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Previously considered of meagre significance to the human race, coronaviruses have effectively evolved to jump the species barrier and cause widespread contagion in mankind The SARS pandemic, the MERS situation in the middle-east and the ongoing COVID 2019 epidemic are all attributed to this evolving virus COVID 2019 is the seventh coronavirus isolated successfully and the third beta-coronavirus that causes a fatal illness in humans;the other two beta-coronaviruses being severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV Having a natural reservoir in bats these viruses infect humans through an intermediate host and then rapidly adapt and mutate for human to human transmissions Four other known alpha coronaviruses cause only common cold in humans Although mortality rate of COVID 2019 epidemic is lower at 2 5% than the previous two CoV outbreaks, that is, 9 6% in SARS and 34 4% in MERS, but rapid transmissibility points towards a sustained epidemic of epic proportions In the absence of any specific treatment protocols and experimental vaccines still under research, management largely depends upon symptomatic therapy, strict infection control and quarantine measures Restriction of human interactions with known animal sources of the virus as a measure of prevention is essentially required Owing to huge genetic diversity and frequent genomic recombination, novel coronaviruses might emerge periodically, warranting the need for extensive research and development of effective treatments and vaccines © 2020, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine All rights reserved

Machine learning (ML) is a type of study that allows system how to perform operation by providing multiple examples of how they should be done. ML is used to allow that how we build our computer programs that helps in automatic improvement with their past experiences. In today’s time Machine Learning plays a vital role in many fields like medical, gaming, robotics and many more industries. By using ML algorithm, we can generate many prediction models which helps in providing better solution in many fields. We can predict result in very less time and also, we can improve our result by improving our prediction models. Machine Learning is used for solving many problems. In data mining it became an essential technique for solving problems in areas. In future Machine Learning could be an essential part in every industry as it is vastly used in many industries. Machine Learning is a method which helps in predicting the future or categorized data to help people in making essential decisions. Machine Learning uses advance models-based algorithm for prediction. These models include predictive models and neural network-based models that are uses for systems to take necessary decisions. Machine Learning is usable in many industries like sales and marketing, medical sector, healthcare diagnosis, manufacturing, finance, and several other fields. In today’s era Machine Learning plays a vital role in modern industry to make our system more intelligent.

Introduction: Suppurative lymphadenitis is most commonly unilateral in presentation. It is caused due to transportation of invading microorganisms (initially penetrating from mucosa or skin of the head or neck most commonly) to afferent lymph nodes. The most common bacterial causes of suppurative lymphadenitis are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, accounting for between 40% and 89% of cases.AIM: To study the cytomorphological features in fine needle aspiration smears from patients suspected of having suppurative lymphadenitis and to study the differentials of suppurative lymphadenitis by FNAC and their evaluation by Z.N. staining, CB-NAAT, fluorescent microscopy, fungal and bacterial cultures so as to know the exact cause of suppurative lymphadenitis.Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in 50 patients of clinically suspected cases of suppurative lymphadenitis. Fine needle aspirations were performed and smears from the aspirates were processed for routine cytology (H&E, MGG) N, the conventional ZN method, fluorescent method, CBNAAT, bacterial and fungal culture for evaluation.Results: Z.N. positivity was seen in 34.14% while with fluorescent stain positivity was increased up to 60.97% and was increased up to 78.05% with CB-NAAT. Fluorescent stain positivity was seen in 60.97% while with CB-NAAT positivity was increased to 78.05%. Out of 9 cases of with bacterial etiology, only 5 cases were positive on bacterial culture. 3 cases showed MRSA and two cases showed Streptococcus pyogenes. No case of fungal lymphadenitis was identified in our study as all the cases were negative on PAS staining and fungal culture. Conclusion: Though cytomorphological appearance and Z.N. staining are commonly used in developing countries as they are economical and convenient alternative to open biopsy of lymph nodes but fluorescent method proves to be more sensitive technique than the Z.N. CB-NAAT proves to be more sensitive than both Z.N. and fluorescent staining for those patients which show cytomorphological appearance of TB. Patients with high risk of tuberculosis in whom AFB smear examination is usually negative are most likely to be benefited from CB-NAAT. Hence for the differentials of suppurative lymphadenitis cytomorphological examination along with various other ancillary techniques (methods) has more diagnostic value.

