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Mammary Paget disease is an uncommon malignancy of the breast that presents with ulceration or eczema of the nipple and is almost always associated with an underlying breast carcinoma. This disease is most commonly seen in the fifth and sixth decades of life and is almost always unilateral. The diagnosis of mammary Paget disease is generally based on clinical findings, confirmed by histopathologic examination. Mammographic and ultrasonographic findings may be nonspecific for malignancy, with 50% of cases showing negative findings. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used as a diagnostic tool to detect clinically occult cancer with nonspecific findings on mammogram and ultrasonogram. In this article, we are presenting a rare case of a young woman with biopsy-proven bilateral mammary Paget disease, for which bilateral modified radical mastectomy was done, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Keywords: Bilateral mammary Paget disease, Intraductal carcinoma, Eczema, Biopsy

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD) also referred to as pseudogout is an inflammatory arthritis produced by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the synovium and periarticular soft tissues. This report documents a case of a 41 year old female who presented with a painful swelling in the back. MRI revealed a complex swelling with lobulation of size 7.4×7.4×7 cm in the posterolateral aspect of chest wall just superficial to the ribcage. A surgical excision biopsy of the swelling was done and patient improved symptomatically. Serum uric acid levels were measured and found to be within limits.

Ischemic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are some of the commonly encountered gastrointestinal diseases which are difficult to diagnose and still more difficult to treat. Presentation of colon ischemia is even more subtle, and this review article details about the various presentation patterns of ischemic colitis and their management.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, commonly called as pseudotumor is a soft tissue tumour, commonly occurring in children and young adults and very rarely in elderly. Lungs are the most commonly affected site but sometimes it can occur in retroperitoneum and abdominal cavity. It contains spindle cells, myofibroblasts, lymphoctyes, plasma cells, and histiocytes. It is a non-encapsulated lesion. The pathogenesis of IMT remains unclear, although various allergic, immunogenic infectious mechanisms have been postulated. They are locally recurrent (15-37%) and rarely metastasize (

Background: Parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands present in the body. Neoplastic lesions in parotid gland always causes difficulty in tissue diagnosis due to their diversified histology. Lesion in the superficial lobe of parotid is more amenable for clinical diagnosis but deep lobe lesion requires imaging to confirm the diagnosis. Managing parotid swelling seems like a mystery due to these issues.Methods: There were 30 patients who presented with complaints of swelling in the parotid region. For all these patients detailed history was taken and clinical examination was done and findings noted. Contract enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the parotid region was done followed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and the management was planned accordingly.Results: All the 30 patients were within the age group of 25 years to 65 years. All the patients presented with swelling in the parotid region. Among the 30 patients, 10 patients had complaints of associated pain in the parotid region. On clinical examination, all the patients had lesion in the superficial lobe of parotid and 2 patients had deep lobe involvement. 1 patient had features of facial nerve palsy. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done. For all the patients’ surgical management was planned accordingly.Conclusions: Routinely submitting all parotid swelling patients to Fine needle aspiration cytology and computed tomography helps to solve the mystery of diversified histology and presentation.

Background: Inguinal hernia is one of the most common surgery done in any hospital. Chronic inguinal pain is one of the common problem these patients complain of. This study aims at evaluating the long-term outcomes of neuralgia and paraesthesia following routine ilioinguinal nerve division, compared to nerve preservation when performing Lichtenstein’s inguinal hernia repair.Methods: The present study is a randomized controlled trial of 60 cases of inguinal hernias admitted in General Surgery Department in our hospital. The patients were randomly chosen into Lichtenstein hernia repair with ilioinguinal neurectomy or Lichtenstein hernia repair with nerve preservation. After surgery, all patients were monitored carefully for pain and paraesthesia. Pain was assessed using visual analogue scale. Paraesthesia was assessed by the monofilament test and evaluated after comparison with the opposite side.Results: In the present study, the incidence of pain as well as the severity of pain is far higher in the nerve preservation study group as opposed to the neurectomy study group. Hypaesthesia is not a significant complication following ilioinguinal neurectomy and does not significantly add to the morbidity of the patient.Conclusions: Prophylactic neurectomy can be an appropriate solution in the prevention of chronic groin pain following Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair and can be considered as an ideal inclusion into the standard hernia repair procedures. Hypoesthesia is not a significant complication following ilioinguinal neurectomy and does not significantly add to the morbidity of the patient.

In a deregulated power industry, estimation of power price and management of congestion is a major issues handled by market members. Modeling of sensible pricing structure of power systems is important to provide financial signals for electrical utilities. Locational Marginal Pricing technique is used to determine the energy price for transacted power and to manage the system congestion. In this paper Lossless Direct Current Optimal Power Flow is used to find the LMP value at each bus. Resulting optimization problem is solved by Linear Programming. Variation of LMP values with transmission constraint is studied in this paper. Simulation is carried out on IEEE 14 bus test system and obtained result gives the electricity value at each location.

Smooth muscle tumours of the round ligament of the uterus are rare and can mimic an inguinal hernia. Preoperative diagnosis can be established by imaging of the abdomen or an exploration of the inguinal canal. Surgical excision is the curative treatment .

Fault handling is an important metric for many operating environments. The traditional technique for improving reliability of system is by replicating the system component. This paper explains about the Adaptive group testing technique for isolating the faults which is present in the memory of the system. The memory element contains many cell and these cells are grouped into number of blocks. These blocks are tested. The test vectors are produced sly LFSR and this is introduced into the circuit to validate the correct working of the system. This work is incorporated into FPGA to provide an adaptive hardware system with self-isolating properties. This approach increases the performance of the system. This testing is designed using hardware description language called VHDL.

Agriculture is considered to be the backbone of the India Economy. In developing countries like India, agriculture has been crucial sector due to its perceived ability to contribute significantly to achieve the developmental objectives. Agriculture in India is characterized by low productivity, lack of technology, under employment, etc., Normally agriculture production implies an unexpected outcome or yield. Variability in outcomes from expected those which are expected poses risks (Harwood et al 1999). Generally the farmers produce the agriculture products under the condition of risky environment. The decisions taken by the farmers are not know with certainty and the results may be better or worse than the expectation. Crop insurance is the best solution to compensate the loss of farmers arising from the field. The ongoing National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) serves as a good step to insure the risks of millions of farmers. However, crop insurance inherent major problems as only about 10% of sown area and suffers from adverse claims to premium. There are problems with both the design and delivery of crop insurance schemes. So the present paper focus on identifying the problems that exists in implementing NAIS in three firka from Erode blocks viz., Erode East, Erode North and Erode West. The study is conducted by interviewing 300 farmers in selected blocks using a prepared questionnaire. The aim is to know the awareness of NAIS among farmers and the issues in executing the agriculture insurance scheme. The data collected through the primary method is analyzed with the help of tools like percentage analysis, ANOVA, Chi-Square, correlation and Garrets Ranking Technique. The main problems that the farmer is facing in execution of the NAIS are delay in payment of claim amount, crop coverage and premium rate. It is also revealed that there is significant difference between the variables like educational levels of farmers with respect to availing of NAIS, borrowing amount and availing NAIS, borrowing amount and experience of farmer's in farming and borrowing amount and farmer's category.