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Background: There are many factors that might contribute to the delay of surgery in patients with breast cancer. Previous studies investigate the influence of delay of surgery, but they reported inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of time of surgery on prognosis of breast cancer. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the patients with breast cancer, who received surgery between 1992 and 2009, by using data from Korea Breast Cancer Society Registry. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression model were used to evaluate the impact of time to surgery in breast cancer and subgroup analyses were performed for each disease stage and molecular subtype. Result: A total 14727 patients were included for analysis. Delay of surgery more than 31 days was associated with worse survival for breast cancer [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.936-2.408, p Conclusion: Surgical delay of more than 31 days were independent risk factors for worse outcome of breast cancer in each molecular subtype and breast cancer group except stage 0 and I. Although preoperative evaluation is required, surgical delay should be shortened to enhance survival of breast cancer, especially in patients with tumor size more than 2cm or presence of lymph node metastasis. Citation Format: Kim J-M, Choi HJ, Kim I, Ryu JM, Yu J, Lee JE, Kim SW, Nam SJ, Lee SK. The impact of time interval between diagnosis and surgery in each type and stage of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-29.

Background Cervical cytology for uterine cervical cancer screening has transitioned from conventional smear (CS) to liquid-based cytology (LBC), which has many advantages. The aim of this study was to compare the proportion of unsatisfactory specimens from CS versus LBC at multiple institutions including general hospitals and commercial laboratories. Methods Each participating institution provided a minimum of 500 Papanicolaou (Pap) test results for analysis. Pap tests were classified according to the participating institution (commercial laboratory or general hospital) and the processing method (CS, ThinPrep, SurePath, or CellPrep). The causes of unsatisfactory results were classified as technical problems, scant cellularity, or complete obscuring factors. Results A total of 38,956 Pap test results from eight general hospitals and three commercial laboratories were analyzed. The mean unsatisfactory rate of LBC was significantly lower than that of CS (1.26% and 3.31%, p = .018). In the LBC method, samples from general hospitals had lower unsatisfactory rates than those from commercial laboratories (0.65% vs 2.89%, p = .006). The reasons for unsatisfactory results were heterogeneous in CS. On the other hand, 66.2% of unsatisfactory results in LBC were due to the scant cellularity. Conclusions Unsatisfactory rate of cervical cancer screening test results varies according to the institution and the processing method. LBC has a significantly lower unsatisfactory rate than CS.

The study surveyed the health risk factors and risk assessments status preventing accidents and incidents in beauty workplaces. In addition, the health safety awareness technicality was categorized. The research results were as follows. Beauty workers (about 60%) were exposed to health hazards regarding the skin, respiratory, muscle system during more than half of their working hours. On the other hand, they recognized the need for risk assessments in the workplace. The health safety awareness in the workplace differed according to the status of the risk assessment and the category of business. This provides the basic data that can be activated to manage health safety standards for workers and an unspecified number of people.

This study was carried out after the author experienced different personalities according to blood type over many years and thus have attempted to find out the relationships between blood type and each occupation in the industry. This study aims to analyze employees in the beauty industry (hair design, skin care, nail art and makeup) in Seoul with regard to their blood types. The significance of this study is to provide baseline data for entrants and managers in the beauty industry in order to help them choose the right occupation and reduce turnover rates through analyzing employee personalities by blood type. Research topics include the following: first, to understand the characteristics of employees in the beauty industry; and second, to find out the relationships between blood types and types of professions. After conducting an inquiry into the relationships between blood type and profession in the industry, a significant portion of skin care (49.3%) and nail art (43.8%) professionals was blood type A; nail artists (43.8%), type AB; hair designers (54.7%), type B; and makeup artists (50.0%) and hair designers (29.2%), type O. In conclusion, these results reflect the personalities of people within the beauty industry by blood type. Skin care and nail art shops are quiet environments, whereas hair salons are relatively louder with contemporary music along with the sounds of various equipment.

