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Are self-aware leaders more effective? Are self-aware workers more productive and satisfied? Studies of self-awareness, which have been undertaken in a range of fields, have implications for a wide...

Our review of control–trust research reveals that although scholars have advanced our understanding of these dynamics in significant ways, many important questions remain to be answered about these...

We introduce a solid state high throughput screening (ssHTS) imaging modality that uses a novel Newtonian telescope design to image multiple spatially separated samples without moving parts or robotics. Conventional high-throughput imaging modalities either require movement of the sample to the focal plane of the imaging system1–3 or movement of the imaging system itself4,5, or use a wide-field approach to capture several samples in one frame. Schemes which move the sample or the imaging system can be mechanically complex and are inherently slow, while wide-field imaging systems have poor light collection efficiency and resolution compared to systems that image a single sample at a given time point. Our proposed ssHTS system uses a large parabolic reflector and an imaging lenses positioned at their focal distances above each sample. A fast LED array sequentially illuminate samples to generate images that are captured with a single camera placed at the focal point of the reflector. This optical configuration allows each sample to completely fill a sensors field of view. Since each LED illuminates a single sample and LED switch times are very fast, images from spatially separated samples can be captured at rates limited only by the camera’s frame rate. The system is demonstrated by imaging cardiac monolayer and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) preparations.

Background We compared Kaposi sarcoma (KS) risk in adults who started antiretroviral therapy (ART) across the Asia-Pacific, South Africa, Europe, Latin, and North America. Methods We included cohort data of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults who started ART after 1995 within the framework of 2 large collaborations of observational HIV cohorts. We present incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). Results We included 208140 patients from 57 countries. Over a period of 1066572 person-years, 2046 KS cases were diagnosed. KS incidence rates per 100000 person-years were 52 in the Asia-Pacific and ranged between 180 and 280 in the other regions. KS risk was 5 times higher in South African women (aHR, 4.56; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 2.73-7.62) than in their European counterparts, and 2 times higher in South African men (2.21; 1.34-3.63). In Europe, Latin, and North America KS risk was 6 times higher in men who have sex with men (aHR, 5.95; 95% CI, 5.09-6.96) than in women. Comparing patients with current CD4 cell counts ≥700 cells/µL with those whose counts were

Communicating patient information at shift change is a time-honoured nursing tradition. Historically referred to as ‘giving report’, the methods and information shared during nursing handoffs varied widely in modality (eg, face to face or through audio recordings), location (eg, in the break room, unit work centre or bedside) and format (eg, notes, formatted document or electronic health record). Although the shift change handoff process has evolved to increasingly emphasise face-to-face exchange and required data elements, variability persists,1 and the shift transition remains a vulnerable time for patients. Shift changes generally, and the nursing handoff specifically, create gaps in care where errors may occur. In this issue of BMJ Quality and Safety , Starmer and colleagues2 describe a framework, IPASS, to bridge this gap. IPASS stands for I llness severity; P atient summary, A ction list; S ituation awareness and contingency planning; and S ynthesis by receiver. IPASS is a handoff improvement bundle that provides a standardised structure to the information exchanged at shift change. This work joins a growing literature that demonstrates the positive effects gained from standardising communication content and delivery methods.3 The IPASS bundle was initially studied in paediatric residents across the USA4 and was adapted by Starmer et al 2 for use by nurses in a paediatric intensive care unit. These researchers found that implementation of this bundle increased the frequency, quality and efficiency of key handoff elements, including fewer interruptions during nursing shift change.2 Collectively, these findings suggest that …

This chapter reflects trust as an important and vibrant field of study, both in terms of what has already been done, but more significantly in the fruitful future research agendas. There are matters likely to require far more sophisticated thought if trust researchers are to meet the challenges that accompany greater use of dynamic and longitudinal study and so devise far more rigourous designs. This research has heralded new directions for further empirical study. Such work is, however, likely to produce interesting debates regarding the objective assessment of levels of trust and distrust and individuals' subsequent subjective decisions and actions which Bies and colleagues explore. Developments in technology have revolutionized both the convenience and the level of intrusion of data gathering. New applications, such as apps on a mobile phone, but also miniaturization of technology, are likely to ease dynamic biographical and attitudinal measurement, and so enable significant inroads into the study of dynamics.

