Search

With the plain text descriptions of design patterns, developers could better learn and understand the definitions and usage scenarios of design patterns. To facilitate the automatic usage of these descriptions, e.g., recommending design patterns by free-text queries, design patterns and natural languages should be adequately associated. Existing studies usually use texts in design pattern books as the representations of design patterns to calculate similarities with the queries. However, this way is problematic. Lots of information of design patterns may be absent from design pattern books and many words would be out of vocabulary due to the content limitation of these books. To overcome these issues, a more comprehensive method should be constructed to estimate the relatedness between design patterns and natural language words. Motivated by Word2Vec, in this study, we propose DPWord2Vec that embeds design patterns and natural language words into vectors simultaneously. We first build a corpus containing more than 400 thousand documents extracted from design pattern books, Wikipedia, and Stack Overflow. Next, we redefine the concept of context window to associate design patterns with words. Then, the design pattern and word vector representations are learnt by leveraging an advanced word embedding method. The learnt design pattern and word vectors can be universally used in textual description based design pattern tasks. An evaluation shows that DPWord2Vec outperforms the baseline algorithms by 17.1%-96.5% in measuring the similarities between design patterns and words in terms of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Moreover, we adopt DPWord2Vec on two typical design pattern tasks. In the design pattern tag recommendation task, the DPWord2Vec based method outperforms two state-of-the-art algorithms by 6.6% and 32.7% respectively when considering Recall@10. In the design pattern selection task, DPWord2Vec improves the existing methods by 6.5%-70.7% in terms of MRR.

Software design patterns are well-known solutions for solving commonly occurring problems in software design. Detecting design patterns used in the code can help to understand the structure and behavior of the software, evaluate the quality of the software, and trace important design decisions. To develop and maintain a software system, we need sufficient knowledge of design decisions and software implementation processes. However, the acquisition of knowledge related to design patterns used in complex software systems is a challenging, time-consuming, and costly task. Therefore, using a suitable method to detect the design patterns used in the code reduces software development and maintenance costs. In this paper, we proposed a new method based on conceptual signatures to improve the accuracy of design pattern detection. So we used the conceptual signatures based on the purpose of patterns to detect the patterns’ instances that conform to the standard structure of patterns, and cover more instances of patterns’ variants and implementation versions of the patterns and improve the accuracy of pattern detection. The proposed method is a specific process in two main phases. In the first phase, the conceptual signature and detection formula for each pattern is determined manually. Then in the second phase, each pattern in the code is detected in a semi-automatic process using the conceptual signature and pattern detection formula. To implement the proposed method, we focused on GoF design patterns and their variants. We evaluated the accuracy of our proposed method on five open-source projects, namely, Junit v3.7, JHotDraw v5.1, QuickUML 2001, JRefactory v2.6.24, and MapperXML v1.9.7. Also, we performed our experiments on a set of source codes containing the instances of GoF design patterns’ variants for a comprehensive and fair evaluation. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed method has improved the accuracy of design pattern detection in the code.

The Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) is a modular and hierarchical Modeling and Simulation (M&S) formalism based on systems theory that provides a general methodology for the construction of reusable models. Well-defined M&S structures have a positive impact when building simulation models because they can be applied systematically. However, even when DEVS can be used to model routing situations, the structures that emerge from this kind of problem are significant due to the handling of the flow of events. Often, the modeler ends with a lot of simulation models that refer to variants of the same component. The goal of this paper is to analyze the routing process domain from a conceptual modeling perspective through the use of a new DEVS extension called Routed DEVS (RDEVS). The RDEVS formalism is conceptually defined as a subclass of DEVS that manages a set of identified events inside a model network where each node combines a behavioral description with a routing policy. In particular, we study the modeling effort required to solve the M&S of routing problems scenarios employing a comparison between RDEVS modeling solutions and DEVS modeling strategies. Such a comparison is based on measures that promote the capture of the behavioral complexity of the final models. The results obtained highlight the modeling benefits of the RDEVS formalism as a constructor of routing processes. The proposed solution reduces the modeling effort involved in DEVS by specifying the event routing process directly in the RDEVS models using design patterns. The novel contribution is an advance in the understanding of how DEVS as a system modeling formalism supports best practices of software engineering in general and conceptual modeling in particular. The reusability and flexibility of the final simulation models, along with designs with low coupling and high cohesion, are the main benefits of the proposal that improve the M&S task applying a conceptual modeling perspective.

[EN] Corporate reports containing non-financial information are the main tool that organisations can use to communicate information concerning their sustainability performance to their stakeholders. The use of graphic media to transmit this information is increasingly present in most of these reports, since people recognise and understand this information more quickly than information represented by text. However, there is not a consensus in the use of icons, colours or forms, etc. for that purpose. The objective of this study is to analyse the way in which organisations are currently communicating sustainability information graphically, in order to identify the existence of common design patterns. To do so, the graphic information included in 80 corporate reports was analysed. A total of 997 icons were identified, grouped in 8 environmental indicators, 19 social indicators, 1 economic indicator and 4 stakeholders. In addition to the concept represented graphically, aspects such as the form of composition, border shape or colour, among others, were analysed. It was found that there is a clear lack of standardisation when communicating the sustainability performance graphically, and also a clear need for a family of icons that allow a direct and unequivocal association of the icon and the corresponding sustainability indicator. This would facilitate the effective and efficient communication of sustainable information through corporate reports., The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (Project DPI2017-89451-R) for funding this study.

