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Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether leverage, sales growth, and dividend policies influence the value of the company and determine the development of leverage, sales growth, dividend policy, and company value in real estate, property, and construction companies listed on the Stock Exchange Indonesia period of 2016-2018 Research methodology: This research was a quantitative research. The samples were real estate, property and building construction sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of 2016-2018, amounting to 20 companies. The sampling technique used was non probability sampling with a purposive sampling method.. Results: Leverage, sales growth, and dividend policy affect the company value. The magnitude of the influence of leverage, sales growth, and dividend policy in contributing influence of company value was 58.0%. Limitations: The research is limited to only those companies in the real estate, property, and building construction sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018 and only focuses on the effect of leverage, sales growth, and dividend policy on firm value. Contribution: Companies in the real estate, property, and building construction sectors listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange should reduce their leverage, increase sales growth by improving their performance in selling products or services, and improve their dividend policy by increasing dividend distribution to shareholders each year.

Background: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) emerge as a new global health crisis. COVID-19 has a wide range of clinical feature, from mild cough to severe respiratory failure. This study aims to learn more about clinical feature of COVID-19. Methods: This cross sectional analytic descriptive study includes all COVID-19 patients that yield positive result through GeneXpert-SARS-CoV-2 or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). All data was taken from inpatient form March 12th –June 30th 2020. Results: There were 103 patients with 58 men and 45 women. Patients with male sex tend to experience severe pneumonia than women. It was also found that patients exposed to cigarette smoke tended to experience severe pneumonia symptoms. Patients with more than 1 comorbid tend to develop severe pneumonia symptoms. The dominant clinical symptoms in the patient were cough (84.5%), fever / history of fever (70.9%), and shortness of breath (67.9%). Hematological parameters that correlate with the degree of severity are leucocytes, thrombocyts, lymphocytes, neutrophils, CRP, LDH, creatinine, procalcitonin, SGOT, and SOFA Score. The most common radiological picture obtained was bilateral infiltrate (78.2%). The most common complication was sepsis (38.9%). The mortality rate for COVID-19 patients treated at RSSA tends to be high (26.2%). Discussion: clinical characteristics such as gender, smoking history, comorbides, clinical symptoms (fever, shortness of breath and cough), laboratory (leukocytes, % lymphocytes, % neutrophils and neutrophil counts, CRP, LDH, procalcitonin, creatinine, SGOT, and SOFA scores) has a significant effect on the severity of Covid infection 19 Conclusion: The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients affects the severity of the disease.

BACKGROUNDPulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and East Java province is the second largest contributor of co-infection in Indonesia. Asymptomatic helminth infection among pulmonary tuberculosis patients causes another public health problem. Few data relate to helminth infection based on clinical and immunological outcomes of pulmonary TB in highly endemic areas. METHODSThis study was designed as a preliminary study and aimed to determine helminth co-infection among TB patients with a macroscopic assessment. This cross-sectional study was conducted in June-August 2017. RESULTSAmong 16 treated active TB patients from TB cohort data of Tanakali Kedinding health center found that 56% were stool smear-positive for Trichuris trichiura eggs, but had no clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONWhether or not the helminth infection may have an impact on the diagnosis and treatment of active TB remains to be further investigated. Co-infection could be inhibited by the host immune response and improve the prognosis of TB treatment.

The majority of HIV / AIDS patients have common secondary infections including of oral candidiasis. Fluconazole can be used to treat oral resistance in candidiasis. Management that can reduce risk can be minimized. However, some evidences suggest that the use of fluconazole is not effective for oral candidiasis. A 34-year-old male patient went to Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, with main complaint of discomfort and pain in the tongue. The physical examination showed a white pseudomembrane on the tongue and palate, which could be removed but left reddish and painful marks. The examination from tongue and palate swab found a colony of white Candida albicans and showed resistant to fluconazole, intermediate to ketoconazole, and sensitive to nystatin. The patient received nystatin oral suspension for three times a day as much as 5 ml (500,000 units). The pseudomembrane disappeared on day 10. The medication continued for fourteen days. No sign of recurrent found in two weeks after the treatment. The administration of nystatin can be used as an effective medication for oral candidiasis.

Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is the most common intestinal parasite infection in Indonesia. STH infection can interfere with child development and cause cognitive impairment in severe cases. The school-age group is the most susceptible to STH infection because of direct contact with soil in the school yard. STH infection incidence can be avoided by adequate water, healthy latrines, and good hygiene and can be improved by proper interventions. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) with STH infection in Aru Islands District, Maluku. This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted in Elementary Schools in Karangguli and Wokam villages, Aru Islands district, Maluku. One hundred and six stool samples were collected from both villages. The sociodemographic and WASH data were collected using the interview method. Stool samples were collected and examined for STH infection using a direct smear technique on the light microscope. Data statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS program using the Chi-square or Fischer’s Exact test. The examination results showed that 73 students (68.9%) were infected with STH. The bivariate analysis showed that water source (p = 0.000002), defecation place (p = 0.002), and washing hands after defecation (p = 0.048) were all significantly correlated with STH infection. This study concluded that WASH variables which were water source, defecation place, and washing hands after defecation had a significant correlation with STH infection. Keywords: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH); soil-transmitted helminths infection; elementary school students.

Worm infection is one of the health problems in all tropical countries, including Indonesia. The most frequent helminthiasis is the infection caused by the Soil-Transmitted Helminth. Primary school-age children are an age group that is susceptible to helminthiasis. Worm infections can cause a serious impact if left untreated with no clean and healthy lifestyle. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of STH in children of Manusak Village, East Kupang Subdistrict, Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, followed by the characterization of subjects. The analytic observational design with the cross-sectional study was applied to this research. Research subjects were 130 children aged 6-12 years old. The infection was diagnosed microscopically by the Katokatz method. Ascaris lumbricoides were the only species found infecting a total of 50 children (38.4%.). The distribution of ascariasis was higher in girls (30 or 23.08%) than in boys (20 or 15.38%), in children whose parents have no formal education (41 or 31.54%), and who their professions are a farmer. Poor hygiene and sanitation such as no washing hands with soap (27 or 20.77%) as well as the habit of not wearing footwear (47 or 36.2%) and bowel habit on the open areas (35 or 26.92%) are the risks factors causing the high incidence of A. lumbricoides in the studied area. Enlightenment to the parents regarding good personal and environmental hygiene and sanitation along with chemotherapy from the government and related agencies is needed to achieve a durable reduction of the burden of ascariasis and other STH infection. Keywords : Soil Transmitted Helminth, Ascaris lumbricoides, children, Kupang DistrictCorrespondence : heny-a@fk.unair.ac.id

Objectives Andrographis paniculata tablets (AS201-01) have previously been shown to have potent bioactivity as an antimalarial and to produce no unwanted side effects in animal models. Here, we present the phase 1 clinical trial conducted to evaluate the safety of AS201-01 tablets in healthy volunteers. Methods The study was a randomized, double-blind controlled cross-over, a placebo-controlled design consisting of a 4-day treatment of AS201-01 tablets. A total of 30 healthy human volunteers (16 males and 14 females) were divided into two groups, and each group was given 4 tablets, twice daily for 4 days. Group 1 received AS201-01, while group 2 received placebo tablets. Volunteers were given a physical examination before the treatment. The effects of AS201-01 on random blood glucose, biochemical, and hematological as well as urine profiles were investigated. Results There were no changes in observed parameters as a result of AS201-01 being administered. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the test and control group regarding hematology profile, biochemical profile, and random blood glucose. Increased appetite and better sleep, which categorized as grade 1 adverse event was reported after treatment with AS201-01 tablet Conclusions The outcome supports our previous observation that the AS201-01 tablet, given twice a day for 4 days, is safe and nontoxic.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem and South-East Asia was the leading contributor of TB cases globally. Treatment regimen of TB for an individual patient depends on multiple factors, and one of them was patient’s comorbidities. Comorbidities such as renal failure or concurrent use of immunosuppressant drugs post renal transplantation will influence pharmacological aspect of anti-tuberculosis drugs.Case: A 38-year-old male with a history of chronic renal failure who had undergone routine hemodialysis was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and was scheduled for a renal transplantation procedure. During the administration of anti-tuberculosis drugs in this patient, the physician mustconsider the kidney function, and possible drug interactions between anti-tuberculosis drugs especially rifampicin with immunosuppressant drugs used after renal transplantation. The initialregimen used in this patient was RHE which was followed by RH, but after using immunosuppressant drugs, rifampicin was replaced with moxifloxacin to avoid suboptimal effect of immunosuppressant drugs to prevent donor rejection, which is the biggest contributor ofmortality in transplant recipients in the first year post-transplantation.

