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BACKGROUND To describe the pattern of gestational weight gain (GWG), derive reference centiles for GWG specific to North Indian population, and to compare the weight gain across different periods of gestation with the INTERGROWTH-21st reference. METHODS A prospective pregnancy (GARBH-Ini) cohort was initiated and followed between May 2015 and June 2019 in a district hospital, Gurguram, North India. GWG centile curves were modelled by Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape method (n = 2844) and compared with INTERGROWTH-21st reference. The independent association of GWG with biological and social predictors was assessed using multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS Percentiles (3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th) for each completed week from 18-40 weeks of gestation were derived from smoothed centile curves. The median GWG across pregnancy during specific antenatal visits was 1.29 at 18, 4.44 at 26, 5.8 at 30 and 9.06 kg at 40 weeks of gestation. Nearly 26% of participants had GWG

Objective Sepsis is a major cause of neonatal mortality. The gold standard for diagnosis is blood culture which suffers from low sensitivity and huge turn-around time. Flow cytometry has been extensively applied to malignant disorders and is an upcoming tool for diagnosis of nonmalignant disorders due to its rapidity and accuracy in detecting cells, cell products, and their functional states. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of flow cytometric expression of neutrophil CD64, monocyte human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR) and CD16 in diagnosis in suspected preterm neonates. Study Design In total, 100 preterm neonates with clinical signs of sepsis were enrolled in the study. Blood culture, C-reactive protein (CRP) and flow cytometry for nCD64, mHLA-DR, and mCD16 were performed. The neonates were divided into two groups: culture positive and culture negative and CRP and flow cytometric findings compared. ROC analysis was performed to determine the best cut-off for nCD64, mHLA-DR, and mCD16 values along with estimation of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Probability of Results Out of the 100 enrolled neonates, 34 (34%) were culture positive. CRP was not found to be significantly different in the two groups. Expression of nCD64 (p = 0.03) was significantly upregulated in the blood culture positive cases with a cut-off mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) value = 4.72 and sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 52%. Expression of mCD16 (p = 0.02) was also upregulated in the blood culture positive cases with a cut-off MFI value = 4.9, with sensitivity of 41%, specificity of 83%. Conclusion The study concluded that nCD64 and mCD16 can be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis with a high sensitivity and specificity. Key Points

BACKGROUND In preterm neonates, enteral feeding is advanced slowly, considering the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Prolonged intravenous alimentation in these neonates, however, may increase the risk of sepsis-related morbidity and mortality, particularly in low resource settings. OBJECTIVES Objective of this was study to evaluate impact of aggressive enteral feeding on mortality and morbidities among preterm neonates. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Neonates with birthweight 750-1250 g. INTERVENTIONS 131 preterm neonates with birth weight 750-1250 g, admitted to neonatal intensive care unit between April 2012 and June 2014, were randomized to aggressive feeding or conservative feeding regimen. OUTCOMES The primary outcome of the study was all-cause mortality during hospital stay. The secondary outcomes included proportion of sepsis (blood culture proven), necrotizing enterocolitis, feed intolerance, survival without major morbidity at discharge, time to reach full enteral feed (180 mL/kg/d), duration of hospitalization, and average daily weight gain (g/kg). RESULTS All-cause mortality was 33.3% in aggressive regimen and 43.1% in conservative regimen, [RR (95%) CI 0.77 (0.49, 1.20)]. Neonates with aggressive feeding regimen reached full enteral feed earlier; median (IQR) 7 (6, 8) days compared to conservative regimen, 10 (9, 14) days; P

Summary Background Malnutrition is a major contributor to disease burden in India. To inform subnational action, we aimed to assess the disease burden due to malnutrition and the trends in its indicators in every state of India in relation to Indian and global nutrition targets. Methods We analysed the disease burden attributable to child and maternal malnutrition, and the trends in the malnutrition indicators from 1990 to 2017 in every state of India using all accessible data from multiple sources, as part of Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017. The states were categorised into three groups using their Socio-demographic Index (SDI) calculated by GBD on the basis of per capita income, mean education, and fertility rate in women younger than 25 years. We projected the prevalence of malnutrition indicators for the states of India up to 2030 on the basis of the 1990–2017 trends for comparison with India National Nutrition Mission (NNM) 2022 and WHO and UNICEF 2030 targets. Findings Malnutrition was the predominant risk factor for death in children younger than 5 years of age in every state of India in 2017, accounting for 68·2% (95% UI 65·8–70·7) of the total under-5 deaths, and the leading risk factor for health loss for all ages, responsible for 17·3% (16·3–18·2) of the total disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The malnutrition DALY rate was much higher in the low SDI than in the middle SDI and high SDI state groups. This rate varied 6·8 times between the states in 2017, and was highest in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, and Rajasthan. The prevalence of low birthweight in India in 2017 was 21·4% (20·8–21·9), child stunting 39·3% (38·7–40·1), child wasting 15·7% (15·6–15·9), child underweight 32·7% (32·3–33·1), anaemia in children 59·7% (56·2–63·8), anaemia in women 15–49 years of age 54·4% (53·7–55·2), exclusive breastfeeding 53·3% (51·5–54·9), and child overweight 11·5% (8·5–14·9). If the trends estimated up to 2017 for the indicators in the NNM 2022 continue in India, there would be 8·9% excess prevalence for low birthweight, 9·6% for stunting, 4·8% for underweight, 11·7% for anaemia in children, and 13·8% for anaemia in women relative to the 2022 targets. For the additional indicators in the WHO and UNICEF 2030 targets, the trends up to 2017 would lead to 10·4% excess prevalence for wasting, 14·5% excess prevalence for overweight, and 10·7% less exclusive breastfeeding in 2030. The prevalence of malnutrition indicators, their rates of improvement, and the gaps between projected prevalence and targets vary substantially between the states. Interpretation Malnutrition continues to be the leading risk factor for disease burden in India. It is encouraging that India has set ambitious targets to reduce malnutrition through NNM. The trends up to 2017 indicate that substantially higher rates of improvement will be needed for all malnutrition indicators in most states to achieve the Indian 2022 and the global 2030 targets. The state-specific findings in this report indicate the effort needed in each state, which will be useful in tracking and motivating further progress. Similar subnational analyses might be useful for other low-income and middle-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

