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To evaluate the frequency of different types of forearm fractures and, in particular, determine the frequency of double injury to the forearm, the authors prospectively examined 119 consecutive forearm fractures and found double injuries to the forearm in all but five cases. In 79 of the 119 patients (66%), ligamentous injury was seen in addition to the obvious fracture. Nine patients with apparent isolated fractures on initial radiographs underwent examination by means of radionuclide bone scanning, which revealed a second injury in eight of them. Four patients with apparent single fractures did not undergo bone scanning because of their critical conditions. In four patients, a single fracture was initially diagnosed, but after reduction and casting, dislocation of the radioulnar joint was seen. These findings indicate that injury to the forearm almost invariably occurs at two or more sites and involves either both bones or bone and ligament. Because the distal radioulnar joint was affected in 71 patients (60%), scrutiny of the wrist is imperative whenever injuries to the bones of the forearm are discovered.

STANDARD PAVEMENT TYPES AND EXPERIMENTAL SURFACES ON ROADS THROUGHOUT KENTUCKY WERE EVALUATED IN TERMS OF SKID RESISTANCE AND EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC, WEAR, AND POLISHING. FRICTION-VERSUS-SPEED GRADIENTS AND THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOCKED-WHEEL AND INCIPIENT FRICTION WERE DETERMINED. ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS ON HIGH-SPEED, FOUR-LANE ROADS WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE SKID RESISTANT THAN ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS AND SOMEWHAT MORE SKID RESISTANT THAN CONCRETE SURFACES (ESPECIALLY THOSE CONTAINING CALCAREOUS GRAVEL AGGREGATES). SAND-ASPHALT SURFACES CONTAINING SIGNIFICANT PROPORTIONS OF LIMESTONE SANDS SHOWED INADEQUATE LEVEL OF FRICTION FOR THE TRAFFIC SUSTAINED. SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL SAND ASPAHLTS WITHOUT LIMESTONE SANDS EXHIBITED GREATER SKID RESISTANCE; KENTUCKY ROCK ASPHALT SURFACES REMAIN THE MOST SKID RESISTANT OF ALL SURFACES INVESTIGATED. /ASTM/

Manufacturable, sputtered, device-quality, CdS thin films are reported for high efficiency solar cell applications. The sputtering plasma is monitored during deposition using optical emission spectroscopy. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is commonly used as an end point detector in plasma etching processes, where the disappearance of the etch product wavelength signature provides an unambiguous indication of completion. OES is only now beginning to be examined for controlling deposition processes, primarily because the dependence between OES signal and film properties can frequently be a quite complex function of the electron and gas densities, the emitting species concentration, the electron impact excitation cross section, the electron energy distribution function, and the probability of inelastic collisions between plasma species. OES monitoring during CdS sputtering allows accurate determination of deposition rate. Both Cd and S emission peaks can be identified, allowing tracking of the results of preferential sputtering. The OES output has been tied directly into the chamber controls, resulting in automatic closed-loop control of deposition rate. The resulting CdS films are device-quality and well-suited to large-scale manufacturing. A photovoltaic efficiency of 12.1 % was obtained from sputtered CdS on CIGS absorber, compared to 12.9% for the traditional, but less manufacturable, chemical bath deposited CdS on the same batch of CIGS. The sputtering technique has many advantages over other deposition techniques, such as easy scaleablity to large areas, simple process control, compatibility with in-line manufacturing of layered devices and low cost. RF, or lower-cost pulsed DC, sputtering power supplies can be used with comparable deposition rates. The structure, optical, and electrical properties of the sputtered CdS thin films have been characterized.