Basic data of this study showing isolates mostlytaken from male than female (77.5% and 22.5%). Themost age group is productive age groups in the agerange of 26-35 years with 20 subjects (50%). In 2017report of the Directorate General of Disease Controland Environmental Health, Ministry of Health Republicof Indonesia, found HIV/AIDS patients more malethan women, and related more common in young adultwhich makes it more likely to engage in unsafe sexualbehavior that is at risk of HIV transmission (8). Thedomicile of HIV / AIDS patients with OC mostly camefrom Surabaya (90%). This is because most patientshave to seek help from the nearest health center withmost patients from within the city. The isolates mostwere taken from HIV / AIDS patients with OC who hadan absolute CD4 count

Background: Oral Candidiasis (OC) still mainly oportunistic infection problem in HIV/AIDS Patients.Due to increasing report of fluconazole resistant as common antifungal drugs nowadays, there have beenmany studies focusing on natural substances and its antifungal properties. In this study, a form of green teaextract, named Epigallocathechingallate (EGCG) 1,25% were examined for their in vitro antifungal activity against Candida sp in comparison to fluconazole (2 mg/ml) as standard antifungal agents.Objective:To evaluate the antifungal activity of EGCG in compare with fluconazole against Candida isolates takenfrom HIV / AIDS patients with OC. Methods: Fourty Candida sp. isolates taken from HIV / AIDS patientswith OC in the Outpatient Unit and Inpatient Installation of the Infectious Disease Intermediate Care Unit(UPIPI) Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya. Antifungal activity were evaluated by using microdilution tests. Results:The microdilution test revealed the MIC of EGCG for all Candida sp. was 0.625%, while the MIC offluconazole was 100% for all Candida sp. There was significant difference (p

Background: Candidasp. is the most common opportunistic pathogen found during the development of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) & Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease. The clinical severity of oral candidiasis and the prevalence profile of Candida species reflect immunological changes in HIV / AIDS patients. Objective: Evaluating the relationship between CD4 T lymphocyte cells counts and the number of Candida species. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya, Indonesia. For identification of Candida species, culture was carried out on Chromagar media followed by culture with vitek 2. Results: There were 114 study subjects who were divided into three groups based on the number of CD4 T lymphocyte cells, with 158 isolates of Candidaspecies growing in culture. The highest number of Candida species was Candida albicans with a total of 107 isolates (67.7%). Candida non-albicans were 51 isolates (32.3%). Statistical test results showed a significant correlation between the number of CD4 T lymphocyte cells and the number of Candida species (p

Mixing is one of the critical processes in the industry. The stirred tank is one of the operating units commonly used in the mixing process. Several factors greatly influence the efficiency of the stirred tank, including the stirred-tank design, operating conditions, and working fluid properties. The side-entry stirred tank is widely applied in industry, among others; the processing of crude oil in the refinery industry, water-molasses mixing in the bioethanol industry, pulp stock chest in the pulp and paper industry, and anaerobic digester for biogas reactors. Mixing time is one of the critical parameters used in the design of the stirred tank. This research will model mixing time in a flat bottomed-cylindrical side-entry stirred tank with dimensions D = 40 cm and T = 40 cm using CFD ANSYS 18.2 by applying the Standard κ − ε (SKE) and Realizable κ − ε (RKE) turbulence models. The stirrer used is a three-blade marine propeller d = 4 cm which is an axial type impeller. The phenomenon of mixing in the side-entry stirred tank, qualitatively described through computational prediction results in the form of flow profiles and tracer density change contours locally. Moreover, quantitatively indicated by mixing time validated using experimental data carried out by the conductometry method. The computational prediction shows that the mixing time modeled using the SKE turbulence model shows a similarity level of 68.16%, while the RKE turbulence model shows 31.94%.