Early childhood development (ECD) refers to the physical, motor, socio-emotional, cognitive, and linguistic development of a young child. The 'Countdown to 2030' global distribution of 'children at risk of poor development' indicates the need for urgent action and investment in ECD. Nurturing care enhances ECD, even in the presence of adversities. Strategic actions should exist at multiple levels: the family, community, health care providers and government. Previously, child health related policies and programs of the Government of India functioned in isolation, but have recently started demonstrating multi-sectoral collaboration. Nonetheless, the status of ECD in India is far from optimal. There is strong evidence that parenting programs improve outcomes related to ECD. This is dependent on key programmatic areas (timing, duration, frequency, intensity, modality, content, etc.), in addition to political will, funding, partnership, and plans for scaling up. Each country must implement its unique ECD program that is need-based and customized to their stakeholder community. Barriers like inadequate sensitization of the community and low competency of health care providers need to be overcome. IAP firmly believes that responsive parenting interventions revolving around nurturing care should be incorporated in office practice. This paper outlines IAP's position on ECD, and its recommendations for pediatricians and policy makers. It also presents the roadmap in partnership with other stakeholders in maternal, neonatal, and child health; Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI), National Neonatology Forum (NNF), World Health Organization (WHO), and United Nation Children Fund (UNICEF).

Summary Background Although therapeutic hypothermia reduces death or disability after neonatal encephalopathy in high-income countries, its safety and efficacy in low-income and middle-income countries is unclear. We aimed to examine whether therapeutic hypothermia alongside optimal supportive intensive care reduces death or moderate or severe disability after neonatal encephalopathy in south Asia. Methods We did a multicountry open-label, randomised controlled trial in seven tertiary neonatal intensive care units in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. We enrolled infants born at or after 36 weeks of gestation with moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy and a need for continued resuscitation at 5 min of age or an Apgar score of less than 6 at 5 min of age (for babies born in a hospital), or both, or an absence of crying by 5 min of age (for babies born at home). Using a web-based randomisation system, we allocated infants into a group receiving whole body hypothermia (33·5°C) for 72 h using a servo-controlled cooling device, or to usual care (control group), within 6 h of birth. All recruiting sites had facilities for invasive ventilation, cardiovascular support, and access to 3 Tesla MRI scanners and spectroscopy. Masking of the intervention was not possible, but those involved in the magnetic resonance biomarker analysis and neurodevelopmental outcome assessments were masked to the allocation. The primary outcome was a combined endpoint of death or moderate or severe disability at 18–22 months, assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (third edition) and a detailed neurological examination. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02387385 . Findings We screened 2296 infants between Aug 15, 2015, and Feb 15, 2019, of whom 576 infants were eligible for inclusion. After exclusions, we recruited 408 eligible infants and we assigned 202 to the hypothermia group and 206 to the control group. Primary outcome data were available for 195 (97%) of the 202 infants in the hypothermia group and 199 (97%) of the 206 control group infants. 98 (50%) infants in the hypothermia group and 94 (47%) infants in the control group died or had a moderate or severe disability (risk ratio 1·06; 95% CI 0·87–1·30; p=0·55). 84 infants (42%) in the hypothermia group and 63 (31%; p=0·022) infants in the control group died, of whom 72 (36%) and 49 (24%; p=0·0087) died during neonatal hospitalisation. Five serious adverse events were reported: three in the hypothermia group (one hospital readmission relating to pneumonia, one septic arthritis, and one suspected venous thrombosis), and two in the control group (one related to desaturations during MRI and other because of endotracheal tube displacement during transport for MRI). No adverse events were considered causally related to the study intervention. Interpretation Therapeutic hypothermia did not reduce the combined outcome of death or disability at 18 months after neonatal encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries, but significantly increased death alone. Therapeutic hypothermia should not be offered as treatment for neonatal encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries, even when tertiary neonatal intensive care facilities are available. Funding National Institute for Health Research, Garfield Weston Foundation, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Translations For the Hindi, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Singhalese, Tamil, Marathi and Bangla translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