IoT systems are required to manage themselves to changes regarding their internal and external contexts. So, adaptability is a very important aspect in IoT software systems. The MAPE (Monitoring, Analysis, Planning, Execution) control loop model, inspired from the autonomic nervous system, has been identified as a crucial element for realizing self-adaptation in software systems. In fact, software design patterns provide architects and developers with reusable software elements helping them to master building complex software systems including several interconnected components. Complex self-adaptive systems require several architectural patterns in their design which leads to the need of architectural pattern composition. In this paper, we focus in modeling adaptability in IoT systems through a set of MAPE design patterns for decentralized control in self-adaptive systems and we propose an approach for composing them using a UML profile. Then, we propose formalizing the composition process using the Event-B method. In addition, we propose verifying adaptation properties based on the resulting formal specification. We illustrate our approach by modeling structural and behavioral features of the hybrid pattern resulting from the composition of two MAPE patterns and applied to the fall-detection ambient assisting living system for elderly people.

Автоматизированная система управления процессами оценки соответствия основных видов продукции (АСУ ОВП), используемой в системе нефтепроводного транспорта, создана с целью оптимизации оперативных процессов в указанной области. Она позволяет повысить координацию деятельности подразделений, участвующих в оценке соответствия, усовершенствовать порядок рассмотрения технической и эксплуатационной документации, реализовать функции управления и координации при проведении экспертизы, испытаний и инспекционного контроля. При этом постоянное совершенствование процессов оценки соответствия требует незамедлительного отражения возникающих изменений в АСУ ОВП. Авторами представлен опыт применения паттернов проектирования баз данных и клиентского приложения АСУ ОВП. Базы данных АСУ ОВП насчитывают сотни таблиц, в которые вносятся и в которых обновляются десятки тысяч записей в месяц. В качестве среды разработки для АСУ ОВП была выбрана Visual Studio.NET. Основной язык программирования - C#, сочетающий лучшие характеристики императивной и декларативной парадигм программирования. Совмещение разных парадигм повлияло на классическое представление паттернов, вследствие чего в статье приводятся примеры реализации паттернов с учетом современных технологий. Рассмотренные паттерны способствуют повышению эффективности разработки и качества функционирования информационных систем, используемых для автоматизации процессов оценки соответствия продукции. Оптимизированная под конкретные бизнес-процессы информационная система с правильной архитектурой позволит без труда вносить изменения в ходе проведения оценки соответствия и будет оставаться полезной на протяжении длительного времени. The automated control system for conformity assessment processes of the main types of products (ACS MTP) used in the pipeline transportation system is designed to optimize operational processes in this area - it allows to increase coordination of activities of subdivisions involved in assessment, to improve the procedure for the review of technical and operational documentation, to implement management and coordination functions during examination, testing and inspection control. At the same time, the continuous improvement of conformity assessment processes requires the immediate reflection of emerging changes in the ACS MTP. The authors present the experience of applying the database design patterns and the client application of the ACS MTP. The ACS MTP databases contain hundreds of tables in which tens of thousands of records are entered and updated per month. Visual Studio.NET was chosen as the programming environment for the ACS MTP. The main programming language is C#, which combines the best features of imperative and declarative programming paradigms. The combination of different paradigms influenced the classical representation of patterns, as a result of which the article provides examples of the implementation of patterns taking into account the influence of modern technologies. The considered patterns allow increasing the efficiency of development and quality of the operation of information systems used for the automation of conformity assessment processes of products. Information system optimized for specific business processes with the correct architecture will allow you to easily make changes during the conformity assessment and will remain useful for a long time.

The rapid development of the global cultural and creative industry has provided a new stage for the development and innovation of Chinese traditional culture. Cultural creativity has broken the rigid design and production mode of traditional products from the perspective of market and has become the key to improve the economic benefits and competitiveness of traditional products. From the perspective of cultural and creative product design and product development, artificial intelligence technology has been fully utilized at the present stage. The purpose of this article is to compare the traditional design patterns used in product design and understand the new design patterns assisted by artificial intelligence so as to achieve the purpose of process simplification and design innovation more quickly. In this article, traditional graphic patterns and local cultural connotations of the experimental area are taken as the main research points. Through a large number of field investigations and first-hand photo materials, the regional cultural characteristics and local traditional graphic language are analyzed in detail and then summarized. Finally, the examples of development research are summarized and reflected. It is hoped that through the further excavation of the traditional patterns of the region and the exploration of the level of regional culture regeneration, the development of local economy, culture, and tourism can be driven, and a cultural brand that can go out of Anhui province and into the whole country can be built. At the present stage of product research and development, the key is to introduce artificial intelligence means as necessary support and try to infiltrate artificial intelligence measures in the research and development of new products in each link.

The inexorable penetration of software into practically every facet of modern society calls for sophisticated architectural styles, including ones that can support architectures with dynamically shifting structures, which are required to cope with the dynamics of their applications. With the advent of modern Internet-based systems operating in real time, these types of systems are becoming more widespread. Unfortunately, to date there has been insufficient theoretical work on suitable architectural design patterns for such systems. This work describes two such patterns: the dynamic part pattern and the dynamic role pattern, both of which have been proven in earlier-generation dynamic real-time systems. In addition to describing the form and semantics of these design patterns, this work proposes a notational form suitable for specifying them in component-and-connector-style architecture description languages in a clear and unambiguous manner. The practical application of the two patterns is illustrated using a running example.

