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The advancement of business management in the United States is intimately linked to the development of computers and network systems. There have been numerous management books published in English. If enough knowledge of the features of English in the field is acquired beforehand, reading of the texts will become easier. In this paper, several English books on management and computers are investigated to compare them in terms of metrical linguistics. In summary, a C++ programme is used to explore the frequency characteristics of character and word appearance. An exponential function is used to approximate these qualities. To determine the difficulty level and K-characteristic of each content, the percentage of Japanese junior high school necessary vocabulary and American basic vocabulary is computed.

A carefully created linguistic program is used to assess the writing styles of TIME and Newsweek. Because of their widespread popularity, these two news magazines are chosen. The findings revealed that the frequency curves for words and characters have remained unchanged for the previous 60 years. It was also discovered that the frequency curves include specific inflection points that can be used to identify the genre of English works. Using fuzzy reasoning, the relative difficulty of the English writings may be determined by counting the percentage of required vocabulary for junior high and high school students in Japan. This paper is an experimental one which aims to seek a clue to estimate the degree of difficulty by applying fuzzy rules to the frequency data. The features of the characteristic curves are used to create fuzzy rules. It would be a useful index to use while choosing textbooks or supplemental readers.

In Japanese rural areas, there are various types of decreasing trends in customer number of public transportation due to the falling birth rate and the aging. Especially, the trend for route bus is of particular note even though it is close to the inhabitants. Reduction of the transportation-fee surplus in bus operating company is continuing and the local government supports it. On the other hand, the number of people who are unable to go shopping will increase more if the bus service could become impossible. The number of people who are unable to visit a clinic will also increase by decreasing the number of the service. It will be difficult to continue the func tion of community as the workforce decreases due to the acceleration of demographic aging. In this study, the advantages and the rate of utilization of route bus were examined in Yamanaka Spa area which belongs to Kaga City in Japan. The paintings are displayed on the bus and those are painted by kindergartners in the area. Those bestow a healing power on the passengers, especially elderly persons. As a result, most passenger use the bus in the morning and daytime, and the purpose is shopping and hospital (clinic) visit. About 50 % of passengers are taking the bus once weekly and over. The passenger of 86% evaluated the painting show as “good”. It became obvious that the painting show played a part to create good ambience for the passengers. Most workers use own private vehicle because the last bus closes between 7 and 8 p.m. in the area.

The purpose of this study is to optimally allocate the human resources to tasks while minimizing the total daily human resource costs and smoothing the human resource usage. The human resource allocation problem (hRAP) under consideration contains two kinds of special constraints, i.e. operational precedence and skill constraints in addition to the ordinary constraints. To deal with the multiple objectives and the special constraints, first we designed this hRAP as a network problem and then proposed a Pareto multistage decision-based genetic algorithm (P-mdGA). During the evolutionary process of P-mdGA, a Pareto evaluation procedure called generalized Pareto-based scale-independent fitness function approach is used to evaluate the solutions. Additionally, in order to improve the performance of P-mdGA, we use fuzzy logic controller for fine-tuning of genetic parameters. Finally, in order to demonstrate the applicability and to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, P-mdGA is applied to solve a case study in a hotel, where the managers usually need helpful automatic support for effectively allocating hotel staff to hotel tasks.