Dengue is a severe health problem. In recent decades, the number of infections has increased significantly worldwide, and approximately 70% of cases were found in Asia. To predict local mosquito distribution and estimate the local risk, a combination of ecological factors has been widely used. However, it is not easy to control the dengue transmission because the transmission is influenced by several ecological factors that might have complex interactions among the factors. In addition, ecological information is commonly limited. The elevation is an important weather proxy for the Aedes Aegypti life cycle because it is correlated to a variety of vital ecological factors, especially temperature. This study evaluated the effect of the elevation and identified high-low dengue risk provinces in Indonesia using the clustering Bayesian spatial hierarchical model. We found that the elevation's effect decreased for the provinces with an elevation higher than 289.44m.

Gas-solid separation systems with turbulent swirl flow that occur inside the cyclone will cause pressure drop and erosion on the cyclone wall. Both of these can cause a decrease in performance and increase maintenance costs for cyclones. CFD simulation is carried out on the actual cyclone dimensions used in the coal boiler industry. It was performed using the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) for turbulent flow in the gas phase and Oka erosion model for its erosion model. The inlet velocity is fixed 6 m/s with variations in the solid rate ranged from 30 to 40 kg/s. This study will analyze the pressure drop and erosion rate on the cyclone walls in various solid rate variations. The simulation results show that the higher the solid rate with the same speed will reduce the pressure drop by 4% and at selected local area, increase the erosion rate on the cyclone wall by about 19%

Nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) was synthesized via a sonochemical method. The effect of the duration of ultrasonic irradiation in a continuous mode on the generated particles was investigated. Additionally, the effect of flowing either air or nitrogen during the sonication process was investigated. Zinc nitrate and ammonia water-based solutions were selected as chemicals without the addition of other surfactants. The generated particles indicated that a wurtzite structure of ZnO in a hexagonal phase was formed with a crystalline size that increased as the ultrasound irradiation time increased. The morphology of the generated ZnO particles could be changed from flowerlike to needlelike structures via continuous ultrasound irradiation over one to two hours, resulting in increases in the particle lengths and decreases in the particle diameters from 200 to 80 nm. Photoluminescence intensity was also increased with increases in the ultrasonic irradiation times. Photoluminescence spectra were also influenced by the atmospheric environment. Two bands centered at 390 and 500 nm were generated under a nitrogen environment. On the other hand, a single wide band with a peak at around 430 nm was found for particles generated under an air environment. It can be applied for light emitting diodes (LED) or laser fabrication with a controlled emitting band.

The study of overall gas hold up has been carried out experimentally with the bed expansion. The superficial gas velocities used for the experiments are 6.369 m/s and 10.616 m/s. The experiment is carried out in a bubble column with inside diameters of 7 cm and a height of 100 cm. Gas from the gas cylinder is supplied through a distributor consisting of a perforated plate and glass beads. The perforated plate has a hole diameter of 1 mm and 0.5 mm. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) using a Eulerian coupled with Population Balance model is developed to predict overall gas hold up and bubble size distribution. The effect of superficial gas velocity, perforated plate diameter, gas properties, and initial liquid level on gas hold up were studied. The use of population balance can significantly improve the overall gas hold-up results compared to constant bubble diameter. It is found that several operating conditions affect the whole gas hold up, namely initial liquid level, superficial gas velocity, and differences in gas properties. While the influence of the difference in perforated plate diameter to overall gas holds up, results are small compared to other operating conditions.

We examined the mitogenomes of a large global collection of human malaria parasites to explore how and when Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax entered the Americas. We found evidence of a significant contribution of African and South Asian lineages to present-day New World malaria parasites with additional P. vivax lineages appearing to originate from Melanesia that were putatively carried by the Australasian peoples who contributed genes to Native Americans. Importantly, mitochondrial lineages of the P. vivax-like species P. simium are shared by platyrrhine monkeys and humans in the Atlantic Forest ecosystem, but not across the Amazon, which most likely resulted from one or a few recent human-to-monkey transfers. While enslaved Africans were likely the main carriers of P. falciparum mitochondrial lineages into the Americas after the conquest, additional parasites carried by Australasian peoples in pre-Columbian times may have contributed to the extensive diversity of extant local populations of P. vivax.

