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Background. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic in the world and in Russia remains the main event. In this regard, the study of the manifestations of the epidemic process of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the patterns of its development are an urgent area of research. In the fight against this viral disease, an important role is assigned to the study of the development of population immunity to the SARSCoV-2 virus, which will make it possible to assess the dynamics of seroprevalence and the formation of post-infectious humoral immunity, forecasting the development of the epidemiological situation, elucidating the characteristics of the epidemic process, and will also contribute to planning activities for specific and non-specific prevention of the disease.The aim: to determine the dynamics of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of the Irkutsk region during the COVID-19 pandemic.Materials and methods. As a part of the Rospotrebnadzor project of assessing population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Russian Federation, the research has being conducted among the population of the Irkutsk region in the periods from June 23, 2020 to July 19, 2020 (Stage 1), from September 16, 2020 to September 25, 2020 (Stage 2), from December 7, 2020 to December 18, 2020 (Stage 3) and from March 8, 2021 to March 14, 2021(Stage 4), taking into account the reacted one recommended by the WHO. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA using a set of tests for human serum or plasma for specific immunoglobulins of class G to the proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.The results. The research of the humoral immunity of volunteers shows that during the period of an epidemic rise in the incidence of COVID-19 in the Irkutsk region, a low level of seroprevalence was formed (Stage 1 – 5.8 ± 0.5 %, Stage 2 – 12.1 ± 0.7 %), and in conditions of a long-term maximum increase in the incidence rate – 25.9 ± 1.0 % (Stage 3) and 46.2 ± 1.2 % (Stage 4). A significant proportion (Stage 1 – 82.2 ± 3.2 %, Stage 2 – 86.1 ± 2.3 %) of asymptomatic forms of infection characterizes the high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process in the first two stages. High levels of IgG in reconvalescents of COVID-19 persisted for an average of 3 to 5 months.Conclusion. The results of assessing the population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Irkutsk region indicate that the seroprevalence level at Stage 4 of the research was 46.2 %. After the disease, on average, 49.5 % of persons did not detect antibodies. The results obtained should be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and predicting morbidity.

Background. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the world and in Russia remains the main event in 2020. A comprehensive study of the patterns of development and manifestations of the epidemic process of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is an urgent line of research. One of the important aspects of the fight against COVID-19 is the study of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in order to assess seroprevalence and the formation process of post-infectious humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2, forecast the development of the epidemiological situation, identify the features of the epidemic process, as well as planning measures for specific and non-specific disease prevention. The aim of the research is to determine the level and structure of population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the humans of the Irkutsk region during the COVID-19 epidemic. Materials and methods. As part of the Rospotrebnadzor project to assess population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Russian Federation, research is being conducted among the population of the Irkutsk region in the periods from 06/23/2020 to 07/19/2020 (stage 1), from 09/16/2020 to 09/25/2020 (Stage 2) and from 12/07/2020 to 12/18/2020 (stage 3), taking into account the reacted one recommended by the WHO. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA using a set of tests for human serum or plasma for specific immunoglobulins of class G to the nucleocapsid of the SARS-CoV-2 virus produced by FBUN GNCPMiB Rospotrebnadzor (Obolensk). The results of a research of the humoral immunity of volunteers show that during the period of an epidemic rise in the incidence of COVID-19 in the Irkutsk region, a low level of seroprevalence was formed (stage 1 – 5.8 ± 0.5%, stage 2 – 12,1 ± 0,7%), and in conditions of a long-term maximum increase in the incidence rate ¬– 25,9±1,0% (stage 3). A significant proportion (stage 1 – 81,2±3,2%, stage 2 – 90.9 ±1,9%) of asymptomatic forms of infection characterize the high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process in the first two stages. High levels of IgG in reconvalescents of COVID-19 persisted for an average of 3 to 4.5 months. Conclusion. The results of assessing the population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Irkutsk region indicate that the seroprevalence level at the 3rd stage of the research was 25.9%. After the disease, on average, 41.6% of persons did not detect antibodies. The results obtained should be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and predicting morbidity.