In this study, we use a series of computational models to investigate an information processing perspective on organizational control use. We evaluate and compare the information processing capabilities of various formal and informal control configurations under different information uncertainty conditions. We find that a wide range of formal controls can be used to direct subordinates performing interdependent tasks while a more narrow range of informal controls are most effective for directing subordinates who perform complex tasks. Results of this study provide a basis for formalizing an information processing perspective on organizational control implementation that differs but is complementary to the current emphasis on agency in organizational control research.

Traditionally, neoclassical economics, which assumes that people rationally maximize their self-interest, has strongly influenced public and private sector policymaking and implementation. Today, policymakers increasingly appreciate the applicability of the behavioral sciences, which advance a more realistic and complex view of individual, group, and organizational behavior. In this article, we summarize differences between traditional economic and behavioral approaches to policy. We take stock of reasons economists have been so successful in influencing policy and examine cases in which behavioral scientists have had substantial impact. We emphasize the benefits of a problem-driven approach and point to ways to more effectively bridge the gap between behavioral science and policy, with the goal of increasing both supply of and demand for behavioral insights in policymaking and practice.

The central focus of the symposium is an exploration of perceptions of the self and others, with an emphasis on sources of bias and discrepancies. Thus far, self-perceptions and other-perceptions h...

Courage is important for individuals and organizations. It assists ethical behavior in the face of risks and challenges, but more than that it plays a role in individuals’ interpersonal relationshi...

We investigate the organizational pursuit of seemingly impossible goals—commonly known as stretch goals. Building from our analysis of the mechanisms through which stretch goals could influence organizational learning and performance, we offer a contingency framework evaluating which organizations are positioned to benefit from such extreme goals and which are most likely to pursue them. We conclude that stretch goals are, paradoxically, most seductive for organizations that can least afford the risks associated with them.

Although leadership emergence has attracted substantial scholarly interest, the scope of prior work has been limited by assumptions that portray emergence as an individual process and equate it wit...

Each paper in this symposium seeks to enrich the discussion revolving around building and rebuilding trust. The opportunity to track trust over time in a dynamic fashion allowed Dirks, Sweeney, Dimotakis, and Woodruff to ask new questions and provide new insights beyond focusing only on the level of trust at a given point in time. Kristal, Wang, and Levine propose a counterintuitive argument of when inconsistency in behavior may still build trust: through signaling compassion. In contrast to the majority of the literature that rightfully calls for the trustees to take action to repair trust, Lee, Dai, and Dirks consider how trustors might take lead following fresh starts, independent the initial actions of the trustees. Gillespie, Anesa, Healy, and Hornsey, through interviews with their senior leaders, examine how not-for-profit organizations may rebuild trust with their stakeholders following a violation. Together, these papers consider what fosters perceptions of trustworthiness, as well as what can be ...

This research examines data collected as part of a 10-year case study of the creation and evolution of organizational control during organizational founding. Past research has taken a cross-sectional approach to examining control use in mature, stable organizations. In contrast, this study examines organizational controls during the founding period and takes a longitudinal perspective on organizational control. By examining how organizational controls are created and evolve through specific phases of the founding period, the research also provides new data and insights about what drives shifts in the use of various types of control. Specifically, this research sheds light on the role of imbalance among formal and informal controls as the key driver of shifts in control configurations, and provides a step toward making organizational control theory more dynamic.

This article provides theoretical and operational groundwork that will facilitate renewed critical interest in developing control configurations during organizational founding. The real opportunity...

National boundaries are often the lines in the sand between the trusted “usx and the distrusted “them.x Alternatively, national boundaries can be transformed into sites of collaboration...

