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Despite the availability of effective medication, blood pressure control rates are low, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Adherence to medication and follow‐up visits are important factors in blood pressure control. This study assessed the effectiveness of reminder telephone calls on follow‐up visits and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients as part of the Mumbai Hypertension Project. This project was initiated by PATH with the support from Resolve to Save Lives from January 2019 to February 2020. The study included hypertensive patients attending 164 private practices in Mumbai, India; practitioners screened all adults visiting their clinic during the project period. Among 13 184 hypertensive patients registered, the mean age was 53 years (SD = 12.38) and 52% were female. Among the 11 544 patients that provided phone numbers and gave consent for follow‐up calls, 9528 responded to phone calls at least once and 5250 patients followed up at least once. Of the 5250 patients, 82% visited the clinic for follow‐up visit within one month after receiving the phone call. The blood pressure control rate among those who answered phone calls and who did not answer phone calls increased from 23.6% to 48.8% (P

This paper explores the emergence of and policies and practices underpinning ‘social enterprise’ in Britain: that is, the concept that businesses could provide social services and benefits while returning profits to those who have invested in them. This paper argues that, in Britain, the concept was massaged into existence and adopted as a business and policy model at a particular historical juncture, in the later 1990s and early 2000s. The process involved a careful interweaving of linguistic maneuvers with financial calculations both at the level of specific businesses and at that of political regimes. This process is traced here with reference to a specific organization, the Big Issue, and a particular policy regime, introduced by the New Labour government between 1997 and 2005. For the former, the transition from business activity focused on the Big Issue magazine to brokering activities for the “social enterprise” sector generally is tracked. The New Labour government’s concurrent focus on “social exclusion” and rearticulation of terms denoting sectors providing public services are traced. Thus, light is thrown on the relationship between the strategic terminology deployed at the ground-level of business operations and the top-down level of governmental policy and welfare restructuring in this period.

Background and Objectives: Infant and young child nutrition is extremely important as it is required for good health throughout the life. The purpose of the study was to assess the current infant feeding practices in children between the age group of 6 months –2 years, to find the reason for inappropriate complementary feeding practices and to assess the knowledge of mothers regarding complementary feeding. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (AIMSR), Bathinda. Data was collected by interviewing 300 mothers on a pre-designed, semi-structured proforma with specific questionnaire. Results: Among 300 children studied, 78% of children were exclusively breastfed, 11.3% of children were mixed fed and 10.7% were top fed. In our study, 65.3 % mothers had adequate milk, so they introduced complementary feed at later age; 16.7% mothers were unaware about the weaning schedule; In 13.3% cases, child refused to eat; Poverty in 3.3% cases; traditional belief in 0.7% and inability to digest feed in 0.7% cases were the reason for late introduction of complementary feed. Conclusion: From data collected in our study, its important that regular counselling of mothers, their family members or friends is done regarding feeding practices, proper hygiene, what to do and what not to do during complementary feeding period. This counselling can be done during antenatal visits, during hospital stay and postnatal visits. This will help in managing knowledge gaps still persisting among society regarding feeding practices.

Special Issue Editors' Afterword. Presents an update on student protests in Indian universities and assesses central government level policy changes in Higher Education funding and management in 2018.

This article discusses the wider relevance of recent, 2014 and onwards, student protests in Indian higher education institutions, with the global neoliberal reorganisation of the sector in mind. Th...

Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is the presence of actively multiplying bacteria within the urinary tract with absence of any symptoms, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. This research study was done in order to review prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and factors associated with ASB occurring in female patients who are pregnant and being treated at a tertiary care hospital in Lucknow, India. Method and Materials: This is a cross-sectional study done among 216 pregnant women attending a hospital for antenatal check-ups. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected and examined microscopically, and semi-quantitative culture was done on blood agar and MacConkey agar. Isolates were identified by colony morphology and biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: Of the 216 pregnant women, 36 (16.7%) tested positive for ASB. The female gestational period, haemoglobin level, and BMI were significantly associated with ASB. Logistic regression also showed that higher haemoglobin level was less likely to ASB (AOR = 0.42, 95% confidence interval: 0.202–0.88, p = 0.021). The predominant and usual isolates were E. coli (n = 22, 61.1%), followed by Cons (n = 6, 16.7%), and S. aureus (3, 8.3%). All Gram-negative isolates were mostly sensitive to most of the drugs like piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, nitrofurantoin, and meropenem but were 100% resistant to ampicillin. Similarly, Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and nitrofurantoin but 100% resistant to co-trimoxazole. Conclusion: The present study shows the existence of ASB was 16.7% among women who are pregnant. Pregnancy duration, haemoglobin level, and BMI were significantly associated with ASB. The isolates identified more frequently were E. coli (61.16%), Cons (16.7%), and S. aureus (8.3%). All isolates which were Gram-negative were mostly sensitive to most of the drugs but were 100% resistant to ampicillin. Similarly, Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to most of the drugs but 100% resistant to co-trimoxazole.