Design pattern detection can provide useful insights to support software comprehension. Accurate and complete detection of pattern instances are extremely important to enable software usability improvements. However, existing design pattern detection approaches and tools suffer from the following problems: incomplete description of design pattern instances, inaccurate behavioral constraint checking, and inability to support novel design patterns. This paper presents a general framework to detect design patterns while solving these issues by combining static and dynamic analysis techniques. The framework has been instantiated for typical behavioral and creational patterns, such as the observer pattern, state pattern, strategy pattern, and singleton pattern to demonstrate the applicability. Based on the open-source process mining toolkit ProM, we have developed an integrated tool that supports the whole detection process for these patterns. We applied and evaluated the framework using software execution data containing around 1,000,000 method calls generated from eight synthetic software systems and three open-source software systems. The evaluation results show that our approach can guarantee a higher precision and recall than existing approaches and can distinguish state and strategy patterns that are indistinguishable by the state-of-the-art.

The two problems of measuring the semantic similarity (MSS) between two sentences and generating a similar sentence (GSS) for a given one are particularly challenging. Since these two problems naturally have logical connections, this article proposes algorithms to deal with them together. The main contributions of this article are in four aspects. 1) We propose a new algorithm called the syntactic and semantic long short-term memory (SSLSTM) for computing sentence similarity. The sentence model used by SSLSTM computes a representation vector of a given sentence by merging the results of separately running two LSTM networks, one with the given sentence and the other with a related sentence that is generated based on the semantic features of the words and syntactic features of the given sentence. The semantic similarity score of two sentences is calculated based on the distance between the two representations vectors. 2) A new GAN framework is proposed called the sentence similarity generative adversarial network (SSGAN). A GSS algorithm and an MSS algorithm are incorporated as modules in the generator and discriminator of SSGAN. A unique design of SSGAN is that, with one input triple to the GAN, the generator will produce three additional items, and the discriminator will process them. Three versions of SSGAN are proposed: the classic SSGAN (C-SSGAN), the hybrid SSGAN (H-SSGAN), and the black-box SSGAN (B-SSGAN). 3) Two new paradigms of GAN emerge from the design patterns of the black-box SSGAN and hybrid SSGAN, called the black-box GAN (B-GAN) and the hybrid GAN (H-GAN), respectively, which have the potentials to be generally applied to other NLP problems. 4) A series of experiments of different settings are designed to test the effects of B-SSGAN, and the results show that B-SSGAN has considerable boosting effects on both the chosen MSS and GSS algorithms. Several experiments are executed to compare SSLSTM with some representative and state-of-the-art MSS algorithms. The results show that SSLSTM has advantages in terms of the amount of error and the overall performance. There are new design features in these experiments. The performances of a GSS algorithm are measured by using an MSS algorithm. Multiple performance measures are considered to describe the algorithms’ performance holistically, including the efficiency of achieved performance relative to training time, which indicates that a CNN-based algorithm (SSCNN) is the most training-efficient in the comparison.

A Microservice Architecture enables the development of distributed systems using a set of highly cohesive, independent, and collaborative services, ready for current cloud computing demands. Each microservice can be implemented in different technologies, sharing common communication channels, which results in heterogeneous distributed systems that exhibit high scalability, maintainability, performance, and interoperability. Currently, there are many options to build microservices; some of them led by patterns that establish common structures to solve recurrent problems. Nevertheless, as microservices are an emerging trend, the relationship between quality attributes, metrics, and patterns is not clearly defined, which is a concern from a software engineering point of view, since such understanding is fundamental to correctly design systems using this architecture. This paper aims to extend the knowledge on the design of microservices-based systems by presenting a multivocal systematic literature review for microservices related patterns, tying them together with quality attributes and metrics, as can be found in academic and industry research.

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has had a far-reaching impact on data privacy for cloud providers. GDPR influences access to, storage, and transmission of personal data, requiring these operations to be verified by cloud users through explicit consent prior to execution. GDPR rules implemented for such operations can be ambiguous and often open to interpretation, making manual verification a time consuming and error prone process for cloud providers. An encoding of GDPR rules is described, with each operation carried out using these rules recorded into a Blockchain for auditing purposes. This work shows how some GDPR rules can appear as opcodes in smart contracts to verify the operations of providers on user data in an automatic way. An abstract model is designed to demonstrate how cloud providers can access and deploy such contracts through a Blockchain-based virtual machine. A case study is used to demonstrate how this approach can be used in practice. The case study uses several design patterns and smart contracts to verify provider operations, including read, write, execution and transfer on user data. Validation is undertaken by deploying the smart contracts in a Blockchain test network to investigate the execution costs of GDPR compliance checking.

Efforts to realize the potential of learning analytics (LA) to contribute to improving student learning and learning design have brought important advances. A review of successful cases of learning analytics applications reveals that 1) there is a tight coupling between the learning outcome (LO) goals, task sequence design, and the learning analytics and feedback in each case, and 2) the learning analytics to be deployed and the feedback to be provided to learners and/or teachers are integral to the learning design (LD) rather than constructed after the LD is completed. Learning design frameworks in the literature have focused on generic learning task taxonomies and are unable to scaffold LA-integrated LD practice. This paper proposes a multilevel framework for LA-integrated LD, which provides a hierarchically nested multilevel structure for the design of LD and LA elements based on 60 STEM curriculum units collected from authentic classrooms. The framework includes a design process model in the form of a Learning Design Triangle and the concept of Learning Analytics integrated Curriculum Component Design Patterns (LA-CCDP). Operationalization of the framework is illustrated using one STEM curriculum unit. This framework can be adopted for professional learning and technology development to support LA-integrated LD practices.