BackgroundHome-based newborn care has been found to reduce neonatal mortality in rural areas. Study evaluated effectiveness of home-based care delivered by specially recruited newborn care workers- Shishu Rakshak (SR) and existing workers- anganwadi workers (AWW) in reducing neonatal and infant mortality rates.MethodsThis three-arm, community-based, cluster randomised trial was conducted in five districts in India. Intervention package consisted of pregnancy surveillance, health education, care at birth, care of normal/low birthweight neonates, identification and treatment of sick neonates and young infants using oral and injectable antibiotics and community mobilisation. The package was similar in both intervention arms—SR and AWW; difference being healthcare provider. The control arm received routine health services from the existing health system. Primary outcomes were neonatal and young infant mortality rates at ‘endline’ period (2008–2009) assessed by an independent team from January to April 2010 in the study clusters.FindingsA total of 6623, 6852 and 5898 births occurred in the SR, AWW and control arms, respectively, during the endline period; the proportion of facility births were 69.0%, 64.4% and 70.6% in the three arms. Baseline mortality rates were comparable in three arms. During the endline period, the risk of neonatal mortality was 25% lower in the SR arm (adjusted OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.99); the risks of early neonatal mortality, young infant mortality and infant mortality were also lower by 32%, 27%, and 33%, respectively. The risks of neonatal, early neonatal, young infant, infant mortality in the AWW arm were not different from that of the control arm.InterpretationHome-based care is effective in reducing neonatal and infant mortality rates, when delivered by a dedicated worker, even in settings with high rates of facility births.Trial registration numberThe study was registered with Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2011/12/002181).

Background\ud To inform actions at the district level under the National Nutrition Mission (NNM), we assessed the prevalence trends of child growth failure (CGF) indicators for all districts in India and inequality between districts within the states.\ud \ud Methods\ud We assessed the trends of CGF indicators (stunting, wasting and underweight) from 2000 to 2017 across the districts of India, aggregated from 5 × 5 km grid estimates, using all accessible data from various surveys with subnational geographical information. The states were categorised into three groups using their Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels calculated as part of the Global Burden of Disease Study based on per capita income, mean education and fertility rate in women younger than 25 years. Inequality between districts within the states was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV). We projected the prevalence of CGF indicators for the districts up to 2030 based on the trends from 2000 to 2017 to compare with the NNM 2022 targets for stunting and underweight, and the WHO/UNICEF 2030 targets for stunting and wasting. We assessed Pearson correlation coefficient between two major national surveys for district-level estimates of CGF indicators in the states.\ud \ud Findings\ud The prevalence of stunting ranged 3.8-fold from 16.4% (95% UI 15.2–17.8) to 62.8% (95% UI 61.5–64.0) among the 723 districts of India in 2017, wasting ranged 5.4-fold from 5.5% (95% UI 5.1–6.1) to 30.0% (95% UI 28.2–31.8), and underweight ranged 4.6-fold from 11.0% (95% UI 10.5–11.9) to 51.0% (95% UI 49.9–52.1). 36.1% of the districts in India had stunting prevalence 40% or more, with 67.0% districts in the low SDI states group and only 1.1% districts in the high SDI states with this level of stunting. The prevalence of stunting declined significantly from 2010 to 2017 in 98.5% of the districts with a maximum decline of 41.2% (95% UI 40.3–42.5), wasting in 61.3% with a maximum decline of 44.0% (95% UI 42.3–46.7), and underweight in 95.0% with a maximum decline of 53.9% (95% UI 52.8–55.4). The CV varied 7.4-fold for stunting, 12.2-fold for wasting, and 8.6-fold for underweight between the states in 2017; the CV increased for stunting in 28 out of 31 states, for wasting in 16 states, and for underweight in 20 states from 2000 to 2017. In order to reach the NNM 2022 targets for stunting and underweight individually, 82.6% and 98.5% of the districts in India would need a rate of improvement higher than they had up to 2017, respectively. To achieve the WHO/UNICEF 2030 target for wasting, all districts in India would need a rate of improvement higher than they had up to 2017. The correlation between the two national surveys for district-level estimates was poor, with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.7 only in Odisha and four small north-eastern states out of the 27 states covered by these surveys.\ud \ud Interpretation\ud CGF indicators have improved in India, but there are substantial variations between the districts in their magnitude and rate of decline, and the inequality between districts has increased in a large proportion of the states. The poor correlation between the national surveys for CGF estimates highlights the need to standardise collection of anthropometric data in India. The district-level trends in this report provide a useful reference for targeting the efforts under NNM to reduce CGF across India and meet the Indian and global targets.\ud \ud Keywords\ud Child growth failureDistrict-levelGeospatial mappingInequalityNational Nutrition MissionPrevalenceStuntingTime trendsUnder-fiveUndernutritionUnderweightWastingWHO/UNICEF targets

