, 45 DPF, 65 DPF, and 125 DPH of XX female, XX male, and XY male. The masculinization modes in high temperature and cortisol administration groups were similar, including repression of primordial germ cells proliferation and retention of the ovarian cavity in XX pseudo-male. XX male was similar to XY male at both transcriptional and morphological levels, via RNA-seq analysis and morphological characteristics and gonadal histology respectively, providing a possibility to produce functional XX males and all-female XX population on a large-scale through an environmental-friendly approach for yellow catfish. The establishment and application of an environmental-friendly approach for mono-sex production will reduce the usage of steroid hormones and functionally similar chemicals in the aquaculture industry.

Polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLCs) with unique characteristics play important roles in optics and photonics. In this case, temperature induced effects can modify their function in various phenomena. In this work, optical responses of PSCLCs were studied at different temperatures and temperature dependent properties of prepared PSCLC were successfully equationalized. According to the experimental results, there are good linear relationship between calculated pitch lengths and temperature. Moreover, the experimental results indicate that nematic liquid crystal (NLC) temperature dependent characteristics play important roles on the PSCLCs pitch length. In this case, quantitatively investigation of relationship between pitch length and LC order parameter provide new method for calculation of pitch length. Therefore, the calculation of pitch length based on NLC order parameter can facilitate the studies on PSCLCs.

GaTe is a two-dimensional III–VI semiconductor with suitable direct bandgap of ∼ 1.65 eV and high photoresponsivity, which makes it a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications. GaTe exists in two crystalline phases: monoclinic (m-GaTe, with space group C2/m) and hexagonal (h-GaTe, with space group P63/mmc). The phase transition between the two phases was reported under temperature-varying conditions, such as annealing, laser irradiation, etc. The explicit phase transition temperature and energy barrier during the temperature-induced phase transition have not been explored. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the phase transition process by using first-principles energetic and phonon calculations within the quasi-harmonic approximation framework. We predicted that the phase transition from h-GaTe to m-GaTe occurs at the temperature decreasing to 261 K. This is in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations. It is a two-step transition process with energy barriers 199 meV and 288 meV, respectively. The relatively high energy barriers demonstrate the irreversible nature of the phase transition. The electronic and phonon properties of the two phases were further investigated by comparison with available experimental and theoretical results. Our results provide insightful understanding on the process of temperature-induced phase transition of GaTe.

This paper presents results from experiments on the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of low relaxation seven-wire prestressing strand. A set of steady-state tensile strength tests are carried out on prestressing strands and reinforcing bars at various temperatures. Data from these tensile strength tests is utilized to derive stress-strain response, yield strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and rupture strain of prestressing strand and reinforcing bars in 20–800 °C temperature range. Results obtained from these property tests indicate that prestressing strand experiences higher strength degradation than that of reinforcing steel bar throughout the temperature range. In addition, presence of preload on prestressing strand slightly increases the temperature induced rate of strength degradation beyond 450 °C. Results from these mechanical property tests are utilized to propose empirical relations for expressing variation of mechanical properties of low relaxation seven-wire prestressing strand as a function of temperature.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a widely used clinical treatment for many types of cardiac arrhythmias. However, nontransmural lesions and gaps between linear lesions often lead to recurrence of the arrhythmia. Intracardiac electrograms (IEGMs) provide real-time information regarding the state of the cardiac tissue surrounding the catheter tip. Nevertheless, the formation and interpretation of IEGMs during the RFA procedure is complex and yet not fully understood. In this in-silico study, we propose a computational model for acute ablation lesions. Our model consists of a necrotic scar core and a border zone, describing irreversible and reversible temperature induced electrophysiological phenomena. These phenomena are modeled by varying the intra- and extracellular conductivity of the tissue as well as a regulating zone factor. The computational model is evaluated regarding its feasibility and validity. Therefore, this model was compared to an existing one and to clinical measurements of five patients undergoing RFA. The results show that the model can indeed be used to recreate IEGMs. We computed IEGMs arising from complex ablation scars, such as scars with gaps or two overlapping ellipsoid scars. For orthogonal catheter orientation, the presence of a second necrotic core in the near-field of a punctiform acute ablation lesion had minor impact on the resulting signal morphology. The presented model can serve as a base for further research on the formation and interpretation of IEGMs.

The changes caused by temperature in the surface shape of a deformable mirror used at the National Ignition Facility has been investigated previously. In this paper the temperature induced surface shape under different temperature fields is further studied. We find that the changes of the peak and valley (PV) or root-mean-square (RMS) value rely on the temperature gradient as well as the difference between the mirror and the environment with a certain rule. This work analyzes these quantitative relationship, using the finite element method. Some experiments were carried out to verify the analysis results. The conclusion provides guidance to minimize the effect of the temperature field on the surface shape. Considerations about how to improve the temperature induced faceplate in actual work are suggested finally.

To improve drug delivery efficiency in cancer therapy, many researchers have recently concentrated on drug delivery systems that use anticancer drug loaded micro- or nanoparticles. In addition, induction methods, such as ultrasound, magnetic field, and infrared light, have been considered as active induction methods for drug delivery. Among these, focused ultrasound has been regarded as a promising candidate for the active induction method of drug delivery system because it can penetrate a deep site in soft tissue, and its energy can be focused on the targeted lesion. In this research, we employed focused ultrasound as an active induction method. For an anticancer drug loaded microparticles, we fabricated poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid docetaxel (PLGA-DTX) nanoparticle encapsulated alginate microbeads using the single-emulsion technique and the aeration method. To select the appropriate operating parameter for the focused ultrasound, we measured the pressure and temperature induced by the focused ultrasound at the focal area using a needle-type hydrophone and a digital thermal detector, respectively. Additionally, we conducted a simulation of focused ultrasound using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3a. The experimental measurement results were compared with the simulation results. In addition, the drug release rates of the PLGA-DTX-encapsulated alginate microbeads induced by the focused ultrasound were tested. Through these experiments, we determined that the appropriate focused ultrasound parameter was peak pressure of 1 MPa, 10 cycle/burst, and burst period of 20 μSec. Finally, we performed the cell cytotoxicity and drug uptake test with focused ultrasound induction and found that the antitumor effect and drug uptake efficiency were significantly enhanced by the focused ultrasound induction. Thus, we confirmed that focused ultrasound can be an effective induction method for an anticancer drug delivery system.

We investigate both absorptive- and dispersive optical bistability (OB) phenomena for a homogeneously broadened two-level atomic medium interacting with a single mode of the ring cavity in the presence of the Kerr-nonlinear blackbody reservoir. We predict the temperature-induced switching phenomenon with near resonance conditions, as well as lower cooperativity parameter to observe OB due to such reservoir.