In this paper, an optically transparent antenna to operate in long term evolution (LTE) band 700 MHz and 800 MHz is presented. The antenna has a −6dB impedance bandwidth extending from 730–900 MHz It has been designed on a flexible ultra-thin Acrylic sheet which may find a number of applications in the internet of things (IoT) and smart buildings. The antenna has also been fabricated and the measured results would be shown during the conference.

Background Adequate bone height and width is the most important parameter for success of implants. Prolonged edentulous area in mandibular posterior region is often associated with atrophy precluding the use of dental implants. Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) lateralization is a challenging surgical procedure as it involves the exposure of the neurovascular bundle from its compact bony compartment and adequate retraction while immediate placement of implant. Aim Evaluation of neurosensory disturbances related to IAN lateralization for implant placement in the posterior atrophic edentulous mandible. Materials and Methods Ten patients above the age of 18 years with an edentulous span in mandibular posterior region showing distance from alveolar crest to IAN ≤ 8 mm (CBCT) were included in the study. The postoperative analysis of NDs was done using Semmes–Weinstein Monofilaments (SWM). Readings were made on the 1st and 7th postoperative day and every month thereafter until the neural sensations were restored. Results All patients reported neurosensory disturbance on post-op day 1. None of the patients responded to SWM lesser than 4.56 on first postoperative day, which indicated 100% incidence of neurosensory disturbances. The minimum time required for complete recovery was 2.0 months, and maximum was 4.0 months. Conclusion IAN lateralization is a useful method for managing the atrophic posterior mandible with dental implants. If done precisely with experienced personnel, it can provide a worthy option for surgical restoration of atrophic mandible with minimal temporary NDs.

INTRODUCTION: Laryngoscopy and intubation lead to mechanical and chemical stimuli, resulting in hypertension and tachycardia. The pneumoperitineum and CO2 insufflation with positional changes result in significant hemodynamic and respiratory changes. These sudden changes may lead to myocardial ischemia, pulmonary edema, and cerebral hemorrhage. Many modalities such as propofol infusion, beta-blocker, high-dose opioid, benzodiazepine, and vasodilators have been tried to obtund these changes. Dexmedetomidine is highly selective alpha-2 agonist, has been effective in attenuating sympathomimetic response during laryngoscopy, intubation as well as during laparoscopic surgeries. OBJECTIVE: In a randomized, prospective, double-blind, control study, we evaluate the safety and efficacy of single bolus intravenous dose followed by infusion of dexmedetomidine as compared to control group of normal saline in attenuating response to laryngoscopy, intubation, and pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients of either sex aged 18–65 years scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgeries were randomly allocated in one of the two groups of thirty patients each. Group D received injection dexmedetomidine with loading dose 1 mcg/kg before induction over 10 min followed by maintenance dose of 0.2 mcg/kg/h. Group S serve as control group received normal saline in the same dose. RESULTS: It was observed that heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were significantly less after intubation and throughout the period of pneumoperitoneum. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine is efficacious in attenuating the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy, intubation, and pneumoperitoneum.

Physiological breeding complementing the conventional approach is increasingly being explored in wheat in view of stagnating annual genetic yield gain. Designing improved plant types required knowledge about physiological traits associated with yield gain in the past. Fourteen wheat varieties including 12 historically important and popular (mega) wheat cultivars and two recently registered varieties were observed for various physiological traits for two years. Both breeding period and genotypes within breeding period accounted for significant differences for most of the physiological traits. Regression analysis indicated curvilinear trend for leaf area index (LAI), flag leaf area, and root length and root weight. Near perfect leaf area index (LAI 5.94) with semi-erect leaves and higher flag leaf area was observed in all time mega variety HD 2967 indicated the importance of plant architecture and crop canopy in yield maximization. Linear declining trend was observed for coleoptile length, number of stomata...