To know the prevalence of hearing loss in preterm infants & to evaluate the sensitivity & specificity of otoacoustic emission (OAE) in detecting hearing loss in preterm infants ≤ 34 weeks. A total of 70 preterm babies from 28 to 34 weeks of gestational age were enrolled in the study. Detailed prenatal, perinatal, postnatal & family history and physical examination of the babies were carried out. First OAE was done at discharge or two weeks after birth, whichever was earlier and the second OAE assessment was done at 36–40 weeks of corrected age. Diagnostic brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) was done in all infants at 36–40 weeks of corrected age, at the time of second OAE. Neonates with hearing impairment were advised for early hearing aid amplification and were referred to the rehabilitation center for further management. The sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in either one of the ears was identified in 13 (18.57%) preterm babies. Bilateral profound SNHL was found in 5 (7.14%) babies. Auditory neuropathy profile was found in 7 (53.8%) out of 13 babies who had hearing loss. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of second TEOAE compared with diagnostic BERA was 46.15%, 85.96%, 42.85%, and 87.5% respectively. Neonatal jaundice (p = 0.009) and history of exchange transfusion (p = 0.019) were found to be significant risk factors of hearing loss in our study. Other risk factors like mode of delivery, birth asphyxia, low APGAR score, meningitis, ototoxic drugs, and seizures were not associated with hearing loss. The prevalence of hearing loss in preterm infants

Background Therapeutic hypothermia reduces death and disability after moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy in high-income countries and is used as standard therapy in these settings. However, the safety and efficacy of cooling therapy in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of the disease burden occurs, remains unclear. We will examine whether whole body cooling reduces death or neurodisability at 18–22 months after neonatal encephalopathy, in LMICs. Methods We will randomly allocate 408 term or near-term babies (aged ≤ 6 h) with moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy admitted to public sector neonatal units in LMIC countries (India, Bangladesh or Sri Lanka), to either usual care alone or whole-body cooling with usual care. Babies allocated to the cooling arm will have core body temperature maintained at 33.5 °C using a servo-controlled cooling device for 72 h, followed by re-warming at 0.5 °C per hour. All babies will have detailed infection screening at the time of recruitment and 3 Telsa cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy at 1–2 weeks after birth. Our primary endpoint is death or moderate or severe disability at the age of 18 months. Discussion Upon completion, HELIX will be the largest cooling trial in neonatal encephalopathy and will provide a definitive answer regarding the safety and efficacy of cooling therapy for neonatal encephalopathy in LMICs. The trial will also provide important data about the influence of co-existent perinatal infection on the efficacy of hypothermic neuroprotection. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02387385. Registered on 27 February 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2165-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A rapid and early diagnostic test to identify the encephalopathic babies at risk of adverse outcome may accelerate the development of neuroprotectants. We examined if a whole blood transcriptomic signature measured soon after birth, predicts adverse neurodevelopmental outcome eighteen months after neonatal encephalopathy. We performed next generation sequencing on whole blood ribonucleic acid obtained within six hours of birth from the first 47 encephalopathic babies recruited to the Hypothermia for Encephalopathy in Low and middle-income countries (HELIX) trial. Two infants with blood culture positive sepsis were excluded, and the data from remaining 45 were analysed. A total of 855 genes were significantly differentially expressed between the good and adverse outcome groups, of which RGS1 and SMC4 were the most significant. Biological pathway analysis adjusted for gender, trial randomisation allocation (cooling therapy versus usual care) and estimated blood leukocyte proportions revealed over-representation of genes from pathways related to melatonin and polo-like kinase in babies with adverse outcome. These preliminary data suggest that transcriptomic profiling may be a promising tool for rapid risk stratification in neonatal encephalopathy. It may provide insights into biological mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets for neuroprotection.

To evaluate the utility of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) flow velocity post feeding for predicting time to achieve full enteral feeds in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates.In this prospective cohort study preterm VLBW infants were followed until they achieved full enteral feeding.There was no significant difference between prefeed and post feed SMA flow measurements in study subjects. At baseline, it was observed that Small for gestational age (SGA) babies had a significantly lower peak systolic velocity. Time-averaged mean velocity (TAMV) was significantly lower in SGA babies at baseline, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min post feed, but there were no within-group differences noted over time.SMA blood flow velocity measured pre-feed and post-feed times do not correlate with the time to achieve full enteral feeding in very low birth weight neonates. The clinical significance of lower Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and TAMV in SGA infants is unclear.

