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As an emerging strategy for the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a microdroplet-based spray method holds merits of improved heat and mass transfer rates, which allows the formation of MOF crystals in a much faster manner. To optimize the spray route for the MOF synthesis, further exploration is needed to understand the dominant variables controlling the quality of the products. With a series of experiments and advanced computational analysis, we present here general guidance for the synthesis of representative zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (i.e., ZIF-8 and ZIF-67) using the spray route.

Student clinicians are expected to encounter microorganisms during the process of thepatients’ treatment that can cause various diseases. In the Dentistry’s Prosthodontics clinicmanual, dental students should perform disinfection but no specific method wasrecommended. This study utilized the True experimental research design to evaluate theeffectiveness of two ethyl alcohol disinfection methods (spray and immersion) in thereduction of the bacterial colony count on dental casts and when running tap water is used torinse the dental casts. Informed consent from the 34 participants was first secured from eachof them. They were purposively selected based on their age and if they were partiallyedentulous with at least ten teeth present in each arch. Sixty eight dental casts were producedafter the impression taking of both their maxillary and mandibular arches, 34 of which werefor the experimental group and 34 were for the control group. The Streaking Plate Techniquewas used in determining the bacterial colony count on each dental cast before and after thedisinfection. The results were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA. Results revealedthat both the immersion and spray methods in which 70% ethyl alcohol was used as adisinfectant, were found to be independently effective as compared with tap water rinsingonly in reducing the bacterial colony count of each dental cast. However, when the two ethylalcohol disinfection techniques were compared to each other, results showed that there wereno significant statistical differences between them when the ability to reduce the bacterialcolony count on dental casts was observed. From the conclusions, it is recommended that theDentistry students consider using either the immersion or spray method with 70% ethylalcohol as a disinfectant on dental casts. Further studies may also be done to test differentkinds of alcohols with various concentrations.

The investigation carried out due to the failure of a shopping center as the result of fire is presented. The fire started inside waste material stored on the unloading ramp, then developed as a result of the burning of Styrofoam insulation along the building walls. Damage from the fire took a section of the reinforced slab above the ramp on which the parking lot was located. The elements of the beam-and-slab floor were partially destroyed. Precast panels of “filigree” lost adhesion to the concrete overlay formed in situ. On-site inspection and evaluation of the degree of structural element damage were undertaken. The various concepts for repair methods for the significantly damaged structural elements were considered. The support by the use of additional steel structure was suggested as more efficient than the partial replacement of the damaged slab with new structure. In the case of another fire the steel bar structure also had to be protected by claddings (using spray method or curtains made of plasterboard). The cost of repairs was not the most important factor in this case. Much more important was to bring the structure to safe use for a long time as soon as possible.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous funding from the (1) Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); (2) the National Research Foundation Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) program; and (3) the China Scholarship Council (CSC).

Objective: To analyze two techniques of papaverine application, topical spray on the harvested left internal mammary artery (LIMA) and perivascular injection, to find out their ability to improve LIMA flow. Methods: Forty patients were randomized into two groups. In Group 1, papaverine was sprayed on the harvested pedunculated LIMA. In Group 2, papaverine was delivered into the perivascular plane. Drug dosage was the same for both groups. LIMA flow was measured 20 minutes after applying papaverine. Blood flow was recorded for 20 seconds and flow per minute was calculated. The systemic mean pressures were maintained at 70 mmHg during blood collection. The data collected was statistically evaluated and interpreted. Results: The LIMA blood flow before papaverine application in the Group 1 was 51.9±13.40 ml/min and in Group 2 it was 55.1±15.70 ml/min. Statistically, LIMA flows were identical in both groups before papaverine application. The LIMA blood flow, post papaverine application, in Group 1 was 87.20±13.46 ml/min and in Group 2 it was 104.7±20.19 ml/min. The Group 2 flows were statistically higher than Group 1 flows. Conclusion: Papaverine delivery to LIMA by the perivascular injection method provided statistically significant higher flows when compared to the topical spray method. Hence, the perivascular delivery of papaverine is more efficient than the spray method in improving LIMA blood flow.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a laboratory-based test method to evaluate colourfastness of silk fabrics when perfumes are applied on it. Design/methodology/approach Three different simple methods like simple spray method, rubbing and perspirometer were used. In simple spray method, standard quantity was sprayed from constant distance. In rubbing fastness tester, perfume sprayed fabric was subjected to rubbing. Similarly, perfume sprayed fabric was kept in perspirometer similar to perspiration fastness testing method. As a new method, perfume applied fabric was again treated with perspiration solution and colour change and staining were observed. Findings On comparing the different methods, it is suggested that method using fabric applied with both perfume and perspiration solution kept in perspirometer will simulate actual wearing condition and will give the actual effect of Perfume on fabric colour. Originality/value So far, no standard method is available. Hence, this test method will enable fabric manufacturers, perfume manufacturers and customers to be aware of effect of perfumes on fabric colour and aesthetics.