Background Laparoscopic management of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been gaining popularity at a rapid pace across the world. Proponents argue for better short term outcomes including shorter hospital stay, acceptable safety profile and better outcomes of laporoscopic versus open surgery. However, the direct inpatient cost for laparoscopic management of CRC remains unexplored. This assumes even more importance in resource-strapped economies like India. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with a hospital discharge diagnosis of CRC (ICD-10 C18-C19) from 2015–2018. Patient details on surgery, investigations, days of hospitalization, and drugs from hospital admission to discharge were obtained precisely from the medical records department. Item costs were obtained from the hospital electronic billing section. Economic evaluation included a prevalence-based approach with a societal perspective utilizing the bottom-up technique; cost was expressed as median cost per patient. Results 391 (male 288; 73.6%) patients were included. Their median age was 59 (range 49–69) years. The median time for hospitalization was 6 (range 5–11 days). The median inpatient cost was INR 1,86,564, with a wide range of (1,69,514 – 4,51,529); [USD 2743(2492–6640); € 2332(2118–5644)]. Surgical procedure with operation theatre contributed to 30% and was the highest among all the cost components. Consumables incurred (25%), bed charges (16%), anesthesia (8%), investigations (7%), drugs and professional fees of 6% each and miscellaneous charges (2%) contributed to the total cost. Conclusions The first pharmacoeconomic study for inpatients with CRC managed laparoscopically incurred modest cost. This study acts as a reference to future pharmacoeconomic studies in CRC. Its usefulness and advantages might lead to increased cost savings but needs justification by cost-benefit analysis in addition to long term outcome post-laparoscopic resection.

The paper examines various approaches to telling the ‘story’ of the financial crisis in the EU and USA after 2007/2008. The idea here, however, is not to thereby try to explain the financial crisis but to understand the preconceptions which attach to telling a ‘story’ – to understand the idea of the ‘story’ itself. The first section of the paper argues that the financial crisis offers a useful case study to this end, since explaining for the ‘ordinary person’ and addressing the ‘general reader’ through stories involved slippages and tensions in this instance. The next section explores such stories in literary, media and academic discourses. The final section makes some consequent inferences on the concept of the ‘story’, suggesting that it is not adequately grasped through philologically-underpinned – specifically narratological – methods.

Surgical management of advanced oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) using bilateral inferiorly based nasolabial flaps is becoming increasingly popular. However no comprehensive analysis of delayed complications using this technique is available in the literature. The authors have conducted a retrospective study to examine the delayed complications of bilateral inferiorly based nasolabial flaps used in advanced oral submucous fibrosis at their institute along with a detailed review of literature on the subject. Thirty-two patients from January 2004 to December 2015 with OSMF and an interincisal distance less than 15 mm were included. All patients were treated with bilateral inferiorly based nasolabial flaps for correction of the restricted mouth opening. All patients had postoperative physiotherapy and were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months. All complaints of patients during the follow up phase were included in this study. In this series, complications such as partial necrosis, intra-oral hair growth, unacceptable extra-oral scar, wound dehiscence, orocutaneous fistula, and pincushioning effect were observed. Numerous complications can occur with the use of nasolabial flaps for the management of advanced oral submucous fibrosis. Although most complications are of inconsequential nature the surgeon must observe due diligence when using this flap.

Background: Hypermelanoses involving predominantly the face and the neck is relatively common and often presents a complex diagnostic problem. The present study was done in the study population of 500 patients of facial pigmentation, attending the skin outpatient department in AarupadaiVeedu Medical College and Hospital from October 2015 to September 2017. Aim and objective of the study was to study various clinical patterns of facial pigmentation, their clinical characteristics, their association with other pigmentary disorders and to evaluate the different etiotogical and precipitating factors.Methods: In this study, a special proforma was prepared. Patients were thoroughly interviewed and examined to find out dermatological and systemic diseases and they were subjected to investigations to evaluate different etiological factors and diagnose the clinical type of facial pigmentation.Results: The present study showed a strong female preponderance. Among the total study population there were 55% cases of melasma, 20% cases of Riehls melanosis, 10% cases of periorbital pigmentation and 5% of miscellaneous causes.Conclusions: Facial pigmentation was commonly seen in the females. 21-30 years age group was the most commonly affected age group in all types of facial pigmentation. Melasma, Riehls melanosis and periorbital pigmentation were the most common clinical types of facial pigmentation observed.

