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Background The aim of this study was to study the prognostic significance of tertiary Gleason grade (TGG) 5 in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Methods A total of 600 Japanese patients who underwent RARP for clinical stage T1-3N0M0 prostate cancer were evaluated. TGG5 was evaluated according to the International Society of Urological Pathology criterion. Cox hazard regression was used to evaluate the prognostic significance of prostate-specific antigen and pathological features in RARP specimens. Results Of the 600 RARP specimens, 92 (15%) had TGG5. TGG5 component was found in 30 (10%) of 287 cases with Gleason score (GS) 3 + 4, 55 (37%) of 149 cases with GS 4 + 3 and 7 (17%) of 40 cases with GS 4 + 4. There were no significant differences in pathological stage and surgical margin status between GS 3 + 4 with and without TGG5, as well as between GS 4 + 4 with and without TGG5. Of the 600 patients, 92 (15%) patients had biochemical recurrence (BCR) after surgery, with a median follow-up period of 42 (3-104) months. There were no differences in 5-year BCR-free survival rates between patients with GS 3 + 4 with and without TGG5 (92 vs. 100%, P = 0.16), as well as between patients with GS 4 + 3 with and without TGG5 (79 vs. 71%, P = 0.30). Similarly, there were no differences in 3-year BCRFS rates between patients with GS 4 + 4 with and without TGG5 (80 vs. 71%, P = 0.38). Conclusions In our population, the presence of TGG5 in RARP specimens had no strong impact on pathological and prognostic outcomes.

OBJECTIVE To clarify the impact of prostate-specific antigen screening on surgical outcomes of prostate cancer. METHODS Patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were divided into two groups according to prostate-specific antigen testing opportunity (group 1, prostate-specific antigen screening; group 2, non-prostate-specific antigen screening). Perioperative clinical characteristics were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum and χ2 -tests. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify independent predictors of postoperative biochemical recurrence-free survival. RESULTS In total, 798 patients (63.2%) and 464 patients (36.8%) were categorized into groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 2 patients were more likely to have a higher prostate-specific antigen level and age at diagnosis and larger prostate volume. Clinical T stage, percentage of positive cores and pathological Gleason score did not differ between the groups. The 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rate was 83.9% for group 1 and 71.0% for group 2 (P

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Approximately 30% of men who undergo radical prostatectomy (RP) experience biochemical recurrence (BCR) within 5 years. However, since androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:In non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), clinical management is often based on risk classification with limited subjective tools. Recent development in artificial ...

Background Neutropenia is a major adverse event of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of neutropenia and to develop a nomogram for predicting Grade 4 neutropenia during the first cycle of docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Patients and Methods This study included 112 patients with CRPC treated with docetaxel-based systemic chemotherapy. We evaluated the incidence and risk factors for Grade 4 neutropenia in the first cycle of chemotherapy. Results Sixty-two of 112 patients (55.4%) developed Grade 4 neutropenia in the first cycle of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. There were significant differences in age, baseline white blood cell count, and baseline neutrophil count between patients with non-Grade 4 neutropenia and those with Grade 4 neutropenia in univariate analyses. The serum prostate-specific antigen level, hemoglobin level, creatinine, albumin, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, metastatic sites, extent of disease, and history of external beam radiotherapy to the prostate were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; P = .019) and baseline neutrophil counts (OR, 0.79; P = .045) were significant independent risk factors for severe neutropenia. A nomogram and a calibration plot on the basis of these results were developed from a multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict the probability of Grade 4 neutropenia. Conclusion Age and baseline neutrophil counts were significant independent risk factors for Grade 4 neutropenia. The nomogram to predict it provides useful information for the management of patients with CRPC treated with docetaxel chemotherapy.

Objectives To investigate the predictive values of perioperative factors and to develop a nomogram for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Methods A retrospective analysis of 144 patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy from 1996 to 2014 was carried out. The actuarial probabilities of the intravesical recurrence-free survival rate were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Prognostic indicators for intravesical recurrence were identified using competing-risks regression analyses. Results Intravesical recurrence occurred in 63 patients during the follow-up period. The intravesical recurrence-free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 65.7%, 50.6% and 47.1%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the presence of gross hematuria (P = 0.028) and the preoperative serum creatinine level (P = 0.033) were significantly associated with intravesical recurrence. In multivariate analysis, the presence of gross hematuria (subdistribution hazard ratio 2.03, 95% CI 1.145–3.496; P = 0.013) and the preoperative serum creatinine level (subdistribution hazard ratio 3.15, 95% CI 1.161–3.534; P = 0.021) were independent predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. Accordingly, a nomogram based on the model was developed. The concordance index of this model was 0.632. Conclusion The presence of gross hematuria and preoperative serum creatinine levels seem to be independent predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. Our nomogram developed based on these factors might aid in appropriate patient selection for clinical trials of novel therapeutic interventions, including administration of intravesical chemotherapy.

To investigate the prognostic significance of sarcopenia on long-term outcomes in patients with bladder cancer after radical cystectomy (RC). We retrospectively reviewed 136 patients undergoing RC for urothelial carcinoma at our institution. Prognostic impact of the preoperative clinical, laboratory, and radiologic parameters were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard model analyses, and a nomogram was developed to predict cancer-specific survival (CSS) after RC. The mean follow-up was 46.7 months. Patients with sarcopenia had a significantly shorter CSS than those without sarcopenia. On univariate Cox analysis, clinical T stage, histology of transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) specimen, pretreatment hemoglobin, pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), pretreatment serum C-reactive protein level, pretreatment serum albumin level, presence of hydronephrosis, and presence of sarcopenia were associated with significantly worse CSS. On multivariate Cox stepwise analysis, sarcopenia (hazard rate [HR] = 2.3, p = 0.015), clinical T stage (cT4: HR = 5.3; p = 0.0096), presence of hydronephrosis (HR = 2.0; p = 0.033), histology of TURBT specimen (HR = 2.2, p = 0.044), and NLR (HR = 1.3; p = 0.0048) were significant independent predictors of an unfavorable prognosis Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, we developed a nomogram to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year CSS after RC. Sarcopenia, clinical T stage, presence of hydronephrosis, histology of TURBT specimen, and NLR are novel preoperative prognostic factors even after adjustment for other known preoperative predictors in patients undergoing RC for bladder cancer.