Experimental demethylation of plant DNA enables testing for epigenetic effects in a simple and straightforward way without the use of expensive and laborious DNA sequencing. Plants are commonly demethylated during their germination with the application of agents such as 5-azacytidine (5-azaC). However, this approach can cause unwanted effects such as underdeveloped root systems and high mortality of treated plants, hindering a full comparison with untreated plants, and can be applied only on plant reproducing by seeds. Here we test a simple alternative method of plant demethylation designed to overcome the shortcomings of the germinating method. We compared a novel method of demethylating plants, based on periodical spraying of 5-azaC aqueous solution on established seedlings, with the previous method in which seeds were germinated directly in 5-azaC solution. We quantified the amount of methylated DNA and measured various aspects of plant performance. Also, we demonstrated its applicability in ecological epigenetic experiments by testing transgenerational effects of plant-plant competition. We found that the spray application had similar DNA-demethylating efficiency than the germination method, particularly in the earlier phases of plant development, but without unwanted effects. The spray application method did not reduce plant growth and performance compared to untreated plants, as opposed to the traditional method which showed reduced growth. Also, the spray application method equalized the epigenetically-modified plant features of seedlings coming from plants grown under competition and plants growing without competition, demonstrating its application in ecological epigenetic experiments. We conclude that regular spraying of 5-azaC solution onto established seedlings surpassed the germination-in-solution method in terms of vigor and fitness of treated plants. This novel method could thus be better suited for experimental studies seeking valuable insights into ecological epigenetics. Furthermore, the spray method can be suitable for clonal species reproducing asexually, and, most importantly, it opens the possibility of community-level experimental demethylation of plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

As one of the most important parts of the agricultural work, agricultural chemicals spray is to protect the plants from weeds, pest and bacteria. With development of high efficient agricultural chemicals, the consumption of agricultural chemicals should be controlled within a couple of liter per hectare in theory. But it’s very hard to realize effective use of agricultural chemicals in fact. In this paper, the most effect factors of spray quality such as droplets size, environment temperature, droplets density, nozzle type and spray method were analyzed in agricultural chemicals spray operation. Droplet size effects drift and uniformity of droplet distribution directly. Environment temperature effects drift and uniformity of droplet distribution greatly. Character of nozzle affects spraying quality directly. All research of the paper can offer valuable reference to appropriate application of agricultural chemicals.