The effect of inserting ultra-thin atomic layer deposited Al2O3 dielectric layers (1 nm and 2 nm thick) on the Schottky barrier behaviour for high (Pt) and low(Al) work function metals on n- and p-doped InGaAs substrates has been investigated. Rectifying behaviour was observed for the p-type substrates (both native oxide and sulphur passivated) for both the Al/p-InGaAs and Al/Al2O3/p-InGaAs contacts. The Pt contacts directly deposited on p-InGaAs displayed evidence of limited rectification which increased with Al2O3 interlayer thickness. Ohmic contacts were formed for both metals on n-InGaAs in the absence of an Al2O3 interlayer, regardless of surface passivation. However, limited rectifying behaviour was observed for both metals on the 2 nm Al2O3/n-InGaAs samples for the sulphur passivated InGaAs surface, indicating the importance of both surface passivation and the presence of an ultra-thin dielectric interlayer on the current-voltage characteristics displayed by these devices. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The structural mechanics behavior of tube sheets of a sodium to sodium heat exchanger for a fast reactor, with circular tube holes pattern, less addressed subject in the literature, is investigated in detail. The tube sheet design rules recommended in the French design code RCC-MR-2007 and the associated solid mechanics basis are explained. A finite element analysis of tube sheets of intermediate heat exchanger of a typical 500 MWe pool type fast reactor is presented to study the effects of some specific parameters viz., (i) small solid rim portion with connecting shell and (ii) grooves on rim area. For the analysis, the distribution of holes on the last row is assumed to be symmetric and axial stiffening of tubes on tube sheet is included toward realistic estimation of stresses in the tube sheets. The effects are studied on the primary and secondary stresses induced along the interface between solid to perforated region. The aspects covered include linearization of radial and circumferential stress components, thereby deriving primary membrane and bending stress intensities along the radial directions with particular focus at the interfaces between solid portions and perforated portions including the effect of filet radius at the junction of tube sheet and shell. These investigations thus help to optimize the design of IHX tube sheets with high confidence. The analysis has been carried out by CAST3M, a structure analysis software granted by CEA, France.

This book analyzes constructions of injustice, group identification and participation in news and social media in anti-austerity protests within the European Union (EU). Since 2008, EU member-states have witnessed waves of protests and demonstrations against the adoption of austerity measures and alignment of domestic economies with the prevailing global neoliberal order. Understanding how the media represents dissent and how it influences public deliberation is of critical importance. It is accordingly necessary to explore the strategies deployed and role played by news and social media in representing and perhaps acting upon anti-austerity protests in the Eurozone crisis. This volume undertakes such a critical exploration.

So many men's, so many opinions are there for managing a difficult airway in a child with temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA). It is an exceptionally challenging even in hands of experienced anesthesiologist. Success lies in doing ordinary things extraordinarily well. At times newer equipments and techniques turn out to be failure with uncooperative child. Here we present a case report of TMJA where successful intubation was possible in child with limited mouth opening

The tube to tubesheet joint in a heat exchanger is one of the most critical joint and it has to meet stringent requirements as it provides the main barrier between the tube side and shell side fluids of heat exchanger. This paper discusses the various kinds of tube to tubesheet joint in heat exchanger, joint configuration adopted in PFBR IHX, structural analysis of IHX, axial load distribution in tube rows and experimental verification in order to evaluate allowable strength of tube to tubesheet joint. In IHX, tubes in outer rows are under tension and maximum stresses are below the allowable stresses in the tubes. Detailed experimental investigations result shows that the rolled and welded joint is stronger than the basic strength of the tube material. However, the allowable tensile strength of the joint under mechanical loading considered is 0.95 times the allowable value for tubes as per ASME.