Primary small-cell carcinoma arising from the bladder (SmCCB) is uncommon. It differs from urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common type of bladder cancer, with respect to its cell of origin, biology, and prognosis. Biologically, prostatic SmCCB is much more aggressive than UC, and the prognosis for cases with distant metastasis is especially poor. We report here a case of primary SmCCB (cT3bN1M0) treated with radical cystectomy.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value from DWI and the forward volume transfer constant (K(trans)) value from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI independently predict prostate cancer aggressiveness, and to determine whether the combination of both parameters performs better than either parameter alone in assessing tumor aggressiveness before treatment.This retrospective study included 158 men with histopathologically confirmed prostate cancer who underwent 3-T MRI before undergoing prostatectomy in 2011. Whole-mount step-section pathologic maps identified 195 prostate cancer foci that were 0.5 mL or larger; these foci were then volumetrically assessed to calculate the per-tumor ADC and K(trans) values. Associations between MRI and histopathologic parameters were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficients, univariate and multivariable logistic regression, and AUCs.The median ADC and K(trans) values showed moderate correlation only for tumors for which the Gleason score (GS) was 4 + 4 or higher (ρ = 0.547; p = 0.042). The tumor ADC value was statistically significantly associated with all dichotomized GSs (p0.005), including a GS of 3 + 3 versus a GS of 3 + 4 or higher (AUC, 0.693; p = 0.001). The tumor K(trans) value differed statistically significantly only between tumors with a GS of 3 + 3 and those with a primary Gleason grade of 4 (p ≤ 0.015), and it made a statistically significant contribution only in differentiating tumors with a GS of 4 + 3 or higher (AUC, 0.711; p0.001) and those with a GS of 4 + 4 or higher (AUC, 0.788; p0.001) from lower-grade tumors. Combining ADC and K(trans) values improved diagnostic performance in characterizing tumors with a GS of 4 + 3 or higher and those with a GS of 4 + 4 or higher (AUC, 0.739 and 0.856, respectively; p0.01).Although the ADC value helped to differentiate between all GSs, the K(trans) value was only a benefit in characterizing more aggressive tumors. Combining these parameters improves their performance in identifying patients with aggressive tumors who may require radical treatment.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify risk factors to predict a biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients treated with salvage radiation therapy (SRT) after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 122 Japanese patients who received SRT for BCR after RP. Using uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, we identified the predictive factors of BCR after SRT. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 61.3 months, 45.9% of the patients showed BCR after SRT, with 61.5 and 41.8% of non-BCR rates at the second and fifth years. Univariate proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that extraprostatic disease (P = 0.029), seminal vesicle invasion (P = 0.005), microvascular invasion (P = 0.001), postoperative Gleason score (P = 0.008) and pre-SRT prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (P = 0.005) were significantly associated with BCR after SRT. However, only the presence of microvascular invasion and a higher pre-SRT PSA were significant predictors in the multivariate analysis. The non-BCR rate in the second year after SRT for 15 patients with microvascular invasion and pre-SRT PSA > 1.2 ng/ml was only 21% compared to 72.5% of 72 patients with negative microvascular invasion and a pre-SRT PSA of

To determine the peri-operative safety and oncological value of robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) for older and younger patients in an initial Japanese RARC series. We retrospectively analyzed the demographics, complications, peri-operative and oncological outcomes of 253 consecutive patients with bladder cancer who underwent RARC at 34 institutions in Japan between April 2009 and March 2017. The patients were assigned to groups according to ages at surgery of

To assess the impact of preoperatively estimated prostate volume (PV) using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) on surgical and oncological outcomes in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP).We analyzed the experience of a single surgeon at our hospital who performed 436 RARPs without neoadjuvant hormone therapy between August 2006 and December 2013. Patients were divided into three groups according to their preoperative PV calculated using TRUS (PV ≤ 20 cm(3): group 1, n = 61; 20 PV 50 cm(3): group 2, n = 303; PV ≥ 50 cm(3): group 3, n = 72).Blood loss was significantly higher in group 3 than in group 1 and group 2. In stage pT2 patients, the rate of positive surgical margin (PSM) was significantly lower in group 3 than in group 1. In addition, perioperative complications significantly increased with increasing PV, while the extraprostatic extension (EPE) rate significantly decreased with increasing PV. The preoperative biopsy Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density, and clinical T2 stage were inversely correlated with increasing PV. Biochemical recurrence-free survival after RARP was significantly lower in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3.A large prostate size was significantly associated with increased blood loss and a higher rate of perioperative complications. A small prostate size was associated with a higher PSM rate, PSA density, Gleason score, EPE rate, and biochemical recurrence rate. These results suggest that RARP was technically challenging in patients with large prostates, whereas small prostates were associated with unfavorable oncological outcomes.