We studied on pesticide residue and pest control effect when using various types of sprayers onpaprika cultivation. Additionally, a test was conducted to optimize chemical content per unit area in conditionof optimum pest control. Two types of sprayer were tested (three times) on paprika cultivation which wasdivided into seven sections. Blind spots were also examined using a water sensitive paper when sprayingchemical pesticide, remote controlled sprayer were confirmed to be not effective in terms of its sprayingcapacity. However, a U-shaped sprayer was confirmed that it sprayed enough on all the parts of a plant ingreen house including the blind spots. Additionally, it does not exceed the minimum residue limits on the allparts of pesticides residue conditions. When using remote controlled sprayer, water sensitive paper werechanged to blue color (82.5% and 81.2%) in terms of controlling Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii based onthe two spraying manners. 53.0% and 42.6% of control effect were shown on the fair parts of the plants.However, on the poor parts on which pesticides were not well-sprayed, thus, not-remained, more number ofpests increased. Meanwhile, on farming that only one type of pesticide has been used, resistance pests presentwith very low control effect, even though sufficient amount of pesticide was well-sprayed. On the test of theoptimum amount of spraying per a unit area, which shows no differences in the two cases of using 5L and2.5L of chemical pesticides on 9 plants of paprika that has 81.8% and 84.5% control effect, respectively. Key words paprika cultivation, water-sensitive paper (WSP), remote controlled sprayer, U-shaped sprayer, resistance

Currently used methods for collecting nasal-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) require administration of a large amount of saline into the nostrils, which is difficult in children. We designed two methods that are easy to use in children. We measured nasal-specific IgE and evaluated clinical characteristics of nasal-specific IgE in pediatric rhinitis. This study included 82 patients who visited Kyungpook National University Children's Hospital from December 2014 to July 2016 with rhinitis symptoms. Thirty patients used the spray method, and 52 patients used the swab method. We examined nasal-specific IgE to Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Alternaria, birch, and weed mix. Thirty patients had nasal-specific IgE concentrations of ≥ 0.35 kIU/L. There was a positive correlation between nasal-specific IgE and serum-specific IgE to D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus (r = 0.548, P < 0.001; r = 0.656, P < 0.001). If we regard positivity of skin prick test as standard, cutoff point of nasal-specific IgE to D. farinae was 0.11 kIU/L and to D. pteronyssinus was 0.12 kIU/L. Based on these cutoff points, five patients would be considered to have local allergic rhinitis. The methods showed relatively high positivity for nasal-specific IgE, which reflected the serum-specific IgE as well. These methods can be considered to diagnose local allergic rhinitis in children., Graphical Abstract

This paper aims to the study of dedusting effects in confined workplace using finite volume method. First, the diffusion phenomenon of dust flow is described by discrete phase model, and the numerical results are compared with the experimental data. Second, the concentration of dust flow, which mixes with SiO2 and air, is calculated by three different dedusting methods, such as the exhaust fan method, the window ventilation method and the humidifying spray method. In terms of comparison results, the exhaust fan method has the best dust removal effect in confined workplace, and the humidifying spray method has the worst effect. The paper provides a technical support for dedusting design of confined workplace in the occupational hazards prevention field.

The velocity and concentration of sand/dust particles contained in the air flow are the key factors which affect the quality of sand/dust test. In order to obtain the anticipated sand/dust concentration and uniformity in the test segment, numerical simulation methods are adopted to study the characters of different sand/dust inject approaches. Research results indicated that the gravity sand/dust inject approach is not suitable for the large sand/dust test system, upstream spray approach is appropriate to be adopted in dust test, the uniformity of upstream sand spray method is better than downstream sand spray approach, but its diffusivity is not as good as the latter. In a certain range, the velocity difference between sand/dust spray flow and air flow affects the concentration distribution uniformity slightly. The numerical simulation results applied in the optimal design of particles inject system in some large sand/dust test system get a favorable progress. All results provide reference for the design of similar system and sand/dust environment test.

We investigated the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films as the n-type semiconductor, the thin films were deposited at different precursor molarities by ultrasonic spray method on glass substrate at 350 ◦ C, as discussed in our published paper. In this paper we focused our attention on the present a new approach to the description of correlation between crystallite size and Urbach energy with precursor molarities, this correlation based on experimental data of our study previously published. The correlation between structural and optical properties with precursor molaritie was investigated. The measurement of the crystallite sizes of undoped ZnO thin films were realized at different model proposals; these measurements shows that the crystallite sizes of the films can be estimated by varying the Urbach energy and the concentration of ZnO solution, which are in qualitative agreements with the experimental data. The best estimate result is measured by Equation (9) with minimum relative errors values were limited to 1 %. Thus results indicate that the ZnO thin films are chemically purer and have many fewer defects and less disorder owing to an almost complete chemical decomposition.