On late January 2014, the public response through internet to the work of Jakarta local government has generated 113,695 negative and 14,857 positive sentiments. This phenomenon has showed the potential of the internet and the fact that our society is connected. It also showed that everyone could participate in city planning discussions, which in this case were about flood and land use. This paper exposes an exploration of this potentials through (a) critical investigations on internet user about how people's awareness and engagement are created through internet, (b) observing websites that focus on land use and ways of solving flood in Jakarta and surroundings, (c) developing a website www.dagedubrag.org , that is indeed created to generate people's awareness and make them actively contribute and collaborate in city planning for wider public engagements.

Diffusion flame spray drying has become promising method in nanoparticles synthesis giving several advantages and low operation cost. In order to scale up the process which needs high experimentation time and cost, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) by Ansys Fluent 15.0 software has been used. Combustion characteristic in diffusion flame reactor may affects particle size distribution. This study aims to observe influence of fuel type to combustion characteristic in the reactor. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and non-premixed combustion model are selected for the turbulence and combustion model respectively. Methane, propane, and LPG in 0.5 L/min were used as type of fuel. While the oxidizer is air with 200% excess of O2. Simulation result shown that the maximum temperature was obtained from propane-air combustion in 2268 K. However, the stable temperature contour was achieved by methane-air combustion.

Agitated tank with side entering mixer is commonly used in industrial processes. This study aims to determine the flow pattern and mixing time as function of impeller diameter, impeller rotation speed, and number of impeller blades. The single phase system with water as working fluid inside the stirred tank was modeled using the combination of multiple reference frame (MRF) and k-e turbulence model and calculated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The size of stirred tank is 0.4 m and 0.6 m for diameter and height, respectively. The agitated tank was equipped with 45° inclined blade turbine impeller. Four different impeller in diameter and number of blades have been elucidated under various operating condition of impeller rotation speed from l00 rpm until 400 rpm. The simulation results showed that the flow pattern formed is single-loop circulation and vortex, depended on stirred tank configuration and operating conditions. Besides, there were variations in flow patterns change over time...

The advantages of Pulse Combustion process than the normal combustion was presented in this research. Reviews of phenomena and mechanisms of pulse combustion was compared with normal combustion which air or fuel was streamed continuously. Multi-dimensional simulation of turbulent flow in the combustion chamber was performed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 software. 2D illustration axis symmetry with turbulence models k-turbulence combustion reaction using Eddy Dissipation models was used to analyze this process that has a high turbulence. Propane was used as the type of fuel with flow rate of 15 L/min. the flowrate 375 L/min of air was used as oxidizer, to meet the needs of propane and oxygen ratio of 1: 5. Based on the result, pulse combustion has higher combustion efficiency than normal combustion. This result was judged from fewer fuel that was not burned. Another advantage of using pulse combustion was the back flow of tailpipe that decrease the number of unburned reactant...

Detailed information on the flow field in the operation of a mixing unit is necessary for the optimal design of the reactor. The flow field characteristic is an essential factor in obtaining an optimal stirred vessel design. The efficiency of the stirred vessel system depends on, for example, the stirred vessel geometry, the flow induced by the impeller, the working fluid properties and the operating condition. The aim of this study is to exhibit the time-dependent flow field of the mixing process inside a stirred vessel for different propeller rotational speeds using computational fluid dynamics methods. The working fluid in question is molasses and water, which is a miscible liquid. The stirred vessel is a conical-bottomed cylindrical vessel (D = 0.28 m and H = 0.395 m) equipped with a three-blade propeller (d = 0.036 m). The transient calculation was conducted using ANSYS Fluent version 18.2. The Mixture multiphase flow model coupled with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes Standardk-?(SKE) turbulence model was applied to capture the information on the time-dependent flow fields at various propeller rotational speeds inside the stirred vessel. The flow generated by the propeller was compared at 1000 rpm, 1300 rpm and 1500 rpm. The Multiple Reference Frame method was used to solve the moving domain and stationary domain multiple frames case. The results revealed the local velocity, flow pattern, molasses volume fraction value, density gradient distribution, power number and flow number. The profile of all the variables determines the optimal operating conditions for the degree of mixing required.