Charcoal has received much attention recently because of the various kinds of effective functions it can be put to. Especially, its deodorizing capability indoors has been well recognized. However, an evaluation method for this capability has not been established. It is necessary to devise a suitable method and introduce this capability to the general public using an index value. They can then understand the capability easily by the value and use it positively. In this study, an evaluation method is proposed, wherein the deodorizing capability of charcoal is evaluated in an experimental chamber using a tin oxide gas sensor, which outputs a signal according to the concentration of an air-polluting chemical. The sensor output increases as the concentration of the chemical increases. The index value (Pa) indicating the capability can be represented using the sensor output characteristic to the chemical, using the peak value (h) and the half-value width (tw); Pa = h/tw × 100. The peak value here means the voltage from offset level to the peak value of the output. Four kinds of charcoals were examined. Especially, charcoal from Japanese cedar and oak were investigated. The results show that both samples give almost same value (Pa = ∼10). Cedar charcoal is cheaper and the heat energy required is also lower than for oak charcoal. This is good for cedar charcoal. It is considered that by installing charcoal in an indoor environment the air quality can be improved and people can have a safe and comfortable life. Charcoal has therefore the capability to remediate indoor air pollution. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Diffusion characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated indoors using tin oxide gas sensors. The chemicals cause various kinds of symptoms in humans, for example, the sick house syndrome. In this study, eight sensors were installed in a vertical direction and on a plane surface. These sensors were of the same type. The VOC is placed in a generation source, and the sensor output increases as the chemical diffuses. The sensor output becomes higher as the concentration increases. The following chemicals were tried as air pollutants: formaldehyde, toluene, and xylene. The sensor output changes in short, quick steps by slight fluctuations of the wind velocity. Therefore, the differential characteristic of the sensor output was adopted and the noise component was removed as far as possible. A threshold time tth to the characteristic was set up. It is assumed that the examining chemical reaches the installed sensor point in a time greater than this time. The new speed of arrival is proposed using the threshold time. The speed s [cm/min] is indicated using the distance d and the reaching time tth, namely, s = d/tth. Here, d means the distance between the sensor position and the polluting source. As a result, the speed for the sensor that is installed near the ceiling (at a height of 260 cm from the floor) is the highest. And, it became obvious that s was larger for the chemical with a smaller molecule. The speed of formaldehyde for the sensor installed near the ceiling was 700 cm/min and that for the sensor installed at the height of 100 cm from the floor was 370 cm/min. There is almost a two times difference in the speed. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Many lives and facilities were lost by fire. Especially, there are many damages to elderly, toddlers and babies. In Japan, number of deaths over 65 years old reached to 53% in 2004. Number of over 81 years olds went to 20%. It takes for the elderly person more time to sense fire and also to evacuate to safe places. Although it is important to prevent the fire, it also needs to inform the fire breaking as early as possible. Human sense decreases with age and it is difficult to perceive the fire at an early stage. It is desired to develop a higher sensitive element for fire and its system which can detect fire at an early stage. In this experiment, tin oxide gas sensors were adopted to detect a smoldering fire at the early stage. Most common case of fire is the smoldering fire. The reliability of the sensor is higher and it is adopted in a gas alarm detector. The sensor can also detect slight amount of odor molecule. In our previous experiment, it became obvious that it was better to install the sensor to the ceiling to detect odor components generating from smoldering fire. Therefore, five sensors were installed in the ceiling away from each other and the method to detect the fire was examined. As a result, a characteristic was newly derived by adding the sensor outputs for one minute. The sensor output was input every 0.1s. The characteristic is called as the integrated characteristic. After that, the differential characteristic was derived using the integrated characteristic. The fire was determined using the differential characteristics. The materials causing a smoldering fire were woodchip, wallpaper and carpet as subjects. The system could detect the fire in several minutes for whole materials. The sensor is effective to detect the smoldering fire at an early stage. It is necessary to detect a cigarette smoke to distinguish as non fire. In this study, the discrimination was also examined using a quadratic function (ax2+b). The coefficients a and b were effective to identify smoldering fire and cigarette smoke. Principal component analysis for the arrival speed S which meant a kind of odor-speed was also useful to distinguish fire from non fire.