In PFBR, Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) is used to transfer heat from Primary Sodium to Secondary Sodium. A scaled down model of PFBR IHX has been designed as per design code rules of RCC-MR. In this scaled down model, main portion of IHX like tube sheets, tubes and down comer are designed innovatively. The ligament efficiency and radial & circumferential hole pattern are simulated for top & bottom tube sheets. A 2D Axis-symmetric finite element model of the scaled down model has been made and detailed structural analysis has been carried out via software called CAST3 M. Design and development of a scaled down model to simulate the deformation as well as stress distribution realistically, establishing the test setup and procedures for causing crack initiation and depicting the enhanced understanding of RCC-MR design procedures of tube sheets specific to heat exchanger are the novel features of this paper.

Background: The benefit of postoperative analgesia in regional block is short lived due to limited duration of action of local anesthetics. Various adjuvants have been tried to enhance the duration of analgesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of nalbuphine as an adjuvant to 0.5% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted on 100 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I/II aged 18–70 years scheduled for upper limb surgeries under USG supraclavicular brachial plexus block. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 50 each to receive either 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 1 ml of normal saline (Group A) or 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine with 1 ml (10 mg) of nalbuphine (Group B). The onset and duration of sensory and motor block, duration of analgesia, and side effects were noted. Results: There was no significant difference in mean onset of sensory and motor blocks between the two groups; but in Group B, there was significantly longer duration of sensory block (401.20 ± 19.963 vs. 387.60 ± 29.731 min, P = 0.009), longer duration of motor block (333.20 ± 20.941 vs. 323.00 ± 26.283 min, P = 0.03), and prolonged duration of analgesia (502.60 ± 22.751 vs. 441.20 ± 30.815 min, P 0.05). Conclusion: Nalbuphine (10 mg) used as an adjuvant to 0.5% ropivacaine for supraclavicular brachial plexus block prolonged the duration of both sensory and motor blockade along with the duration of postoperative analgesia without any increase in side effects.

This paper explores the implications of the recent appearance of some Indian vernacular pulp fiction texts in English translation for Indian readers. As background, the first of three main sections outlines the current scope of Indian Translation Studies, and also briefly examines recent thinking about the position of English in India. The second section examines the habitual Indian English-readers’ perspective of such pulp fiction in translation, and the third that of Hindi commentators insofar as relevant here. These two latter sections do not offer a linear argument, or undertake a close reading of specific texts. Rather, they draw a picture of vernacular and English popular print culture in India, wherein various slippages and cross-connections are apparent.

Aims: The study was conducted to assess the synergistic poly-herbal formulation for diabetic patients to determine its three characteristics reducing excessive sugar level to normal, immune-potentiating and antioxidant. Study Design: Subjects were divided into four groups, Group I(NH), were normal healthy subjects, Group II(DI), were diabetics, group III (TTD) were tolbutamide treated diabetic patients, group IV(HFTD), were diabetic patients receiving combination herbal formulation in the, dosage of 5 g. /day for 4 weeks. Place of Study: Diabetic patients were contacted and convinced from two Government Hospitals-Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal and K. N. Katju hospital, Bhopal, (M.P.), India. Methodology: homogenous mixtures were obtained and encapsulated 500mg/per capsule. PMNL were isolated from blood and glucose level tests performed by autoanalyzer. Immunepotentiating activity was evaluated by different following methods like Research Article European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 3(2): 218-232, 2013 219 a ATPase sensitivity tests, cellular water content, cell, plasma membrane calcium content, Camp activity, Phaspholipase-C activity, contact angle measurement, NBT assay. Antioxidant activity evaluates by SOD and glutathione peroxidase methods. Results: Encouraging results prompt that, herbal formulation, which could be proved on excellent sugar level regulator. For efficient phagocytosis by PMNL such as membrane potential, cellular water content, calcium homeostatic, calcium messenger system, contact angle i.e. hydrophobicity measurement and finally particle internalization and Phagocytic index. result were exciting with herbal formulation since it was found to effective in correction of cell parameters related to phagocytosis and remarkable recovery in antioxidant enzymes in diabetic patients. Conclusion: In summary, the results obtained in the present investigation demonstrated\ that the present formulation beneficial in management of diabetic complication.

India is the first Asian country, and amongst the first in the world, where English Studies was established as an academic discipline in higher education (HE). Developments therein from the mid-nineteenth century onwards have often been significant for disciplinary pursuits elsewhere, especially as the study of English language and literature tried to accommodate diverse cultural contexts, and insofar as the post-colonial condition came to be regarded as a fulcrum for understanding past and current political dimensions of such study. Equally, debates about English Studies in HE provide a useful index of social developments in India after independence. This chapter registers some of these developments and debates with a view to assessing the current condition of English Studies in India and considers its future prospects.