To investigate Haralick texture analysis of prostate MRI for cancer detection and differentiating Gleason scores (GS).One hundred and forty-seven patients underwent T2- weighted (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted prostate MRI. Cancers ≥0.5 ml and non-cancerous peripheral (PZ) and transition (TZ) zone tissue were identified on T2WI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, using whole-mount pathology as reference. Texture features (Energy, Entropy, Correlation, Homogeneity, Inertia) were extracted and analysed using generalized estimating equations.PZ cancers (n = 143) showed higher Entropy and Inertia and lower Energy, Correlation and Homogeneity compared to non-cancerous tissue on T2WI and ADC maps (p-values:.0001-0.008). In TZ cancers (n = 43) we observed significant differences for all five texture features on the ADC map (all p-values:.0001) and for Correlation (p = 0.041) and Inertia (p = 0.001) on T2WI. On ADC maps, GS was associated with higher Entropy (GS 6 vs. 7: p = 0.0225; 6 vs.7: p = 0.0069) and lower Energy (GS 6 vs. 7: p = 0.0116, 6 vs.7: p = 0.0039). ADC map Energy (p = 0.0102) and Entropy (p = 0.0019) were significantly different in GS ≤3 + 4 versus ≥4 + 3 cancers; ADC map Entropy remained significant after controlling for the median ADC (p = 0.0291).Several Haralick-based texture features appear useful for prostate cancer detection and GS assessment.• Several Haralick texture features may differentiate non-cancerous and cancerous prostate tissue. • Tumour Energy and Entropy on ADC maps correlate with Gleason score. • T2w-image-derived texture features are not associated with the Gleason score.

Urinary incontinence is one of the most bothersome adversities after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). The aim of this study was to investigate the urinary continence recovery and the effect of various surgical techniques.We previously reported that posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction and nerve-sparing were independent predictors of urinary continence recovery 1 month after catheter removal in 199 patients who underwent RARP. Retrospectively, we further reviewed those 199 patients for urinary continence recovery at 3 months or later after RARP. The relationships of urinary continence with perioperative findings, including surgical procedures, were evaluated at 3 to 12 months after RARP. The Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney rank sum test were used for evaluating variables between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between urinary continence and perioperative factors.On univariate analyses, surgeon experience, lateral bladder neck preservation (BNP), anterior reconstruction, and posterior reconstruction were significantly associated with urinary continence recovery 3 months after RARP, but only lateral BNP was independently associated with urinary continence recovery in a multivariate analysis. Similarly, on univariate analyses, surgeon experience, lateral BNP, and posterior reconstruction were significantly associated with continence recovery at 6 months or later after surgery. However, multivariate analyses showed that only lateral BNP was significantly associated with urinary continence recovery 6 months or later after surgery.Although the lateral BNP technique did not affect immediate urinary continence recovery, this procedure was significantly associated with continence recovery 3 months or later after RARP.

Purpose To investigate the impact of the time interval (TI) between prostate biopsy and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) on the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 793 consecutive patients who were treated with RARP at our institution. Patients were divided into three groups, according to TI, to compare BCR-free survival (BCRFS) rates: Group 1 (n = 196), TI < 3 months; Group 2 (n = 513), 3 ≤ TI < 6 months; Group 3 (n = 84), TI ≥ 6 months. Eighty-three patients with TI ≥ 6 months were matched with an equal number of patients with TI < 6 months based on propensity scores by using four preoperative factors: prostate-specific antigen (PSA), primary (pGS) and secondary (sGS) Gleason score and positive prostate biopsy. Results The 5-year BCRFS rates for TI Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 76%, 80.7% and 82.6% (P = 0.99), respectively. The multivariate analysis revealed that PSA, pGS, sGS and a positive prostate biopsy were independent preoperative risk factors for BCR. The propensity adjusted 5-year BCRFS for patients with TI ≥ 6 months was 84.0%. This was not worse than that of patients with TI < 6 months (71.0%, P = 0.18). Conclusions In our cohorts, a delay in the time from biopsy to RARP did not significantly affect recurrence. Therefore, hasty treatment decisions are unnecessary for at least 6 months after diagnosis of early prostate cancer.

Objective To identify preoperative factors predicting Gleason score downgrading after radical prostatectomy in patients with biopsy Gleason score 3+4 prostate cancer. To determine if prediction of downgrading can identify potential candidates for active surveillance. Patients and Methods We identified 1317 patients with biopsy Gleason score 3+4 prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 2005 and 2013. Several preoperative and biopsy characteristics were evaluated by forward selection regression, and selected predictors of downgrading were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. Decision curve analysis was performed to evaluate the clinical utility of the multivariate model. Results Gleason score was downgraded after radical prostatectomy in 115 patients (9%). We developed a multivariable model using age, prostate specific antigen density, percent of positive cores with Gleason 4 cancer out of all cores taken, and maximum percent of cancer involvement within a positive core with Gleason 4 cancer. The area under the curve for this model was 0.75 after ten-fold cross validation. However, decision curve analysis revealed that the model was not clinically helpful in identifying patients who will downgrade at radical prostatectomy for the purpose of reassigning them to active surveillance. Conclusion While patients with pathology Gleason score 3+3 with tertiary Gleason pattern 4 or lower at radical prostatectomy in patients with biopsy Gleason score 3+4 prostate cancer may be potential candidates for active surveillance, decision curve analysis showed limited utility of our model to identify such men. Future study is needed to identify new predictors to help identify potential candidates for active surveillance among patients with biopsy-proven Gleason score 3+4 prostate cancer. Keywords: prostate, prostatic neoplasms, prostatectomy, downgrading, active surveillance, decision curve analysis Introduction The incidence of indolent prostate cancer has increased substantially over the past two decades due to the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for the early detection of prostate cancer. Many of the cases of prostate cancer identified by PSA testing benefit little, if any, from active treatment and thus represent overdiagnosis [1, 2]. Active surveillance evolved as a treatment strategy to prevent overtreatment. Early evidence shows that patients with low risk prostate cancer do not have significantly worse survival when treated with active surveillance compared to surgery or radiation [3, 4]. Recent studies suggest that eligibility for active surveillance might be extended to selected patients with biopsy Gleason score 3+4 prostate cancer. However, there is no concensus regarding how to select candidates for active surveillance among these patients [2, 5–7]. A certain subset of patients will have downgrading at radical prostatectomy [8–11] and these men have been shown to have more favorable outcomes after radical prostatectomy than would have been predicted by the biopsy Gleason score [9]. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that men with Gleason score 6 prostate cancer in their radical prostatectomy specimen rarely develop distant metastasis or die from prostate cancer [12]. Taken together, these data suggest that most men with Gleason score 6 prostate cancer could be managed with active surveillance [2, 7]. Thus, we hypothesized that prediction of downgrading from Gleason score 3+4 at biopsy to Gleason score 3+3 after radical prostatectomy could help to select potential candidates for active surveillance in patients with biopsy-proven Gleason score 3+4 prostate cancer.