Introduction: Depression is associated with increased serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels in circulation. Inflammatory response is established as an important factor in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. Increased levels of CRP are associated with Cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The objective of the present study was to assess the changes in circulating CRP level according to severity of depression. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Physiology Department of KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, with time duration of one year. Study group comprised of 40 drug naïve depressive patients between the age group of 18-40 years enrolled in the study. Diagnosis of depression was based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Patients were divided into two groups (mild depression and severe depression) on the basis of severity of depression accessed via Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D). Serum CRP levels were accessed on both groups by commercially available ELISA kit. Results: Statistically insignificant relationship was seen when age (p=0.14), Blood Pressure (BP) {Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (p=0.102) and Diastolic Blood Presure (DBP) (p=0.270)}, Body Mass Index (BMI) (p=0.539) were compared with both mild and severe depression group. Serum CRP levels and both the depression group (mild depression and severe depression) showed statistically significant relationship (p=0.015). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there exist a significant association of serum CRP levels with severity of depression. Patients with severe depression have lower levels of CRP as compared to patients with mild depressive symptoms.

Near real time load forecasting is the prediction of power system load for the duration of next few hours. It is becoming an increasingly important topic because of the process of deregulation and introduction of competition in the wholesale electricity markets. Further spinning reserves, unit commitment, contingency analysis and economic load dispatch functions of the EMS rely heavily on near real-time load forecasts. This paper uses SVR machine as a base and presents other nascent methods. Different models are made for holidays and weekends which are based on SVR method. A self-learning weekly window is applied which automatically trains the models for three weeks and predicts the load for next week. To evaluate the performance of the developed methods, the models has been tested and trained for data provided by the Rajasthan SLDC using evaluation metrics such as MAPE and RMSE. It has been found that the models by proposed methods significantly outperforms the traditional SVR model by a lesser MAPE.

Introduction Maternal and child health comprise one of the most important parameters of the health situation in a country at any given time. Maternal and new born child's health are inter-related to a great extent and while improving one, we might greatly affect the other; hence, joint efforts are required to cope with the rising demands of better healthcare for both. Out-of-pocket expenditure act as a major deterrent, especially to underprivileged communities, in accessibility to maternal health care services and knowledge of the determinants of maternity related expenses helps in outlining policies. Material and Methods This is a community based cross sectional study conducted in state of Uttar Pradesh between July 2019 to December 2019 among 848 women who delivered in past six months at a public health facility. A pretested, semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data thus collected was entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0, IBM Inc. Chicago, USA software. Results The analysis showed that the median OOPE was INR 1000 (US$ 13.89) which varied between INR 950 (US$ 13.19) for normal delivery and INR 4900 (US$ 68) for caesarean section. OOPE for availing diagnostic facilities especially ultrasound with a median value of INR 500 (US$ 6.94) contributed to the major share. Women from households with income more than INR 7500 (US$ 104.17) per month, education higher than high school, primi-gravida, occupation of mother and type of delivery were significant predictors for high OOPE. Awareness level about various free entitlements in public health facility was significantly associated with overall out of pocket expenditure. Conclusions Although services at the public health facility in India are supposedly provided free of cost, considerable out of pocket expenditure is still incurred on beneficiaries while availing maternity services. Key messages Out of pocket expenditure is a major deterrent in availing institutional deliveries in public health facilities. Zero-cost, equitable and accessible maternal health care services through timely access to health care facilities is of paramount importance for reducing MMR and IMR in every country.

Introduction Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES), is a major public health problem in northern India. To meet with the growing concerns of death and disability outcomes of the disease, the Government launched an ambitious awareness campaign in collaboration with the UNICEF. The campaign known as “dastak” comprised of intersectoral convergence for coordinated preventive activities along with widespread door to door awareness programme and envisaged reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Methods This is a record based retrospective study conducted in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Line list of patients suffering from AES, from the year 2016 to 2019, was used to determine number of cases, deaths, case fatality rate, and age group affected. In addition, the time lag between onset of symptoms and hospital admission as well as duration of hospital stay was also calculated. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. Results Analysis of data revealed that, in the year 2016 and 2017, there were 8635 reported cases of AES out of which 1296 patients died of the disease. During this period average CFR was 15%. However, after launch of intersectoral preventive and awareness campaign the total number of AES cases dropped to 5262 (3077 cases in 2018 and 2185 cases in 2019) with 374 deaths and an overall CFR of 7.11% during this period. Children are more commonly affected than adults with average age of AES patients being 10.29 and the most commonly affected age group being 1 to 5 years. After introduction of the campaign there was a decrease in mean (± SD) duration between onset of symptoms and hospital admission from 2.20 (± 1.64) to 1.02 (± 0.41) days. Similarly mean (± SD) duration of hospital stay decreased from 7.64 (± 10.83) to 5.6 (± 6.9) days. Conclusions Since the introduction of preventive and awareness campaign there has been a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with AES. Key messages Impact assessment of preventive activities and awareness campaign on disease helps in making policy decisions and future plan of action for fight against the Acute encephalitis syndrome. Acute encephalitis syndrome is a major public health problem in northern India and early recognition and treatment significantly affects its outcome.