The global community is experiencing one of the largest infectious disease outbreaks in the 21st century. In the Saratov Region, the first case of new coronavirus infection was confirmed on March 19, 2020.The maximum increase in cases was noted between May 15 and June 30, during that time the total number of infected people in the region increased from 1526 to 6444. Since July 2020, a stable incidence level of new coronavirus infection has been observed in the Saratov Region, without a steady decline.The aim of the study was to assess the status of population immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus among residents of Saratov and the Saratov Region under the COVID-19 epidemic.Materials and methods. In the period from June 23 to July 26, 2020, a serological study of blood samples from 3372 volunteers of different age groups was conducted. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA using a set of reagents “ELISA anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG” produced by the State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology of the Rospotrebnadzor (Russia).Results and discussion. In general, the incidence of COVID-19 in the Saratov Region is taking place against the background of moderate seroprevalence to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, accompanied by a high incidence of non-apparent (asymptomatic) forms of the infectious process. The absence of clinical symptoms of the disease, in the context of the limited use of methods for determining the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in PCR (11 % of the region’s population) makes it difficult to assess the real spread of the virus in the population and to establish the timing of the formation of persistent herd immunity. A low rate of antibody response among individuals with a positive result of PCR analysis, as well as among volunteers who had an infection in May, June 2020, indicates a weak formation of the immune response, or the prevalence of individuals reacting mainly by activating the cellular link of the immune system in the population. The obtained results, although they need to be explained in a number of respects, can be applied to the organization of preventive measures, including vaccination, in the region.

Objective of the seroepidemiological study was to determine the level and structure of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of the Irkutsk Region during the period of an increase in the incidence of COVID-19.Materials and methods. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by ELISA applying a reagent panel “ELISA anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgG” produced by the State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Obolensk).Results and discussion. The investigation has revealed that the herd immunity of the total population of Irkutsk Region amounted to 5.8 %. The greatest share of seropositive persons was among the children aged 14–17 (13.8 %) and 1–6 (11.8 %). It has been established that the risk of infection increases by 3.1 times in case of contact with COVID-19 patients. After exposure to COVID-19, antibodies were produced in 56.5 % of the cases. The share of asymptomatic forms among seropositive residents of the Irkutsk Region reached 81.2 %. Consequently, during the chosen period of increased COVID-19 incidence among the population of Irkutsk Region low level of seroprevalence was formed. A significant proportion of asymptomatic forms of infection characterize high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process. The results obtained can be used when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and for forecasting morbidity rates.

Vaccination remains the only way to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). All TBE vaccines are based on strains of the Far Eastern and European subtypes of TBE virus. Currently, the Siberian subtype of the virus, which differs from the vaccine strains, accounts for 80–100% of the genetic population of TBE virus in most of Russia. The proportion of TBE vaccinated patients among those infected was different from year to year in Russia, e.g. 3.9% in 2012 and 1.5% in 2018, there were also some fatal cases registered among vaccinated patients. In this regard, evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination against various genetic subtypes of TBE is a promising area of research. The purpose of this study was to summarise the results of studies investigating effectiveness of specific prevention of TBE as regards various genetic subtypes of the virus. The paper analyses data on the effectiveness of TBE vaccination in experimental settings and in real life. It was demonstrated that the use of vaccines for prevention of TBE is effective, provided the vaccination coverage is not less than 80%. The paper cites the data from a long-term study of the stability and protective activity of vaccine immunity against TBE virus strains isolated in highly endemic territories. It was established that TBE vaccines have high immunogenic activity and contribute to the production of stable protective antibodies against the strains of the three genetic subtypes of the virus. Protective efficacy of vaccination depends on the number of vaccinations received, the vaccination scheme, gender and age of those vaccinated. The paper concludes by saying that further studies are needed to assess TBE vaccine efficacy in order to improve vaccination tactics, to better understand causes of morbidity and mortality among vaccinated individuals.