To investigate the clinical implication of preoperative serum total cholesterol (TC) level in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC).The records of 364 patients with clear cell RCC who had undergone nephrectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The association among preoperative TC level, clinicopathologic factors, and oncological outcome in terms of cancer-specific survival (CSS) and recurrence-free survival period was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses.As a continuous variable, lower serum TC level was found to be significantly associated with male sex, symptomatic tumor, advanced TNM stage, higher nuclear grade, microscopic venous invasion, poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, larger tumor size, elevated C-reactive protein level, and lower hemoglobin level. Univariate analysis showed that relatively lower preoperative serum TC level was associated with lower recurrence-free survival (P = .040) and CSS (P .001) rates. Multivariate analysis indicated that in addition to pT stage, M stage, nuclear grade, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, serum TC level (hazard ratio, 0.988 per mg/dL; 95% confidence interval, 0.980-0.998; P = .019) was an independent predictor of CSS.Low preoperative serum TC level is associated with worse prognosis in patients with clear cell RCC. Consideration of preoperative serum TC level might thus provide additional prognostic information for patients with clear cell RCC.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the learning curve and perioperative outcomes in 200 consecutive patients with prostate cancer who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP).Between August 2006 and August 2011, 200 patients with prostate cancer underwent RARP and were enrolled in this study. We prospectively collected the demographic data and analyzed the pathologic and functional outcomes. The operative outcomes analyzed were total operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), positive surgical margin (PSM), incontinence, and perioperative complications. We also evaluated the relationship between the surgeon's experience and operative variables.The sloping learning curve for this surgeon showed that total operative time was strongly correlated with the accumulation of experience for the initial 25 cases (|rs|=0.71, P0.001). The average EBL was not strongly correlated with additional experience (|rs|0.7). The PSM rate for the first 50 cases was significantly higher than that of the next 150 cases (34.8% vs 19.4%, P=0.035). The complication rate among the first 50 patients was significantly higher than that among the remaining 150 patients (32% vs 12.7%, P=0.002). The incontinence rate at 12 months was significantly higher for the first 100 cases compared with that for the next 100 cases (9.0% vs 1.0%, P=0.009). For the surgeon to optimize total operative time, PSM rate, complication rate, and incontinence rate, slope learning curves of 25, 50, 50, and 100 cases were needed.The functional and pathologic results of this minimally invasive procedure seemed to be promising. Distinct learning curves were observed with respect to operative time, PSM, complication rate, and incontinence rate. Exposure to 100 surgeries would be necessary for a surgeon to adequately master the required skills.

We investigated oncological outcomes in Japanese patients who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). This study included 389 patients who underwent RARP at a single institution with a follow-up period of at least 1 year. Preoperative findings were compared with biochemical recurrence (BCR). Predictors of BCR-free survival (BCRFS) were evaluated by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analyses, and a risk stratification model based on the relative risks of BCR was established. Fifty incidences of BCR were noted during a median follow-up period of 28.7 months (range, 12.1–80.0 months). The BCRFS rate for the entire cohort at the median follow-up time was 85.9 %; the 1-, 3-, and 5-year estimates were 91.0, 85.1, and 81.1 %, respectively. From univariate analyses, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA density, biopsy Gleason score, and percent positive core were significantly associated with BCR. Multivariate analysis showed that PSA [hazard ratio (HR), 2.75; p = 0.001], percent positive core (HR, 2.22; p = 0.001), and biopsy Gleason score (HR, 2.61; p = 0.007) were independent predictors of BCR. This study at a single Japanese center demonstrates that RARP provides a satisfactory BCRFS rate. This report provides a framework with which to estimate oncological outcomes in patients who underwent RARP for localized prostate cancer. Our results support the increased use of RARP for the treatment of localized prostate cancer in Japan.