Background: In the wake of the Covid-19 Pandemic, parts of the public health system at increased risk of reduced efficiency include healthcare services for women and children. This in turn could reverse all the progress achieved over the years in reducing maternal and child mortality. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the indirect effect of the pandemic on maternal and child health services in public health facilities. Methods: Data pertaining to maternal and child health services being provided under specific Government programmes, were collected from public health facilities of District Sant Kabir Nagar in Uttar Pradesh, India. Comparative analysis of the data from the pandemic phase with data from the year 2019 was done to determine the impact on services. Results: Reduced coverage across all maternal and child health interventions was observed in the study. There was an overall decrease of 2.26 % in number of institutional deliveries. Antenatal care services were the worst affected with 22.91% decline. Immunization services were also dramatically decreased by more than 20%. Conclusion: The response of the public healthcare delivery system to the Covid-19 Pandemic is negatively affecting both the provision and utilization of maternal and child healthcare services. It is deterrent to the progress achieved in maternal and child health parameters over the years. Better response strategies should be put in place to minimize lag in service deliwvery.

The demands of power supply increases day by day which increase the risk issue due to non-linearity of the power system. Sometimes, a small disturbance may create the chain of disturbances and results in a blackout. To avoid this possibility, intensely islanding is the key option in which some area of the power system is detached from the affected area. In this paper, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) has been proposed to provide the full observability of the system under two contingencies voltage stability based contingency and intensely islanding based contingency. Maximum observability of the power system is the additional objective of proposed method which increases the reliability of the power system. All the simulations have been tested on IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus, New England 39-bus test systems and Indian NRPG 246-bus system. To check the usefulness of proposed method, results have been compared with methods available in the literature.

A compact, conformal applicator having good impedance matching over various loaded conditions with minimum leakage radiation is desirable for hyperthermia treatment of cancer. Hence, in this paper, a new compact conformal multilayer slot antenna with embedded water bolus terminated in muscle medium is presented for hyperthermia application. A simple $50 \Omega$ microstrip line with fork-shaped tuning stub is used to excite the proposed conformal antenna. The antenna input reflection coefficient and hyperthermia assurance parameters viz. effective field size, depth at $\Delta\mathrm{T} /2$ and heating area in the tissue medium are evaluated for different antenna curvature at 2.45 GHz (curvature of the applicator is identical to the bio-model). The simulation results for the proposed antenna show a reduced tissue surface heating and back field irradiation.

This paper describes simulation, theoretical, and/or experimental studies of specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in biological phantom (muscle)/tri-layered bio-media without and with irregular-shaped tumors in direct contact with improved water-loaded metal diagonal horns designed at 2450 and 915 MHz. Further, thermal simulation results based on Pennes’ bio-heat equation are also provided for each of the proposed applicators, which is in direct contact with realistic tri-layered bio-media without and with irregular-shaped tumor embedded within the muscle layer. The proposed horns are improved versions of the respective conventional metal diagonal horns in which the aperture fields, which are modified by introducing four conducting pins at appropriate locations near each antenna aperture, correspond to fundamental and higher order modes. The theoretical aperture field distributions of the proposed horns designed at 2450 and 915 MHz are compared with the corresponding simulated ones. Further...

This paper presents the simulation and experimental studies of a conformal microstrip slot antenna integrated with artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) for hyperthermia application. In the proposed applicator, an AMC consisting of an array of modified ring patches on a grounded dielectric substrate is located at optimized distance (=4 mm) from the microstrip slot antenna for improved performance of the applicator. The feed configuration of the proposed slot antenna consists of tapered microstrip line with curved tuning stub. The slot and feed configurations of the antenna are modified to widen its bandwidth so that changes in dielectric property of biological phantom medium can have minimal effect on its operating frequency and impedance bandwidth. In addition, the applicator with modified slot and feed arrangement provides enhanced heating depth in the phantom muscle medium. Provision for cooling of tissue surface is made by providing air gap between the slot antenna and phantom muscle medium. Mor...