Background: Sepsis is one of the most common causes of neonatal deaths globally. Most sepsis-related deaths occur in low-income and middle-income countries, where the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis remains poorly understood. Most of these countries lack proper surveillance networks, hampering accurate assessment of the burden of sepsis, implementation of preventive measures, and investment in research. We report results of neonates born in hospital from a multicentre collaboration on neonatal sepsis. Methods: In this cohort study, dedicated research teams prospectively followed up neonates born in one of three tertiary care centres in Delhi, India (Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College, Maulana Azad Medical College, and All India Institute of Medical Sciences [coordinating centre]) and subsequently admitted to the intensive care unit. Neonates were followed up daily until discharge or death. On clinical suspicion, neonates underwent sepsis work-up including blood cultures. The isolated organisms were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. We defined Gram-negative isolates resistant to any three of five antibiotic classes (extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and piperacillin-tazobactam) as multidrug resistant. Findings: 13 530 neonates of 88 636 livebirths were enrolled between July 18, 2011, and Feb 28, 2014. The incidence of total sepsis was 14·3% (95% CI 13·8–14·9) and of culture-positive sepsis was 6·2% (5·8–6·6). Nearly two-thirds of total episodes occurred at or before 72 h of life (defined as early onset; 1351 [83%] of 1980). Two-thirds (645 [64%]) of 1005 isolates were Gram-negative including, Acinetobacter spp (22%), Klebsiella spp (17%), and Escherichia coli (14%). The pathogen mix in early-onset sepsis did not differ from that of late-onset sepsis (ie, after 72 h). High rates of multidrug resistance were observed in Acinetobacter spp (181/222, 82%), Klebsiella spp (91/169, 54%), and Escherichia coli (52/137, 38%) isolates. Meticillin resistance prevailed in 61% (85/140) of coagulase-negative staphylococci and 38% (43/114) of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Nearly a quarter of the deaths were attributable to sepsis. The population-attributable risks of mortality were 8·6% in culture-negative sepsis, 15·7% in culture-positive sepsis by multidrug-resistant organisms, and 12·0% in culture-positive sepsis by non-multidrug-resistant organisms. Interpretation: The high incidence of sepsis and alarming degree of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens in neonates born in tertiary hospitals underscore the need to understand the pathogenesis of early-onset sepsis and to devise measures to prevent it in low-income and middle-income countries. Funding: Indian Council of Medical Research

Congenital cystic masses of the tongue even though detected prenatally are diagnostic challenge even at birth. Very rarely an intestinal duplication cyst may present in the oral cavity leading to difficulty in feeding, swallowing and breathing. These are often diagnosed by histopathologically demonstrating the presence of either gastrointestinal or respiratory epithelium or sometimes both. We present a female newborn with a swelling of the tongue in the oral cavity from birth, interfering with feeding and inability to close the mouth. The swelling was excised by total transoral resection and reconstruction of the tongue was done and confirmed as foregut duplication cyst on histopathological examination. The tongue swelling gradually subsided and the neonate was discharged.

Correlation of catch-up growth and Insulin-like Growth Factor -1 levels (IGF-I) in SGA babies. 50 Full-term Small for Gestational Age children aged 12–18 months were analyzed for Catch-up growth (gain in weight and/or length, Standard Deviation Score/SDS >0.67). IGF-1 was measured after post-glucose load using ELISA method and correlated with catch-up growth. Mean (SD) birthweight and length were 2.1 (0.3) Kg and 44.4 (3.1) cm, respectively. At enrollment, mean (SD) age, weight and length were 15.0 (2.1) months, 7.7 (1.3) Kg, and 72.9 (5.6) cm, respectively. Catch-up growth was noted in 60% children. IGF-1 levels were significantly higher in children showing catch-up growth (56.6 (63.2) ng/mL) compared to those not having catch up growth (8.7 (8.3) ng/mL). IGF-1 was positively correlated with both weight and length catch-up. Majority of Small for Gestational Age showed catch-up growth by 18 months, which had good correlation with IGF-1 levels.

RMNCH+A is a platform for delivering adolescent, maternal, newborn and child health in an integrated manner using a life cycle approach. The new initiatives under this strategy that would impact newborn health include antenatal corticosteroids in preterm labor, delayed clamping of cord at birth, skin-to-skin contact at birth and Kangaroo mother care, Family participatory care, Lactation management centers and care beyond newborn survival under the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram. Even though the coverage of many of the existing initiatives has been moderately high, there are concerns about the quality of delivery of these interventions and slow progress in the roll out of the newer interventions. Quality assurance initiative such as Dakshata and LaQshaya will also contribute to improved newborn health as we proceed towards the Sustainable development goals (SDG) 2030 targets for newborn and child survival.

Ectopic cervical thymus (ECT) is a rare cause of solid cervical mass in the pediatric age group. The location of the mass along the path of thymic descent (thymopharyngeal duct), sonographic echo pattern and MR signal intensity identical to that of normal orthotopic thymus in the anterior mediastinum help us in making a confident diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge only nine cases have been reported in infants in the literature. We present a case of ECT presenting as a right upper neck mass in a 2 month old child.

