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With the proliferation of applications that support the buying and selling process or better known as e-commerce, and currently online buying and selling is a trend among students, and also a source of income that can be done in spare time, therefore to be able to increase the results of using e-commerce. -commerce required an understanding of the marketing system. In this study, research was conducted on what subjects were taught to students at the Fakultas Teknik dan Ilmu Komputer, Universitas Muhammadiyah Pekajangan Pekalongan which would help in understanding the marketing system. The C4.5 classification algorithm is used to build a decision tree that will make it easier to see courses that can be used to understand the marketing system. After the analysis, the subjects of entrepreneurship, management information systems, design analysis and information systems, data communication and computer networks, computer organization and algorithms and structured programming can be used to gain an understanding of marketing systems.

The existing work investigates the ways that sensors are being used by primary school children in the automations of educational robotics projects. The research findings revealed that among the available (distance, tilt and sound) sensors the students preferred the distance sensors first, the tilt sensors second and last the sound one in their projects. The study has also recorded that the majority of the contestants made a rather conventional use of the aforementioned sensors. The assessment of the children projects revealed that the beginners predominately used distance sensors, in a conventional way, while their code was ranked in the unistructural level of the SOLO taxonomy. Finally, they used event-driven programming and the interrupt method for event detection. On the other hand, the advanced ones apart from the distance sensor have also used the tilt and the sound sensors, in a more advanced way in terms of innovation. Their code, in terms of the SOLO taxonomy, was ranked between the multi-structural and the relational level and the event detection was held with polling method using a structured programming approach.

As a representative of structured programming language, C language has been identified as a required course of various science and engineering majors in many universities. In order to improve the programming ability of learners, the online judge system (OJ) or the experimental support system has become an urgent teaching support platform. The function of this kind of teaching platform is to automatically evaluate the program codes submitted by students through black box testing, and give the evaluation results to promote the practical teaching effect of the course. However, most of the current platforms can only provide the evaluation results, but cannot locate the code defects to help learners find the problems in the code as soon as possible. A new defect location method for C language code based on deep learning is proposed in the paper. This method is different from the previous code defect location methods that use defect reports or use defect code to form a training library. The method of this paper is based on a large number of correct codes existing in the OJ system to form a detection template, and locate the defect code by finding the template code that is the most similar to the submitted code. The method is verified by constructing two data sets and corresponding test sets. Finally, it is proved that the method of this paper has a better effect on defect location.

Raharja Internet Cafe as a facility in Raharja College which is provided for Personal Raharja in helping provide the need for lecture activities. Raharja Internet Cafe has a problem that the system of selling black and white print products that apply consumers must come directly to the RIC room at LV-002 at Raharja College, but Raharja Internet Cafe cannot accommodate many consumers because of the limited area. These problems are the background for the establishment of an electronic sales system (e-commerce) based on Yii framework with the aim of facilitating the sale of black and white print products for consumers and staff of Raharja Internet Cafe. E-commerce website at Raharja Internet Cafe is a web-based application with a structured programming concept. The e-commerce application development Shop Copy Nicky uses 4 (four) stages according to the steps that exist in software development, including the stages of observation, analysis, literature study consisting of 10 (ten) literature and implementation. The conclusion of the e-commerce website development on Raharja Internet Cafe is that the website built can make it easy for consumers to make transactions, and Raharja Internet Cafe can get comprehensive and real time reports about sales data, and payment systems for consumers that are easier because they use payment system that is done online. Keywords: E-Commerce, Black and White Print, Raharja Internet Cafe

The article discusses the use of a constructive approach to building a program that is systematically cultivated in software engineering and made possible by a number of fundamental results obtained in programming theory. On the first, based on the structural theorem, reasonably was refused to use the go to operator and proposed a structured programming method, which provided a real way to create understandable programs. On the second, the concept of a subroutine, although it was used only to reduce routine work in the programming process, was the first means of modular presentation of programs. Later, the block and the subroutine formed the basis of block-oriented (procedural, subroutine) languages and the procedural (subroutine) programming method. In the third, to answer questions related to the definition of boundaries, sizes, and building module, the concept of connecting parts that make up a module and connections to indicate the connection between modules; specific modularization criteria; proposed a device module based on the concept of information hiding were introduced. The module is implemented in the programming language Modula, and later Modula-2. The concept of a module based on the modular (compositional) programming method. In the Simula 67 language, the foundations of object-oriented languages were introduced. They developed through the work on the concepts of inheritance, late binding and links, and were completed by the development of object-oriented languages and object-oriented (classification) programming. Thus, a framework for reuse, systematic reuse and component software development was created. Now these works are developing in the direction of research and creation of software as system of systems, using the link between system analysis and software engineering, and developing software system engineering. In the article, for learning the basics of programming, as a tool that allows clarifying the concept of program design, classification is used. As a classification feature - the level of encapsulation, which is based on the principles of software engineering – encapsulation and multi-level presentation -, is used. Applying the principle of encapsulation at different levels of representation program structure corresponding to different degrees of software abstraction, the concept of encapsulation level was obtained. Using this concept, you can find out the types of software constructions and the corresponding methods of programming (construction) programs. Using introduced the concepts and the constructive approach to building the program, the author created the didactics of the basics of programming, which was deployment through lectures for students of the specialty “Software Engineering” (121) and a textbook of the author for students and post-graduate students of the specialty. Problems in programming 2019; 3: 45-57