In this paper design approach for electronically steerable randomly spaced planar antenna (ES-RSPA) array is reported. The proposed strategy provides maximum possible reduction in peak side lobe level (PSLL), higher aperture and power efficiencies and enhances ability for electronic scanning by exploiting spatial density theory. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) search technique is applied to simulate desire spatial density (variable elements' spacing in the range $0.5\lambda - 1.5\lambda$ ) corresponding to lowest PSLL. To determine and corroborate the effectualness of the proposed approach, a $24\times 24-\mathbf{element}$ element ES-RSPA array is numerically analysed over the scan volume of $\pm 40^{0}$ in both horizontal and vertical planes. Results incurred through the proposed approach are equated with those obtained for Taylor tapered uniformly spaced array of similar size.

Energy conservation through voltage reduction methodology is becoming popular now a days. Enabling of conservation of voltage reduction (CVR) through smart grid technologies makes informal and effective way. However, the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in active distribution grids are facing some operational issues. Moreover, the enabling of CVR through conventional schemes are restricted with limited voltage reduction and unable to cope up during intermittency. This paper proposes a model predictive driven Volt/VAR Control (VVC) scheme for smart grid enabled CVR operation in presence of solar photovoltaic (PV) power system. The impact of uncertainty in PV power generation and error in load forecasting are incorporated in predictive model. Scenario based Volt/VAR optimization (VVO) approach is utilized to CVR deployment. The VVO objective is to minimize the voltage deviations between load node voltage and expected CVR voltage. The VVO problem is solved through particle swarm optimization. In order to avoid the voltage violation due to cloud transients, PV inverter-based VAR has been dispatched as a local voltage control. The proposed CVR method is validated on modified IEEE 13 node feeder of radial distribution network. The simulation results revels that the remarkable energy demand and peak load power is reduced through proposed CVR scheme with suitable feeder voltage profile.

In this article, a novel approach for the synthesis of thinned planar antenna (TPA) arrays is proposed which furnishes maximally reduced peak side lobe levels (PSLL). The proposed approach is effective not only for reduction in PSLL at boresight but also at pre-specified scan angles away from the boresight. A modified binary coded genetic algorithm is employed to determine best possible combination of ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ antenna elements on array aperture corresponding to lowest possible PSLL. To evidence the capability of the proposed strategy, a 12×12-element antenna array is numerically contemplated. The results incurred at antenna boresight through the aimed strategy are equated with those of same sized arrays reported in literature. The array is further steered to the scan angles of 200 and 400 off the boresight and the results are compared with that obtained at antenna boresight.

This study presents the design of water-loaded metal diagonal horn antenna at 2450 MHz along with simulation and experimental studies of specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions in a bio-medium (muscle) in direct contact with the water-loaded antenna for hyperthermia application. The metal diagonal horn is a multimode horn antenna, with identical aperture field distribution in the E- and H-planes. The SAR distribution in a phantom muscle in direct contact with water-loaded horn antenna measured at 2450 MHz is nearly in agreement with the corresponding simulated distribution. The simulation results for SAR distribution owing to diagonal horn are also compared with those owing to square aperture horn/box horn, of same aperture cross-section/broader dimension as the diagonal horn at 2450 MHz. The results indicate that the diagonal horn provides higher penetration depth/better transverse resolution over square aperture horn/box horn. In addition, the proposed diagonal horn provides circularly symmetric effective field size. Finally, thermal simulation results are also provided for the proposed applicator, which is in direct contact with a realistic model of muscle medium without and with small spherical as well as oval-shaped tumours of different dielectric properties embedded within the muscle medium.