espanolIntroduction. The aim of this study is to assess the value of systematic screening in asymptomatic women admitted for spontaneous delivery with a combination of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cycle threshold (Ct) and serum antibodies. Material and methods. Since May 6 all women admitted for spontaneous delivery underwent RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs and specific antibodies IgG of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in serum that were performed as part of routine clinical care in our institution. Ct of the PCR was recorded. We analyzed the first 100 women consecutively admitted for spontaneous delivery at our institution. Results. Nine women were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal samples (9%) and 13 (13%) presented positive specific antibodies of the coronavirus. Overall, SAR-CoV-2 prior exposure was 15%. The Ct determination (RT-PCR test) of our 9 positive patients ranged from 36 to 41 cycles with a median of 40. Vaginal delivery occurred in 94% of the cases and only 6% underwent a cesarean section, always for obstetric reasons. No fetal transmission was observed and maternal and neonatal prognosis was excellent. Conclusions. During epidemic episodes in asymptomatic women in labor, universal testing with RT-PCR (considering Ct determination), and the detection of antibodies, permits a better interpretation of the results and avoid unnecessary isolation procedures. EnglishObjetivo. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar, en mujeres asintomaticas que acuden a urgencias en trabajo de parto, el valor de la deteccion sistematica con una combinacion de reaccion en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR) y umbral del ciclo (Ct) y anticuerpos sericos. Material y metodos. Desde el 6 de mayo, todas las mujeres ingresadas para parto espontaneo se sometieron a RT-PCR en hisopos nasofaringeos y anticuerpos especificos IgG del sindrome respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) en suero que se realizaron como parte de la atencion clinica de rutina en nuestra institucion. Se registro el Ct de la PCR. Analizamos las primeras 100 mujeres admitidas consecutivamente para parto espontaneo en nuestra institucion. Resultados. Nueve mujeres fueron positivas para SARSCoV-2 en muestras nasofaringeas (9%) y 13 (13%) presentaron anticuerpos especificos positivos del coronavirus. En general, la exposicion previa a SARS-CoV-2 fue del 15%. La determinacion de Ct (prueba de RT-PCR) de nuestros 9 pacientes positivos vario de 36 a 41 ciclos con una mediana de 40. El parto vaginal se produjo en el 94% de los casos y solo el 6% se sometio a una cesarea, siempre por razones obstetricas. No se observo transmision fetal y el pronostico materno y neonatal fue excelente. Conclusiones. Durante los episodios epidemicos en mujeres asintomaticas en trabajo de parto, las pruebas universales con RT-PCR (considerando la determinacion de Ct) y la deteccion de anticuerpos, permiten una mejor interpretacion de los resultados y evitan procedimientos de aislamiento innecesarios.

Under the conditions of intensive poultry farming and high concentration of poultry in a limited area mycoplasmoses cause significant economic damage to commercial poultry farming. Of greatest interest are respiratory mycoplasmosis and infectious synovitis, the causative agents of which are Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, respectively. Considering that both diseases are included in the OIE list of notifiable diseases, it is necessary to perform constant control for their spread. The paper presents an analysis of serological test results for antibodies to mycoplasmosis agents in 2019. Six respiratory mycoplasmosis positive samples – and 129 infectious synovitis positive samples were detected when testing 2,401 chicken serum samples by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of monitoring tests of samples received from 31 poultry farms (nine RF Subjects) indicate a decrease in the number of Mycoplasma gallisepticuminfected stocks and stable Mycoplasma synoviae situation. The respiratory mycoplasmosis epidemic situation on indoor poultry farms might have improved due to obtaining the poultry for commercial parent stocks from mycoplasmosis-free sources, better sanitary and hygienic conditions, elimination of the disease provoking factors, and the use of the disease-specific means of prevention in the parent broiler stocks. The infectious synovitis situation remains tense despite the fact that the number of Мycoplasma synoviae-infected farms decreased in comparison with the monitoring results for 2015–2018. Most seropositive stocks were detected on the layer farms (50.0% – in 2019). It seems appropriate to increase the amount of tests to be performed and the number of farms covered by testing in 2020 to more fully present the disease spread situation in commercial poultry farming in Russia.

Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis is a natural focal transmissive infectious multi-system disease featured with complex pathogenesis, which multiple aspects remain unclarified. The persistence stage during this infection associated with prolonged Borrelia presence in metastatic foci and repeated multiple dissemination is most complicated for clinical practice. It is assumed that the chronic process can be caused by an inadequate immune response associated with activated autoimmune mechanisms leading to emergence of permanent irreversible (degenerative and atrophic) changes in affected organs. Patients who experienced tick-borne borreliosis need dynamic observation for assessing disease prognosis providing a maintenance therapy. The purpose of the study was to evaluate an opportunity of using cellular immunity indices for predicting disease transition to a chronic course.Materials and methods. The study was carried out at the Medical Association of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Case report form data, serum and blood plasma samples collected from 22 patients aged 29–83 years old were examined. Immunological examination data from patients with ixodes tick-borne borreliosis (12–18 months after the onset of acute period) were analyzed. Specific IgM and IgG against Borrelia burgdorferi were determined by using the OMNICS diagnostic test system (St. Petersburg). Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was performed on BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, USA) by using doublelabeled monoclonal antibodies (Beckman Coulter, France).Results. A variability of activated peripheral blood lymphocytes was found in patients with tick-borne borreliosis evidencing about individual immune response. An imbalanced cellular immune response recorded in seronegative convalescents from tick-borne borreliosis, may be an indirect finding of ongoing Borrelia infection. Finding of specific serum IgG and IgM antibodies in convalescents at late stage coupled to impaired immune system is a warning sign presuming a risk to developing autoimmune reactions. Detection of specific IgM antibodies at late timepoint combined with increased immune cytotoxic potential may be referred to a marker of possible disease transition to chronic course.

To study the seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis among the pig livestock of Ukraine. The research was conducted in the laboratories of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of NAAS and in pig farms. Were studied 653 samples of pigs’ serum of different age groups from17 pig farms with breeding stock of 40 456 sows. To study seroprevalence was used a test system for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies bioScreen Ileitis Antibody Test ELISA Svanovir®Lawsonia intracellularis (Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova). Serological tests have provided evidence that the pathogen was circulating in the herd. According to the research results, 46.4% of seropositive animals were found. Seropositive pigs were found in all studied farms, namely – among sows – 74.0%, replacement gilts – 79.6%, growing pigs – 2.5% and fattening pigs – 59.8%. The high level of seroprevalence among replacement gilts and sows of the 1st farrowing indicates the circulation of the pathogen in the herd, as well as the manifestation of morbidity in the fattening group, where was the highest rate of positive serum samples. From the 17 examined farms, only one farm was found where no seropositive animals were detected. According to our observations, proliferative enteropathy in pigs of Ukrainian pig farms has signs of chronic course, especially it is common in pig farms that import replacement gilts from abroad, where antibiotics are prohibited or restricted in donor farms. The results of serological tests allowed us to reconfirm that the spread of the disease is increasing in Ukrainian pig farms. Compared to 2015, the percentage of seropositive animals increased by almost 10%. The typical serological profile for Lawsonia intracellularis which is characteristic of our studied farms allowed us to conclude for which age groups of pigs and for which technological period of raising swine it is necessary to develop and implement measures for treatment and disease prevention. To control the disease, it is highly recommended to conduct constant monitoring of the farm’s well-being against ileitis (send, in addition to faecal samples for PCR testing, also serum for ELISA testing).