Objectives To assess the effectiveness of spray technique (aqueous based solution in a reusable sprayer) and conventional paint only technique in view of reducing abdominal wall bacteria and to assess the volume of povidone-iodine used in each technique and evaluate which technique is more cost-effective. Methodology The sample included 70 patients, who had elective Gynaecological surgeries at Teaching Hospital, Kandy (2014-2015). This was a non-randomized clinical trial. In all patients, half the abdomen was prepared using the conventional technique and the other half using the new spray technique. Prepreparation and post-preparation skin swabs were taken and cultured to assess the mixed bacterial colony counts. Two output variables were measured; percentage reduction of mixed bacterial colony counts between preoperative and postoperative cultures for the two methods separately and the volume of povidone-iodine used in each method. Results The mean percentage reductions in mixed bacterial colony count in spray method: 98.78% and in the conventional paint method: 98.74%. P value for the two sample t-test was 0.963. Thus there is no significant difference between the mean percentage reductions in the mixed bacterial colony count in the two methods. The mean volume of povidone-iodine used in the spray method was 33.514ml with a corresponding P value of 0.000. Therefore the volume of povidone-iodine used in the spray method is significantly less than 50 ml that is used in the conventional method. (corresponding 95% upper bound for the CI: 34.714). Conclusion Both the conventional paint only technique and the new spray technique are equally effective in reducing abdominal wall bacteria. The volume of povidoneiodine used in the spray method is significantly less than that of the conventional method.

This study was conducted to develop a pull-type sprayer which performs the safe spraying with improved ergonomic postures while pesticide spraying of roses in floricultural facilities. The performance of the ergonomically designed sprayer was analyzed with a comparison of a conventional spray method. The pull-type sprayer, consisting of power pump, hose and nozzle parts was designed to manually pull and spray to upward and horizontal directions. From the analysis of postures with the RULA method, the labor load to arm and wrist using the pull-type sprayer was less than that with conventional power sprayer, so that the intensity of labor reduces. Working capacity with pull-type sprayer was two-fold greater than the conventional power sprayer. After performing pesticide spraying with the pull-type sprayer, the operating cost was reduced to \585,000/yr, which is 79% less than that of cost (\2,197,500/yr) for using conventional power sprayer.

We have investigated a spray method for organic electroluminescent device (OELD) fabrication, which is suitable for simple device fabrication and has the merits of large-area production and short tact time. The mean roughness of the film surface was 50 A. For polyvinylcarbazole (PVCz)-based devices, current–voltage characteristics of the device depend on the dopant materials, and luminance of 1,910 cd/m2 was obtained for the single-layered device with coumarin 6 used as the dopant material.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) allows a less invasive treatment option especially for flat and depressed type early colorectal carcinomas and can provide specimens for histopathologic analysis. EMR should be applied for the colorectal adenomas, intramucosal carcinomas (carcinoma in situ) and focally extended submucosal cancers without lymph node metastasis. To determine the indication of EMR, invasion depth diagnosis is important with a use of indigo carmine dye spray method and also high-frequency ultrasound probes or magnifying colonoscopy. EMR provides a 90% or more success rate and fewer complications for the treatment of flat and depressed type early colorectal cancers. As the increasing detection of flat and depressed type tumors, EMR will become more essential treatment for early colorectal carcinomas.

今回われわれは, 右自然気胸にて来院した29歳男性の両側の多発ブレブの胸腔鏡下切除術に際し, インジゴカーミン散布法を術中の補助診断に用いた.色素を肺の表面に噴霧した後生理食塩水で洗浄すると, ビデオモニター上は, ブレブと健常胸膜は明瞭なコントラストを形成し, ブレブの発見, 切除の方向, 切除線の設定に関して有用であった.ビデオ胸腔鏡補助下のブレブ切除は, 自然気胸の治療法として確立され, その低侵襲性, 在院期間の短縮などからも優れた方法である.一方, ブレブの見逃しや不適切な切除線の設定などによる再発が比較的多く問題点とされている.今回われわれの試みた胸腔鏡下色素散布法による術中補助診断は, 再発を防ぐ工夫のひとつとして簡便で有効な方法と思われたので報告した.