The simulation and experimental studies of a wideband trapezoidal toothed log-periodic (balanced type) antenna excited through tapered microstrip (MS) line to coplanar stripline (CPS) transition (balanced type feed) are presented in this paper. Effect of the balanced type feed on the performance of antenna is discussed. The tapered MS line provides impedance matching between CPS transition, which is connected to antenna and 50-Ω coaxial cable. A quarter-wavelength radial stub at the output end of transition is responsible for field transition. The simulated reflection coefficient-frequency characteristic of the combination of the antenna and tapered MS line-to-CPS transition is compared with the corresponding characteristic of the antenna fed through microstrip-to-parallel strip balun. Further, the simulated input and radiation characteristics of the antenna fed through the proposed transition are also compared with corresponding experimental results. The antenna along with transition achieves simulated reflection coefficient bandwidth (reflection coefficient ≤ −10 dB) of 7.67:1 (0.9–6.9 GHz). The simulated peak realized gain and radiation efficiency vary in the range 0.25−5.6 dB and 71−95%, respectively over the operational bandwidth of the antenna-transition combination. The simulated input and radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna are nearly in agreement with the corresponding measured results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1671–1677, 2015

Investigation on combined impact of smart grid enabled conservation of voltage reduction (CVR) and electric vehicle (EV) to grid (EV2G) reactive power (Q) support has been presented in this paper. CVR is deployed through advance volt-VAr control (VVC) method. In order to assess the combined effect CVR and EV, the VVC operation has been carried out in three different modes such as No-CVR, only CVR and CVR with EV reactive power support. In order to determine the desired reactive power support, a droop controlled scheme has been applied for EV charging station. The impact of CVR and EV is demonstrated on modified IEEE 13 node test feeder of the radial distribution network with voltage dependent load model. Modeling and simulations have been done in open distribution system simulator (OpenDSS) interfaced with MATLAB environment. The simulation result reveals that the significant amount of peak load demand reduction has been achieved with the only CVR operation. However, during the deeper level of voltage reduction through only CVR mode, the violation of minimum node voltage limit and higher system losses are observed. Therefore, the coordinated operation of CVR and EV is very helpful in order to maintain the feeder voltage profile within the limits and reduce the system losses, even in the deeper level of voltage reduction. Moreover, the simulation results also demonstrate that the CVR with EV mode yields better results in terms of higher peak power shaving, improvement in voltage profile and reduction in losses in comparison to only CVR.

This paper is a continuation of our previous published work in which a water-loaded metal diagonal horn antenna has been designed at 2450 MHz for hyperthermia application and simulated results are compared with those measured. In the present study, theoretical investigations of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distribution in a homogeneous biological phantom (muscle) due to direct contact water-loaded metal diagonal horn antenna at 915 and 2450 MHz for hyperthermia application is presented. It is estimated theoretically that, at both the operating frequencies, a reasonable impedance matching is achieved at the interface between the antenna aperture and the biological phantom, where a computation of aperture admittance and reflection coefficient has been performed. Furthermore, it is confirmed through theoretical and simulation studies that the proposed horn antenna gives circularly symmetric SAR distribution in transverse plane in the biological phantom at 915 and 2450 MHz. The simulated and theoretical SAR distributions at 2450 MHz are compared with those determined at 915 MHz. In addition, thermal simulation results based on Pennes' Bio-heat equation (BHE) are applied to the realistic muscle model at 915 and 2450 MHz. The reduction of blood flow rate on temperature distribution is also studied.

In this paper, a compact lowpass filter (LPF) with wide stopband is reported which uses four non-uniform cascaded defected ground structure (DGS) units along with a 50 Ω microstrip line. Each DGS unit is formed by combining three isosceles U-shaped DGSs and provides three attenuation poles. The proposed LPF has size of 14.44 mm × 3.4 mm, 3-dB cut-off frequency of 14.2 GHz, and greater than 40 dB and 22 dB stopband rejection upto 21.8 GHz and 30 GHz respectively. The proposed LPF is fabricated and experimentally tested. The experimental results are nearly in agreement with corresponding numerical simulation results.

In this paper, a novel algorithm is devised to reduce the peak side lobe level (PSLL) of the thinned planar antenna (TPA) array at antenna boresight as well as over the desired scan volume without occurrence of grating lobes when the beam is electronically scanned away from the boresight. Randomized symmetrical thinning is incorporated in the proposed algorithm to find the best combination of 'ON' and 'OFF' elements. Modified binary coded genetic algorithm (MBC-GA) is employed in the present study to solve this optimization problem. A 12×12-element TPA array is numerically examined to access the performance of proposed method. Results obtained through this study show that array under consideration renders maximum possible reduction in PSLL and also demonstrate the absence of grating lobes when the beam is scanned to 20 deg. and 40 deg. away from the boresight.