Real-life data on the performance of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are still limited. We here present the rates of detection and levels of antibodies specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD (receptor binding domain) elicited by four vaccines available in Serbia, including BNT-162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm), Gam-COVID-Vac (Gamaleya Research Institute) and ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca), compared with those after documented COVID-19, at 6 weeks and 3 months post first vaccine dose or post-infection. Six weeks post first vaccine dose, specific IgG antibodies were detected in 100% of individuals fully vaccinated with BNT-162b2 (n = 100) and Gam-COVID-Vac (n = 12) and in 81.7% of BBIBP-CorV recipients (n = 148), while one dose of ChAdOx1-S (n = 24) induced specific antibodies in 75%. Antibody levels elicited by BNT-162b2 were higher, while those elicited by BBIBP-CorV were lower, than after SARS-CoV-2 infection. By 3 months post-vaccination, antibody levels decreased but remained ≥20-fold above the cut-off in BNT-162b2 but not in BBIBP-CorV recipients, when an additional 30% were seronegative. For all vaccines, antibody levels were higher in individuals with past COVID-19 than in naïve individuals. A total of twelve new infections occurred within the first 3 months post-vaccination, eight after the first dose of BNT-162b2 and ChAdOx1-S (one each) and BBIBP-CorV (six), and four after full vaccination with BBIBP-CorV, but none required hospitalization.

Understanding how older people respond to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical if we are to confront the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and establish effective vaccination strategies. Immunosenescence reduces the ability to respond to neoantigens and may compromise the life of infected individuals. Here, we analyzed the immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 102 recovered patients aged over 60 years several months after the infection had been resolved. Specific memory T lymphocytes against the virus were measured by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granzyme B release by ELISpot; memory B-lymphocyte responses were quantified by detection of anti-S IgG1 producer cells by ELISpot and anti-S and anti-N antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Memory T lymphocytes were found in peripheral blood of most of the studied donors, more than 7 months after the infection in some of them. Fewer patients maintained memory B lymphocytes, but antibodies, mainly anti-S, were highly durable and positively correlated with T responses. More robust humoral responses were found in patients who had more severe symptoms and had been admitted to hospital. We concluded that specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is effectively preserved regardless of age, despite the great heterogeneity of their immune responses, and that memory T lymphocytes and anti-S IgG might be more durable than memory B cells and anti-N IgG.

Aim. To study the level of specific antibodies of different isotypes to the antigens of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella рneumoniae in the serum, saliva and nazal secret and the concentration of IgA,sIgA,IgG in saliva from frequently and long-term ill children in nasal-oral administration of Immunovac VP-4. Materials and methods. Specific antibodies to S. aureus and K.pneumoniae, contained in saliva, nasal, and serum were determined by the method of enzyme immunoassay. Concentrations of immunoglobulins of classes G, A and sА in saliva were determined by radial immunodiffusion using a commercial kit produced by the NPC «Medical immunology». Results. The high level of specific antibodies contained in the serum and nasal secretions, the level of antibodies in saliva is negligible. The serum is dominated by IgG-isotype antibodies, saliva and nasal secret — antibodies of IgA-isotope. After the introduction of Immunovac VP-4 there was a statistically significant increase in the level of specific antibacterial antibodies in serum, saliva and nasal secret, and increasing levels of IgG and sIgA in saliva. Conclusion. Obtained data demonstratet that the nasal-oral scheme of administration of Immunovac VP-4 frequently and long-term ill children allowed to increase the level of specific antibodies in serum, saliva and nasal secret to bacterial antigens that are part of the vaccine and to normalize the local synthesis of IgG and sIgA, which play a major role in the protection of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