3D weaving is an emerging technology for manufacturing multilayer woven textiles. In this work, we present Weavecraft: an interactive, simulation-based design tool for 3D weaving. Unlike existing textile software that uses 2D representations for design patterns, we propose a novel weave block representation that helps the user to understand 3D woven structures and to create complex multi-layered patterns. With Weavecraft, users can create blocks either from scratch or by loading traditional weaves, compose the blocks into large structures, and edit the pattern at various scales. Furthermore, users can verify the design with a physically based simulator, which predicts and visualizes the geometric structure of the woven material and reveals potential defects at an interactive rate. We demonstrate a range of results created with our tool, from simple two-layer cloth and well known 3D structures to a more sophisticated design of a 3D woven shoe, and we evaluate the effectiveness of our system via a formative user study.

Due to the widespread proliferation of today’s Internet of Things (IoT), a system designer needs the IoT system and software design patterns to assist in designing scalable and replicable solutions. Patterns are encapsulations of reusable common problems and solutions under specific contexts. Many IoT patterns have been published, such as IoT design patterns and IoT architecture patterns to document the successes (and failures) in IoT systems and software development. However, because these patterns are not well classified, their adoption does not live up to their potential. To understand the reasons, we conducted a systematic literature review. From the 32 identified papers, 143 IoT architecture and design patterns were extracted. We analyzed these patterns according to several characteristics and outlined directions for improvements when publishing and adopting IoT patterns. Of the extracted patterns, 57% are non-IoT patterns, suggesting that IoT systems and software are often designed via conventional architecture and design patterns that are not specific to IoT design. Although most IoT design patterns are applicable to any domain, IoT architecture patterns tend to be domain specific, implying that the unique nature of IoT adoption in specific domains appears at the architecture level. As more domains adopt IoT, the number of domain-specific IoT design patterns should increase. In terms of quality attributes, many IoT patterns address compatibility, security, and maintainability.

Due to the conceptual discrepancy between legal contract terms and code, understanding and creating smart contracts without errors can be difficult. This article proposes smart contract design patterns and their automated application through (the use of) a domain-specific language and code generation.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an integrative framework for handling the security and usability conflicts during the system development lifecycle. The framework has been formulated while considering key concerns raised after conducting a series of interviews with practitioners from the industry. The framework is aimed at assisting system designers and developers in making reasonably accurate choices when it comes to the trade-offs between security and usability. The outcomes of using the framework are documented as design patterns, which are disseminated among the community of system designers and developers for use in other but similar contexts. Design/methodology/approach A design science research approach was used to develop the integrative framework for usable security. Interviews were conducted for identification of the key concerns; however, the framework was validated during a workshop. Moreover, to validate the patterns’ template and the usable security pattern identified after instantiating the framework, a survey instrument was used. Findings It is important to consider the usability aspect in the development of security systems; otherwise, the systems, despite being secure against attacks, would be susceptible to user mistakes leading to compromises. It is worthwhile to handle usable security concerns right from the start of system development life cycle. Design patterns can help the developers in assessing the usability of their security options. Practical implications Practical implications The framework would assist the designers and developers in handling the security and usability conflicts right from the start of the system development life cycle. The patterns documented after using the framework would help not only the designers and developers working in the industry but also freelancers. Originality/value The authors present a novel framework to handle the security and usability conflicts during the system development life cycle. The development process of the framework was driven by the concerns raised after a series of interviews with the practitioners from industry. The framework presented in this paper was validated during a workshop in which it was exposed for review and comments by the participants from the industry. To demonstrate the use of patterns in general and the framework in particular, a case study featuring smart grids from the domain of cyber-physical systems is presented, which (to the best of the authors’ knowledge) features the first work relevant to usable security in the domain of cyber-physical systems.

Design patterns are a relevant research topic that has been empirically investigated by academia in the last years. However, there is still a gap in the perception of the use of design patterns in practice. In this paper, we aim to bridge this gap by analyzing a real Brazilian scenario. Considering that Belo Horizonte is one of the main Brazilian cities in the context of software development, we decide to carry out a survey with 58 active developers from this city. The results exhibited in this paper bring a real perception of the use of design patterns in a relevant center of software development. In this survey, we have identified that design patterns are not widely disseminated in the local industry since 40% of the participants claimed do not frequently make use of them. We have also found that the lack of use of design patterns is mainly associated with the lack of knowledge of these solutions by the developers besides the absence of incentives from the companies. Moreover, we discussed some benefits pointed out by the participants and listed the design patterns most used and less used by the developers.

The Variability of Ways of Solving the Problem of national-patriotic Education in Institutions of higher Education, the Content of which, Reflecting the dynamics of social and political Processes, gives an Opportunity to design Patterns and Trends of this Development in the educational Environment, has been considered. The scientific Approaches and Principles of Research on this Subject in educational Practice and scientific Research in higher Education are outlined, in particular, the main Directions of the national System in which ethnic, national, cultural and crosscultural Features manifested in the translation of Values, the Formation of Relations between the Individual and Society, Creation of Conditions for Self-realization of the Person, which is considered as a Subject, passing through Stages of Formation, Selfknowledge, Self-determination, i.e. Self-affirmation. The main patterns in the process of implementation of tasks of national-patriotic education, which reflect theoretical and practical aspects in the content of educational disciplines, are considered. They are formulated and summarized in, which reflect Peculiarities of the Presentation of material of national-patriotic Orientation in the Content of Subjects of mathematical, natural Science and humanitarian Cycle. The Contents and Forms of educational and methodological Support of national-patriotic Education through the Introduction of educational Technologies in one of the most Important Components of the System of continuous Education of Ukraine are presented. It is stated that the Problem of national-patriotic Education of young People is considered in the Context of the Creation of a modern educational System as a priority Direction of the national System of Education, the main Attributes of which are Humanism, national and professional Orientation, System and Integrity.