In this paper, an ultra-compact Ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) based on modified multimode resonator (MMR) is proposed. The compactness of the proposed UWB BPF with good impedance matching in passband is achieved using modified MMR, which consists of meandered coupled lines, stepped-impedance stubs, open-circuited stubs and coupled-line sections. Stepped-impedance stubs which are used to nullify the effect of mutual coupling due to the presence of meandered coupled lines are analyzed in detail. The proposed filter is fabricated using Roger RT/duroid 5880 substrate (∊ r = 2.2, thickness = 0.787 mm) having size of 14 mm × 5.9 mm. The experimental results show that the proposed filter has passband frequency range 3.05–10.9 GHz with upper wide stopband attenuation better than 38 dB up to 15.5 GHz. The simulation results are nearly in agreement with corresponding experimental results.

Introduction: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne, viral illness caused by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Permanent neurologic or psychiatric sequelae can occur in 30%–50% of those with encephalitis; hence, JE is a cause of major public health concern. For the ease of diagnosis and facilitation of surveillance, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme uses the term Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES). In this study, an attempt has been made to ascertain the status and trends of AES and JE in Uttar Pradesh, India. Methodology: This is a record-based retrospective study. The data were obtained from the Directorate of Medical and Health Services of Uttar Pradesh and analyzed using software SPSS version 24.0. Results: In Uttar Pradesh, there were 47,509 reported cases of AES from 2005 to 2018,. With yearly fluctuations, the average Case Fatality Rate of AES was 17.49% with highest in 2005 (24.76%) and lowest in 2018 (8%). Among the patients with AES, 9.98% were found positive for JE. The most commonly affected age group is 1-5 years for both AES and JE, closely followed by the age group of 5-10 years. Peak occurrence of both AES and JE was recorded in month of September. Among the AES-affected patients 53.8% were males and 46.2% were females. Conclusion: The most commonly affected age group was 1-5 years with peak occurrence in the month of September. Though there was a downward trend in CFR, awareness activities like “Dastak” campaign and intersectoral preventive activities, needs to be strengthened.

The Phasor Measurement Unit's (PMU) are being integrated into the power grids for enhanced monitoring and control of the power system. PMU's data are useful for postmortem analysis and development of real-time control of the Power system. In this paper, a pseudo PMU is proposed for the quasi-static analysis of the Power System. The emulation has been done by avoiding the realization of data communication and emulating only those features of PMU essential for monitoring of power system. Considering economic feasibility, deployment of PMU at each bus is not economical, hence for optimal location of PMUs an integer linear programming (ILP) has been proposed in this paper. For the location of PMU's pseudo-PMU are used, and quasi-static analysis of IEEE 24-bus RTS system is done in MATLAB environment. The results illustrate the efficacy of proposed method for quasi-static analysis of Power System.

This paper attempts to emulate Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) for Static Security Analysis of power systems, PMU's are enablers for real time and near real-time analysis of the power system. They are being integrated into the power system for enabling enhanced monitoring and control of the network. A methodology is presented for emulation of PMU and storage layout of data obtained from the emulation. A technique enabling the emulation of the PMU's specifically for Static Security Analysis will be of great use for analysis of the system by the researchers and scientists working in the power sector. Newton-Raphson will be used for solving the non-linear power flow equations while emulating the PMU in this paper. Emulation of IEEE 14 bus test systems has been demonstrated using the proposed method in MATLAB and the results obtained are presented in the paper.

In this paper, simulation and experimental studies of triple-band inset-fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna with enhanced gain are presented. The proposed antenna covers ISM/WLAN (2.45 GHz), WiMAX (3.5 GHz) and fixed mobile (4.65 GHz) frequency bands. The number of frequency bands of the antenna is increased from one (with centre frequency of 2.45 GHz) to three (having centre frequencies of 2.45, 3.5 and 4.65 GHz) corresponding to ISM/WLAN, WiMAX and fixed mobile services by introducing two rectangular slots along the radiating edges and a parasitic element to the feed line. A superstrate is placed above the antenna at optimum distance to increase the gain of the combination. The simulated input characteristics, radiation pattern and gain of the antenna over the frequency range of interest are compared with the respective experimental results. The simulation studies were carried out using Ansys' High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software.

Simulation study of a simple structured filter-antenna combination using a dielectric resonator (DR) is presented in this paper. The coupling between the input and output ports of the filter occurs due to alumina ceramic acting as DR and same DR is utilized as an antenna. The proposed filtering dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) provides good impedance matching. The simulated −10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth of the proposed filtering DRA is found to be 930 MHz (11.34 – 12.27 GHz) with centre frequency of 11.88 GHz. The simulated realized gain of the proposed filtering DRA varies from 4.8 dB to 5.4 dB over its operating frequency band. The proposed filtering DRA can find potential application in satellite, radar and wireless communication.