In China, the phenomenon called ``Korean Wave`` has boosted the interest in Korean pop culture, such as TV drama, music and films, and even in the general culture and society. As Korean singers, movie actors and talents become popular beyond acceptance of public culture, those who learn Korean, buy Korean products and visit Korea have emerged. Especially, most Chinese women have used Korean hair cosmetics and the interests in Korean hair cosmetics are increasing, since cosmetic companies entered China early due to Korean wave. Thus, the status of purchase of Korean hair cosmetics is growing day by day in China. In particular, since the environment is established to buy hair cosmetics easily in Myeong -dong which is one of the shopping tourism special districts, many Chinese tourists are crowded there. Based on such phenomenon, this study explored the differences in perceptions towards ``Korean Wave`` among Chinese tourists who purchased Korean hair cosmetics in Myeong-dong, and analyzed the factors that largely determine the interest in Korean hair cosmetics and their purchase behavior. Therefore, this study is aimed at contributing to the development of hair cosmetics products and the market amid Korean Wave. As the research methods, 100 answered questionnaires were collected with target of Chinese tourists at 20s and 40s who purchased Korean hair cosmetics in Myeong-dong once 120 questionnaires were distributed. In-depth analysis was conducted and final research data were used. It was confirmed that Korean fever positively affected the Chinese tourists` purchase behavior and satisfaction of hair cosmetics, and the interests in Korean hair cosmetics at 20s were higher than at 40s. People at 20s had higher awareness, satisfaction and intention of repurchase of hair cosmetics compared rather than people at 40s. The research confirmed that Chinese tourists are very interested in Korean hair cosmetics as the pop music craze has led to the general Korean Wave, and differences in such perceptions have led to significant differences in the product purchase behavior.

As technology evolves into the deep submicron level, synchronous circuit designs based on a single global clock have incurred problems in such areas as timing closure and power consumption. An asynchronous circuit design methodology is one of the strong candidates to solve such problems. To verify the feasibility and efficiency of a largescale asynchronous circuit, we design a fully clockless 32-bit processor. We model the processor using an asynchronous HDL and synthesize it using a tool specialized for asynchronous circuits with a top-down design approach. In this paper, two microarchitectures, basic and enhanced, are explored. The results from a pre-layout simulation utilizing 0.13-μm CMOS technology show that the performance and power consumption of the enhanced microarchitecture are respectively improved by 109% and 30% with respect to the basic architecture. Furthermore, the measured power efficiency is about 238 µW/MHz and is comparable to that of a synchronous counterpart.

// Yoonjung Kim 1 , Mee-Yon Cho 2 , Juwon Kim 3 , Sung Nam Kim 4 , Seoung Chul Oh 5 and Kyung-A Lee 1 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Pathology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea 3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea 4 Department of Pathology, Samkwang Medical Labotories, Seoul, Korea 5 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea Correspondence to: Kyung-A Lee, email: kal1119@yuhs.ac Juwon Kim, email: Juwon76@yonsei.ac.kr Keywords: gastric cancer, molecular subtyping, germline mutation, somatic mutaiton, targeted sequencing Received: October 26, 2016 Accepted: June 20, 2017 Published: July 22, 2017 ABSTRACT Recently, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network and Asian Cancer Research Group provided a new classification of gastric cancer (GC) to aid the development of biomarkers for targeted therapy and predict prognosis. We studied associations between genetically aberrant profiles of cancer-related genes, environmental factors, and histopathological features in 107 paired gastric tumor-non-tumor tissue GC samples. 6.5% of our GC cases were classified as the EBV subtype, 17.8% as the MSI subtype, 43.0% as the CIN subtype, and 32.7% as the GS subtype. The distribution of four GC subgroups based on the TCGA and our dataset were similar. The MSI subtype showed a hyper-mutated status and the best prognosis among molecular subtype. However, molecular classification based on the four GC subtypes showed no significant survival differences in terms of overall survival ( p = 0.548) or relapse-free survival (RFS, p =0.518). The P619fs * 43 in ZBTB20 was limited to MSI group (n= 5/19, 26.3%), showing similar trends observed in TCGA dataset. Genetic alterations of the RTK/RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were detected in 34.6% of GC cases (37 individual cases). We also found two cases with likely pathogenic variants (NM_004360.4: c. 2494 G>A, p.V832M ) in the CDH1 gene. Here, we classified molecular subtypes of GC according to the TCGA system and provide a critical starting point for the design of more appropriate clinical trials based on a comprehensive analysis of genetic alterations in Korean GC patients.