Nowadays, software engineers have a great tendency to use design patterns (DPs) because they are considered to have an important role in software engineering in the sense that they can make the understanding of nonentities easier. However, most of the systems have no document helping engineers recognize DPs from the codes. As a result, different approaches for design pattern detection have been suggested. The current paper reviews different available literature on design pattern detection and reports a number of different aspects of them such as data representation, type of design pattern, advantages and disadvantages for different approaches, quantitative results, etc. The current paper reviews research studies published between 2008 until 2019 and represents a list of datasets used for evaluations. The present investigation paper is not only to lay the ground for the selection of the optimal design patterns, but also hopes to guide the future studies through raising awareness about the potential defects in the previous researches.

Many different factors influence the quality of software. Among the most important of these factors is software complexity. One way to improve software quality, therefore, is to minimize its complexity making it more understandable and maintainable. The design phase of the software development life cycle plays an instrumental role in fostering quality in software. Seasoned designers often use past design best practices codified in the form of design patterns to make their designs and the resultant code more elegant, robust, and resilient to change. Little work, however, has been done to empirically assess the quantitative impact of design patterns on software complexity. This research is an attempt to fill this gap. A comparative analysis of before and after versions of program pairs written without and with design patterns was performed for all twenty three GoF (Gang of Four) design patterns. These program pairs were collected (or, in some cases, developed) and compared with respect to their complexity and size. The results of this comparative analysis reveal that the cyclomatic complexity of the programs written using design patterns was less for most of the design patterns as compared to the programs written without using design patterns. However, the values of CK metrics, number of classes, and software size SLOC (Source Lines of Code) increased when design patterns were used.

A Future Learning Space (FLS) is a dynamic and a technology-rich learning environment that enables teaching and learning using innovative pedagogical methods. However, introducing innovation and technology into any educational setting, whether in K-12 schools or higher education institutions, is known to be challenging. This paper introduces design patterns (DPs) for teaching in FLS. The patterns emerged from creative teaching in a college of education, which was preceded by mentoring for some of the lecturers. The patterns involve hybridity, including both formal and informal social structures and a combination of physical and digital tools mediating individuals? interactions with peers. Based on a process of mining patterns, we extracted four DPs for teaching in academic FLS. The patterns, which encapsulate threads of hybridity, are: convergent groups; teaching in an interactive orchestrated learning space; presentation fair; and Think-Join-Share. These patterns can be used as learning design scaffolds in a social constructivist approach in which pedagogy, technology and space interact.

Content Management Systems (CMSs) play an increasingly important role in the evolution of the World Wide Web, since almost half of the websites today use some form of CMS as their main development platform. CMSs provide development teams with standardized software platforms that significantly facilitate and speed up Web development, while maintaining high quality and low-cost implementation without requiring extensive programming expertise. Due to their flexibility and ease of use, CMSs are nowadays constantly gaining in popularity, and undoubtedly, they are among the most prominent platforms used by developers for building Web applications. The goal of this work 1 is to study and address challenging problems in the area of the widely used category of Web applications developed on top of CMSs, the so-called CMS-based Web applications, contributing novel models, methodologies and tools to optimize the quality of both the CMS-based Web development process and the final products.

The purpose of this paper is to present a specific case of CALL task design adopting the patterns-based learning design approach. The approach provides a common framework/vocabulary for educational...

This paper addresses usability problems of data entry techniques and patterns in web systems and web sites. In order to carry out a comparative analysis of the solutions a dedicated web application...

Learning based on serious games is an emerging field in education, product of the proliferation of technological aids in the educational field and the necessary opening to new didactic methods that support the educator in the complexity of joining the transmission of knowledge and in the training in competences that comprise the learning process. In recent years, there has been a remarkable set of experiences in applying game-based learning to formal training scenarios, particularly in the higher education environment, which have encouraged the attempt to develop a working tool designed for the development of one of the most complex competences of the learning process and, at the same time, contradictory to individualism: teamwork. In this study, a serious game has been designed, with the aim of promoting and analyzing the development of teamwork skills. In this serious game, students have to solve a problem whose solution depends mainly on the ability to negotiate among group members.

Due to current trends in automation technology such as mass customization and an increasing variety of products, control software (SW) in automated Production Systems (aPS) is becoming increasingly complex. Thus, the need for suitable modularization strategies as a prerequisite for planned reuse increases. In classical high-level language programming, frequently recurring problems are often solved through reusable design patterns. In the control SW development of aPS, however, this approach is still not widely spread. Hence, this paper investigates how design patterns can be used for evaluating modularity in the context of control SW architecture by proposing criteria for classifying and formalizing patterns in aPS SW structure. On that basis, a prototypical implementation is proposed to evaluate the concept and to enable an automated pattern identification and interpretation in an industrial context.