For those concerned with teaching and scholarly work in higher education now, talk of ‘academic leadership’ is everywhere. In the UK, at any rate, it seems so: scanning academic jobs pages, looking at Research Councils’ funding schemes, examining government policy documents on higher education, consulting university promotions and appraisals procedures, mulling academic workload calculations, and listening to deliberations in university committees—all these suggest that the phrase academic leadership has, so to speak, gone viral in a contained way. There are more scholarly sounding publications on the subject than specialists can keep up with; numerous well-endowed firms offer academic-leadership training and guidance; think tanks constantly urge the need to nurture more academic leaders and corporations that can cultivate them; newspapers inform of the privileges of top-level academic leaders with grudging admiration.

The means of production for literature in English have seen significant changes in India since the late 1980s. A remarkable proliferation of both independent and international publishers with ‘Indian-English literature’—particularly fiction—has taken place. In this regard the current phase of development can be traced back to the independent publisher Ravi Dayal’s (established 1988) success with Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines (1988) and to the setting up of Penguin India in 1985. A corresponding diversification in categories and genres of such literature has evidently occurred. Within the Indian market, Indian ‘commercial fiction’ in English has unquestionably been the principal area of diversification, while ‘literary fiction’ in English—as much a market category as ‘commercial fiction’—and translations from Indian vernaculars have become more varied and numerous too.

Current drugs for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis are inadequate. No novel compound is in the pipeline. Since economic returns on developing a new drug for neglected disease, leishmaniasis is so low that therapeutic switching represents the only realistic strategy. It refers to “alternative drug use” discoveries which differ from the original intent of the drug. Amphotericin B, paromomycin, miltefosine and many other drugs are very successful examples of “new drugs from old”. This article reviews the discovery, growth and current status of these drugs and concluded that the potential of this approach (therapeutic switching) may use in the development of new antileishmanials in future also.

Translated from the Chinese by Xiao Cheng Li Rui, Mo Yan, Yan Lianke and Lin Bai are among the most highly regarded and widely discussed authors of contemporary Chinese literary fiction. They are a...

Let me start with some self-reporting publications, which as a category represent the heart of the Government’s business: in this instance, records of “value education” policies and directives. I map the connections between some public sector publications in this area by focusing on one as a sort of focal point, in relation to which others (from before and after) can be placed. This publication also provides a focal point in relation to which other categories of texts are discussed later in this chapter.

In introducing his The Footnote: A Curious History (1997), Anthony Grafton made the following observation: Once the historian writes with footnotes, historical narrative tells a distinctively modern, double story. Traditional political historians, in the ancient world and in the Renaissance, wrote from within a rhetorical tradition, as statesmen or generals addressing their peers. The histories they produced reflected far more interest in virtue and vice than in sources and dating. Their works claimed universal validity; they eloquently described examples of good and evil, prudent and imprudent speech and action, that would provide moral and political lessons valid in all times and places. Modern historians, by contrast, make clear the limitations of their own theses even as they try to back them up. The footnotes form a secondary story, which moves with but differs sharply from the primary one. In documenting the thought and research that underpin the narrative above them, footnotes prove that it is a historically contingent product, dependent on forms of research, opportunities and states of particular questions that existed when the historian went to work. (p.23) The distinction between two kinds of scholarly discourse noted here is central to the argument of and to the area of textual circulation addressed in this chapter (I outline the area very soon).

In the Epilogue of her book From Philology to English Studies (2013), centered on the study of language in the nineteenth century (along the historicist line briefly sketched in Chapter 3 above), Haruko Momma wrote: In the twentieth century, the study of language and literature blossomed in the fields of linguistics and literary analysis. These two may be seen as sibling disciplines in that they were born of the same parent, philology, and they each took after different features of their matrix. Their paths parted almost immediately after birth […]. This meant […] that the study of language and literature was split into two separate subjects, thus dissolving a good portion of the space occupied by philology for more than a century. (p. 185)