White Quantum-Dot-Based light-emitting with HFO2/SiO2 distributed bragg reflector structure is demonstrated by pulse spray method with excellent optical characteristic and high stability, which can provide an alternative approach in display technology.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the safety and efficacy of a new spacer-oral nasal mask device with those of the standard needle nozzle spray method for the delivery of aerosolized lidocaine to the upper airway for pre-bronchoscopic anaesthesia in a tertiary care hospital.DESIGN:Single-blind randomized control trial.SETTING:University affiliated tertiary care hospital, ambulatory care bronchoscopy unit.SUBJECTS:Thirty consecutive consenting patients referred for fibreoptic bronchoscopy for various indications.INTERVENTION:Thirty randomized subjects received 150 mg of topical 1% aerosolized lidocaine via standard long needle nosed applicator (group A) or via a new oral/ nasal mask with spacer device (group B). Bronchoscopists, blinded as to the preprocedure topical anaesthetic method used, gave additional topical lidocaine at their discretion.MEASUREMENTS:The study nurse recorded the total dose of lidocaine (mg), timing of the procedure (s), cough frequency expressed as coughs per minute (c/min), vital signs, time for return of gag reflex and patients' subjective comments.RESULTS:Fifteen patients were randomized to each group. The lidocaine dose required for insertion through the vocal cords (mean ± SD) was 282.6±66.3 mg in group A and 203.3±70.6 mg in group B (PÃ0.005). Total lidocaine dose required for the procedure was 330.6±70.2 mg in group A and 256.6±75 mg in group B (PÃ0.01). The mean time for passage of the bronchoscope from mouth entry to through the vocal cords was 82.7±54.5 s in group A and 110.5±64.4 s in group B (P>0.1). The mean total time for the procedure was 699.7±377.5 s in group A and 697.2±409.1 s in group B (not significant). The mean cough frequency was 8.2±6.1 c/min in group A and 7.0±5.7 c/min in group B (not significant). There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate, in return of gag reflex time or in complication rate between the two groups.CONCLUSIONS:A statistically significant reduction in the dose of lidocaine is required to achieve equivalent topical anaesthetic for bronchoscopy with a new mask and spacer device compared with a more conventional method. Since no other variables related to the procedure showed a significant difference, the new method appears to be superior to the previous method.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), including endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection (EPMR), allows a less invasive treatment option, especially for flat and depressed type (F&D type) colorectal neoplasia, and can provide specimens for histopathological analysis. EMR should be applied for colorectal adenomas, carcinoma in situ, and focally extended submucosal cancers (equivalent to submucosal cancers with less than 1000 μm invasion distance) without lymph node metastasis. To determine the indication of EMR, invasion depth diagnosis is important, with the use of the indigo carmine dye spray method and also high-frequency ultrasound probes (HFUP) or magnifying colonoscopy with the narrow-band imaging system (NBI). If the lesion requires piecemeal resection, especially for larger lesions 21 mm or more in size, intentional EPMR is recommended. Larger-sized high nodules, or a region with the histological estimation of high malignant potential by magnifying colonoscopy, should be resected en bloc, followed by other resection procedures for residual lesion. EMR including EPMR provide a 95% or more success rate and fewer complications for the treatment of F&D type early colorectal neoplasia. As the detection of F&D type tumors increases EMR and EPMR will become a more essential treatment for colorectal neoplasia, including early carcinomas.