The size distribution of silica particles as a model material from colloidal silica solution precursor in the flame assisted spray dryer method were studied numerically using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). CFD has ability to solve the momentum, energy and mass transfer equation well. k-e model was used to describe the turbulence model and non-premixed combustion model was used to combustion model. Collision and break-up model were also considered to predict the final particles size distribution. For validation, LPG with flow rate of 0.5 L/minute LPG and 200% excess air were used as energy sources. At this condition, numerical solution agreed well to the experimental work resulting in polydisperse size distribution. Therefore, others excess air, 100% and 150% were also observed using CFD and evaluated their contribution to their particles size distribution. Monodisperse particles size distribution were obtained when the combustion used 150% excess air.

Flame assisted spray dryer are widely uses for large-scale production of nanoparticles because of it ability. Numerical approach is needed to predict combustion and particles production in scale up and optimization process due to difficulty in experimental observation and relatively high cost. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can provide the momentum, energy and mass transfer, so that CFD more efficient than experiment due to time and cost. Here, two turbulence models, k-e and Large Eddy Simulation were compared and applied in flame assisted spray dryer system. The energy sources for particle drying was obtained from combustion between LPG as fuel and air as oxidizer and carrier gas that modelled by non-premixed combustion in simulation. Silica particles was used to particle modelling from sol silica solution precursor. From the several comparison result, i.e. flame contour, temperature distribution and particle size distribution, Large Eddy Simulation turbulence model can provide the closest data to th...

This study aims to show changes in the performance of combustion using pulse combustion at specified intervals using simulation. Simulations is performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis (CFD) software Ansys Fluent 15.0. Analysis used 2D illustration axisymmetric with k-e turbulence models. Propane was selected as fuel at a flow rate of 15 L/min. Air with flow rate of 375 L/min is used as oxidizer. To investigate the advantages of using pulse combustion, the simulated pulse combustion is compared to normal combustion without a pulse. This is done by displaying descriptions of the phenomenon, mechanisms and results output gas combustor. From the analysis of simulation results showed that in 1 minute burning time, burning fuel without requiring pulse as much as 15 L while the pulse combustion requires half of the fuel which is 12.5 L. However, the higher average of temperature was generated by pulse combustion and the amounts of unburned fuel that comes out of the combustor less than without the ...

The selection of simulation model is an important step in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to obtain an agreement with experimental work. In addition, computational time and processor speed also influence the performance of the simulation results. Here, we report the simulation of solid-liquid flow in a bead mill using Eulerian model. Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) was also used to model the interaction between moving (shaft and disk) and stationary (chamber exclude shaft and disk) zones. Bead mill dimension was based on the experimental work of Yamada and Sakai (2013). The effect of shaft rotation speed of 1200 and 1800 rpm on the particle distribution and the flow field was discussed. For rotation speed of 1200 rpm, the particles spread evenly throughout the bead mill chamber. On the other hand, for the rotation speed of 1800 rpm, the particles tend to be thrown to the near wall region resulting in the dead zone and found no particle in the center region. The selected model agreed well to the experimental data with average discrepancies less than 10%. Furthermore, the simulation was run without excessive computational cost.