Objective Positive surgical margin after radical prostatectomy has been shown to be an independent predictive factor for biochemical and local recurrence in patients with prostate cancer. The present study was undertaken to identify predictive factors for positive surgical margin after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in Japanese patients. Methods Between August 2006 and September 2011, a cohort of 244 men underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy carried out by a single surgeon. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify clinical covariates significantly associated with an increased positive surgical margin. The preoperative variables included age, body mass index, prostate-specific antigen level, prostate-specific antigen density, clinical T stage, prostate volume, surgeon volume, number of positive cores and percentage of positive cores. Results In the univariate analyses, serum prostate-specific antigen level, prostate-specific antigen density and surgeon volume were significantly associated with positive surgical margin. In the multivariate analysis, prostate-specific antigen density (hazard ratio 3.13, 95% confidence interval 1.57–6.24; P = 0.001) and surgeon volume (hazard ratio 2.15, 95% confidence interval 1.06–4.35; P = 0.034) were independent predictive factors for positive surgical margin. Using these two independent factors, we divided the patients into four groups and calculated the predictive probability of positive surgical margin. The predictive probability for positive surgical margin in each group was well correlated with the rates at 10.8% and 10.2%, 19.8% and 20.0%, 26.4% and 26.4%, an 43.5% and 43.3%, respectively. Conclusion Prostate-specific antigen density and surgeon volume are independent predictors of positive surgical margin after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. A combination of these two factors can provide useful information about positive surgical margins.

in theACTand13.7months in thenon-ACTgroup (p1⁄40.78).ACTremained an insignificant predictor for RFS after adjusting for pT, pN and margin status (HR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.48-1.68]). CSS was 23 and 22 months in the respective groups (p1⁄40.65) and remained insignificant after adjusting for pathologic confounders (HR: 0.67, [95%CI: 0.34-1.28]). The eight patients who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings had the highest median RFS of 23.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: AC in this retrospective cohort of pT3-4 and/or pN+ did identify a subset with better median RFS. However, the choice of AC regimens, and incorporation of newer drugs, particularly beyond useof conventional cytotoxic drugs, in both adjuvant and neoadjuvant contexts is a key direction for improving outcomes in this high risk patient group.

Objective To investigate preoperative predictors of ureteral involvement of bladder malignancy and to develop a novel preoperative model for the prediction of ureteral involvement in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Methods This study included 197 consecutive bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy. The correlations of preoperative factors with ureteral involvement were analyzed by univariate analysis with Pearson's χ2-test and multivariate logistic regression analysis with a stepwise selection procedure. Results Positive ureteral involvement was observed in 38 (19.3%) patients. Tumor location (involvement of the vesical trigone), clinical T stage (≥ cT3) and the number of tumors (≥3), but not sex, tumor grade and histological features determined by transurethral resection of bladder tumor, tumor size, shape of tumor, concomitant presence of carcinoma in situ, preoperative intravesical therapy, number of transurethral resection of bladder tumor procedures or the presence of hydronephrosis were significantly associated with ureteral involvement in the univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that the aforementioned three significant factors identified in the univariate analysis were significant independent predictors of ureteral involvement. The probability of ureteral involvement estimated by a combination of these three parameters was well correlated with the real incidence (R = 0.904, P = 0.0021). Conclusions Tumor location (involvement of vesical trigone), clinical T stage (≥cT3) and the number of tumors (≥3) are significant independent preoperative predictors of ureteral involvement of malignancy in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Our predictive model might be useful for preoperative prediction of ureteral tumor involvement.

The usefulness of posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction (PR) during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has still been controversial. We investigated the association of several factors, including the Rocco original double-layered PR, with early recovery of urinary continence after RARP.Between August 2006 and April 2011, a single surgeon at Tokyo Medical University Hospital performed 206 RARPs. Of these 206 patients, 199 eligible patients were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively analyzed the correlation of several perioperative factors, including surgical techniques, with early recovery of urinary continence 1 month after catheter removal. Continence was defined as no use or the use of only one safety pad.Univariate analysis showed that surgeon experience, lateral approach of bladder neck preservation, bladder neck reconstruction, anterior reconstruction, and the Rocco double-layered PR were significantly associated with early recovery of urinary continence 1 month after catheter removal. Preoperative prostate-specific antigen level, body mass index, and attempted nerve-sparing (NS) procedures, however, were not significantly associated with early recovery of urinary continence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the Rocco PR and attempted NS were the only independent predictive factors of urinary continence recovery 1 month after catheter removal (odds ratio [OR], 15.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.413-66.67; P=0.0003 and OR, 2.248; 95% CI, 1.048-4.975; P=0.0402, respectively). When we applied NS as well as the Rocco PR, the recovery rates of continence at 1 month after catheter removal was 85.3%.The Rocco double-layered PR and attempted NS and not surgeon experience were the significant independent predictive factors of early recovery of urinary continence after RARP. NS procedures positively influenced early recovery of urinary continence only when they were applied with the PR technique.

Objective: In Japan, no study has compared the perioperative outcomes observed between robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) and open radical cystectomy (ORC). This study aimed at a prospective comparison of the perioperative outcomes between RARC and ORC performed by a single surgeon. Methods: Between 2008 and 2011, 26 bladder cancer patients underwent radical cystectomy by one surgeon, 11 robotically and 15 by open procedure. We prospectively collected perioperative and pathological data for these 26 patients, and retrospectively compared these two different surgical procedures. Results: The RARC cohort had a significant decrease in both estimated blood loss (656.9 vs. 1788.7 ml, P ¼ 0.0015) and allogeneic transfusion requirement (0 vs. 40%, P ¼ 0.0237). The total operative time was almost the same (P ¼ 0.2306) but increased duration of bladder removal and lymphadenectomy was observed in the RARC cohort (P ¼ 0.0049). Surgeryrelated complication rates within 30 days were not significantly different (P ¼ 0.4185). Positive surgical margin was observed in three patients in the ORC cohort and in one patient in the RARC cohort (P ¼ 0.4664). The RARC cohort had a larger number of removed lymph nodes than the ORC cohort, and the difference was statistically significant (20.7 vs. 13.8, P ¼ 0.0421). Conclusions: We confirmed that RARC is safe and yields acceptable outcomes in comparison with ORC for the treatment of bladder cancer if it is performed by a surgeon who has experience of over 60 cases of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. It is hoped that RARC will gain acceptance in Japan as a minimally invasive surgery for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Objective Preoperative prognostic factors in bladder cancer patients have not been fully established. This study was undertaken to investigate preoperative prognostic factors, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and to develop a novel prognostic factors–based risk stratification model for disease-specific survival (DSS) in bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 189 consecutive bladder cancer patients treated with RC at our institution. Prognostic value of the preoperative clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analyses, and patients were stratified according to relative risks (RRs) for DSS. Results One-, 3-, and 5-year DSS rates were 86.8%, 70.8%, and 61.7%, respectively. In univariate analysis, tumor size, clinical T stage, hydronephrosis, concomitance of carcinoma in situ, and some laboratory findings (hemoglobin [Hb] level, platelet count, C-reactive protein, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, and NLR) were significantly associated with poor prognosis. In multivariate analysis, tumor size, hydronephrosis, Hb level, and NLR were independent factors for predicting poor prognosis. Patients were stratified into 3 risk groups: low (RR = 1.000-3.717), intermediate (RR = 4.149-9.315), and high (RR = 10.397-38.646). The differences among the groups were significant. Conclusions NLR was an independent prognostic factor, as were tumor size, hydronephrosis, and Hb levels, and the combination of these factors can stratify DSS risks in bladder cancer patients treated with RC. This information may be useful for identifying patients who might be candidates for clinical trials of multimodal treatment strategies, including innovative neoadjuvant treatments.