This paper investigates the moment modification factors of an I-girder with trapezoidal web corrugations under moment gradient and various end restraint conditions. The moment modification factors are obtained by using the finite element method with beam elements and new general formulas of cross-section properties as well as a new warping constant of the I-girder with trapezoidal web corrugations. The theoretical results of moment modification factors are successfully verified by comparing them with the results from the commercial finite element software using shell elements. A series of finite element analyses with different corrugation profiles and lengths are investigated. From the results, it is found that the present design of moment modification factor formulas cannot satisfactorily predict the buckling capacities of the I-girder with trapezoidal web corrugations under unequal end moments with various end restraint conditions. For the purpose of design, the closed-form expressions for the moment modification factors are proposed and successfully verified.

Background Vaccination is very important for the control and prevention of influenza, yet no vaccine is perfectly safe. Little is known, however, about influenza vaccination-associated serious adverse events following immunization (AEFI). This study aimed to identify background information on influenza vaccination-related serious AEFI in Korea. Methods Retrospective review of data from Korea National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program from 2003 to 2010. Results Distribution of approximately 75 million doses of influenza vaccine by end of 2010 gave rise to 42 potentially serious AEFI. In all, nine Guillain-Barre syndrome, eighteen other neurologic events, eight local events, and seven miscellaneous events were included. 62% of these events were identified to have unlike causal association with the vaccine. The reporting rate of serious AEFI ranged from 0.006 to 0.07 cases per 100,000 distributed doses of the vaccine. Conclusion GBS was the most common influenza vaccination-related serious AEFI. Enhancing post-vaccination GBS surveillance may increase public confidence in future routine and pandemic influenza vaccination.

While I-girders with trapezoidal web corrugations have been used in various structural applications and bridges, lateral torsion–flexure of I-girders with trapezoidal web corrugations still needs to be investigated, especially the general formulation for cross-section properties. This paper presents the results of theoretical and finite element analyses of the lateral-torsional buckling of an I-girder with trapezoidal web corrugations under uniform moment. By using the numerical equations and method, the location of shear center and warping constant are proposed. The elastic lateral-torsional buckling strength is then calculated via proposed cross-section properties. The results are compared with previous studies in the literature. A series of finite element analyses with different corrugation profiles and lengths are investigated and the results are compared with proposed formulas. Through comparative numerical studies, the proposed formulas are successfully verified. The effects of corrugation profiles on elastic lateral-torsional buckling strength are also investigated and discussed.

Nowadays, power savings when designing a circuit become more important than area cost. Through duplicating a Functional Unit (FU)instead of sharing it, designers can archive more power efficient circuits. To prove the advantage of the FU duplication, we compared the power consumptions of circuits with shared FU and duplicated FUs. Experimental results on ISCAS '85 benchmarks showed great savings in dynamic power of interconnection circuits and fan-out buffers. The circuits with duplicated FUs consumed less power than the shared FU by average 28.4%.

This paper proposes a dynamic eccentric error compensation architecture for the tracking follow controller of optical disk drivers. For enhancing the tracking performance in an optical disk drive servo system, it is essential to attenuate periodic disturbances which are caused by revolutions of the disk. Periodic disturbances can be attenuated using a discrete Fourier transform estimator with the known disturbance frequency provided by a motor driver. Optical disk drivers support various speeds. So optical disk drivers have a varying periodic disturbance. To deal with time varying periodic disturbances, a proposed eccentric error compensation controller is turned based on sinusoidal generator to follow the change of reference period. The disturbance estimator uses the discrete Fourier transform method that models the periodic disturbance. We present simulative and experimental results and show that the proposed control scheme enables a significant improvement of the tracking accuracy of the radial servomechanism and the random access time. We implement the proposed eccentric error controller on the system on chip (SOC).

Objective : This study is performed for the purpose of examining into the efficacy of the Bee Venom Acupuncture Treatment for Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint. Methods : We investigated 25 cases of patients with Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint from 1st June 2005 to 13th July 2005. The 25 patients were taken Bee Venom Acupuncture over three times irregularly. Treatment efficiency was monitored through VAS (Visual Analog Scale) and improvement degree of the grade of clinical symptoms. Conclusions : We brought to the conclusion that the Bee Venom Acupuncture has possibility to be efficient to cure the Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint patients. So we suggest the possibility to use this new remedy for the Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint.