Raharja Internet Cafe as a facility in Raharja College which is provided for Personal Raharja in helping provide the need for lecture activities. Raharja Internet Cafe has a problem, namely the sales system for applying color products that consumers have to come directly to the RIC room at LV-002 at Raharja College, but Raharja Internet Cafe cannot accommodate many consumers because of the limited area. These problems are the background for the establishment of an electronic sales system (e-commerce) based on Yii framework with the aim of facilitating the sale of color print products for consumers and staff of Raharja Internet Cafe. E-commerce website at Raharja Internet Cafe is a web-based application with a structured programming concept. The e-commerce application development Shop Copy Nicky uses 4 (four) stages in accordance with the steps that exist in software development, including the stages of observation, analysis, literature study consisting of 10 (ten) literature and implementation. The conclusion of the e-commerce website development on Raharja Internet Cafe is that the website built can make it easier for consumers to make transactions, and Raharja Internet Cafe can get comprehensive and real time reports about sales data, and payment systems for consumers that are easier because using a payment system that is done online.

The term “mobile learning” (or “m-learning”) refers to using handheld phones to learn and wireless computing as a learning tool and connectivity technology. This paper presents and explores the latest mobile platform for teaching and studying programming basics. The M-Learning tool was created using a platform-independent approach to target the largest available number of learners while reducing development and maintenance time and effort. Since the code is completely shared across mobile devices (iOS, Android, and Windows Phone), students can use any smartphone to access the app. To make the programme responsive, scalable, and dynamic, and to provide students with personalised guidance, the core application is based on an analysis design development implementation and assessment (ADDIE) model implemented in the Xamarin framework. The application’s key features are depicted in a prototype. An experiment is carried out on BS students at a university to evaluate the efficacy of the generated application. A usefulness questionnaire is administered to an experimental community in order to determine students’ expectations of the developed mobile application’s usability. The findings of the experiment show that the application is considerably more successful than conventional learning in developing students’ online knowledge assessment abilities, with an impact size of 1.96. The findings add to the existing mobile learning literature by defining usability assessment features and offering a basis for designing platform-independent m-learning applications. The current findings are explored in terms of their implications for study and teaching practice.

The article addresses the problems associated with computer training of engineers at higher schools, which are stemming from insufficiently clear understanding of the main training goal. If this training is seen as a part of the overall mathematical education with defining its goal as educating a student to solve problems on a computer, this goal is achieved by teaching to structured programming, which is a modern method of solving problems on a computer. Conceptually computer programming has presently been fully shaped as a science, a circumstance that fundamentally changes the very approach to education for programming. The structured programming philosophy forms the basis for understanding the programming process as a formalized problem solution process. Structured programing is based on the basic programming language PASCAL which was developed for teaching to computer programming. This language clearly reflects the capabilities of a computer as a tool; they are necessary and sufficient for solving problems of any complexity because the PASCAL language strictly defines the set of data types supporting the problem solving process. Education for structured programming is learning the technology of solving problems on a computer which is the basis of computer literacy of any higher school graduate. The top-down program development method, which includes the rules for aggregation and decomposition of sub-problems, has been laid at the heart of this technology. In learning computer programming as a technological process for solving problems, a student should gain skills of solving problems on a computer and develop an algorithmic way of thinking already at the initial stage of his or her education. This experience will be useful for the future engineer, a specialist on technologies in his or her profession.

From the aspirational title of the 1968 NATO conference, software engineering has evolved to a well-defined engineering discipline with strong educational underpinnings. The supporting educational foundation has grown from a few courses in programming languages and data structures, evolving through structured programming, correctness formalisms, and state machine abstractions to full curricula and degree programs. With this context in mind, the authors discuss the evolution of software engineering education and pedagogy, software engineering principles, and future needs, drawing specifically on their experience at Carnegie Mellon University. Reflecting on the software development profession today, they believe that formal software engineering education is needed at least as much as it was in earlier decades. However, it must address the increasing diversity of the developer community, and it must be an education based on the enduring principles that will last a lifetime. This article is part of a theme issue on software engineering’s 50th anniversary.

Java is arguably today’s most popular and widely used object-oriented programming language. Learning Java is a daunting task for students, and teaching it is a challenging undertaking for instructo...

This paper deals with the problem of overcoming difficulties and raising the motivation of novice engineering students studying programming. We consider this an important factor for engineering education in general and for programming of embedded devices, as well as for calculations and modeling in the field of scientific computing in particular. We present a case study on how novice engineering students can be motivated to study structured programming and coding in C using game programming in the App Inventor environment. The study is based on the authors’ practical teaching experience in the Applied Sciences University for novice programmers, with students of the Technology of Smart Devices specialty, as well as the authors’ long-time research activities in teaching Computer Science.

This paper describes a study of teaching a programming language in a C programming course by having students assemble and program a low-cost mobile robot. Writing their own programs to define the robot’s behavior raised students’ motivation. Working in small groups, students programmed the robots by using the control structures of structured programming. Over the course, there was a significant improvement in students’ academic performance and motivation. The approach took into account four of the motivational factors that feature in the ARCS model: 1) attention; 2) relevance; 3) confidence; and 4) satisfaction. The main achievements of the approach were to be able to: 1) catch and hold students’ attention throughout the course; 2) increase students’ confidence in the learning process; 3) achieve a high student satisfaction level with their acquired skills; and 4) demonstrate to students the practical usefulness of the knowledge they had learned. This paper also determines the extent to which this strategy was effective in meeting the teaching goals.