The 3rd International Symposium on Functional Materials 2009 (ISFM 2009) and its preconference, Advances in Functional Materials 2009 (AFM 2009), were successfully held in the Republic of Korea from 15–18 June 2009 and in the People's Republic of China from 8–12 June 2009, respectively. The two conferences attracted over 300 oral and poster presentations from over 12 countries including Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, India, Israel, Korea, The Netherlands, Thailand, the UK and the USA. In the two conferences, eight keynote lectures were delivered by S Miyazaki, S A Akbar, D J Singh, C Suryanarayana, M~Greenblatt, H Zhang, T Sato and J Ding. This topical issue of Physica Scripta contains papers presented at the ISFM 2009 and AFM 2009. Keyan Li from Dalian University, People's Republic of China, presents some empirical formulae to estimate the elastic moduli of rocksalt-, zincblende- and chalcopyrite-structured crystals, on the basis of electronegativities of bonded atoms in the crystallographic frame. Min-Jung Kim from Hanyang University, Korea, reports on the preparation and characterization of carboxyl functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles for oligonucleotide immobilization. F Yan from the National University of Singapore studies the fabrication of Bi(Fe0.5Sc0.5)O3–PbTiO3 (BSF–PT) thin films by pulsed laser deposition, and the enhanced magnetic moment with respect to BiFeO3–PbTiO3. Dong-Gil Lee from Pusan National University, Korea, reports on the sterilization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli using nanofiber TiO2 films prepared by the electrostatic spray method. Sang-Eun Park from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology reports on the study of encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a silica thin layer with a reversible capacity of about 363 mAhg-1. Other researchers report on many other exiting achievements in the fields of ferromagnetic materials, magneto-optical materials, thermoelectric materials, shape memory materials, fuel-cell and battery materials, and other related advanced functional materials. The 4th International Symposium on Functional Materials 2011 (ISFM 2011) will be held in Sendai, Japan, from 2–6 August 2011 just before the Sendai Tanabata Festival. Its preconference (AFM 2011) will be held at Jeju Island, Korea, just before ISFM 2011. We look forward to meeting you in Jeju and Sendai.

Semiconductor polymers poly(3-dodecylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular (PDDT) and poly[2,5-bis(octyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (BO-PPV) are prepared by thin films by a spray method under vacuum. The formation process and properties of these polymer thin films are described. The dilute solution was used to prepare thin film by this method; annealing the semiconductor polymer thin film under vacuum would highly increase their surface smoothness.

The efficient applications of pesticide have been developed and diffused since 1953.1. The spray by long size boom nozzle was tested against rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, with parathion E. C. in 1954. The spray was obtained effective results better than spray by conventional spray nozzle.2. The physical properties of dust was studied for aerial dusting with helicopter from 1966 to 1972. The flower bility from duster of helicopter was obtained proportionally results to angle of slope and inproportionally to bulk density. The physical properties for check of large coagulative dust were dispersibility by Ueda method, 20-40.3. We examined the relation between the efficiency of dusters with boom type below head and the physical properties of dust. When the dispersibility became larger, the remaining quantity of dusts inside the boom decreased. The dusts were inclassified usually to high and low content of active ingredient. Against pestes of rice plant, the effects of dusting with 20, 55 and 110 meters long boom were the same as conventional dusting.4. The aerial ULV spray was studied by the small apparatus we developed from 1965 to 1970. For the ULV spray many pesticides was used for the control of major diseases and insect pests of rice plant. The pesticides obtained good effectiveness against major pests was malathion, fenitrothion, Kasugamycin of antibiotic etc. The registration of these pesticides was accepted in 1969, and aerial ULV spray developed covering more than about 0.6 million hectares of farm land and forest area in 1979.5. The new granules was studied against major pests of rice plant from 1968 to 1973. The fine micro-granul (62-210μ) was selected best granul pesticide against major pests of rice plant in 1973.6. A new method, low volume application by fine dust formulations in green houses has been developed. The formulations whose mean diameters were under 5μ were applied at the rate of 300-500g/10 a from the entrance of green house by knapsack-type power applicator. The registration of several pesticides using this new method was accepted in 1979.7. The pest control by foam spray was studied for safty spray method from 1973 to 1975. The foam spray is used by few pesticides in 1978.