我が国における家庭部門のCO2 排出量の伸びは著しく，抜本的な対策や施策が喫緊の課題である。本研究では，家庭部門において一般住民にとって最も身近なCO2 の吸収源である庭木に着目し，庭木のCO2 固定効果に加えて，庭木の日射遮蔽による冷房エネルギーの削減量を考慮した総合的なCO2 削減効果として戸建住宅の植栽モデルプランを評価した。植栽モデルプランの庭木のCO2 削減効果は，最大70.16 kg- CO2/year と算出された。庭木自体の固定量より日射遮蔽によるCO2 削減効果の削減量が大きく算出されたことから，日射遮蔽を目的とした植栽の検討が重要であると推察された。

イヌケホシダの分布データと現在の気候データより分類樹モデルを構築し，現在の分布を規定する気候要因とその閾値を推定した。また，現在と気候変化シナリオ（RCM20）の気候分布から日本全域の分布適域を予測し，分布変化の予測を行った。分類樹モデルおよびその分離貢献度，予測した現在の分布適域より，分布を規定する気候要因は大きくはWI，PRS（夏期降水量）であり，地域的にPRW（冬季降水量）とTMC（最寒月最低気温）が分布を規定していた。現在の分布適域の2次メッシュセル数は1,388であり， 2031～2050年と2081～2100年では，2,179と2,813セルであった。分布適域は2081～2100年に，中部地方から関東・東北にかけての脊梁山脈と北上高地を除く日本全域に広がり，本州最北端までの北上が予想された。

Part 8: ICBAKE 2015 Workshop; International audience; An “interview” is the technique to gain the particular data effectively which the interviewers want to know through the conversation. In this paper, we metrically analyzed some English interviews: Larry King Live on CNN, and compared these with English news (CNN Live Today) and the inaugural addresses of the three U.S. Presidents. In short, frequency characteristics of character- and word-appearance were investigated using a program written in C++. These characteristics were approximated by an exponential function. Furthermore, we calculated the percentage of American basic vocabulary to obtain the difficulty-level as well as the K-characteristic of each material.

Three types of metal oxide gas sensors were adopted to detect the degree of breath odor. Various sorts of information are included in the odor. Each sensor has different sensitivities to gaseous chemical substances and the sensitivities also differ according to human behaviors, for example taking a meal, teeth brushing and drinking something. There is also a possibility that the sensor can detect degrees of daily fatigue. Sensor sensitivities were low for the expiration of the elderly when the subject drank green tea. In this study, it is thought that the odor system can be incorporated into a healing robot. The robot can communicate with the elderly using several words and also by connecting to the Internet. As for the results, the robot can identify basic human behaviors and recognize the living conditions of the resident. Moreover, it can also execute a kind of information retrieval through the Internet. Therefore, it has healing capabilities for the aged, and can also receive and transmit information.

In this paper we focus on dynamic judgment involving the concept of elapsed time incorporated into AHP This concept is useful for preference analysis because both factors of human environment and factors of human sensory organs change with time and they affect human preferential judgment, making it important to analyze preferential changes as a function of time. First, we propose 2 models for odor One is on olfactory adaptation and the other is on odor identifiability. Second, in these models, we analyze the consistency index, which is the degree of consistency of human subjective judgment, and proposed a method for improving the consistency index. Lastly, the following parameters are estimated using proposed models. (1) Odor preference of the individual person and its change with time. (2) The adaptation-time until the person adapts to odor in low, constant concentrations. (3) The identification-time until the person identifies odor in increasing concentrations. Because these 3 parameters are important for many odor problems, we expect that proposed models will be effective in intelligent process control for odor; which can deodorize and modulate odor.

There are various researches on a tin oxide gas sensor. It is effective to adopt the various information in an indoor environment. The information is derived from the sensor output characteristics. And, it is also understood that the sensor output is influenced by the indoor climate. The purpose of this research is to clarify the influence of the temperature, humidity and the atmospheric pressure to the gas sensor output. However, the fluctuation of the base level of the sensor output every day is considerably large. So, it is difficult to introduce directly some information from the sensor level. It is attempted to characterize the variance by smoothing the sensor output using the moving average method. As for results, a strong correlation coefficient presents between the sensor output and the atmospheric pressure. This result can be applied to predict a sensor output. The sensor output is derived roughly using an approximate equation, which is introduced by the trigonometric function. The predicted value, however, does not have good accuracy in summer and winter. A theory of Markov source is used to predict an accurate gas sensor output still more. The Markov prediction value is good at an actual sensor output in summer. Both methods are very effective to predict an indoor thermal indexes using tin oxide gas sensor.