Summary Positive nucleic acid (NA) results have been found in recovered and discharged COVID-19 patients, but the proportion is unclear. This study was designed to analyze the recurrent positive rate of NA results after consecutively negative results, and the relationship between the specific antibody production and positive NA rate. According to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, data of inpatients in Sino-French New City Branch of Tongji Hospital between Jan. 28 and Mar. 6, 2020 were collected. A total of 564 COVID-19 patients over 14 years old who received the examinations of NA and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were included. Days of viral shedding and specific antibodies were recorded and assessed. Among NA tests in respiratory samples (throat swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum and flushing fluid in alveoli), the patients with all-negative NA results accounted for 17.20%, those with single-positive results for 46.63%, and those with multiple-positive results for 36.17% respectively. Besides, the recurrent positive NA results after consecutively negative results appeared in 66 patients (11.70%). For multiple-positive patients, median viral shedding duration was 20 days (range: 1 to 57 days). Of the 205 patients who received 2 or more antibody tests, 141 (68.78%) had decreased IgG and IgM concentrations. IgM decreased to normal range in 24 patients, with a median of 44 days from symptom onset. Viral shedding duration was not significantly correlated with gender, age, disease severity, changes in pulmonary imaging, and antibody concentration. It is concluded that antibody level and antibody change had no significant correlation with the positive rate of NA tests and the conversion rate after continuous negative NA tests. In order to reduce the recurrent positive proportion after discharge, 3 or more consecutive negative NA test results with test interval more than 24 h every time are suggested for the discharge or release from quarantine.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now become a global pandemic due to its high transmissibility. Due to the unavoidable shortcomings of the traditional diagnostic assay: nucleic acid testing, diverse serological assays based on the humoral response to COVID-19 which are characterized by high-throughput, less turn-around-time, and less workload, is playing a more and more crucial role to supplement the nucleic acid test, better facilitating the containment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the dynamic change of the specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 as well as neutralizing antibodies and discuss the clinical utility of the different serological testing assays and the limitations of serological assays in laboratory diagnosis. SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered virus, shows some unique pathogenetic and epidemiological characteristics which have not been completely understood so far. Currently, studies about the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical utility of serological testing of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody are increasing. It’s well suggested that the combination of serological tests and nucleic acid tests can cohesively improve the testing proficiency for identifying COVID-19 suspected patients.

The Ebola virus (member of Ebolavirus genus Filoviridae family) is the etiologic agent of extremely hazard human disease with high mortality rates (up to 90%). The most important components of spectrum of therapeutics for special prophylactic and current of disease, caused by Ebola virus, are prepares, based on virus specific antibodies (convalescent's plasma, geterologic immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies. The use of different class therapeutics, based on virus specific antibodies, the possible improvements of its composition and strategy of its application for special prophylactic and current of disease, caused by Ebola virus, are considered in this review.Вирус Эбола (представитель рода Ebolavirus семейства Filoviridae) является этиологическим агентом особо опасного заболевания, летальность которого достигает 90%. Важнейшими компонентами спектра средств экстренной профилактики и лечения заболевания, вызванного вирусом Эбола, являются препараты на основе вирусспецифических антител (плазма реконвалесцентов, гетерологичные иммуноглобулины, моноклональные антитела). Целью настоящего обзора является анализ эффективности медицинских средств защиты на основе вирусспецифических антител для экстренной профилактики и лечения заболевания, вызванного вирусом Эбола. В обзоре рассмотрено использование различных классов препаратов на основе вирусспецифических антител и возможное совершенствование их состава и стратегии применения при экстренной профилактике и лечении заболевания, вызванного вирусом Эбола.