This paper present design patterns which simplifies the process of developing, deploying, and managing complex, integrated, and standards-compliant E-government applications. The patterns can be used at different levels and layers of E-government’s architecture. Architecture Patterns are the highest layer patterns and have a high level of abstraction. Their aim is to present the different system components and their collaboration through a conceptual model. In the middle layer are design patterns. In e-government, security and object-oriented design patterns are most used. The design patterns application allows to improve the performance of the existing solution, the flexibility and scalability, security and to keep the applications up to date and to incorporate the new requirements. E-government web design patterns allow to create intuitive websites that are suitable for different user categories.

Visual Programming Language (VPL) is utilized with increasing frequency in Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries to accomplish tasks relating to advanced geometry and complex designs. In recent developments, VPLs have gained traction in robotic research, where they are being explored as a good tool for robotic programming. While visual programming holds several key advantages justifying this attention, it comes with key limitations for developing commercial-grade robotic applications. Such applications need to be easily maintainable, stable and performance optimal to be able to succeed in the market. In this paper, we argue that the situation with regard to visual programming is similar to that of textual programming from 1960s. The universally adopted strong abstraction mechanisms vastly improved the condition for the latter. We then proceed to propose the utilization of software design patterns as a method to overcome some of the existing challenges faced by adopters of VPLs. Six novel design patterns are introduced, and their application is exemplified by industrial software development case studies.

Neural network architectures are achieving superhuman performance on an expanding range of tasks. To effectively and safely deploy these systems, their decision‐making must be understandable to a wide range of stakeholders. Methods to explain artificial intelligence (AI) have been proposed to answer this challenge, but a lack of theory impedes the development of systematic abstractions, which are necessary for cumulative knowledge gains. We propose Bayesian Teaching as a framework for unifying explainable AI (XAI) by integrating machine learning and human learning. Bayesian Teaching formalizes explanation as a communication act of an explainer to shift the beliefs of an explainee. This formalization decomposes a wide range of XAI methods into four components: (a) the target inference, (b) the explanation, (c) the explainee model, and (d) the explainer model. The abstraction afforded by Bayesian Teaching to decompose XAI methods elucidates the invariances among them. The decomposition of XAI systems enables modular validation, as each of the first three components listed can be tested semi‐independently. This decomposition also promotes generalization through recombination of components from different XAI systems, which facilitates the generation of novel variants. These new variants need not be evaluated one by one provided that each component has been validated, leading to an exponential decrease in development time. Finally, by making the goal of explanation explicit, Bayesian Teaching helps developers to assess how suitable an XAI system is for its intended real‐world use case. Thus, Bayesian Teaching provides a theoretical framework that encourages systematic, scientific investigation of XAI.

Background Design patterns are supposed to improve various quality attributes of software systems. However, there is controversial quantitative evidence of this impact. Especially for younger paradigms such as service- and Microservice-based systems, there is a lack of empirical studies. Objective In this study, we focused on the effect of four service-based patterns—namely Process Abstraction, Service Façade, Decomposed Capability, and Event-Driven Messaging—on the evolvability of a system from the viewpoint of inexperienced developers. Method We conducted a controlled experiment with Bachelor students (N = 69). Two functionally equivalent versions of a service-based web shop—one with patterns (treatment group), one without (control group)—had to be changed and extended in three tasks. We measured evolvability by the effectiveness and efficiency of the participants in these tasks. Additionally, we compared both system versions with nine structural maintainability metrics for size, granularity, complexity, cohesion, and coupling. Results Both experiment groups were able to complete a similar number of tasks within the allowed 90 min. Median effectiveness was 1/3. Mean efficiency was 12% higher in the treatment group, but this difference was not statistically significant. Only for the third task, we found statistical support for accepting the alternative hypothesis that the pattern version led to higher efficiency. In the metric analysis, the pattern version had worse measurements for size and granularity while simultaneously having slightly better values for coupling metrics. Complexity and cohesion were not impacted. Interpretation For the experiment, our analysis suggests that the difference in efficiency is stronger with more experienced participants and increased from task to task. With respect to the metrics, the patterns introduce additional volume in the system, but also seem to decrease coupling in some areas. Conclusions Overall, there was no clear evidence for a decisive positive effect of using service-based patterns, neither for the student experiment nor for the metric analysis. This effect might only be visible in an experiment setting with higher initial effort to understand the system or with more experienced developers.

This paper discusses the NB-IoT Internet of Things enhancement technology. Based on the analysis of NB-IoT coverage evaluation methods and various coverage improvement technologies, the benefits of repeated transmission are analyzed. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the previous Internet of Things enhancement results; I have discovered the advantages of NB-IoT technology. The enhancement of the Internet of Things needs the support of this technology. It can not only provide great help for the enhancement of the Internet of Things, but also has an important role in realizing the theoretical knowledge of the commercialization of the Internet of Things. We simulated the high-resolution city A (mountain s) mountain atmospheric wind circulation by using the medium-scale model WRF (V3.9) to study the structure and evolution characteristics of the atmospheric wind circulation in autumn and winter in this area. In addition, the article also studied the influence of aerosol pollution on mountain atmospheric circulation and related factors of the boundary layer by reducing the aerosol optical depth (AOD) sensitivity test. Finally, the article explores the clothing packaging design of Yunnan ethnic minorities. The clothing packaging design patterns of Yunnan ethnic minorities are created through a certain artistic change law, including symmetrical, equidistant, circular, and repeated multi-form geometric figures. The costume patterns of Yunnan ethnic minorities extract materials from nature such as characters, animals, and plants, which reflect the true image of the objective world. Due to the influence of history and region, the costume patterns of Yunnan ethnic minorities express commonalities while exuding the individuality of the tribes. Each tribe of Yunnan ethnic minorities has its own specific and unique artistic aesthetics and expressions.