Applied informatics engineering students of the undergraduate course Programming I get acquainted with the basic programming knowledge (structured programming) in C. Our earlier personal experiences in Higher Education showed that the majority of the students can not acquire the algorithmic thinking by following the traditional teaching process and they do not have too much chance to pass it. Our starting hypothesis was that the group where the students followed the game oriented exercises would achieve better results in the papers. After the semester we collected the paper results by groups and we tried to analyze whether this method was helpful or not for the students. The traditional way to teach programming for applied informatics engineering students was not so successful than the game-based examples. The students were more motivated to write game programs and more students could pass the test. It means by same learning material and test exercises the student who learned programming in game-based method could get more than one mark better paper results and pass the test in higher percent.

Computer programming was introduced to primary schools by many countries with the aim of advancing logic and algorithmic thinking of students. The bulk of a typical syllabus (e.g., in the case of Greece) for computer programming courses at 5th and 6th grade primary school, consists of teaching structured programming concepts. While the comprehension of basic program flow concepts such as branch instructions and loops is of paramount importance, overextending the teaching of the basics may lead to students losing their interest due to lack of challenge. On the other hand, in a mixed classroom environment there exist both students with substantial skills in modern computer technology and others with smaller such experience, e.g., due to societal and economic factors. To avoid discouraging both the talented pupils by re-visiting the same topics and the less experienced ones by not providing an alternative way of learning, we investigate instructing advanced computer programming concepts in a playful way using pair programming. Results reveal that teaching advanced programming concepts using pair programming can improve the overall programming skills of mixed classroom students.

Using variables in regulating computing procedures is a key competence of structured programming. This tacit knowledge, which is highly repetitive and transferrable between programming tasks, may be succinctly described as the roles of variables. The role of a variable defines the pattern of the uses and changes of variable for computing procedures. This notion is an effective pedagogical tool for providing feedback on how to fix faulty computing procedures linked to misuse of variables. This paper proposes the automation of variable role recognition and describes an evaluation study for a variable role classifier based on deep neural network architectures. The classifier is designed to learn the variable roles from execution-time traces of variables. Experimental results showed the classification accuracy reached over 0.95. Other findings indicated that the variable roles revealed diverse temporal characteristics in their execution-time traces, and specifically designed deep learning architectures would be needed for some individual roles. Automated variable role recognition will find applications in intelligent tutoring systems and the feedback to programs will significantly improve learning effectiveness.

Communication is a central elements in software development. As a potential typed foundation for structured communication-centered programming, session types have been studied over the past decade for a wide range of process calculi and programming languages, focusing on binary (two-party) sessions. This work extends the foregoing theories of binary session types to multiparty, asynchronous sessions, which often arise in practical communication-centered applications. Presented as a typed calculus for mobile processes, the theory introduces a new notion of types in which interactions involving multiple peers are directly abstracted as a global scenario. Global types retain the friendly type syntax of binary session types while specifying dependencies and capturing complex causal chains of multiparty asynchronous interactions. A global type plays the role of a shared agreement among communication peers and is used as a basis of efficient type-checking through its projection onto individual peers. The fundamental properties of the session type discipline, such as communication safety, progress, and session fidelity, are established for general n-party asynchronous interactions.

This paper presents the performance comparison of some computation software for solving the boundary element method (BEM). BEM formulation is the numerical technique and high potential for solving the advance mathematical modeling to predict the production of oil well in arbitrarily shaped based on multiple leases reservoir. The limitation of data validation for ensuring that a program meets the accuracy of the mathematical modeling is considered as the research motivation of this paper. Thus, based on this limitation, there are three steps involved to validate the accuracy of the oil production simulation process. In the first step, identify the mathematical modeling based on partial differential equation (PDE) with Poisson-elliptic type to perform the BEM discretization. In the second step, implement the simulation of the 2D BEM discretization using COMSOL Multiphysic and MATLAB programming languages. In the last step, analyze the numerical performance indicators for both programming languages by using the validation of Fortran programming. The performance comparisons of numerical analysis are investigated in terms of percentage error, comparison graph and 2D visualization of pressure on oil production of multiple leases reservoir. According to the performance comparison, the structured programming in Fortran programming is the alternative software for implementing the accurate numerical simulation of BEM. As a conclusion, high-level language for numerical computation and numerical performance evaluation are satisfied to prove that Fortran is well suited for capturing the visualization of the production of oil well in arbitrarily shaped.

IntroductionRacial/ethnic minority school-age children are at risk for unhealthy weight gain during the summer, and there is a dearth of information regarding the underlying behavioural and environmental factors. The study objective is to provide an in-depth examination of dietary and physical activity behaviours and food, physical activity, and social environments of African American and Hispanic school-age children during the summer.Methods and analysisAn observational study will be conducted using a multistate (Ohio and Indiana, USA) prospective design examining the weight gain trajectory among a racially/ethnically diverse convenience sample of economically disadvantaged school-age children. In addition, a subset of these children will be evaluated to learn their daily health behaviours and food, physical activity, and social environments during the summer. Comparisons will be made between children who routinely attend programming and those who do not, both in the larger sample and subset. Determinants of programme participation and factors that may enhance the beneficial effects of programme participation will also be identified. Data collection at the Indiana site is planned for summer 2018.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved by The Ohio State University Behavioral and Social Sciences Institutional Review Board. Results from this study will be disseminated in publications for practitioners, scientists and stakeholders.Trial registration numberNCT03010644; Pre-results.