Detection of the measles virus (MV) specific IgM antibodies in blood serum of patients is considered to be the main standard for the laboratory confirmation of measles diagnosis, the test being acknowledged by WHO. As it was demonstrated earlier the specific IgM antibodies as the marker of the acute MV infection were detected in 97.2–100% of blood serum samples from patients using the ELISA test-systems of the “capture” format (Microimmun Ltd. and Vector Best). In case when the ELISA test-system of the “indirect” format (Siemens, Germany) was used only 63.9% of these sera turned to be IgM positive. And on the contrary using the “indirect” format ELISA test-system Euroimmun, Germany, for detection of the MV specific IgM the false positive results were obtained.The aim of the study was the comparative evaluation of the different format ELISA test-systems used for the detection of the MV specific IgM antibodies in blood sera of patients and healthy adults collected in different geographic zones.Materials and methods. In total 108 serum specimens collected in 2015–2017 were studied: from healthy adult Guineans, residents of the Republic of Guinea (RG); patients aged 1–70 with the initial “infectious mononucleosis”, “infectious cytomegalovirus” and “rubella” diagnosis and taken from the bank of sera in the Subnational Measles/Rubella laboratory, StP Measles/Rubella RC in NWFR. The MV specific IgM antibodies were detected using the commercial ELISA test-systems “VectoMeasles-IgM” (Vector-Best, Russia) (“capture” format) and “Anti-Measles Virus ELISA IgM (NP)” (Euroimmun Medizinische Labordiagnostik AG, Germany) («indirect» format). The specific Epshtein-Barr Virus (EBV) IgM and IgG antibodies were detected with the commercial ELISA test-systems «DS-ELISA-anti-EBV-VCA-M», «DS-ELISA-anti-EBV-EA-G» and «DS-ELISA-anti-EBV-NA-G» (“Diagnostic Systems”, Russia).Results and discussion. The MV specific IgM antibodies were not revealed in the total of 108 blood serum samples from the healthy adults and patients, residents of the Russia and of the RG, with the “capture” format “VectoMeasles-IgM” ELISA test-system. The absence of the acute MV infection was also confirmed by the high measles immunity level (i.e. IgG MV antibodies titers) as well as by detection of the IgG antibodies of high avidity. At the same time in 6 of 108 total sera (5.5%) IgM MV antibodies were detected with the «indirect» format ELISA test system Euroimmun, Germany. In these 6 sera the EBV specific antibodies were also evidenced. The results obtained demonstrate the nonspecific reaction due to the possible reactivity with anti-EBV antibodies. Besides this the different percentage of the false positive reactions in sera from healthy adults, residents of the RG and residents of Russia was determined — 8.5±4.0% and 3.2±2.2% correspondently. Thus the preliminary results, and to get the final results for general conclusions increase of the total amount of the clinical specimens under studying is of extremely importance.

Background: Epstein-Barr (EBV) and cytomegaloviral (CMV) infections are among most prevalent in the population worldwide that are associated with autoimmune processes. However, conflicting data of the studies on the role of herpes viral infections in the etiology of autoimmune pemphigus does not allow for reliable recognition of these viruses as triggers in the development and course of this bullous dermatosis. Aim: To assess specific IgM and IgG antibodies to herpes virus infections in patients with autoimmune pemphigus. Materials and methods: Serum samples from 15 patients with autoimmune pemphigus were analyzed by chemoluminescent immunoassay. Results: In the serum samples of 14/15 (93.3%) patients with autoimmune pemphigus we found specific IgG antibodies to nuclear and capsid EBV proteins at the levels of 30.7 to 600 U/mL (median, 147.5 [102.62; 313.25] U/mL) and from 33.5 to 567 U/mL (median, 186 [85.95; 492.5] U/mL), respectively. Specific IgG antibodies to the EBV early protein were found only in 6.7% of cases. In all patients, there were no specific IgM antibodies to EBV capsule antigens. All patients (100%) had specific IgG anti-CMV antibodies in the range from 64.5 to 138 U/mL (median, 103.5 [94.83; 113.75] U/mL). In 30% of cases, there were specific IgM anti-CMV antibodies at titers of 11 to 12.3 U/mL (median, 5 [5; 9.5] U/mL). Conclusion: The results of the preliminary study showed that 93.3% of autoimmune pemphigus cases have an underlying chronic infection caused by EBV and CMV. The finding of the high titers of IgG anti-EBV and anti-CMV antibodies allows to conclude that the association of these viruses with the bullous dermatosis is not just a chance. It makes further research undoubtedly necessary. Its results would draw more accurate conclusions on the role of EBV and CMV in the pathogenesis of autoimmune pemphigus and to find new perspectives in the treatment of patients with this life-threatening disease.