Collaborative translation has the potential for significantly changing how we translate content. However, successful deployment of this kind of approach is far from trivial, as it presents potential adopters with a rich and complex envelope of processes and technologies, whose respective impacts are still poorly understood. The present paper aims at facilitating this kind of decision making, by describing and cataloguing current best-practices in collaborative translation. More precisely, we present a collection of Design Patterns which was created collectively by a small group of practitioners, at a one-day roundtable hosted by the Translation Automation Users Society in October of 2011. This collection has been put on an open wiki site (www.collaborative-translation-patterns.com) in the hopes that other practitioners in the field will refine and augment it.

Many legal problems are caused by misunderstandings. People do not read complex documents. Even if they do, they may not find what they look for or understand what they find. This chapter shows how proactive legal care can help, not only to deal with challenges of complex legal information, but also to improve access to justice and prevent unnecessary problems. Enhancing clients’ self-care by promoting their legal literacy is a central strategy for this purpose. Changing how documents are framed and presented is another. We propose a new mindset for lawyers, with a focus on the users and on using the law for the advancement of the common good. With this mindset, it becomes natural to look for skills and tools to present legal information in more engaging and actionable ways. Design patterns offer a way to identify and share such tools, for the benefit of lawyers and clients alike.

In software development for people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), it is necessary to consider specific design aspects that enable the use of web and mobile applications by such users. However, only a small part of current websites and applications is adequately designed considering the needs of these users. In this paper, we extracted quality user interface attributes regarding autistic users from guidelines found in human computer interaction literature. Based on these attributes, and through the analysis of real applications specifically designed for autistic users found in Brazil, we created new design patterns presenting practitioners with problems, solutions and examples in order to support the development of more appropriate user interfaces for ASD users. We evaluated these patterns from the point of view of practitioners involved in caring for autistic people and software engineers working in projects for autistic end-users. The results provide indicators of the usefulness and understandability of the proposed patterns, while allowing to identify improvement opportunities in their description. By providing a new set of user interface design patterns, we aim to contribute to the development of more accessible mobile and web applications for users with ASD.

This work aims to transfer design attributes and styles within and across visual documents such as slides, graphic designs, and non-photorealistic renderings. Consistent style across elements is a hallmark of good graphic design. Many visual stylistic design patterns exist throughout visualizations, presentations, and interactive media experiences (games, visual novels). These patterns often exist in visual style guides, brand guides, and concept art. However, except for structured document layouts (e.g., HTML/CSS), design tools often do not enforce consistent style decisions or must be manually maintained. Synchronizing style guides and designs require significant effort, discouraging exploration and the mixing of new ideas. This work introduces algorithms that recognize implicit patterns and structures in visual documents along with interfaces that let designers operate on these patterns, specifically, to view and apply design changes across pattern instances flexibly. The key benefits of visual redesign through implicit patterns are: (1) removing any dependence on upfront formal style declarations, (2) enabling extraction and distribution of implicit visual patterns, and (3) facilitating the exploration of novel visual design concepts through the mixing of styles.

The Pattern Language is an organized and coherent set of patterns, each of which describes a problem and the core of a solution that can be used in many ways within a specific field of expertise.

Background The semantic interoperability of health care information has been a critical challenge in medical informatics and has influenced the integration, sharing, analysis, and use of medical big data. International standard organizations have developed standards, approaches, and models to improve and implement semantic interoperability. The openEHR approach—one of the standout semantic interoperability approaches—has been implemented worldwide to improve semantic interoperability based on reused archetypes. Objective This study aimed to verify the feasibility of implementing semantic interoperability in different countries by comparing the openEHR-based information models of 2 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) registries from China and New Zealand. Methods A semantic archetype comparison method was proposed to determine the semantics reuse degree of reused archetypes in 2 ACS-related clinical registries from 2 countries. This method involved (1) determining the scope of reused archetypes; (2) identifying corresponding data items within corresponding archetypes; (3) comparing the semantics of corresponding data items; and (4) calculating the number of mappings in corresponding data items and analyzing results. Results Among the related archetypes in the two ACS-related, openEHR-based clinical registries from China and New Zealand, there were 8 pairs of reusable archetypes, which included 89 pairs of corresponding data items and 120 noncorresponding data items. Of the 89 corresponding data item pairs, 87 pairs (98%) were mappable and therefore supported semantic interoperability, and 71 pairs (80%) were labeled as “direct mapping” data items. Of the 120 noncorresponding data items, 114 (95%) data items were generated via archetype evolution, and 6 (5%) data items were generated via archetype localization. Conclusions The results of the semantic comparison between the two ACS-related clinical registries prove the feasibility of establishing the semantic interoperability of health care data from different countries based on the openEHR approach. Archetype reuse provides data on the degree to which semantic interoperability exists when using the openEHR approach. Although the openEHR community has effectively promoted archetype reuse and semantic interoperability by providing archetype modeling methods, tools, model repositories, and archetype design patterns, the uncontrolled evolution of archetypes and inconsistent localization have resulted in major challenges for achieving higher levels of semantic interoperability.