The mixing process of miscible liquids with high viscosity difference is crucial role even though the solution mutually dissolved. This paper describes the mixing behaviour of the water-molasses system in a conical-bottomed cylindrical stirred tank (D = 0.28 m and H = 0.395 m) equipped with a side-entry Marine propeller (d = 0.036 m) under the turbulence regime using a three-dimensional and transient CFD-simulation. The objective of this work is to compare the solution strategies was applied in the computational analysis to capture the detail phenomena of mixing two miscible liquid with high viscosity difference. Four solution strategies that have been used are the RANS Standards k-e (SKE) model as the turbulence model coupled with the Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) method for impeller motion, the RANS Realizable k-e (RKE) combine with the MRF, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) coupled with the Sliding Mesh (SM) method and the LES-MRF combination. The transient calculations were conducted with Ansys Fluent 17.1 version. The mixing behaviour and the propeller characteristic are to be compared and discussed in this work. The simulation results show the differences of flow pattern and the molasses distribution profile for every solution strategy. The variation of the flow pattern which happened in each solution strategy showing an instability of the mixing process in stirred tank. The LES-SM strategy shows the realistic direction of flow than another solution strategies.

Single phase turbulent flow in a vessel agitated by side entering inclined blade turbine has simulated using CFD. The aim of this work is to identify the hydrodynamic characteristics of a model vessel, which geometrical configuration is adopted at industrial scale. The laboratory scale model vessel is a flat bottomed cylindrical tank agitated by side entering 4-blade inclined blade turbine with impeller rotational speed N=100-400 rpm. The effect of the impeller diameter on fluid flow pattern has been investigated. The fluid flow patterns in a vessel is essentially characterized by the phenomena of macro-instabilities, i.e. the flow patterns change with large scale in space and low frequency. The intensity of fluid flow in the tank increase with the increase of impeller rotational speed from 100, 200, 300, and 400 rpm. It was accompanied by shifting the position of the core of circulation flow away from impeller discharge stream and approached the front of the tank wall. The intensity of fluid flow in the vessel increase with the increase of the impeller diameter from d=3 cm to d=4 cm.

PT. XYZ has a role as the main dealer of motor X in West Java with marketing area in three cities: Bandung, Bekasi and Cirebon. The company survey always held every year about Brand Awareness & Image to users and non user motor X to know the characteristics of consumers. Based on the company report survey there was a decrease in the indicators of Top Of Mind Unit in Cirebon City for the user of 30.8% and for non users of 9.8%. This study aims to determine the characteristics that cause the decline of the Top Of Mind Unit based on the configuration of user characteristics and non user motor X in Cirebon City by using Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA). From the results of data analysis can be seen that there are three configurations of user characteristics and non users that deviate from the base model is formed. These three configurations can be considered in determining the marketing strategy to maintain and improve the Top Of Mind Unit in Cirebon City.

The complexity of flow in an agitated tank comes in part from the global change of flow pattern from one type to another alternately on a long time scale. This phenomenon is known as macro-instability (MI). In this work, it was characterized by means of flow visualization experiment and confirmed with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results showed various combinations of flow patterns occurring repeatedly in the whole vessel for all configurations observed. The flow patterns inside agitated tank equipped with single impeller arrangement could be classified into the radial discharge and cross-pass types for agitation with a Rushton turbine (RT) impeller, radial discharge and axial discharge for a fan turbine (FT) impeller, axis symmetric and asymmetric axial discharges for a pitch blade turbine (PBT) impeller. In case of double impeller arrangement, there were more complex variations of flow patterns due to the interaction between the flow patterns produced by the upper and lower impellers. The frequency of appearance and life time ratio of each recognized flow type was also observed in experimental and simulation works. According to the agreement between the experimental visualization and simulation in both flow pattern recognition and its characteristic, the combination of large eddy simulation (LES) and sliding mesh (SM) method is suitable for the prediction of MI phenomenon in stirred tank.

A high solid loading concentration of solid-liquid mixing was investigated to observe the effect of ratio C, Clearance, and T, diameter tank, with C/T 0.33; C/T 0.25 and C/T 0.17 on local volume of hydrodynamic and spatial distribution of polydisperse solid suspension using CFD, Computational Fluid Dynamics. The 45o pitch blade turbine, diameter 0.5T, with down pumping flow simulation was used to remove solid particle from bottom of the tank. The tank is also equipped with four baffle with the size of 0.1T.. A solid-liquid mixing consists of five fractions of glass beads with equal proportion (X1=X2=X3=X4=X5=0.2X) have 40% wt total solid concentration with liquid fraction is aqueous solution of NaCl. The effect of ratio C/T at impeller speed 612 rpm create a flow pattern in the tank different. Effect ratio C / T also indicated the distribution on solid had a good uniformity index when N≥ Njs, just suspended speed. The highest uniformity was obtained on C/T 0.17. it also made difference power consumption on each geometry with C/T 0.17, 0.25, and 0.33 respectively are 251.18, 238.13, and 270.65watt.