• The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a continuous-infusion interleukin 2 (IL-2) regimen for patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell cancer. To investigate the contribution of adoptively transferred lymphokine-activated killer cells, patients were randomized to receive either IL-2 alone or IL-2 plus lymphokine-activated killer cells. Twenty-three patients with renal cell carcinoma and 20 with melanoma were entered into the protocol. There were no objective responses noted in the 38 assessable patients (20 with renal cell carcinoma, 18 with melanoma). Most patients demonstrated progressive disease following one 31-day cycle of weekly continuous-infusion IL-2. Grade I and II toxic reactions, including fever, rash, anorexia, and weight gain, were common and treated symptomatically. Significant in vivo stimulation of lymphokine-activated killer and natural killer cell activity was noted in most patients. This continuous-infusion IL-2 regimen with or without lymphokine-activated killer cells was ineffective in the treatment of melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. ( Arch Surg . 1991;126:898-903)

The quarter-car model has been one of the work horse tools for elementary analysis of passenger car response to road roughness. It is the analysis method by which a measure of roughness, the International Roughness Index, is extracted from road profiles. This model is used as well to predict ride vibrations, suspension motions, and wheel dynamic loads of passenger cars. A comparable simplified model for trucks has been sought to provide a fast, familiar, and easy tool for predicting truck ride and dynamic wheel load response to road roughness. This paper examines the factors that must be considered in developing a simplified dynamic model for truck response to road roughness inputs. The factors that dominate analysis of ride quality differ from those most relevant to dynamic wheel loads. Experimental evidence from the literature is used to identify the relevant dynamic modes that must be included in a simplified model for each type of analysis. An appropriate model is suggested for analysis of truck dynamic wheel loads.

(1981). The Effect of Suspension System Nonlinearities on Heavy Truck Vibration. Vehicle System Dynamics: Vol. 10, No. 2-3, pp. 97-102.

The measurement of fabric temperatures by contact methods during drying is shown to give an unreliable estimate of the moisture content of the air in equilibrium with the fabric because the contacting device behaves as an improperly wetted wet bulb. Automatic control systems depending on such measurement to regulate drying in a tenter are therefore unsatisfactory.

The kinematics of the wrist during radial-ulnar deviation and flexion-extension were studied in several ways. In six fresh cadaver wrists, the forearm was fixed in full pronation, each motion was constrained to one plane, and two metal markers were placed in each of the finger metacarpals, as well as in the radius and all of the carpal bones except the pisiform and greater multangular. Radial ulnar and flexion-extension movements in these wrists were studied roentgenographically. In the wrists of six normal volunteers, a similar roentgenographic analysis was carried out and the trajectories of wrist motions also were studied using light-emitting diodes. Finally, roentgenographic measurements were made on 100 wrists of normal subjects. From these studies, it was concluded that: (1) during each of these motions, rotation occurs about a fixed axis located within the head of the capitate, and the location of each axis is not changed by the position of the hand in either plane; (2) the distance from the base of the third metacarpal to the distal articular surface of the radius (the carpal height), measured along the proximally projected axis of the third metacarpal on posteroanterior roentgenograms, is constant throughout radial-ulnar deviation of the normal wrist and can be used as a measure of carpal collapse; and (3) the perpendicular distance of the fixed axis of rotation for radial-ulnar deviation from the distally projected longitudinal axis of the ulna can be used as a quantitative measurement of the amount of translation of the carpus in pathological conditions.

A small, inexpensive infrared thermometer is described. This instrument is easily used and is more accurate than thermocouples for leaf temperature measurements. Errors are estimated to be less than 0-2 °C when measuring leaf temperatures in a typical leaf chamber.

An account is given of an investigation of the relationship between regain, dewpoint temperature, and air temperature for a range of fabrics at three different air temperatures. The existence of a relationship between the moisture content of a fabric and that of the air in equilibrium with it is demonstrated. This fact will enable a simpler and more accurate control system for fabric-drying in tenters to be devised.