An increase in the pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor prognosis for various cancers, including renal cell carcinoma. However, the clinical implication of a posttreatment change in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with cancer remains unclear.We reviewed the records of 250 patients with nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma and analyzed associations among clinicopathological variables, the preoperative and postoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and recurrence-free survival.The 10-year recurrence-free survival rate for patients with a preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio of 2.7 or greater was significantly lower than that for those with a ratio of less than 2.7 (64.4% vs 83.7%, p = 0.0004). When combined with the postoperative ratio, patients with a preoperative ratio of 2.7 or greater could be further divided into 2 groups with a significantly different prognosis. The 10-year recurrence-free survival rate for patients with a preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio of 2.7 or greater and postoperative ratio of less than 2.7 was significantly lower than that for those with a preoperative and postoperative ratio of 2.7 or greater (52.0% vs 83.5%, p = 0.0487). The latter was similar to the 83.7% for patients with a preoperative ratio of less than 2.7. In patients with recurrence the ratio at recurrence was significantly increased compared with the postoperative ratio (mean ± SD 2.82 ± 1.63 vs 2.00 ± 0.90, p = 0.0090). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size, pathological tumor stage and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio change (a combination of the preoperative and postoperative ratios) were independent predictors of recurrence. Using these 3 significant variables patients were stratified into low, intermediate and high risk groups, among which the recurrence-free survival rate significantly differed.The posttreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio change was a significant prognostic factor for recurrence as well as tumor size and pathological tumor stage in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Our aim was to study the efficacy and safety of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) after failure of methotrexate, vinblastin, adriamycin, and cisplatin (M-VAC) chemotherapy.We studied a total of 33 patients with advanced UC. All patients were treated with M-VAC with a mean of 3.2 courses per patient and had showed disease progression or no response. Clinical and pathological features were correlated to survival rates, and the incidence and degree of toxicities were also retrospectively reviewed.A total of 132 courses of GC with a mean of 4.0 courses per patients were undergone. Two (6.0%) complete responses and 11 (33.3%) partial responses produced an overall response rate of 39.4%. In 55 assessable lesions, there were 2 (4%) complete responses, 13 (23%) partial responses, 31 (55%) with stable disease, and 10 (18%) with progressive disease. Overall, mean of survival time after GC chemotherapy was 10.5 months (range, 3.0-22.9 months). In univariate analysis, the patients with higher serum hemoglobin or single metastasis or no liver metastasis tended to survive longer than those with lower hemoglobin or multiple metastases or existence of liver metastasis. Although grade 3-4 neutropenia was seen in 22 patients (66.7%) and grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia was seen in 10 patients (30.3%), fatal side effects were not observed.The combination chemotherapy with GC seems feasible with no severe side effects and may provide a survival benefit for patients with advanced UC after failure of M-VAC chemotherapy.

A 64 year-old female visited our outpatient clinic with left dull flank pain. The ultrasonography and CT scans showed the large solid mass in 12 cm in maximum diameter, containing large area of fatty element, in the left retroperitoneal space. Under the diagnosis of retroperitoneum liposarcoma, the mass and left kidney was completely removed. Pathological examination revealed the dedifferentiated liposarcoma which contained the distinct two patterns of well differentiated lipoma and dedifferentiated fibrotic sarcomatoid tissue.

Noninvasive, radiological image-based detection and stratification of Gleason patterns can impact clinical outcomes, treatment selection, and the determination of disease status at diagnosis without subjecting patients to surgical biopsies. We present machine learning-based automatic classification of prostate cancer aggressiveness by combining apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2-weighted (T2-w) MRI-based texture features. Our approach achieved reasonably accurate classification of Gleason scores (GS) 6(3 + 3) vs. ≥7 and 7(3 + 4) vs. 7(4 + 3) despite the presence of highly unbalanced samples by using two different sample augmentation techniques followed by feature selection-based classification. Our method distinguished between GS 6(3 + 3) and ≥7 cancers with 93% accuracy for cancers occurring in both peripheral (PZ) and transition (TZ) zones and 92% for cancers occurring in the PZ alone. Our approach distinguished the GS 7(3 + 4) from GS 7(4 + 3) with 92% accuracy for cancers occurring in both the PZ and TZ and with 93% for cancers occurring in the PZ alone. In comparison, a classifier using only the ADC mean achieved a top accuracy of 58% for distinguishing GS 6(3 + 3) vs. GS ≥7 for cancers occurring in PZ and TZ and 63% for cancers occurring in PZ alone. The same classifier achieved an accuracy of 59% for distinguishing GS 7(3 + 4) from GS 7(4 + 3) occurring in the PZ and TZ and 60% for cancers occurring in PZ alone. Separate analysis of the cancers occurring in TZ alone was not performed owing to the limited number of samples. Our results suggest that texture features derived from ADC and T2-w MRI together with sample augmentation can help to obtain reasonably accurate classification of Gleason patterns.