By means of long-term follow-ups of large numbers of patients it has been established that nitrogen cryotherapy for lid basaliomas produces very good results with regard to the cure rate, as well as having considerable advantages over other treatment methods. In contrast to other authors we did not employ the spray method, but a very high-performance nitrogen cryo unit with a closed probe. Experimental measurements showed that this unit is capable of generating at least the same temperatures as with the spray method. The cryoapplication technique is described. The cure rate and causes of recurrence in the first series in the total of 84 patients treated from 1979 to 1983 were evaluated by long-term follow-up. If cryobiological principles are observed and the recommended application technique is adhered to, the same cure rate can be achieved as with the spray method and other forms of treatment. There are considerable functional and cosmetic advantages, also as regards the patency of the lacrimal ducts.

A new “double-contrast” technique is described for the examination of the gastric mucosa, whereby colloidal barium is applied as a spray and the contrast increased by air insufflation. Individual areas of the gastric mucosa may thus be examined in detail. Examples are given.

The original paper of Davidson recommending tannic acid for burns outlined a treatment that has been changed but little in ten years' time. We believe that the spray method of 5 per cent tannic acid is the most convenient way of application. Any discussion that might arise as to the correctness of his statement of the theory of toxemia of burns should not be allowed to confuse the issue, as such tremendous improvement in the results has been reported. We should like to emphasize again as Davidson did the great importance of instituting immediately the best known and accepted means for the prevention of shock or the treatment of it, if present, when the patient is admitted. The ideal treatment must exclude all confusion and excitement in the room. Every effort to obtain the patient's confidence should be made, at the same time allaying apprehension. Sedatives, preferably morphine or codein, should be given at once as this is so effective in quieting fear. We believe that the room should be kept very warm, 90 ° or over. The foot of the bed should be elevated. First intravenous salt solution should be given and then transfusions of blood, after grouping has been determined. The technique of the preparation for and the application of tannic acid is here given as we practice it. Our method of procedure in the treatment of a burn case is as follows: 1. 1. Morphine or codein should be given at once. 2. 2. The grime of work is removed without undue scrubbing, using ether or benzine. 3. 3. The surrounding unburned skin area is thoroughly cleaned with soap and water. 4. 4. The blisters are widely opened under careful aseptic technique, using sterile instruments and sterile gloves, and the loose areas of skin are removed. The extent of the debridement and scrubbing must depend on the patient's condition. Too much manipulation may aggravate or produce shock. 5. 5. The patient is placed in bed on sterile sheets. 6. 6. The burned area is sprayed with a 5 per cent aqueous solution of tannic acid every fifteen minutes until a dark mahogany colored coagulum is obtained. This usually requires from ten to eighteen hours. 7. 7. A cradle to support the bed covers is placed over the patient. 8. 8. Sufficient electric lights are introduced between the covers to provide a temperature of 90 °. In addition to providing heat, the lights also aid in the drying process and therefore hasten the tanning. 9. 9. The greatest care is taken in the handling of these patients in their rooms and so far as technique is concerned one must treat them exactly as one would treat a surgical incision. 10. 10. The coagulum is allowed to remain in place until it frees itself and curls up at the edges as healing takes place, at which point it is cut away. 11. 11. Should serum collect underneath, as may occur when there has been complete destruction, or should infected fluid cause its loosening, the coagulum should be removed sufficiently to allow drainage and treatment. 12. 12. The denuded areas which are left after loosening and removal of the coagulum has taken place, should be immediately prepared and early skin grafting carried out. 13. 13. As soon as possible, after healing has taken place, physiotherapy should be instituted to increase function, if indicated. 14. 14. Should contractures occur in spite of all efforts to prevent them, plastic operations must be carried out to restore function.

Since by the spray method the number of organisms entering the body is never great, and the dissemination of organisms is uncertain, the method of intranasal instillation was used in the present study. Bull2 has shown that rabbits may be readily infected by this route. By this technique the number of organisms implanted on the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract can be more accurately controlled than by the spray method previously employed. In the present paper the following experimental data are reported?(1) the distribution of pneumococci in the organs of normal rabbits following intranasal instillation, (2) the mortality of normal and alcoholized rabbits following intranasal instillation of varying amounts of a rabbit-virulent strain of type I pneumococci, (3) the mortality of partially immunized normal and alcoholized rabbits following intranasal instillation of a constant amount of a rabbit virulent culture of type I pneumococci, and (4) the resultant pulmonary changes.