Imagine next generation system can talk with people, move around, aware of and respond to changes in the environment, and learn from data. This system needs a lot of sensors and effectors in its hardware. In its software, it must have the capability to handle sensor data autonomously and to generate appropriate responses. This kind of system exactly is BDI (Belief, Desire, and Intention) system. However, traditional BDI system is too difficult to develop a software system, and it needs more cost in maintaining and developing software. To reduce the cost and increase efficiency, we propose a cell-inspired efficient software framework called the CellS. The framework implementation adopted the concept of traditional BDI system refactored by the new cell layer. The cell design can illustrate the BDI concept specifically. Software architectures continue evolvement, from structured programming to object-oriented programming, from single processor programming to multiprocessor programming, from passive calls to active execution. Our framework adopted dynamic parallel mechanism, autonomic BDI and Java language. It suits to all java development environments, and developer just need to learn basic BDI concept. The CellS has the following advantages: 1) high performance; and 2) high scalability. An empirical experimental evaluation demonstrates that the CellS work well in performance.

Basic computer training is an important part of the fundamental training for engineers in each application area. The article shows that the purpose of such training has been always the formation of the basic theoretical concepts and practical skills to solve problems by programming with computers. All the formation periods and the following improvement of basic computer training were analyzed by the example of the National Research University «Moscow Power Engineering Institute» (NRU MPEI). Special role of the structured programming technology is mentioned, the use of which allows you to effectively develop easy understood algorithms and computer programs with a minimal number of errors. Particular attention is drawn to the serious methodological support in the 80th (the last century), the basic computer training of students by the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR and the Research Institute of Higher School Problems. The important role of methodical councils of universities on the computer technology application to coordinate in those years the basic computer training at the University is mentioned. The article shows the new teaching methods of the main discipline with generally accepted today in Russia term “Informatics”. This method was developed in the National Research University «Moscow Power Engineering Institute» at the Applied Mathematics Department, providing the basic computer training of students in 1–2 semesters. This new teaching method has such a «reference point» as fundamental programming concepts «task – method of this task solution – algorithm for solving the task – computer program». The main tasks of the discipline of the basic computer training were defined: – formation of students’ formal logic, algorithmic thinking; – learning of modern technology of structured programming, providing efficient development of algorithms and computer programs; – formation of practical skills of designing algorithms of any complexity; – learning of procedure-oriented programming languages. The article analyzes some negative aspects, related to basic computer training and appeared in the last 15–20 years in the National Research University «Moscow Power Engineering Institute» and other higher technical educational universities of Russia, including: – subjective diluting effect, changing the purpose and content of basic computer training and replacement by the other, «unconvincing» in the content subjects; – lack of a unified program of discipline «Informatics» for higher technical educational institutions of Russia; – lack of understanding of the specificity of very intensive work of lecturers, conducting such training, and the underestimation of their labor; – insufficient current level of initial computer training for the secondary school graduates; – lack of methodological interaction of higher technical educational universities of Russia among themselves and with the secondary school on basic computer training. The article emphasizes that the basic computer training in engineering education in Russia will be in perspective realized in its classic historical sense of the word, if the qualified engineers, who are able to think logically and resolve efficiently any professional tasks, will be necessary for the country as before.

This paper presents an experience based on the use of m-learning in higher education. The application developed aims at learning control sentences in structured programming languages. The objective of this experience is to determine the degree of acceptance and use of Educational Apps for mobile devices among our students, and the perception they have of how this kind of tools helps them to reach their learning goals. The application offers learning activities to students and allows teachers to monitor the students’ work and detect the programming structures where they find more difficulties. Students receive immediate feedback about their work.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a W3C specification for a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language, more precisely, for styling Web documents. However, in the last few years, the landscape for CSS development has changed dramatically with the appearance of several languages and tools aiming to help developers build clean, modular and performance-aware CSS. These new approaches give developers mechanisms to preprocess CSS rules through the use of programming constructs, defined as CSS preprocessors, with the ultimate goal to bring those missing constructs to the CSS realm and to foster stylesheets structured programming. At the same time, a new set of tools appeared, defined as postprocessors, for extension and automation purposes covering a broad set of features ranging from identifying unused and duplicate code to applying vendor prefixes. With all these tools and techniques in hands, developers need to provide a consistent workflow to foster CSS modular coding. This paper aims to present an introductory survey on the CSS processors. The survey gathers information on a specific set of processors, categorizes them and compares their features regarding a set of predefined criteria such as: maturity, coverage and performance. Finally, we propose a basic set of best practices in order to setup a simple and pragmatic styling code workflow.