A filleted rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (FRDRA) is described in this paper. The antenna consists of Teflon (er = 2.1) as lower segment and 10 wt% of glass (PbOBaO-B2O3-SiO2) sintered Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) namely BSTG10 (er = 27) as upper segment. Glass was added to lower the sintering temperature from 1050 °C to 800 °C and increase the permittivity of BST. The FRDRA provides the simulated input impedance bandwidth of 4.85 GHz (7.71 – 12.56 GHz) that is an improvement in bandwidth of ∼ 33 % as compared with the conventional dual segment rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. Filleted design also offers the advantage of minimum material requirement. Stable radiation pattern of the proposed antenna throughout its whole bandwidth is obtained. Aperture coupled feed mechanism is used due to its advantage of provide no spurious radiation in contrast to the characteristic of probe feed.

In the present paper, a compact L-band microstrip interdigital bandpass filter (BPF) with spurlines is designed. In the proposed microstrip interdigital BPF, spurious responses are suppressed and stopband attenuation is better than −14 dB everywhere upto 8 GHz excepting that near centre frequency of 4.87 GHz. The 3-dB bandwidth of the proposed BPF is 970 MHz (0.99 – 1.96 GHz) with a centre frequency of 1.475 GHz. The insertion loss value of the proposed BPF varies from 0.16 dB to 0.61 dB over the frequency range of 1.04 – 1.91 GHz. In the desired 3-dB passband, group delay is better than 2.8 ns. The proposed BPF is suitable for the application of satellite navigation like global positioning system carriers which are in the L band, centered at 1176.45 MHz (L5), 1227.60 MHz (L2), 1381.05 MHz (L3), and 1575.42 MHz (L1) frequencies, amateur radio and digital audio broadcasting.

A compact aperture-coupled dual segment rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (ACDS-RDRA) is described in this paper. The antenna consists of Teflon (er = 2.1) as lower segment and liquid phase (glass) sintered Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) namely Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (er = 27) as upper segment. 10 wt% of PbO-BaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass was added to lower the sintering temperature from 1050 °C to 800 °C and increase the dielectric constant of BST. The input and radiation characteristics of ACDS-RDRA are investigated through simulation using Ansys HFSS software. The antenna provides the simulated input impedance bandwidth of 690 MHz (8.80 – 9.49 GHz) with a simulated peak gain of 6.63 dB at 9.1 GHz. The antenna provides broadside radiation patterns in both E-and H-planes of the antenna with fairly low cross-polarization levels in E-plane were obtained. Such RDRA can find potential applications in radar and satellite communication.

This paper presents synthesis of randomly spaced linear array (RSLA) with reduced side lobe level (SLL). Excitation amplitude is assumed to be constant across the array elements and the inter-element spacing is kept in the specified range. A global optimization algorithm (Genetic Algorithm) is proposed to compute the optimum arrangement of inter-element spacings corresponding to lowest possible peak SLL. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an example of RSLA with 24 elements is analysed and numerical results are compared with those using uniform elements' spacing and other published approaches for similar design scenario. Additionally, the effect of mutual coupling among array elements on the performance of RSLA is investigated through an extensive EM simulation study using commercial HFSS software by considering M-shaped patch radiating elements. The EM simulation results for the proposed RSLA having M-shaped equally-excited patch elements with mutual coupling among array elements are compared with those of without mutual coupling, numerical and published results.

In this paper, a modified microstrip interdigital bandpass filter (IBPF) with a pair of spurlines and defected ground structure (DGS) containing stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is proposed. A combination of spurlines and SIR-shaped DGS is used to obtain wide stopband which is the result of band notched characteristics of spurline and harmonics suppression characteristics of DGS. The 3-dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed filter is 1.153 GHz (79%) and covers the frequency range 0.885–2.038 GHz. The proposed filter is compact having size of 0.107 λ0 × 0.075 λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength at the centre frequency (f0) of 1.46 GHz. The compact, wideband BPF with wide stopband has stopband attenuation better than 14 dB upto the frequency range of approximately six times the centre frequency of the desired passband. The insertion loss value of the proposed filter varies from 0.12–0.57 dB over its operating frequency band.