The following seven chapters of this study analyse the social significance of five kinds of English-language books which are produced, circulated and received in India with varying but marked degrees of market success. Their significance is generally played down or entirely neglected by academic researchers, which is itself a matter of some interest here. The first of these, which I call “commercial fiction” in English, has received occasional analytical attention and will probably receive more in the future. The second, English translations of vernacular pulp fiction, has excited some media interest but little in scholarly circles and seems unlikely to in the future. The third is not really a kind of book but a single book, Hitler’s Mein Kampf, which sustains a not insubstantial publishing industry and commands a considerable market in India and indeed globally. Insofar as research and analysis goes, its presence has largely been shrouded in silence. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 are addressed to each of these, respectively. The fourth kind, Group Discussion guidebooks, has been disregarded by academics and even journalists. And the final kind, public sector “value education” publications, has interested some educationists but not researchers exploring book circulations in a critical fashion. Of the five, the last two kinds are probably the most prolifically produced and consumed, and two chapters are devoted to each.

Various narratives of the emergence, development, and contemporary condition of English Studies have consistently charted a path away from philology, arguing that philological rationales and worldviews were superseded and gradually forgotten as this area of scholarship and pedagogy, with proliferating divisions and context-specific diversities, came into its own. So, histories of English as an academic discipline, ensconced in institutions of higher education and research in dominant Anglophone centers and in relatively peripheral areas, have traced such a path repeatedly (some are reviewed in Part 2 of this study). With a somewhat different emphasis, accounts of the bifurcation of linguistics and literary study as two more or less parallel and ever more emphatically separate directions of English Studies track a similar departure from philology (retraced in Part 3). At the least as a descriptive strategy, the passages of English Studies are now widely understood both as being rooted in and as having departed from philological scholarship.

I should, of course, carry on with the kind of case studies of “uncultured books” which occupy the previous seven chapters. Various areas of contemporary Indian print circulations could repay close attention and analysis. An enticing array of leadership guidebooks, sex manuals, biographies of VIPs (“spiritual” or down-to-earth), astrology readers, almanacs, religious tracts, political pamphlets, children’s story collections, language learning guidebooks and so on come to mind (and overwhelm it). A whole chapter could be devoted to the curious Learn English through Meditation (Panicker 2011) alone, which I found in the Delhi Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) bookshop in 2014 — but that will have to wait. I have barely gestured towards digital book circulations, which deserve voluminous unpacking despite their currently limited reach in India. I am constrained by my publishing contract for this book, wherein adept bibliographers have stipulated a reasonable word limit. So a brief reckoning with what I have explored so far is expedient by way of finishing this book. “In my end is my beginning” (and vice versa) seems an apt Eliotian sentiment here and takes me in conclusion back to those introductory reflections on bibliographical sociology.

Amidst the enormous variety and scale of Indian print productions, a relatively small — indeed miniscule — area attracted inordinate attention in Indian newspapers and magazines around 2010. A smattering of English translations from “pulp fiction” in Indian vernaculars appeared in the market. In vernacular book circuits such works have usually been cheaply and prolifically produced, publicized and packaged to highlight their sensational contents, targeted towards a mass readership, and considered unworthy of “respectable” readers. Chennai-based publisher Blaft mainly took the initiative and produced English translations of two anthologies of Tamil Pulp Fiction (Chakravarthy 2008, 2010), four volumes of Urdu novelist Ibne Safi’s Jasoosi Duniya series (2011) and two from the Vimal (criminal-cumhero) series by Hindi author Surender Mohan Pathak (2009, 2010). Random House India started publishing Safi’s work in English somewhat earlier, with two volumes of his Imran (superspy protagonist) series (2010, 2011). An English version of a Pathak novel from the Sudhir (private detective) series also appeared in 2011, from Delhibased Diamond Books. The firms which put a stake in this nascent area of publishing evidently had promisingly varied profiles. Indian sales of these have been modest in the first instance.

The means of production for literature in English have seen significant changes in India since the late 1980s. A remarkable proliferation of both independent and international publishers with “Indian English literature” — particularly fiction — lists has taken place. In this regard the current phase of development can be traced back to the independent publisher Ravi Dayal’s (established 1988) success with Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines (1988) and to the setting up of Penguin India in 1985. A corresponding diversification in categories and genres of such literature has evidently occurred. Within the Indian market, Indian “commercial fiction” in English has unquestionably been the principal area of diversification, while “literary fiction” in English — as much a market category as “commercial fiction” — and translations from Indian vernaculars have become more varied and numerous too.