My life in scripting, by Jesper Andreasen (A brief history of scripting for financial derivatives) Antoine came to General Re Financial Products in London in 1998 with a lot of youthful spirit and many refreshing ideas. One of them was a financial payoff language called SynTech (Syntactic interpreter Technology). I am not sure that I was immediately convinced but when he connected it to a real model and priced some structures that we made up on the fly, I was hooked. I learned SynTech in hours but it took me months to figure out how it was put together. A process that forced me to learn structured programming in general and CPP (c plus plus) in particular. As always, it was a general struggle to keep up with the financial innovation, and constant re-coding of new payoffs was a painful and error prone process. We had been toying with a cocktail of Visual Basic for scripting of the payoffs, and scenarios of future prices generated by CPP programs. However, the implementation was slow, model specific, hard to use, and generally more elephant than elegant. SynTech, on the other hand, was easy to use with a readable simple Python like syntax, and thoroughly built for speed and versatility. Scripts were pre-processed to cache and index static information for maximum pricing speed, and its API allowed a seamless hook-up with any dynamic model in our library. In fact, it took Antoine very little time to hook up SynTech to our then newly developed Libor Market Model. Further, it was clear that SynTech could be extended to perform various life cycle tasks such as fixings and payments to limit the manual burden on the back office in the handling of exotic trades. SynTech implemented a clear separation between instrument and model. From then on, I have only used scripting languages as the interfaces for all the models I have developed. And when I need to price something I rarely use anything else than naked scripting. The scripting language that I have used and developed have all had a syntax very close to the original SynTech. The developments that I have done have mainly been underneath. Remarkably, SynTech's original 50 keywords still cover the ground. SynTech was inspired by developments Antoine had seen at previous occupations, most notably the GRFN system at Paribas. [...] Paribas' GRFN developed by Guillaume Amblard and Societe Generale's OptIt by Jean-Marc Eber were as far as we know the first scripting languages that were used on an industrial scale. [...] GRFN and OptIt emerged in the mid 1990s. There were, for sure, other earlier attempts to develop scripting languages, most notably various uses of the LEX-YACC suite of tools for creating languages. [...] In 2001, I went to Bank of America in London, where I ganged up with James Pfeffer and developed Thor. The main innovation of Thor was the use of the visitor pattern technology which later was instrumental in using scripting as the back bone for XVA and regulatory calculations. The main idea of the visitor pattern is to have visitors that visit the cash flows for different purposes: pre-processing, valuation, dependency graph generation, compression, decoration, etc. The diverse use of visitors shows that development of your own scripting language is necessary. Python or C# can not be visited. In 2002-2005 I worked for Nordea in Copenhagen where we developed a scripting language called Loke. [...]. 2005-2008 I was back with Bank of America, where I found the Thor language to be heavily used by the structured interest rate and equity desks. [...]. At Danske Bank that I joined in 2008 and left in 2018, the scripting language is called Jive. Jive is used for everything traded: from vanilla swaps to mortgage bonds to equity exotics to regulatory capital. Jive is even used in the yield curve calibration. [...]. Developments have mainly concentrated around aggregation, compression and decoration used for XVA and regulatory calculations. Here, we have heavily leveraged on the visitor pattern technology. But we have also done significant work on Automatic Adjoint Differentiation (AAD), multi threading, and fuzzy logic to stabilize risk calculations. Antoine joined Danske in 2013, and since then he has played a key role in these developments. In 2015, we received Risk Magazine's In-House Risk System of the Year award for our XVA system. The AAD and the speed of the calculations achieved by the XVA system have received a lot of attention in the quant community, but the scripting and visitor pattern technologies are actually the unsung heroes that have made all of this possible. To document how we did XVA on an iPad Mini without thoroughly describing our approach to scripting would be wrong and not give the reader the full picture. I was therefore very happy when Antoine told me he was going to write a book on scripting. [...] There is a number of reasons why the story of scripting has not been told before: - It's not mathematics, but software design. Which is actually something that we do every day but not something that we usually write about. - It's a complex and relatively long and winding story that can not easily be summoned in a few punch lines. On top of this it contains subjects that most people haven't even heard about such as visitors and pre-processors. - It's a hard sell to change conventional wisdom that scripting is only for exotics and has no relevance in post crisis finance. Actually, scripting is more relevant now than ever, because banks are under tough regulatory and cost pressures. - It's very CPP and as such not following the current trend of lighter languages such as Matlab and Python backed by GPUs running parallel instructions in C. - The subject is still very much alive. Jesper Andreasen

Teaching advanced programming can be a challenge, especially when the students are pursuing different majors with diverse analytical and problem-solving capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the efficacy of using a particular problem as a vehicle for imparting a broad set of programming concepts and problem-solving techniques. We present a classic brain teaser that is used to communicate and demonstrate advanced software development concepts and techniques. Our results show that students with varied academic experiences and goals, assuming at least one procedural/structured programming pre-requisite, can benefit from and also be challenged by such an exercise. Although this problem has been used by others in the classroom, we believe that our use of this problem in imparting such a broad range of topics to a diverse student population is unique.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) plays a significant role for the modern software development. However, most students find it difficult to learn the OOP concepts well because they are usually abstract and hard to image. Therefore, the pressing issue is how to efficiently facilitate the OOP learning. The graphical programming tools have been proven to benefit the concepts learning of Structured Programming, e.g., Scratch and Blockly. Accordingly, in this study, a Web-based Visualized OOP Learning Tool (VLT-OOP), is designed and developed to facilitate the OOP concepts learning. VLT-OOP visualizes the important and abstract concepts of OOP, i.e., Class, Object, Method, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism, to assist students in visually understanding the meaning through the developments of 2D graphical Web-based applications using the visualized objects and operations. Accordingly, the motivation and performance of OOP learning will be expected to outperform the traditional text-based programming approach.