Design patterns as introduced by Christopher Alexander and colleagues are proposed in this paper as a means of guiding building designers through the often complex processes of low-carbon building design. The patterns are intended to be integrated into the Building Information Modelling (BIM) environments that are increasingly used in architectural and building engineering design practice, where patterns provide relevant information at appropriate times, carrying out environmental analyses as required, both as selected by the building designer and automatically. The paper provides examples of patterns from some of the various domains and disciplines that encompass low-carbon design of the built environment, as a means of exploring whether patterns could facilitate communication between those domains and disciplines. The focus is on low-carbon building design and building simulation, but patterns used in computer science and interface and interaction design are also discussed as these fit well with the object-oriented environment of contemporary software design and BIM systems.

Blockchain is a disruptive technology that offers a secure decentralized network, and allows for direct transactions between distributed entities, without the need for a trusted third party. Smart contracts are executable codes hosted on the blockchain and enable the implementation of several decentralized applications, in different domains. However, due to the complexity of contract construction, it is necessary to seek ways to facilitate and make this innovative development process robust. This paper presents Gifflar, a framework for generating smart contract code on the fly, in such a way that it allows a system to write, compile and implement blockchain contracts with a decentralized application still running. Gifflar is structured in components that implement design patterns to better define the responsibility of each one of the parts and exports a simple interaction module for contract modeling in JSON and automatic code writing using the TypeScript language. As far as we know, this framework is one of the first to generate contracts dynamically at run time. Thus, the work contributes to the state of the art by addressing a new paradigm, where systems can act as smart contract developers.

With the reform and opening up and the improvement of the national economy, globalization and internationalization are affecting us step by step. Especially in terms of fashion design, our local Chinese designers use Western elements and traditional Chinese symbols in the fashion design patterns to design trendy clothing. However, various complicated elements and symbols need to be sorted and selected to be better used. Therefore, this article studies a method of using computer image processing technology to solve this historical problem for fashion designers. According to the survey report, women buy three times as many clothes as men each quarter; more than 50% of people like cute animal images such as cats and dogs, and small fresh patterns such as daisies are only favored by young women. With the use of computer image processing technology explored in this article, fashion designers can design exquisite clothing more easily.

GoF Design Patterns (DPs) are optimal solutions for several recurring problems in software development. As maintenance accounts for a massive amount of development costs, understanding the impact of DPs on maintainability is key to decide whether their benefits outweigh their costs. To test the hypothesis that the Strategy DP impacts maintainability, we carried out a quasi-experiment with 19 final-year undergraduate students. Participants performed enhancement tasks in two identical versions of Java classes that differed only in that a version implemented the Strategy DP whereas another version did not. As recommended in the literature, we used effectiveness as a representative proxy of maintainability and correctness as a measure of effectiveness. We found a statistically significant correctness change between treatments. Moreover, the effect size shows that a participant is 47.7 percentage points more likely to succeed when the Strategy DP is not used. Conversely, a participant is 5.5 times more likely to fail when the DP is introduced. Unlike most related studies, our findings suggest that the Strategy DP may reduce software maintainability although these findings need to be confirmed by independent and extended replications.

The integration of principles such as transparency and auditability in AI-systems is a challenging endeavour. The demand for guiding concepts is to be not too high-level and not too specific at the same time. In this paper, I will introduce design patterns as a promising method to meet this demand and as a guidance for the implementation of transparency and auditability in sociotechnical AI-systems. This will include the history of design patterns in urban planning and software engineering, as well as their distinguishing features. In extension to this, I outline a pattern approach for responsible AI-systems in a democratic society. This includes a sketch of possible design patterns for transparent and auditable AI-systems. Some early challenges and open questions are discussed at the end, together with the conclusion.

International audience; Variability-rich object-oriented systems are often not organized as fully-fledged software product lines, and implement their variability in a single code base using the mechanisms provided by the supporting language (e.g., inheritance overloading, design patterns). This makes variability identification and management very difficult. In this half-day tutorial open to both academics and industrials, we present how the symfinder toolchain can help one to better understand how variability is implemented in a single codebase Java system, relying solely on a specific code analysis and an adapted visualization. After presenting the underlying concepts on which symfinder is based (i.e., symmetries in code, density), the participants will be able to use the toolchain and visualize the potential variation points and variants identified by symfinder in their own projects or in provided large-scale open-source projects.

It is important to investigate effects of different interface designs not only for small sample systems but also for large real-world applications. However, it is not always possible for researchers to get direct access to these applications or relevant user data. Studies investigating possible negative effects such as keeping users occupied longer or making them spent more money might not get the consent of the application’s creator. We present a technical architecture and an open source implementation to conduct comparative studies on external apps by enabling researchers to turn specific interface elements on and off. The current implementation requires that the target app is available as a web app and that the study participants access it through a custom Android app. While the framework is not limited to a certain app, we use Instagram as an example and present results from a proof-of-concept study showcasing the framework.

Cybersecurity has become a crucial challenge in the automotive sector. At the current stage, the framework described by the ISO/SAE 21434 is insufficient to derive concrete methods for the design of secure automotive networked embedded systems on the supplier level. This article describes a case study with actionable steps for designing secure systems and systematically eliciting traceable cybersecurity requirements to address this gap. The case study is aligned with the ISO/SAE 21434 standard and can provide the basis for integrating cybersecurity engineering into company-specific processes and practice specifications. Web of Science 27 8 849 830

Design patterns refer to reusable program solutions that aim to solve similar design problem during development process. The good practise of using patterns is encouraged and efforts have to be taken to knowledge on design patterns. We use a decorator pattern to improving a web application. Web application is implemented using HTML language, ASP.NET, and C#.