A rapid single-step screening method for detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6 PD) deficiency was evaluated on Halmahera Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia, and in Shan and Mon States, Myanmar, in combination with a rapid diagnosis of malaria by an acridine orange staining method. Severe deficiency was detected by the rapid test in 45 of 1126 volunteers in Indonesia and 54 of 1079 in Myanmar, but it was difficult to distinguish blood samples with mild deficiency from those with normal activity. 89 of 99 severely deficient cases were later confirmed by formazan ring method in the laboratory, but 5 with mild and 5 with no deficiency were misdiagnosed as severe. Of the samples diagnosed as mild and no deficiency on-site, none was found to be severely deficient by the formazan method. Malaria patients were simultaenously++ detected on-site in 273 samples on Halmahera island and 277 samples from Shan and Mon States. In Mon State, primaquine was prescribed safely to G6 PD-normal malaria patients infected with Plasmodium vivax and/or gametocytes of P. falciparum. The new rapid test for G6 PD deficiency may be useful for detecting severe cases under field conditions, and both rapid tests combined are can be useful in malaria-endemic areas, facilitating early diagnosis, prompt and radical treatment of malaria and suppression of malaria transmission.

We recently reported a new rapid screening method for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. This method incorporates a new formazan substrate (WST-8) and is capable of detecting heterozygous females both qualitatively and quantitatively. Here, we report its evaluation during field surveys at three malaria centres and in malaria-endemic villages of Myanmar and Indonesia, either alone or in combination with a rapid on-site diagnosis of malaria. A total of 57 severe (45 males and 12 females) and 34 mild (five males and 29 females) cases of G6PD deficiency were detected among 855 subjects in Myanmar whilst 30 severe (25 males and five females) and 23 mild (six males and 17 females) cases were found among 1286 subjects in Indonesia. In all cases, severe deficiency was confirmed with another formazan method but due to limitations in its detection threshold, mild cases were misdiagnosed as G6PD-normal by this latter method. Our results indicate that the novel method can qualitatively detect both severely deficient subjects as well as heterozygous females in the field. The antimalarial drug, primaquine, was safely prescribed to Plasmodium vivax-infected patients in Myanmar. Our new, rapid screening method may be essential for the diagnosis of G6PD deficiency particularly in rural areas without electricity, and can be recommended for use in malaria control programmes.

Background Sulawesi in Indonesia has a unique geographical profile with assumed separation from Sundaland. Studies of Helicobacter pylori in this region are rare due to the region’s rural location and lack of endoscopy equipment. Indirect methods are, therefore, the most appropriate for measuring H. pylori infection in these areas; with the disposable gastric brush test, we can obtain gastric juice as well as small gastric tissue samples for H. pylori culture. We investigated the prevalence of H. pylori infection and evaluated human migration patterns in the remote areas of North Sulawesi. Methods We recruited a total of 251 consecutive adult volunteers and 131 elementary school children. H. pylori infection was determined by urine antibody test. A gastric brush test was used to culture H. pylori. We used next-generation and polymerase chain reaction based sequencing to determine virulence factors and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Results The overall H. pylori prevalence was only 14.3% for adults and 3.8% for children, and 13.6% and 16.7% in Minahasanese and Mongondownese participants, respectively. We isolated a single H. pylori strain, termed -Manado-1. Manado-1 was East Asian type cagA (ABD type), vacA s1c-m1b, iceA1 positive/iceA2 negative, jhp0562-positive/β-(1,3) galT-negative, oipA “on”, and dupA-negative. Phylogenetic analyses showed the strain to be hspMaori type, a major type observed in native Taiwanese and Maori tribes. Conclusions Our data support that very low H. pylori infection prevalence in Indonesia. Identification of hspMaori type H. pylori in North Sulawesi may support the hypothesis that North Sulawesi people migrated from north.