The paper mainly introduced the working process of automatic feeding system for quartz crystal laser marking, elaborated the human-computer interaction and control software design and implementation. System used double CPU system to control the mechanical parts movement and to send the laser marking control signal, and to conduct the man-machine dialogue. At first, the system realized the main function such as structured programming, reasonable allocation of system resources, and the software anti-interference design. Eventually system realized the automatic feeding and laser marking of quartz crystal, and was favorable to the effective management of the equipment operation personnel, and to meet the requirements of the user.

to compromise most content currently in place, opinions differ on which computing concepts students need to know. Theaimofthis paperisto highlighttheimportanceofcomputingfor aerospace andencouragecriticalthoughtabout options for its inclusion into the required undergraduate curriculum. To do this, computer science is defined and common misconceptions are discussed. A review of computing content in aerospace curricula is presented. A pedagogical strategy that capitalizs on analogs between discrete and continuous-valued physical processes is proposed, including examples of how computational thinking can be meaningfully infused without loss of content in traditional aerospace courses. The paper concludes with related efforts to introduce computational thinking in kindergarten through 12th grades and higher education along with a discussion of insights computer science offers aerospace by revisiting questions from the introduction.

Majors in computer science accept structured programming as a subset of procedural programming paradigm and it is intended for complex system design and development. But as everyone is moving towards object orientation so as to model real world , which will be easily mapped to database So we also need to have a conversion tool for mapping procedural modules to storage. Our goal is to design a methodology to convert (map) structure/record to storage. Index Terms: Structure, Record, procedural paradigm, storage.

Wireless sensor networks have gained world-wide attention in recent years, researches were proposed to address challenges of sensor network programming. Making programming simple and flexible encourages users without programming background to learn and adopt wireless sensor network. We present the design of the NTUpreter, a remote programmable platform for wireless sensor network. This platform allows users to program senor nodes through a high-level structured programming language interpreter and supports remote reprogramming therefore reduces the cost and effort of deployment. We also developed a language extension for the interpreter to access low-level hardware and wireless functions. An integrated development environment (IDE) with steep learning curve is also introduced in this work. 

Programming is a cognitive activity which requires logical reasoning to code for abstract presentation. This study aims to find out the personality traits of students who maintain the effective grades in learning programming courses such as structured programming (SP) and object oriented programming (OOP) by gender classification. Data were collected from three universities to develop, validate, and generalize the Rough-Fuzzy model. Genetic and Johnson algorithms were applied under Rough set theory’s (RST) principles to extract the decision rules. In addition, Standard Voting, Naive Bayesian, and Object Tracking procedures were applied on the generated decision rules to find the prediction accuracy of each algorithm. Mamdani’s Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) was used for mapping the decision rules’ condition (input) to decision (output) based on fuzzy set theory (FST) to develop the model. The results highlighted that certain personality compositions can be suitable for scoring good grades in programming subjects. For instance, a female student is capable enough to improve the programming skills if she is composed of introvert and sensing personality traits. Therefore, it is important to investigate an appropriate personality composition for programming learners.

In this paper, we conduct research on the complex control system node optimization algorithm based on ZigBee and wireless sensor network. With the development of object-oriented technology, many developers have been used in most of the measurement and control system of object-oriented language design measurement and the control system. Although compared with the previous process oriented structured programming method has a great progress, it is only a matter of will and abstracting the demand, the change of the change of the demand and function may still causes system greatly changes. This paper proposes the new technology for the optimization of the system that is innovative and will enhance the development of the corresponding systems.

The real life of a developer is not about development – it is about maintenance. Today typical programmers do not develop applications from scratch but they spend their time fixing, extending, modifying and enhancing existing applications. The biggest problem in their daily work is that over time maintenance mutates from structured programming to defensive programming: The code becomes too complex to be maintained. We put in code which we know is stupid from an architectural point of view but it is the only solution that will hopefully work. Maintenance becomes more and more difficult and expensive.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is the standard language for styling structured documents, such as HTML. However, CSS lacks most of the traditional programming constructs, including variables and functions, which enable code reuse and structured programming. Alternatively, CSS Preprocessors (e.g., LESS, SASS) have been introduced as superset languages to extend CSS by supporting those missing constructs. While these languages are being widely used by developers, we do not have sufficient knowledge about how developers take advantage of the features they provide. Gaining this knowledge is crucial for providing better tool support to the developer community by devising techniques for the automatic migration of existing CSS code to take advantage of CSS Preprocessor language features, designing refactoring recommendation systems for existing Preprocessor code, and giving insights to the Preprocessor language designers for improving language usability. In this paper, we have empirically investigated the CSS Preprocessor codebase of 150 websites regarding four preprocessor features, namely variables, nested selectors, mixins and extend constructs, and report the discovered usage patterns for each feature. We also discuss how the gained knowledge can be put into practice towards improving the development and maintenance of CSS preprocessor code.