InfiniBand technology is being accepted as the future system interconnect to serve as the high-end enterprise fabric for cluster computing. This paper presents the design and implementation of the InfiniBand system interconnect, focusing on an InfiniBand host channel adapter (HCA) based on dual ARM9 processor cores The HCA is an SoC tailed KinCA which connects a host node onto the InfiniBand network both in hardware and in software. Since the ARM9 processor core does not provide necessary features for multiprocessor configuration, novel inter-processor communication and interrupt mechanisms between the two processors were designed and embedded within the KinCA chip. Kinch was fabricated as a 564-pin enhanced BGA (Bail Grid Array) device using 0.18 CMOS technology Mounted on host nodes, it provides 10 Gbps outbound and inbound channels for transmit and receive, respectively, resulting in a high-performance cluster system.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Castleman's disease (giant lymph node hyperplasia) is a rare, heterogeneous, lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown cause and pathogenesis. Most cases occur as mediastinal masses, although extrathoracic involvement, including nodal and extranodal locations, has been reported. The localized variants (solitary lesions) respond well to surgical excision. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 34-year-old man with headache, intermittent febrile sense, progressive weakness of the legs, and urinary incontinence. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed an enhancing dorsal extradural mass with impingement on the spinal cord at the T2-T3 level. Other abnormal laboratory findings were increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and mild leukocytosis. TECHNIQUE: The mass lesion was removed; the histopathological findings included diffuse lymphoid cell infiltration and vascular proliferation, which are compatible with Castleman's disease. CONCLUSION: Although the dorsal epidural site of this case is very unusual, Castleman's disease was considered the most appropriate diagnosis on the basis of the associated systemic findings. This patient with dorsal epidural Castleman's disease may be the first reported case in the literature.

As a fine-grained power gating method for achieving greater power savings, our approach takes advantage of the finite state machine with a datapath (FSMD) characteristic which shows sequential idleness among subcircuits. In an FSMD-based power gating, while only an active subcircuit is expected to be turned on, more subcircuits should be activated due to the power overhead. To reduce the number of missed opportunities for power savings, we deactivated some of the turned-on subcircuits by slowing the FSMD down and predicting its behavior. Our microprocessor experiments showed that the power savings are close to the upper bound.

Due to a half transitions for data transfers comparing with conventional 4-phase signalings, level-encoded dual-rail (LEDR) has been widely used in on-chip asynchronous interconnects supporting a 2-phase handshake protocol. However, it inevitably requires 2N wires for N-bit data transfers to maintain delay-insensitive encoding. Encoder and decoder circuits that perform an asynchronous 2-phase handshake protocol with only N wires for N-bit data transfers are presented for on-chip global interconnects. Their fundamentals are based on a ternary encoding scheme, and the circuits are implemented using current-mode multiple-valued logics. In the simulation with 0.25 μm CMOS technology, the suggested circuits saves both latency and energy consumption over the wire length of 3 mm.

Aim of the study Chong–Myung–Tang (CMT) consisted of Acorus gramineus Soland, Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow, and Poria cocos Wolf is one of the traditional Korean herbal medicines used for the therapy of learning and memory improvement. The present study was investigated the effect of CMT on learning and memory functions in SCOP-induced memory deficits mice. Materials and methods The cognitive-enhancing effect of CMT on amnesic mice induced by SCOP was investigated by assessing the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. In order to confirm the underlying mechanisms of memory enhancing effects of CMT, activities of AChE, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and antioxidant enzymes were measured. Results Administration of CMT significantly restored memory impairments induced by SCOP in the passive avoidance test and also reduced escape latency during trial sessions in the Morris water maze test. The increased AChE activity produced by SCOP was significantly inhibited by CMT. CMT significantly enhanced ChAT activity. Moreover, treatment with CMT to the amnesic mice induced by SCOP considerably decreased malondialdehyde levels and restored activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase to the control values. Conclusions These results suggest that CMT may be useful for the cognitive improvement via regulation of cholinergic marker enzyme activities and the antioxidant defense system.

A modified thinning algorithm is proposed and its validity demonstrated. Experimental results show that this modified algorithm preserves the connectivity and the end points, which are critical requirements in a character recognition system. A flexible thinning processor has been integrated and interfaced with an IBM PC AT/386 and been tested for variable image widths from 25 to 40 b. For a 38*38 image and 1.5-kb data, completion of thinning requires 2.8 ms. It is shown that processing speed is limited only to the propagation delays of logic gates, since the input image continuously enters the processor without a control signal. Experimental results confirm that this modified algorithm and processor are effective in image processing as well as character and fingerprint recognition. >