Twenty healthy children were vaccinated, and then in a 5 years they were revaccinated with Priorix (measles, mumps, rubella vaccine), according to the national immunization calendar. The aim of the study was to observe and compare the shaping and maintenance of immunological memory. Specific IgM, IgA, IgG antibodies in serum, and their subclasses as well as antibodies avidity were tested by ELISA. It was demonstrated that IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies shaped primary immune response to Priorix. Booster-effect was found in IgG and IgA antibodies in response to revaccination. Low avidity of antibodies in primary immune response changed to the high avidity (60–70%) antibodies of memory response to measles and rubella, and remained low for antimumps antibodies. IgG3 subclass was predominant, and IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses were involved in primary immune response. At the stage of immunological memory IgG1 was predominanted and IgG3 and IgG4 became minor.

One hundred and seven children (45 girls and 62 boys) in the age of 20 months — 14 years old (mean 9,62±0,37) suffered from acute lymphoblast leukosis and solid tumors in history have been examined in the clinic of Research Institute of children infections of FMBA. The vaccination history was studied in all children and the titers of specific antibodies to measles and mumps viruses as well as immune status were determined. 83,8% and 85,4% of studied children had no protection against measles and mumps respectively or had low titers of antibodies. Immunological examination of these children conducted within 4 months after finishing of therapy revealed absence of immunodeficiency. It gave opportunities to vaccinate or revaccinate these children against mentioned infections. Fifty three children were immunized against measles and 47 — against mumps. Application of live vaccines was safe because majority of vaccinated against measles (81,1%) and mumps (82,9%) children had mild vaccination process. It was established that to increase immunological efficacy of vaccination using of polyoxidony during 5 days before vaccination and 5 days after vaccination is reasonable.

The analysis of clinical and immunological examination of 49 patients with various forms of peritonitis is presented. It is proved that carrying of immunostimulation is inappropriate in conditions of depletion of the functional ability of defense mechanisms and secondary immunodeficiency in patients with III-B, IV severity of peritonitis. Introduction of plasma donors - reconvalescents who recover from acute peritonitis is justified to correct the secondary immunodeficiency., Приведен анализ клинико-иммунологического обследования 49 больных с разными формами перитонита. Доказано, что в условиях изнеможения функциональных возможностей защитных механизмов и вторичного иммунодефицита больных ІІІ-Б, ІV степеней тяжести перитонита, проведение иммуностимуляции есть не коректным. С целью коррекции вторичного иммунодефицита в комплексном лечении обосновано введение плазмы доноров-реконвалесцентов, переболевших острым перитонитом., Наведено аналіз клініко-імунологічного обстеження 49 хворих на різні форми перитоніту. Доведено, що в умовах виснаження функціональної здатності захисних механізмів та вторинного імунодефіциту у хворих з ІІІ-Б, ІV ступенем тяжкості перитоніту, проведення імуностимуляції є недоцільним. З метою корекції вторинного імунодефіциту в комплексному лікуванні обґрунтовано введення плазми донорів-реконвалесцентів, що перехворіли на гострий перитоніт.

Introduction Since an accurate test for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis early infection is urgently needed, this study was designed for development of an efficient screening test in diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. Materials and methods In the present study, two recombinant proteins CFP-10, ESAT-6 were tested as antigens for the diagnosis of recent tuberculosis. The proteins were produced in Escherichia coli , purified and tested in indirect ELISAs with sera from 63 subjects with positive clinical results. Also, 56 sera from healthy persons were tested as controls. The results were compared with molecular and culture. Results The levels of antibodies against M. tuberculosis antigens in patients with tuberculosis were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects. Among 63 patients, 58 were positive for ESAT-6, 54 for CFP-10. Conclusion Altogether, the role of M. tuberculosis recombinant proteins, as a suitable candidate for early diagnosis of tuberculosis infection was supported in this study. However, these strongly offer the potential of mixture or fusion of these recombinant proteins for better sensitivity and specificity.