In order to enhance the reliability of the automatic door operation, S7-200 programmable logic controller (PLC) was used as the core of the automatic door system. The principle of control system was analyzed with description of the control system hardware. It was introduced that the working process of control circuits about human body detection sensor and automatic door position detection and obstacle detection and so on. It was introduced how to choose a PLC type, to really settle the I/O orders. Combining the operation characteristics of programmable controller, a reasonable optimization was made for the work flow of the system. On this basis, using structured programming method, the program flow charts of main program module was developed. The debugging of the control system was developed on simulation software. The practical application shows that the control system was good and reliable.

This paper presents a control architecture for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) named the Component Oriented Layer-based Architecture for Autonomy (COLA2). The proposal implements a component-oriented layer-based control architecture structured in three layers: the reactive layer, the execution layer, and the mission layer. Concerning the reactive layer, to improve the vehicle primitives' adaptability to unknown changing environments, reinforcement learning (RL) techniques have been programmed. Starting from a learned-in-simulation policy, the RL-based primitive cableTracking has been trained to follow an underwater cable in a real experiment inside a water tank using the Ictineu AUV. The execution layer implements a discrete event system (DES) based on Petri nets (PNs). PNs have been used to safely model the primitives' execution flow by means of Petri net building block (PNBBs) that have been designed according to some reachability properties showing that it is possible to compose them preserving these qualities. The mission layer describes the mission phases using a high-level mission control language (MCL), which is automatically compiled into a PN. The MCL presents agreeable properties of simplicity and structured programming. MCL can be used to describe offline imperative missions or to describe planning operators, in charge of solving a particular phase of a mission. If planning operators are defined, an onboard planner will be able to sequence them to achieve the proposed goals. The whole architecture has been validated in a cable tracking mission divided in two main phases. First, the cableTracking primitive of the reactive layer has been trained to follow a cable in a water tank with the Ictineu AUV, one of the research platforms available in the Computer Vision and Robotics Group (VICOROB), University of Girona, Girona, Spain. Second, the whole architecture has been proved in a realistic simulation of a whole cable tracking mission This work was supported by the TRIDENT EU FP7-Project under Grant ICT-248497 and the Spanish Government under Project DPI2008-06548-C03-03

This article relates two different paradigms of descriptions of communication behavior, one focusing on global message flows and another on end-point behaviors, using formal calculi based on session types. The global calculus, which originates from a Web service description language (W3C WS-CDL), describes an interaction scenario from a vantage viewpoint; the end-point calculus, an applied typed π -calculus, precisely identifies a local behavior of each participant. We explore a theory of end-point projection, by which we can map a global description to its end-point counterparts preserving types and dynamics. Three principles of well-structured description and the type structures play a fundamental role in the theory.

Highlights? We describe a novel data mining process that combines algorithms of genomic. ? Data mining procedure generate grammatical structures of a specific language. ? These structures are converted to Context-Free Grammars. ? We have proposed a new method of automatic generation of syntactic categories. ? We used a tool which allows measuring the complexity of grammar automatically. In this work a novel data mining process is described that combines hybrid techniques of association analysis and classical sequentiation algorithms of genomics, to generate grammatical structures of a specific language. Subsequently, these structures are converted to Context-Free Grammars. Initially the method applies to context-free languages with the possibility of being applied to other languages: structured programming, the language of the book of life expressed in the genome and proteome and even the natural languages. We used an application of a compilers generator system that allows the development of a practical application within the area of grammarware, where the concepts of the language analysis are applied to other disciplines, like bioinformatic. The tool allows measuring the complexity of the obtained grammar automatically from textual data.

This article aims to give an idea of how to develop expert systems to help society in all senses. The rules of induction used with MYCIN can help us in medicine, agricultura, and the financial system, implementing an inference engine with different rules so that in case there are no people, the expert system can diagnose in a clear and precise way, based on a knowledge base with some consequents and their corresponding antecedents, these artificial intelligence algorithms used will allow us to determine what type of consequence or conclusion it gives us, of the chaining of several antecedents with structured programming to give us its corresponding answer, then this research is aimed at obtaining an agile methodology for expert systems that will help us in the development and implementation of this type of systems. Keywords: algorithms of artificial intelligence, knowledge base, artificial intelligence, inference machine, production rules, real-time systems, expert systems

Object Oriented design, today, is becoming more popular in software development environment. Object oriented measurements are being used to evaluate and predict the quality of software. Because of the need of Object Oriented software and high quality demand, traditional metrics cannot be applied. One of the reasons for this is that the traditional metrics measures are generally used in the structured programming paradigm where the design structure and data structure are measured independently. But an Object Oriented metric is able to treat function and data as combined integrated object. In this paper we have evaluated two metrics Weighted Method per Class (WMC) and Coupling between Object Classes (CBO) of Chidamber and Kemerer metrics Suite. We have done an empirical study and tried to find out the nature of relationship of these metrics with defects. In other words, it has been investigated whether these metrics are significantly associated with defects or not. For this we have taken samples of 50 Java classes of different projects developed by the final year B. Tech students under the guidance of faculty members having 4-10 years experience in object oriented programming. We have deliberately taken different projects & tried to check if these metrics can really be reliable measurements for predicting defects when applied to inherently different projects.