To evaluate the recommendations for multiparametric prostate MRI (mp-MRI) interpretation introduced in the recently updated Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADSv2), and investigate the impact of pathologic tumour volume on prostate cancer (PCa) detectability on mpMRI. This was an institutional review board (IRB)-approved, retrospective study of 150 PCa patients who underwent mp-MRI before prostatectomy; 169 tumours ≥0.5-mL (any Gleason Score [GS]) and 37 tumours

OBJECTIVE The estimated glomerular filtration rate is significantly decreased after nephroureterectomy. Deteriorating renal function likely affects the eligibility for cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. The present study was undertaken to identify preoperative factors for the prediction of postoperative renal function and develop a prediction model. METHODS Between June 1996 and January 2014, 110 patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy at our institution were analyzed in this study. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation. Univariate linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the correlation between postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and preoperative variables. A stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS Comparison of preoperative and postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate for each patient showed a median difference of 13.1 ml/min/1.73 m(2). The postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower than the preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (P < 0.001). On univariate analysis, age and preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate were significantly correlated with postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate. On multivariate analysis, age, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and the presence of hydronephrosis were independent predictive factors of postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate. The predicted postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, which was calculated using these independent factors, showed a significant correlation with the observed postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (correlation coefficient = 0.7533). CONCLUSIONS Age, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and the presence of hydronephrosis were independent predictors of postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy. The predicted postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate based on these factors may be useful for choosing alternative management strategies such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: It is one of our major concerns to investigate the clinical implication of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) specimens (TUR-LVI) in clinical decision making in patients with bladder cancer. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) may improve LVI detection in small TUR specimens. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of TUR-LVI for bladder cancer staging and compare the clinical values of IHC-detected LVI (IHC-LVI) with HE-detected LVI (HE-LVI). METHODS: This study included 157 non-metastatic bladder cancer patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC) at our institution. A single pathologist with expertise in genitourinary malignancies evaluated all TURBT specimens and assessed the venous, lymphatic and lymphovascular invasions in HE and IHC stained specimens. Two IHC markers for lymphatic channels (D2-40) and endothelial cells (CD31) were used to clarify lymphatic (ly) and venous (v) invasions in IHC studies. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify preoperative factors correlated with extra-vesical disease ( pT3) at RC., RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients (44%) were diagnosed with pT3 disease on RC specimens. HE-LVI was detected in 38 (24%) patients while IHC-LVI in 57 (36%). Twenty-six (46%) of the 57 patients with positive IHC-LVI was determined negative for HE-LVI, while 7 (18%) of the 38 patients with positive HE-LVI was determined negative by IHC. In univariate analyses, clinical T (cT) stage, tumor multifocality, hydronephrosis, and HE-LVI were significantly associated with pT3 disease, but v and ly by both HE and IHC staining and IHC-LVI were not. In multivariate analyses, cT stage (p