Several daily human-behaviors are identified using plural odor-sensor arrays. This study was done to investigate a survey system for the aged who lived in solitude. Human beings occur various odors in their household life. The odors can be classified into two fields, namely occur from a body and occur by a vital action in a domestic environment. The concentration of the former odor is very low. The odor that generates at preparing a meal belongs to the latter, and it is comparatively high concentration. Sleeping, having a meal and awakening which are basic human behaviors can be identified using plural odor-sensor arrays. These array outputs are characterized using 2-D, 3-D graphs are also useful. As for the results, it becomes obvious that several basic indoor human behaviors can be identified by the plot-places of the sensor-array characteristics. The characteristics are caused by sensor sensitivities and odor concentrations that depend on human behaviors. This system is useful for the invasion of privacy of the occupant.

Human beings generate many kinds of odors in a domicile. The kinds and concentrations of these odors are different according to human behaviors. The odor-sensor characteristics were analyzed for recognition of basic human behaviors in a domicile. Taking meals, sleeping and opening the door were chosen as basic behaviors. The odor sensors are installed at various points in an experimental house. All the odor sensors are a metal oxide type. Human behaviors were identified by applying the odor sensor output at an installing point to Mahalanobis' generalized distance(MGD). MGD's of sensor outputs for the behaviors were also adapted to Poisson distribution. A simulation was done using the sensor outputs of a different day to evaluate recognition of behaviors. As for the results, it was possible to recognize the behaviors at high probabilities, namely taking meals at 89%, and sleeping at88%.

It is an established technique in the field of privacy protection to use a gas sensor to monitor indoor environments. In this paper, we propose a method for recognizing human activities in an indoor environment by using several kinds of high-sensitivity gas sensors. The feature of the method is estimating the signals with Genetic Algorithm (GA). The results showed that the proposed method effectively worked for the recognition of human activities. This paper demonstrates a significant result through utililization of the proposed technique in this research.

In this paper, we tried to extract information of driving-state of gas generating sources which are located in an indoor space(e.g. oil stoves, gas ranges and so on) for recognition of human activities and environmental changes. It is necessary for extracting information of driving-state of gas generating sources that not only a signal of gas concentration in an indoor space but also signals of components in gas concentration which depend on each gas generating source are estimated. In this paper, we proposed methods to find appropriate combination of component signals of gas generating sources using Genetic Algorithm(GA). Then, uniqueness and robustness theorem in estimation by our methods are shown in computing simulations. And we shown it is possible to extract information of driving-state of gas generating sources from a gas sensor response in an actual experiment.

Output patterns of four types of tin oxide gas sensors for compound gaseous indoor air-pollutants are investigated. The sensor patterns prefer higher gas-sensitivity characteristics when there is a compound gaseous pollutant including two kinds of gases. After the experimental system detects a lower gas-sensitivity pattern in a residence, it can detect a higher one. The reverse is impossible. Three NDVs (NDVA, NDVC, NDVN) characteristics are also adopted to increase the reliability of the system. NDVA characterisitic decreases for a few minutes and gets back to an original state or under the state when an alcoholic gas generates. The system can identify whether the alcoholic gas is generating or not in an indoor environment by using NDV characteristics with high reliability.