Context: Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) promises to improve many facets of software quality by providing better modularization and separation of concerns, which may have system wide affect. There have been numerous claims in favor and against AOP compared with traditional programming languages such as Objective Oriented and Structured Programming Languages. However, there has been no attempt to systematically review and report the available evidence in the literature to support the claims made in favor or against AOP compared with non-AOP approaches. Objective: This research aimed to systematically identify, analyze, and report the evidence published in the literature to support the claims made in favor or against AOP compared with non-AOP approaches. Method: We performed a systematic literature review of empirical studies of AOP based development, published in major software engineering journals and conference proceedings. Results: Our search strategy identified 3307 papers, of which 22 were identified as reporting empirical studies comparing AOP with non-AOP approaches. Based on the analysis of the data extracted from those 22 papers, our findings show that for performance, code size, modularity, and evolution related characteristics, a majority of the studies reported positive effects, a few studies reported insignificant effects, and no study reported negative effects; however, for cognition and language mechanism, negative effects were reported. Conclusion: AOP is likely to have positive effect on performance, code size, modularity, and evolution. However its effect on cognition and language mechanism is less likely to be positive. Care should be taken using AOP outside the context in which it has been validated.

Over the past decade, structured programming for children and youth during the non-school hours has expanded exponentially. A confluence of recent research studies and program evaluations backs the publicly perceived notion that after-school programs can positively influence important developmental and learning outcomes. The rapid expansion of the field and the potential of programs to contribute to child and youth development have made defining what high quality programs look like and learning how to improve program quality key challenges facing the field. This paper describes what is known about the relation between youth program quality and youth developmental outcomes, summarizes different quality assessment tools being used in the field, and discusses how such tools are being used to drive systemic quality improvement efforts.

A structured statistical computing environment (SCE) enhances rigor in operational implementation of statistical analyses of clinical studies through process transparency, allowing reproducibility of results by independent reviewers. Desirable features and associated benefits of an SCE system are described. Minimum SCE requirements discussed in detail consist of a structured programming environment, an operational analysis data repository, and a metadata-driven architecture containing information about data and status of various processes. The metadata provide a foundation for connecting multiple processes and systems, thereby allowing the creation of tools that largely automate the analysis process. Standards drive productivity enhancement for creating statistical deliverables based on metadata obtained from the development plan, protocols, and analysis plans.Not all the features discussed are available today in commercial systems. In the future, nearly all information about clinical trial analytics can ...

The classical engineering fields have evolved standards and techniques for developing complex systems. For example, both mechanical and electrical engineers have a wide variety of standard components, with defined capabilities, that they can draw upon (e.g., gears, transistors) in the design of complex systems. On the other hand, software engineering has struggled with the basic idea of reusability. Software engineering approaches, such as the use of components that promote the concept of information hiding and the introduction of structured programming languages, offer a roadmap to an improved software reuse. Unfortunately, their adoption by robotics researchers has been slow, impeded by the tradition of individual research groups crafting independent and incompatible solutions to common problems.

Computational complexity theory inspires a grid-free abstraction of the Navier-Stokes equations in Fortran 95/2003. A novel complexity analysis estimates that structured programming time grows at least quadratically with the number of program lines. Further analysis demonstrates how an object-oriented strategy focused on mathematical objects renders the quadratic estimate scale-invariant, so the time required for the limiting factor in program development (debugging) no longer grows as the code grows. Compared to the coordinate-free C++ programming of Grant et al. [2000], grid-free Fortran programming eliminates a layer of procedure calls, eliminates a related need for the C++ template construct, and offers a shorter migration path for Fortran programmers. The grid-free strategy is demonstrated by constructing a physical-space driver for a Fourier-space Navier-Stokes solver. Separating the expression of the continuous mathematical model from the discrete numerics clarifies issues that are otherwise easily conflated. A run-time profile suggests that grid-free design substantially reduces the fraction of the procedures that significantly impact runtime, freeing more code to be structured in ways that reduce development time. Applying Amdahl's law to the total solution time (development time plus run time) leads to a strategy that negligibly impacts development time but achieves 58% of the maximum possible speedup.

The FEniCS programs we have written so far have been designed as flat Python scripts. This works well for solving simple demo problems. However, when you build a solver for an advanced application, you will quickly find the need for more structured programming. In particular, you may want to reuse your solver to solve a large number of problems where you vary the boundary conditions, the domain, and coefficients such as material parameters. In this chapter, we will see how to write general solver functions to improve the usability of FEniCS programs. We will also discuss how to utilize iterative solvers with preconditioners for solving linear systems, how to compute derived quantities, such as, e.g., the flux on a part of the boundary, and how to compute errors and convergence rates.

Each time the idea of designing software with graphical tools becomes popular, a transition to a new, more powerful programming paradigm makes these tools obsolete. If this observation is correct, the Unified Modeling Language's current popularity indicates we're approaching the next major paradigm shift.

The Techno Neuro Pedagogy System (TNPS) is a systemic process with interrelated activities that allows you to create environments that facilitate the mediation processes on knowledge construction in virtual environments. Similarly to life cycle in software development, it consists of eight phases: analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, documentation, maintenance, and evaluation. TNPS incorporates a life cycle model of incremental and iterative software development that is an essential part of software engineering. TNPS integrates Education, Neuroscience and Technological dimensions, which facilitate the development of cognitive profile of student thinking in order to customize his/her learning activities. In our experiments, an increment in the weights of thinking style used by the students on a Structured Programming course was observed.