AlGaN/GaN-based HFETs are very attractive for RF and power applications due to their superior properties, such as large critical electric field, a high two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), and a saturation velocity compared to Si-, GaAs- and SiC-based devices. State-of-the-art performances of the AlGaN/GaN HFET already showed that f T = 160 GHz and f max = 190 GHz, and outpower = 32.2 W/mm, which were achieved mostly on normally-on device [1~2]. In some applications, for example a power switching, normally-off operation is very important to simplify the design of driving circuits and to reduce power loss during switching. However, it is very difficult to realize normally-off operation from AlGaN/GaN HFETs due to inherently large polarizaion charge at AlGaN/GaN hetero-interface. Many efforts have been given to achieve a successful normally-off operation by fabricating a schottky gate type or a MOS gate type technology [3~4].

In this paper we propose an algorithm about aggressive, but partial removal of multiplexers used for sharing functional units (FUs). By eliminating some multiplexers and duplicating the FU related, the proposed algorithm could be more advantageous for low power circuits than just keeping the multiplexers. To determine whether a removal of a group of multiplexers is beneficial or not, we compared a FU with multiplexers to multiple replications of the FU without any multiplexer under various conditions. Through the experiments, we aggregated information to be used for finding appropriate multiplexers to be extricated from circuit netlist; using the information, we built an automated algorithm to remove particular multiplexers; we applied it to a netlist of 16 bit processor. The processor that is newly generated by the algorithm consumed average about 12% less power than the initial processor.

A new optimization algorithm of the digital filter over the CSD coefficient is proposed. This method is based on the selective weighting method assigning more number of operations to some coefficients which are more sensitive to the frequency response remaining total number of operations. Also, the optimized coefficient is utilized as Control-RAM and combined with the 4th pipelined AU for the low-power implementation. The designed filter for 24-bit SigmaDelta audio DAC is fabricated with 0.18 um Samsung CMOS technology.

This paper proposes a clock loss tracking technique for detecting the loss over the channel. The continuous-time equalizer adopting this technique improves the stability of system and the accuracy of compensation. Experimental results confirm that proposed equalizer is suitable for digital display interface.

Neonatal choriocarcinoma associated with a seemingly normal gestation is rare. A total of 20 cases of either primary or metastatic choriocarcinoma in infancy have been reported until 1992. We report an additional case of a huge choriocarcinoma of the liver in a 2-month-old boy, who died of tumor hemorrhage. This baby was born to a 19-year-old unmarried mother. The placenta was thought to be normal and was not examined histologically. The liver mass was first noted 2 weeks after birth, and he was admitted because of poor feeding and pallor. Before any therapy was instituted, he died of massive tumor bleeding. Autopsy revealed a huge hemorrhagic tumor mass with massive necrosis in the left lobe of the liver. Several nodular metastases were found only in the lung. The remainder was unremarkable except for bilateral cleft lip and palate. It is presumed that the choriocarcinoma in the liver could be either a primary tumor in the absence of any primary focus in the mother or the infant or a metastatic lesion from an occult choriocarcinoma of the placenta.

In Korea, the quality control(QC) program forcytopathology was introduced in 1995. The program consists of a checklist for the cytolopathology departments, analysis data on all the participating institutions' QC data, including the annual data on cytologic examinations, the distribution of the gynecological cytologic diagnoses, as based on The Bethesda System 2001, and the data on cytologic-histolgical correlation of the gynecological field, and an evaluation for diagnostic accuracy. The diagnostic accuracy program has been performed 3 times per year with using gynecological, body fluid and fine needle aspiration cytologic slides. We report here on the institutional QC data and the evaluation for diagnostic accuracy since 2004, and also on the new strategy for quality control and assurance in the cytologic field. The diagnostic accuracy results of both the participating institutions and the QC committee were as follows; Category 0 and A: about 94%, Category B: 4-5%, Category C: less than 2%. As a whole, the cytologic daignostic accuracy is relatively satisfactory. In 2008, on site evaluation for pathology and cytology laboratories, as based on the "Quality Assurance Program for Pathology Services" is now going on, and a new method using virtual slides or image files for determining the diagnostic accuracy will be performed in November 2008.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare endocrine tumor arising from the chromaffin tissue, and it is able to produce and secrete catecholamines. Lymph nodes, liver, lung and bone are the most frequent sites of metastasis. We report here on a case of pheochromocytoma arising from the dura in a patient who was surgically treated for bilateral pheochromocytoma five years previously.