MASS vaccination of poultry with nebulized sprays was first attempted by Hitchner and Johnson, and was reported in their original description of the B-1 strain of Newcastle disease virus (1948). This strain, when applied to baby chicks by means of the De Vilbiss #40 glass nebulizer, provoked considerable morbidity and mortality, and the method was abandoned in favor of individual vaccination by intranasal instillation. Subsequently, Johnson and Gross (1952) found that, by employing concentrations of virus lower than those first used, they could obtain satisfactory results. Hitchner, Reising and Van Roekel (1951) also re-investigated the spray method and succeeded when high concentrations of virus were dispersed with the De Vilbiss #251 atomizer. Bankowski (1950) and Crawley (1953) explored mass vaccination methods with other spray equipment and reported satisfactory results. These reports stimulated widespread interest because of the relative ease of application and the great economic advantages which mass vaccination methods …

A concise description is given of a method suitable for laboratory tests of crop protection agents, based on handspraying by means of a perfected spraying apparatus. The dosage range is very wide, and the method is in fact applicable even in the ULV field.

To determine insulation for an outdoor 220-kv. station on the coast subject to ocean spray, an insulator test rack was installed at Redondo, California. Ten types of insulator, including widely different designs, were tested continuously for two years and a half at 150 kv. to ground. Comparative results were obtained by adding or subtracting units in suspension strings until an equality against arc-over was approximated. Ninety arc-overs occurred. The surface leakage resistance was found to be a fair index of the resistance to arc-over under salt spray conditions. The shape of the insulator made no difference as long as the total surface resistance of the string remained the same. The surface resistance is that calculated utpon the assumption of a uniform conducting coating upon all the exposed surface of the insulator and is the line integral of distance divided by circumference along the shortest surface pathfrom cap to pin. Accidental differences of conditions are such that one insulator string would not consistently arc-over in preference to another unless its surface resistance were less than 80 per cent of the other. Suspension strings having a total surface resistance of 11.0, using inch units, were found satisfactory for a steady 150 kv. to ground under the conditions at Redondo. A spray method of cleaning insulators while energized was devised.

On account of the small supply and high cost of gauze, paraffin tissue paper will be found an excellent dressing for burns or any other condition in which a nonadherent dressing is desirable. It is far superior to the paraffin dressing of burns by the spray method, is much more easily and rapidly applied, results in more rapid healing of the burned surface, and is more easily removed. In the first stage of burns, when there is great pain, the various ointments now in use can be applied directly to the paraffin paper and this applied to the burned area after all vesicles have been opened. It has the advantage of excluding the air, which relieves the pain of the burns, and it is readily removed at the time of redressing, leaving the developing granulations unaltered. The first dressing, of pure petrolatum on paraffin paper, is applied directly to the

By applying a fine barium spray to lesions targeted at endoscopy, the authors have obtained strikingly clear, almost stereoscopic, views. Subsequent radiographic exposures are enhanced by this technic.

The question arose as to the immunity response gained by vaccinating day-old chicks in a commercial vaccinating machine using the spray method, as compared to the immunity gained by drinking water vaccination. The vaccinating machine, produced by a commercial concern, is so constructed that the baby chicks are vaccinated after being placed in shipping boxes and ready for transportation. The chicks may be spray vaccinated by liquid vaccine for Newcastle disease, or infectious bronchitis, or both, while in this machine. The vaccine reportedly is used only after it has been tested by the manufacturer of the machine and instructions forwarded to the hatchery on the proper dilution of that particular serial lot of vaccine. Arrangements were made to purchase three boxes of baby chicks, 100 chicks per box. The chickens were hatchmates and from the same supply flock. One box of chicks was vaccinated against Newcastle disease at the hatchery …