Gaseous indoor air-pollutants are detected by a tin oxide gas-sensor using the OPS5 system. The system is one of several production systems. The grade of pollution can be indicated more correctly by recognizing types of human behaviors, awaking and sleeping etc. The standard level for gaseous indoor air-pollution is computed by sensor outout data in last 3 weeks. The current input data is compared with the level and the grade of pollution displayed. There are 15 rules to help recognizing indooor air-pollution. Rete algorithm is adopted to match working memory elements and condition parts of rules in production memory quickly.

Awakening and sleeping are recognized as human behaviors by a gas-sensor output using a fuzzy reasoning. The gas sensor is made from a tin oxide and is sensitive for various gases. The sensor output has a daily periodical pattern. The pattern descends gradually during sleeping and ascends suddenly as of awakening. Recognition is performed using the characteristics of the pattern. At that time, the min-max compositional method is adopted. There are only six rules in this system.

Ishikawa Prefecture is located in the Hokuriku region in Japan. One of the problems of the tourism in Ishikawa is to increase the number of tourists from foreign countries. In order to solve this problem, it should be necessary to provide foreign tourists with “language service.” In this study, in order to understand a state of language service to foreign tourists, we investigated what linguistic characteristics could be found in English guidebooks for Kanazawa, which is the capital city of Ishikawa, and Toyama, which is also in Hokuriku, comparing with the official guidebooks for Tokyo, Fuji, Kyoto, and Hida. In short, frequency characteristics of character- and word-appearance were investigated using a program written in C++. These characteristics were approximated by an exponential function. Furthermore, we calculated the percentage of Japanese junior high school required vocabulary and American basic vocabulary to obtain the difficulty-level as well as the K-characteristic of each material. As a result, it was clearly shown that English guidebooks for Hokuriku have a similar tendency to literary writings in the characteristics of character-appearance. Besides, the values of the K-characteristic for them are high, and the difficulty level, especially for Kanazawa, is low.

Recently, awareness for food safety and environmental issues due to climate change is increasing. The plant factory is effective in the issues and food self-sufficiency. The picktime and the production of the food (for example vegetable, rice and fruits) can be controlled artificially by controlling the growing environment, for example light, temperature and amount of carbon dioxide. Agricultural chemical is unnecessary in a fullyclosed factory. Secure and safe production is also possible in the factory. However, high efficiency-production method is not still established and the growing control for environmental factors is based on the experience of researcher and practical farmer. Meanwhile, plant (vegetation) transmits various kinds of information with their growing and environmental variation. One of them is bioelectric potential and it is very complex. The plant-potential characteristic includes the physiological and environmental information and the growing factors can be controlled using the characteristic. It will make important contributions for the growing and ingathering control. Light (frequency and intensity) plays important roles for the growing of leafy and fruit vegetables. Growing part of plant and the picking season can be controlled by light frequency and intensity in detail. Namely, production control of the vegetation becomes possible. The control which is adjusted for social situation (consumer needs and food self-sufficiency) is possible. The study aims to construct the production control system for improving food self-sufficiency ratio. The system should give due consideration to the nature social environments. Plant bioelectric potential is a kind of internally-occurred electric signal depending on the environmental factors. The potential changes due to variety of factors, namely light, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. If the relationship among the potential characteristic, environmental factors and plant growth can become obvious, the growth could be controlled using the self-generating potential. The relationship between the potential and light frequency is investigated as a preliminary step in this study. And purification capability for an airborne chemical (ethyl alcohol) under LED is also investigated. Plant can intake the chemical as nutrition. The capability is depend on environmental factors, especially light frequency.

金沢大学理工研究域, Recently, plant factory has been establishing and takes off in world wide countries. In the plant factory, the growing environment can be controlled and the crop can also be controlled. The products are growing in an enclosed environment, therefore agricultural chemicals has no use. Secure and safe food producing system can be constructed. However, efficient production formula for the plant (for example vegetable) is not defined well. It is an effective way to control the growing environmental factors using physiology information which are directly obtained from the vegetable. Light plays a key role in plant growth. There is a difference in the amount of production due to light frequency. In this study, plant bioelectric potential is examined under light emitting diode (LED) which is used in plant factory. In future, plant physiological function and environmental response can be understood by directly monitoring the bioelectric potential. The relationship between the potential and air purification capability was examined as an environmental response. As for the result, it became obvious that blue and red lights had highly influence. The lights make great contribution to photosynthesis. The characteristic agrees with effective wavelength of photosynthesis.