The ability to visualize and spare nerves during surgery is critical for avoiding chronic morbidity, pain, and loss of function. Visualization of such critical anatomic structures is even more challenging during minimal access procedures because the small incisions limit visibility. In this study, we focus on improving imaging of nerves through the use of a new small molecule fluorophore, GE3126, used in conjunction with our dual-mode (color and fluorescence) laparoscopic imaging instrument. GE3126 has higher aqueous solubility, improved pharmacokinetics, and reduced non-specific adipose tissue fluorescence compared to previous myelin-binding fluorophores. Dosing and kinetics were initially optimized in mice. A non-clinical modified Irwin study in rats, performed to assess the potential of GE3126 to induce nervous system injuries, showed the absence of major adverse reactions. Real-time intraoperative imaging was performed in a porcine model. Compared to white light imaging, nerve visibility was enhanced under fluorescence guidance, especially for small diameter nerves obscured by fascia, blood vessels, or adipose tissue. In the porcine model, nerve visualization was observed rapidly, within 5 to 10 minutes post-intravenous injection and the nerve fluorescence signal was maintained for up to 80 minutes. The use of GE3126, coupled with practical implementation of an imaging instrument may be an important step forward in preventing nerve damage in the operating room.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Inadvertent injury to nerves is a significant and often inevitable consequence of surgery that can lead post-operative morbidity and loss of function. Nerve-sparing during radical prostatectomy can reduce the incidence of post-surgical erectile dysfunction. In retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testis cancer, the prospective identification and preservation of nerves in is essential in maintaining ejaculatory function and fertility. Although there is a significant need, there is no widely adopted system for real-time identification of nerves in either the open or laparoscopic surgical settings. We sought to investigate the performance of a myelin-targeted fluorophore and optical imaging instrumentation in the intraoperative visualization of nerves. METHODS: A myelin-targeting small molecule fluorophore, GE3126, was synthesized and characterized for its optical and myelinbinding properties using purified myelin basic protein. 2 Yorkshire pigs were utilized in a non-survival study. Peripheral and retroperitoneal nerves were exposed and control images taken using a dedicated compact imaging device adapted to both open and minimally-invasive approaches. Both white light and 405nm illumination were used. Following intravenous injection of the agent, blood, urine, and bile were drawn at fixed intervals to determine the pharmacokinetics of the agent. Central and peripheral nerves were visualized. Tissues were harvested for ex-vivo analysis and histopathology. 4 blinded observers evaluated captured images. RESULTS: The primary route of excretion was renal. The fluorescence peak was achieved at 60-80 min following injection. Label/nonlabel fluorescence signal ratio was 5:1 at peak. Nerve to muscle signal was 7:1. Fluorescence polarization showed specific and strong binding to purified myelin basic protein. Retroperitoneal nerves from 100mm-10mm were evaluated. Inter-observer disagreement was 22% with white light images, and 0% with fluorescence images, which was confirmed by histology. No adverse effects were noted in the animals. CONCLUSIONS: GE3126 provides a safe and effective means of identifying nerves through fluorescence imaging and is adaptable to both open and minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of pre-treatment 3-Tesla (3T) multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for predicting Gleason score (GS) downgrading after radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with GS 3 + 4 prostate cancer (PCa) on biopsy.We retrospectively reviewed 304 patients with biopsy-proven GS 3 + 4 PCa who underwent mpMRI before RP. On T2-weighted imaging and three mpMRI combinations (T2-weighted imaging + diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI], T2-weighted imaging + dynamic contrast-enhanced-MRI [DCE-MRI], and T2-weighted imaging + DWI + DCE-MRI), two radiologists (R1/R2) scored the presence of a dominant tumour using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = definitely absent to 5 = definitely present). Diagnostic performance in identifying downgrading was evaluated via areas under the curves (AUCs). Predictive accuracies of multivariate models were calculated.In predicting downgrading, T2-weighted imaging + DWI (AUC = 0.89/0.85 for R1/R2) performed significantly better than T2-weighted imaging alone (AUC = 0.72/0.73; p 0.001/p = 0.02 for R1/R2), while T2-weighted imaging + DWI + DCE-MRI (AUC = 0.89/0.84 for R1/R2) performed no better than T2-weighted imaging + DWI (p = 0.48/p 0.99 for R1/R2). On multivariate analysis, the clinical + mpMRI model incorporating T2-weighted imaging + DWI (AUC = 0.92/0.88 for R1/R2) predicted downgrading significantly better than the clinical model (AUC = 0.73; p 0.001 for R1/R2).mpMRI improves the ability to identify a subgroup of patients with Gleason 3 + 4 PCa on biopsy who are candidates for active surveillance. DCE-MRI (compared to T2 + DWI) offered no additional benefit to the prediction of downgrading.Diagnostic performance of T2-weighted-imaging + DWI was better than T2-weighted-imaging alone. Diagnostic performance of T2-weighted-imaging + DWI was similar to T2-weighted-imaging + DWI + DCE-MRI. Combining clinical and T2-weighted-imaging + DWI features best predicted GS downgrading. mpMRI might prevent overtreatment by increasing eligibility for PCa active surveillance.

Objective To identify predictive factors for multifocal lesions in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Patients and Methods Between June 1996 and September 2013, a cohort of 147 patients underwent radical nephroureterectomy at our institution. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify clinical covariates significantly associated with the multifocal UTUC lesions and establish a model to predict its occurrence. Results In the univariate analyses, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hydronephrosis, history of bladder cancer, hemoglobin level, and Brinkman index were significantly associated with multifocal lesions. In the multivariate analysis, hydronephrosis ( P = .010), history of bladder cancer ( P = .017), Brinkman index >100 ( P = .014), and hemoglobin level P = .031) were independent predictive factors for multifocal lesions. Using these independent factors, we calculated the predictive probability of multifocal lesions and predicted their occurrence. The predictive probability of multifocal lesions strongly correlated with their observed rate (regression coefficient = 0.9999). Conclusion An improved understanding of UTUC has led to various clinical guidelines being revised to recommend less invasive interventions in appropriate cases. Hydronephrosis, history of bladder cancer, Brinkman index, and hemoglobin level are independent predictive factors for multifocal lesions of UTUC. Although this study has limitations and additional studies are required to validate our findings, this information may aid in appropriate patient selection for partial ureterectomy and may be effectively incorporated into clinical practice.

Background: An increased body mass index (BMI) is significantly associated with favourable prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This study investigated the associations among sex, BMI, and prognosis in clear cell RCC patients. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 435 patients with clear cell RCC who underwent a nephrectomy. The associations among sex, BMI, clinicopathologic factors, and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were analysed. Results: As a continuous variable, increased BMI was associated with higher CSS rate by univariate analysis in the whole population (hazard ratio, 0.888 per kg m–2; 95% confidence interval, 0.803–0.982; P=0.021). A sub-population analysis by sex demonstrated that BMI was significantly associated with CSS in men (P=0.004) but not in women (P=0.725). Multivariate analysis revealed BMI to be an independent predictor of CSS in only men. Conclusion: Body mass index was significantly associated with clear cell RCC prognosis. However, the clinical value of BMI may be different between men and women.

An intrascrotal testicular torsion with malignant testicular tumouris extremely rare. We report a case of a 26-year-old male who was diagnosed with testicular torsion by magnetic resonance imagingand with testicular seminoma after orchiectomy. Through this case, we found that if the possibility of testicular torsion remains during the diagnosis of acute scrotum cases, additional examination adding to colour Doppler sonography should be performed. Furthermore, we should be aware of the possibility of testicular tumours during the diagnosis and treatment of acute scrotums. If the affected testis is preserved in the treatment of testicular torsion, a postoperative examination by ultrasound and/or tumour markers for the remaining testis is essential to confirm the absence of testicular tumour.