Summary This paper is an empirically grounded essay about the current stare of organizational behavior (GB) research and productive future directions. We report the results of a survey of GB scholars about the current importance of various research topics and their importance in an ideal world. Wecompare the survey responses with an archival analysis of papers published in leading GB journals over a 10-year period. We suggest that many of the topics that our respondents perceive to be ‘under researched’ can be summarized with one particular definition of GB that emphasizes organizing behavior. Considering all three definitions together, we highlight the limitations of the traditional (Big-B and Contextualized-B) definitions and discuss the benefits of a more organizational (Big-O) approach. Copyright ~ 2001John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Our task is to adopt a multidisciplinary view of trust within and between firms, in an effort to synthesize and give insight into a fundamental construct of organizational science. We seek to identify the shared understandings of trust across disciplines, while recognizing that the divergent meanings scholars bring to the study of trust also can add value.

Drawing on the organizational trust literature and research on postmerger integration, the authors develop a model that conceptually synthesizes the antecedents and consequences of trust in acquired organizations. The model proposes that the acquiring and target firms' relationship history, the interfirm distance, and the acquirer's integration approach will affect target firm member trust in the acquiring firm's management. Target firm member trust, in turn, may influence several sociocultural integration outcomes as well as postacquisition performance. The results of a case survey suggest that certain aspects of the relationship history and interfirm distance, such as the firms' collaboration history and preacquisition performance differences, are poor predictors of trust, whereas integration process variables, such as speed of integration, communication quality, and acquirer multiculturalism are major factors infl uencing trust. The implications for postmerger integration research and practice are discussed.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has focused increased attention on catastrophic illnesses in the workplace, and because of the stigmas associated with HIV/AIDS, it raises three primary concerns for organizations: (1) organizational avoidance of legal sanctions and litigation; (2) the maintenance of organizational legitimacy; and (3) organizational protection of employee rights. Although many organizations adopt legalistic responses to cope with these concerns, the analysis presented in this article suggests that while legalistic approaches function well to protect organizational interests in terms of both legal liability and legitimacy, the are only partially able to protect employee rights. Drawing upon the limited literature on HIV/AIDS in the workplace, this article presents an agenda for future research on organizational responses to HIV/AIDS.

Organizations frequently adopt formal rules, contracts, or other legalistic mechanisms when interpersonal trust is lacking. But recent research has shown such legalistic “remedies” for trust-related problems to be ineffective in restoring trust. To explain this apparent ineffectiveness, this paper outlines a theory that distinguishes two dimensions of trust—task-specific reliability and value congruence—and shows how legalistic mechanisms respond only to reliability concerns, while ignoring value-related concerns. Organizational responses to employees with HIV/AIDS are used as a case illustration that supports the theory's major propositions. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research.

Organization scholars have long acknowledged that control processes are integral to the way in which organizations function. While control theory research spans many decades and draws on several rich traditions, theoretical limitations have kept it from generating consistent and interpretable empirical findings and from reaching consensus concerning the nature of key relationships. This book reveals how we can overcome such problems by synthesising diverse, yet complementary, streams of control research into a theoretical framework and empirical tests that more fully describe how types of control mechanisms (e.g., the use of rules, norms, direct supervision or monitoring) aimed at particular control targets (e.g., input, behavior, output) are applied within particular types of control systems (i.e., market, clan, bureaucracy, integrative). Written by a team of distinguished scholars, this book not only sheds light on the long-neglected phenomenon of organizational control, it also provides important directions for future research.

My own work reflects an attempt to understand organizational processes as, at their core, the process of pursuing or facilitating sense-making. Organizational members make sense of complex, changing conditions. Organizational systems and organizational leaders can be seen as serving the role of facilitating or impeding sense-making (Sitkin, Lind, & Siang, 2006).

Most previous research concerning communication media choke in organizations has stressed the capacity of media to convey data. More recently, scholars have examined the capacity of media to convey and manifest meaning. Rarely have both functions been considered concurrently. In this artcle, a model is proposed that not only permits the simultaneous examination of these two functions but reflects that media use is influenced by characteristics of the task, individual and organizational capability constraints, and normative factors. By exploring the implications of this expanded dual-capacity perspective, a more encompassing theory of the determinants of communkation media use in organizations is proposed.