In this paper, simulation study of a water-loaded metal-dielectric diagonal horn antenna in direct contact with phantom bio-medium (muscle) is presented. The proposed antenna is a new type of diagonal horn in which the major portion of the antenna walls is made of Lucite while remaining wall portion is made of metal, considering the region of the antenna from throat to aperture. The field over the aperture of the metal-dielectric diagonal horn corresponds to combination of a number of hybrid modes. The SAR and temperature distributions in the muscle-medium along with antenna input reflection coefficient and aperture electric field distribution across the antenna aperture were determined at 2.45 GHz and the results are compared with those due to the conventional metal diagonal horn of same aperture dimensions.

The control of operating frequency is of utmost importance in the power system operation and control from stability point of view. Conventionally load frequency control is done by employing PI controllers. Immediate control of system frequency oscillation is very vital to avoid hazardous conditions. Need of the hour is to introduce a fast controller superior to the conventional PI controller. In this paper Artificial Neural Network is used for Load Frequency Control of single and two area load frequency control. Both single area and two area cases are modelled using state space technique. The training data is obtained from time domain analysis of the system using Runge Kutta technique and used for training the Levenberg-Marquardt and Radial Basis based neural network.

This paper investigates TiO2 loaded metal diagonal and square horn antennas and specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions in a phantom bio-medium due to these antennas through simulation. Diagonal horn is a multimode horn antenna whereas in conventional square horn only TE10 mode propagates. Both diagonal and square horns, which are terminated in a phantom bio-medium are designed and simulated at 2.45 GHz using FEM based Ansoft's HFSS software. The SAR distributions in the bio-medium due to diagonal and square horns are compared at 2.45 GHz.

This paper presents the design and optimization of a probe-fed tri-band C-shaped slot loaded microstrip antenna that can operate in three frequency bands. The proposed antenna operating in the three frequency bands (3.50-3.60 GHz, 4.88-5.23 GHz and 6.46-6.70 GHz) with corresponding resonant frequencies of 3.55 GHz, 5.0 GHz and 6.57 GHz is designed and optimized using FEM based Ansoft HFSS software. By altering the dimensions of C-shaped slot, conventional dual band characteristics can be modified to a triple band characteristics which can support WLAN communication coverage IEEE 802.11j (4.90-5.091 GHz) and others. The proposed antenna features omni-directional characteristics over 3.50-3.60 GHz range and highly directional radiation pattern over 6.46-6.70 GHz range which are used for navigation and remote sensing respectively.

This paper presents the simulation study of specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a phantom muscle medium due to TiO2 loaded metal diagonal horn antenna. Diagonal horn is a multimode horn antenna in which the internal fields consist of a superposition of the orthogonal TE10 and TE01 modes in square waveguide. In diagonal horn, excited electric field is parallel to one of its diagonals, causing diagonal polarization of the aperture field. The metal diagonal horn is filled with titanium dioxide (TiO2) to provide good impedance match between the horn and phantom muscle medium (er = 47.5, tanδ = 0.28421, δ = 1.838 S/m). Metal diagonal horn is designed and simulated at 2.45 GHz using FEM based Ansoft HFSS software for hyperthermia applications. The antenna return loss, distribution of electric fields within the antenna structure, and the SAR distribution in the bio-medium due to the antenna are determined at 2.45 GHz.

In this paper performance of planar trapezoidal toothed log-periodic antenna on different dielectric substrates through simulation using FEM based Ansoft HFSS software has been presented. This antenna is a type of frequency independent antenna. The performance characteristics of the proposed antennas formed by providing definite conducting pattern characterizing the antenna on different substrate materials (Bakelite (er = 4.8, tanδ = 0.002), FR4_epoxy (er = 4.4, tane = 0.02), Arlon25FR (er =3.43, tane = 0.0035) and Teflon (er = 2.08, tane = 0.001)) having thickness of 1.6 mm as well as metal antenna without substrate material are studied. It is observed from the study that antenna on Teflon substrate provides widest bandwidth among all the substrate antennas. Further, the performance of antenna on Teflon substrate is almost similar to metal antenna without substrate.

A wideband (4.94-6.959 GHz) four element rectangular dielectric resonator antenna array has been designed for 5.0 GHz WLAN and WiMAX band and its radiation characteristics determined through simulation studies using CST Microwave Studio software. Further, simulation results for power absorption in a homogenous bio-medium (muscle layer) in direct contact with the proposed antenna array is presented in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in the medium.