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This work investigates continued and persistent wage disparity between women and men in the U.S. labor market and seeks to identify the main cause of this phenomenon. Statistics are provided to demonstrate that although female participation in the paid workforce has Increased, overall women's wages relative to men's has not. Using the latest statistics, this study argues that occupational gender segregation is a fact in the job market and one of the major causes of wage disparity between two genders. The author contends that job segregation itself is a by product of social values and especially the early socialization of children in society. This work explores how social values influence and formulate the content and process of socialization in children's early education. The childhood socialization phenomenon, including its significance, origin and primary agents, as well as its relationship with job segregation, is examined in depth. In conclusion, this study advocates policy changes in order to achieve a non-gender based wage system in the labor market. It argues that wage fairness is achievable in the long-term through careful planning., Dramatic increase in the labor force participation of women is the single most outstanding phenomenon in the United States' labor market. This phenomenon has significant effects on every aspect of [...]

A study provides an overview of the history of the concept of efficiency, and the evolution of its meaning over the centuries to be predominantly understood now as etechnical efficiencyE. The study emphasizes that efficiency in public administration, which needs to be evaluated in the context of public values, should be regained as its core value from the generally practiced concept of technical efficiency.

The analysis of the causality and proximity of values in the values hierarchy, to identify the impediments to the study of public values, is presented.

Abstract Catholic Social Teaching offers a distinctive view of the human person, one which is often in conflict with the perspective of the American economic system. This article will demonstrate [...]

The leadership values that are necessary to lead an organization to success are listed. Increased service to others, a holistic approach to work, building a sense of community at work place and a wider sharing of power in decision-making are essential for a leader for gaining confidence of subordinates.

British and German electroplaters compared In a study to determine whether structural characteristics such as size of subcontract metal finisher and difference in customer size to finisher size play any [...]

Values are the force behind any business organization's culture, vision and mission. These basic principles shaping human behavior are enduring, but their application tends to change through the years. A method that has been developed to help organizations discover their values was piloted at the Barnsley Alcohol and Drug Discovery Service. This approach entails 10 steps, including introducing the concept of values to the organization, making a list of both positive and negative value words, asking organizational members to choose six values from the list that best describe their perceived values of the organization, and dividing people into groups to determine differences of perception. The participants are also asked to discuss among themselves what they would like their values to be. The final step is implementation, which should result in values turning into behavior, goals and measures.

Byline: Ronald J. Alsop Every week, two or three studies about lagging employee engagement cross my desk. But in analyzing this pervasive problem, rarely do the reports mention the significance [...]

A study uses the Christian idea of personalism to examine the problems in management theory, which is based on incomplete assumptions of human nature, thought and action as being self-interested only. Findings suggest that the practical wisdom of personalism in considering human beings as being self-interested as well as self-giving can be effectively integrated in the development of management theory.

A sample of 539 secular Israeli teachers in 20 secular schools is examined and findings showed that commitment has weak relationship with employees' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and in-role performance. Other details on the findings and implications of the study are provided.

Teens cultivate it. Marketers chase it. Despite attempts to capture it, 'coolness' is, in essence, a stream of youth-generated preferences continuously reshaping fashion and culture. It's nothing if not elusive [...]

US probability samples of 2,264 adults in 1976 and a mail panel survey of 997 respondents in 1986 are compared to chart changes in values choices. Areas of concern addressed include: self-respect, security, warm relationships, sense of accomplishment, self-fulfillment, being well respected, sense of belonging, and fun-enjoyment-excitement. US shifts in social attitudes and values are discussed. These shifts are important to advertising because they represent possible changes in consumer needs. Working women place increased emphasis on relationships. The expressed need for self-fulfillment has declined and has been replaced by a need for relationships, fun, and enjoyment in life among persons under age 30. People between ages 40 and 49 also stress accomplishment and deemphasize security and sense of belonging. Survey participants over 50 also stress relationships and accomplishment over being well-respected or feelings of belonging.

What is the most important thing in your life? If you and I were face to face right now and I asked you that question, you'd probably promptly reply with [...]

The concept of intrinsic brands and the social and lifestyles values associated with these brands is discussed.

Business executives would be well-advised to put on the conceptual glasses of a skilled carpenter or silversmith in order to read the road map of American values accurately and profitably. [...]

The marketing environment is expected to be drastically transformed by society's changing value system, the rapid pace of technological innovations and the increasing integration of media vehicles. Americans are placing greater importance on family values, on leisure and personal satisfaction, and on making a contribution to society. They are also more informed and expect more direct interaction with manufacturers due to advances in communication technologies. The third trend, media integration, is also affecting American consumers in terms of the way they are receiving media messages. Because of these three emerging trends, marketers may have to exert more effort on brand positioning, pay closer attention to how technology is leveling the playing field, become more sensitive to the consumers' desire for information, and recognize the value of interactive communication.