INDIAN PEDIATRICS 747 VOLUME 52__SEPTEMBER 15, 2015 At any point in fetal life, approximately 30% of the fetus’ blood volume is circulating through the placenta where all respiratory and many metabolic functions occur. At birth, allowing this blood to be redistributed to the infant provides up to 50% more iron-rich red blood cells in the circulation [1]. These red blood cells contribute to higher iron stores in infancy [2]. Placental transfusion which facilitates this blood transfer is accomplished in one of three ways: delayed cord clamping (DCC); milking the umbilical cord (UCM) before separating it from the placenta; or clamping and cutting the umbilical cord and milking after cutting (CUCM). Most studies contrast these methods to immediate cord clamping (ICC), the dominant world-wide practice. In term infants, placental transfusion can result in increased iron stores during the first 6 months of life [2]. To date, ferritin, a marker of iron stores, has not been measured in early or late preterm infants in studies of placental transfusion. Measuring ferritin is important because adequate iron is essential for normal brain development, especially during the critical first year when the most rapid brain growth occurs. A recent study of 400 Swedish term infants demonstrated that DCC increased ferritin levels by 48% at 4 months of age. At 4 years of age, those children who had a placental transfusion had higher fine motor and social-emotional scores [3]. In this issue of Indian Pediatrics, Kumar, et al. [4] are the first to report ferritin levels in late preterm infants born between 32 and 36 weeks gestational age [4]. Using CUCM with three milkings, they found ferritin levels almost double at 6 weeks of age in infants who received C-UCM (n=91) when compared to infants (n=86) who received ICC. They also report significantly higher bilirubin levels and an increased need for phototherapy in the C-UCM group. This is in direct contrast to most recent studies on placental transfusion. These important findings suggest the need for further follow-up of these children to determine long-term developmental effects and weigh risks versus benefits. There is no meta-analysis for late preterm infants with placental transfusion. Only two other studies specifically address this age group. The first examined infants between 34-36 weeks (n=41) and compared a 3-minute delay versus ICC [5]. They found higher hemoglobin levels at 1 day and 10 weeks without any difference in jaundice [5]. Ranjit, et al. [6] randomized 94 infants between 30 and 366/7 weeks to either DCC (at least 2 minutes) or ICC. They found higher hematocrit and ferritin levels at 6 weeks of age. The DCC group had longer duration of phototherapy but no difference in the incidence of significant jaundice.

Background An estimated 2.7 of the 5.9 million deaths in children under 5 years of age occur in the neonatal period. Severe infections contribute to almost a quarter of these deaths. Mortality due to severe infections in developing country settings is substantial despite antibiotic therapy. Effective interventions that can be added to standard therapy for severe infections are required to reduce case fatality. Methods/Design This is a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel group superiority trial to investigate the effect of zinc administered orally as an adjunct to standard therapy to infants aged 3 days up to 2 months (59 days) hospitalized with clinical severe infection, that will be undertaken in seven hospitals in Delhi, India and Kathmandu, Nepal. In a 1:1 ratio, we will randomly assign young infants to receive 10 mg of elemental zinc or placebo orally in addition to the standard therapy for a total of 14 days. The primary outcomes hospital case fatality, which is death due to any cause and at any time after enrolment while hospitalized for the illness episode, and extended case fatality, which encompasses the period until 12 weeks after enrolment. Discussion A previous study showed a beneficial effect of zinc in reducing the risk of treatment failure, as well as a non-significant effect on case fatality. This study was not powered to detect an effect on case fatality, which this current study is. If the results are consistent with this earlier trial, we would have provided strong evidence for recommending zinc as an adjunct to standard therapy for clinical severe infection in young infants. Trial registration Universal Trial Number: U1111-1187-6479, Clinical Trials Registry – India: CTRI/2017/02/007966 : Registered on February 27, 2017.

Use of high oxygen concentrations in treating neonatal illness has been challenged in the past few decades. In the face of evidence suggesting adverse outcomes (both clinical and biochemical) with use of high oxygen concentrations, the current guidelines appear to favour use of the lowest possible concentrations of oxygen for the shortest time to treat ill neonates. Current delivery room guidelines recommend using room air when initiating positive pressure ventilation during resuscitation. Targeting appropriate oxygen saturation when delivering supplemental oxygen, both in the delivery room and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), are now the new emerging standards in neonatal care. Investments in good quality pulse oximeters and oxygen blenders in neonatal care units is now seen as critical to improve newborn survival.

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the fetal growth pattern in low risk Indian population with the INTERGROWTH-21 standards.Methods: Low risk women were enrolled at 10 to 20 weeks of gestation and followed up until delivery. An experienced operator performed abdominal ultrasound every 5±1 week and measured biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) of the fetus. Newborn anthropometric measurements were taken within 12 hours of childbirth.Results: A total of 126 healthy women, enrolled at mean gestation of 16.8±1.6 weeks, completed the follow up until delivery. None of the participants developed any major obstetric or medical morbidity. The study subjects showed lower mean z scores for BPD (-0.7±1.3), HC (-0.4±1.3) and AC (-0.4±1.3) but a higher mean z-score for FL (0.3±1.7) as compared to INTERGROWTH-21 standards. From 1st through 5th visit, the z scores for BPD and HC improved whereas declined for AC and FL.Conclusions: The fetal growth in non-affluent healthy Indian women had a lower fetal growth compared to INTERGROWTH-21 standards.