In 2008, an American presidential election was held. In this study, we examined the speeches of three candidates to educe their linguistic features statistically. In short, frequency characteristics of character-appearance and word-appearance were investigated. These characteristics were approximated by an exponential function. Furthermore, the percentage of required vocabulary and that of basic vocabulary were calculated to obtain the difficulty-level as well as the K-characteristic of each material. As a result, it has been shown that the speeches of Mr. McCain have the same tendency as English literature in the character-appearance, and his speeches tend to be more difficult than other candidates. Moreover, the dispersions of the K-characteristic for three candidates' speeches are similar to coefficients c and b for character-appearance.

A carbon monoxide gas sensor is fabricated using a tin oxide semiconductor. The sensing element is heated periodically to maintain its high sensitivity to CO gas. An activated carbon filter is put over the element to give preferential detection of CO gas. By adopting double elements, the interval between detections is shortened by half. Signals from the sensing elements are processed by a Z-80 microprocessor, so that the CO sensor and the microprocessor, along with other sensors and components, form a detection system. This system has a high reliability and is effective for preventing disasters caused by CO poisoning and fire.

We report on the fabrication and characteristics of micro hot wire sensor with Borofloat glass membrane on diaphragm by using anodic bonding. Borofloat membrane was thermally stable and strong for mechanical stress. The four types of sensing materials SnO/sub 2/, In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and mixed oxide of adequate ratio with these two type metal oxide semiconductor were prepared by thermal evaporation method and then oxidized at 600 /spl deg/C, 3 hrs. Various sensing materials for NO/sub x/, CO, etc. were prepared. And then the response characteristics were investigated. For mixed oxide semiconductor with Sn and In oxide, these showed the high sensitivity for NO/sub x/ and CO gas. And by using the Borofloat glass substrate, the power consumption was much reduced about 60 mW in condition of the best sensitivity.

Many kinds of sensors are widely used in domestic circumstances. There are, however, a few faults in these sensors which are difficult to overcome simply by improving materials. This paper proposes methods for overcoming these drawbacks by using a pocket computer, and for preventing disasters such as fire, leaking of combustible gas and generation of carbon monoxide. The signals from the sensors, two types of tin oxide gas sensors and temperature and humidity sensors, are treated as fuzzy sets in a computer program. The output patterns from these sensors are an important factor in signalling a would-be disaster. The system is made better by using fuzzy sets and their membership functions.

It is known that a plant and microorganisms inhabiting in the rhizosphere purifies an indoor air-pollutant. The empirical model, however, involves some problems such as the long interval time needed for the measuring of purification process, and the process is modeled by simple straight line approximation. In this study, we find the purification process of the plant in detail for the basic study of a design that suitably arranges plants in a room. As an example of typical foliage plant, purification process of Epipremnum aureum for formaldehyde is measured continuously using a gas sensor. As a result, it is found that the purification rate is fixed. Therefore, the purification process could be approximated using an exponential function.

Gas sensors are used in both domestic and commercial environments. In Japanese apartment buildings, installation of gas sensors is required by law, even though the sensor elements still need improvement. One problem was that sensors could not preferentially detect a specific gas. We have, however, developed three types of tin oxide gas sensors, namely, sintered, tin film and thick film types. The combined use of these three sensors and a microcomputer makes up a gas sensing and countermeasure system. The system preferentially detects leaking gases in ambient atmosphere and stops the gas leak by means of an electromagnetic valve. The kind of gas that is leaking is displayed on a CRT.