This chapter discusses why employees keep their knowledge to themselves. Despite managers’ best efforts, many employees tend to hoard knowledge or are reluctant to share their expertise with coworkers or managers. Although many firms have introduced specialized initiatives to encourage a broader dissemination of ideas and knowledge among organizational members, these initiatives often fail. This chapter provides reasons as to why this is so. Instead of focusing on why individuals might share their knowledge, however, we explain why individuals keep their knowledge to themselves. Multiple perspectives are offered, including social exchange, norms of secrecy, and territorial behaviors.

Objective The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) Study is examining the effects of long-term fibrate therapy on coronary heart disease (CHD) event rates in patients with diabetes mellitus. This article describes the trial's run-in phase and patients' baseline characteristics. Research design and methods FIELD is a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 63 centres in 3 countries evaluating the effects of fenofibrate versus placebo on CHD morbidity and mortality in 9795 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients were to have no indication for lipid-lowering therapy on randomization, but could start these or other drugs at any time after randomization. Follow-up in the study was to be for a median duration of not less than 5 years and until 500 major coronary events (fatal coronary heart disease plus nonfatal myocardial infarction) had occurred. Results About 2100 patients (22%) had some manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline and thus high risk status. Less than 25% of patients without CVD had a (UKPDS determined) calculated 5-year CHD risk of 30), most were men, two-thirds were aged over 60 years, and substantial proportions had NCEP ATP III features of the metabolic syndrome independent of their diabetes, including low HDL (60%), high blood pressure measurement or treatment for hypertension (84%), high waist measurement (68%), and raised triglycerides (52%). After a 6-week run-in period before randomisation with all participants receiving 200 mg comicronized fenofibrate, there were declines in total and LDL cholesterol (10%) and triglycerides (26%) and an increase in HDL cholesterol (6.5%). Conclusion The study will show the effect of PPAR-alpha agonist action on CHD and other vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes including substantial numbers with low to moderate CVD risk but with the various components of the metabolic syndrome. The main results of the study will be reported in late 2005.

Consistent with the theme of the Academy of Management meeting this year, we are proposing a symposium which investigates the power of words within a relatively unique context—the world of sport. We suggest that sport, while being a relatively unique context, provides an advantageous lens with which to address how words “facilitate or hinder the outcomes that various organizational stakeholders seek” (AOM 2014 Meeting Call). The overarching theme to be addressed by each panelist is the “power of words” in influencing seminal determinants of team/organizational performance. More specifically, the panelists will address the following, moving from micro to more macro, matters: -the power of coaches’ half-time speeches--what leads to the best results, is it hell & brimstone and/or Xs and Os (technical) speeches?; -how a coach can be strategic, and at times purposefully imprecise, in the use of words to convey important messages, especially when communicating across generations and cultures; -the power of word...

This paper reports on a field study in which pharmacists had to decide whether to fill a potentially erroneous prescription, and how much information to share with their client about the prescription. The study examined the extent to which the pharmacists relied upon professional, organizational, and legal accounts in explaining their actions to clients. The pharmacists faced a prototypical professional dilemma in balancing the client's desire for information and treatment, professional and organizational standards of conduct, physician's desire for collegial protection, and multiparty interest in legal liabilities (i.e., the pharmacist, their employer, the physician). By examining how these professionals resolved this dilemma, the study contributes to our understanding of how individuals are able to draw selectively on a variety of institutionalized norms to make their potentially questionable actions appear more just.

A brief review of the literature relating to roentgenographic cephalometry has been presented. Particular emphasis has been given to the recent work of Cave, and his so-called precision method has been evaluated. If grossly unsatisfactory roentgenograms are excluded—and we are of the opinion that such roentgenograms can usually be excluded—accurate measurements of diameters of the fetal skull in the uterus to within ±6.6 per cent can be obtained by this method in approximately 85 per cent of the cases. In the case of measurements of fetal skulls adjudged to be of grade A in the roentgenogram, accuracy to within ±5.5 per cent was consistently obtained (92 per cent). We believe that a simple, inexpensive, and relatively precise technique of roentgenographic cephalometry might well represent a helpful adjunct in the management of suspected cephalopelvic disproportion in the primigravid woman for whom a trial of labor has been planned and a fetal development above the average is suspected. Although this method, in our limited experience, does not seem to be a method of precision, it is certainly deserving of further investigation.