Background: The use of air for the initial resuscitation of newborn infants has been shown to reduce neonatal mortality. However, a precise estimate of the neurodevelopmental status upon follow-up of infants resuscitated in air is lacking. Objective: To perform a meta-analysis of all studies reporting resuscitation of newborn infants with air or 100% oxygen that included follow-up data. Methods: Bibliographic databases were searched. In addition, we estimated the effect of loss to follow-up on our analysis of abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome. Results: We identified 10 studies in which newborn infants had been randomly or quasi-randomly assigned to resuscitation with air or 100% oxygen. Three of these 10 studies had available follow-up data. A total of 678 infants were enrolled at centers that performed follow-up of these infants. Of these, 113 died, leaving 565 infants potentially eligible for follow-up. A total of 414 children were evaluated (73% of eligible children; 195 resuscitated with air and 219 with 100% oxygen). In the air group, 12.8% of infants had an abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome, compared with 10.5% in the 100% oxygen group [typical relative risk (RR) 1.24, 95% confidence interval 0.73–2.10]. This is consistent with an RR of abnormal development as low as 0.41 or as high as 2.28. Conclusions: Long-term follow-up did not detect any significant differences in these two groups regarding abnormal development. However, the results are imprecise and could be consistent with significant harm or benefit.

This cross-sectional web-based survey suggests that cooling therapy is offered as standard of care for babies with neonatal encephalopathy in 10/25 (40%) of public and 37/68 (51%) of private level 2 or 3 neonatal units in India. 25 (53%) used locally improvised cooling methods, and the cooling practices differed from established protocols in high-income countries.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relevance of universal screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the patients attending the antenatal clinic of a tertiary institute of North India. Material and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted on 700 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi at or before 24 weeks of gestation. All patients underwent screening with a 50-g 1-h glucose challenge test at 24–28 weeks of gestation. The women with an abnormal glucose challenge test subsequently underwent a diagnostic 3-h oral glucose tolerance test. All the patients were followed up till delivery. Results: Out of 700, thirteen patients were lost to follow up and hence the final outcomes were measured on 687 patients. Out of 687, 613 patients (89.2%) had a normal glucose challenge test value, that is

The neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in India has remained virtually unchanged in the last 5 years. To achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 on child mortality (two thirds reduction from 1990 to 2015), it is essential to reduce NMR. A systematic review of the evidence on community-based intervention packages to reduce NMR is essential for advocacy and action to reach MDG-4. To assess the effect of community based neonatal care by community health workers (CHWs) on NMR in resource-limited settings. Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Electronic databases and hand search of reviews, and abstracts and proceedings of conferences. A total of 13 controlled trials involving about 192000 births were included in this systematic review. Community based neonatal care by CHWs was associated with reduced neonatal mortality in resource-limited settings [RR=0.73 (0.65 to 0.83); P

This was a randomized blinded placebo controlled trial undertaken to study the role of zinc supplementation on growth, primarily the linear growth velocity in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants at 3 months corrected age (CA). Out of 134 neonates with birth weight

Objective There is concern regarding the safety of delayed cord clamping (DCC) in babies born at less than 34 weeks'' gestation. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to compare the rates of hyperbilirubinemia and polycythemia during initial 7 days in infants born at less than 34 weeks'' gestation and randomized to receive DCC by 120 seconds or early cord clamping (ECC) within less than 30 seconds. Methods One hundred pregnant women were randomly subjected to DCC or ECC at the time of birth in a tertiary referral hospital setting. Blood samples were obtained from each newborn at 48 hours and 7 days for hematocrit measurement. Serum bilirubin levels were estimated once the infant had clinically significant jaundice or at 72 hours. For the statistical analysis, the χ2 test, Student''s t-test, or Wilcoxon rank sum test was used. Results The hematocrit was significantly higher in the DCC group than in the ECC group (P

Meeting the commitment to reach the Millennium Developmental Goal of reducing infant mortality rate to less than 30 in India is only possible through improved neonatal survival. The formidable hurdles that contribute to the high neonatal mortality include domiciliary births aided by unskilled birth attendants, low exclusive breastfeeding rates, high burden of low-birthweight infants, poor care-seeking practices for sick children (with female infants receiving less care), and high cost of care for sick newborns compared with family incomes. Creating models of community and domiciliary newborn care and establishing low-cost newborn care units at district health facilities have reduced neonatal mortality significantly. Taking these experiments to scale appears to be the road map for India to reduce its burden of neonatal deaths.

Health sciences research during the past couple of decades has provided evidence for effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that has changed the quality of life for patients. However, the impact of these evidence based interventions has not been uniform across all regions and settings. There are a large number of delivery issues which influence the impact: Who should receive them? Where to use it? How to use it? How to schedule the delivery of the intervention? How much will it cost? Who will pay for it? And many more such questions. Several of these questions cannot be answered by the usual clinical or epidemiological research approaches. Operational research (OR) is the approach to finding solutions to these questions.