A reproducible method of measuring carpal height and carpal-ulnar distance and expressing them as ratios of these distances to the length of the third metacarpal, as reported in a previous paper9, was applied to serial roentgenograms of seventeen patients with rheumatoid disease and six patients with Kienbock's disease. These ratios provide an accurate expression of the extent of carpal collapse and of ulnar translation. However, once carpal collapse has occurred, the trajectory of hand motion becomes flattened, and, as a result, the carpal height ratio will vary as the wrist moves from maximum radial to maximum ulnar deviation. These ratios may be of use in predicting a patient's clinical course, but a larger clinical study is necessary before use of the measurements for this purpose can be recommended with assurance.

SUMMARY An analytical model is developed here for studying the roll dynamics of commercial vehicles. Large displacements and rotations are accounted for in this nonlinear model so that it can be used for the study of roll dynamics well beyond the limits of wheel lift-off. The model is used to illustrate some of the dynamic phenomena in vehicle rollover, especially the interactive coupling between the roll and the vertical modes of motion. The influence of suspension backlash on rollover resistance is demonstrated, and the phenomenon of roll motion resonance is illustrated to suggest new means for evaluating vehicle rollover sensitivity.

Test equipment is described which is suitable for AC hipot and partial discharge testing of 5 and 15 kV shielded cables of lengths up to about 600 m. The equipment can be used to test 5 and 15 kV metal-clad switchgear. Ontario Hydro's experience at two nuclear generating stations using this AC test equipment is presented. The equipment can be used to assure the integrity of cable systems (less than 600 m long) already in service. The reasons for switching to AC testing of cable systems are outlined. Practical experience shows that the partial-discharge test is very effective in identifying installation problems in cables and switchgear. A number of problems are identified with the AC tests that a DC test would have missed. >

A 20-dipole digital computer model of the electromotive surface generated by the heart with a simulated human male torso, including lungs, is presented. The simulated torso-surface ECG equipotential maps were compared to those seen in normal human subjects by Taccardi and were found to resemble them to within the resolution of these maps throughout most of ventricular depolarization (QRS). On comparison of the simulated maps to those produced when the heart was considered to be a single equivalent dipole, it was found that normal surface maps contain considerable information not accounted for by an equivalent dipole source during the mid and terminal portions of the QRS. This information occurs in areas not sampled by a standard precordial electrocardiogram. The addition of the lungs did not appear to change the surface ECG map in any important respect.

SUMMARY To determine whether external counterpulsation influences theevolution ofinjuryin ischaemic myocardium, we analysed 20-hour continuous electrocardiographic recordings andplasma creatine kinase (CK)time-activity curvesin39patients with acutemyocardial infarction and10normal subjects. CKvalues projected fromobserved changes during thefirst 7hours after admission inpatients with infarction wereused topredict infarct size before implementation ofcounterpulsation for30-minute intervals separated by10-minute restperiods for12to18hours. CK values during the72-hour interval after admission werecompared withvalues projected before counterpulsation todetermine whether the intervention changed theratio ofenzymatically estimated observed topredicted infarct size. Counterpulsation augmented systemic arterial diastolic pressureanddecreased pulmonary arterial occlusive pressureconsistently butaffected CKactivity innormalsubjects only minimally (mean peak0-060 IU/ml). Amongpatients withinfarction treated withcounterpulsation, theincidence andrateofpremature ventricular complexes, couplets, andrunsdidnotdiffer significantly fromvalues incontrol patients matched forearly ventricular arrhythmia despite aslight transitory decrease ofventricular arrhythmia within thefirst hourofcounterpulsation (P< 001). Theratio ofobserved topredicted infarct size was virtually identical intreated compared withcontrol patients matched forpredicted infarct size. Thus, external counterpulsation initiated 7hours after an increase inplasma CK activity didnotlead to apparent salvage ofischaemic myocardium despite atransitory improvement inventricular rhythm.

This paper presents measurements of the vertical loads imposed on the road by a heavy commercial vehicle with tandem suspensions, and also the vehicle ride accelerations induced by roughness. Measured characteristics of the vibrations are compared with those predicted using a two degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle model.