AIM To characterize the development of clinically relevant variables the first minutes after birth and identify early prognostic markers in newborn infants requiring resuscitation. METHODS A database of 591 infants resuscitated with either 21% or 100% oxygen was analysed. Time to first breath, development in heart rate, Apgar scores, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2)), and base deficit (BD) are described in relation to different degrees of birth depression and outcomes. RESULTS Heart rate and Apgar scores increased quickly even in the most depressed infants but were significantly lower in those having a poor outcome. By contrast, BD normalized at the same rate, 6-7 mmol/l/h, in the first hour of life regardless of the degree of birth depression and outcome. SaO(2) values increased as quickly in room air as in 100%-oxygen-resuscitated infants. Time to first breath was prolonged threefold, from 1 to 3 min, in the most depressed (1-min Apgar score < 4) compared with the less depressed infants. Highest odds ratio (OR) for death in the first week of life or for development of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) stage 2 and 3 was a 5-min heart rate < or =60 bpm (OR 16.5 for both death and HIE) and Apgar < 4 (OR 14 and 18.8). Neonatal survival for HIE stage 1, 2, and 3 was 93%, 63%, and 11%, respectively. OR for early neonatal death, if SaO(2) < or =60% at 1 min, was 8.6 (sensitivity 0.82 and specificity 0.65). CONCLUSION Apgar scores, heart rate, SaO(2), and time to first breath in newly born infants in need of resuscitation may be used for early identification of infants with a poor prognosis. These data may be helpful in describing the severity of depression in single infants and to select infants in need of interventional therapy.

Background Affordable, feasible and efficacious interventions to reduce neonatal infections and improve neonatal survival are needed. Chlorhexidine, a broad spectrum topical antiseptic agent, is active against aerobic and anaerobic organisms and reduces neonatal bacterial colonisation and may reduce infection. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of neonatal skin or cord care with chlorhexidine versus routine care or no treatment for prevention of infections in late preterm or term newborn infants in hospital and community settings. Search methods We searched CENTRAL, latest issue of The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (1966 to November 2013), EMBASE (1980 to November 2013), and CINAHL (1982 to November 2013). Ongoing trials were detected by searching the following databases: www.clinicaltrials.gov and www.controlled-trials.com. Selection criteria Cluster and individual patient randomised controlled trials of chlorhexidine use (for skin care, or cord care, or both) in term or late preterm neonates in hospital and community settings were eligible for inclusion. Three authors independently screened and selected studies for inclusion. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data, and assessed study risk of bias. The quality of evidence for each outcome was assessed using GRADE. We calculated pooled risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences (RDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and presented results using GRADE 'Summary of findings' tables. Main results We included 12 trials in this review. There were seven hospital-based and five community-based studies. In four studies maternal vaginal wash with chlorhexidine was done in addition to neonatal skin and cord care. Newborn skin or cord cleansing with chlorhexidine compared to usual care in hospitals Low-quality evidence from one trial showed that chlorhexidine cord cleansing compared to dry cord care may lead to no difference in neonatal mortality (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01 to 2.04). Moderate-quality evidence from two trials showed that chlorhexidine cord cleansing compared to dry cord care probably reduces the risk of omphalitis/infections (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.84). Low-quality evidence from two trials showed that chlorhexidine skin cleansing compared to dry cord care may lead to no difference in omphalitis/infections (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.39). None of the studies in this comparison reported effects of the treatments on neonatal mortality. Newborn skin or cord cleansing with chlorhexidine compared to usual care in the community High-quality evidence from three trials showed that chlorhexidine cord cleansing compared to dry cord care reduces neonatal mortality (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.92) and omphalitis/infections (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.57). High-quality evidence from one trial showed no difference between chlorhexidine skin cleansing and usual skin care on neonatal mortality (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.23). None of the studies in this comparison reported effects of the treatments on omphalitis/infections. Maternal vaginal chlorhexidine in addition to total body cleansing compared to no intervention (sterile saline solution) in hospitals Moderate-quality evidence from one trial showed no difference between maternal vaginal chlorhexidine in addition to total body cleansing and no intervention on neonatal mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.42). High-quality evidence from two trials showed no difference between maternal vaginal chlorhexidine in addition to total body cleansing and no intervention on the risk of infections (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16). Findings from one trial showed that maternal vaginal cleansing in addition to total body cleansing results in increased risk of hypothermia (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.49). Maternal vaginal chlorhexidine in addition to total body cleansing compared to no intervention (sterile saline solution) in the community Low-quality evidence from one trial showed no difference between maternal vaginal chlorhexidine in addition to total body cleansing and no intervention on neonatal mortality (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.03). Moderate-quality evidence from one trial showed that maternal vaginal chlorhexidine in addition to total body cleansing compared to no intervention probably reduces the risk of neonatal infections (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.95). These studies did not report effect on omphalitis. Authors' conclusions There is some uncertainty as to the effect of chlorhexidine applied to the umbilical cords of newborns in hospital settings on neonatal mortality. The quality of evidence for the effects on infection are moderate for cord application and low for application to skin. There is high-quality evidence that chlorhexidine skin or cord care in the community setting results in a 50% reduction in the incidence of omphalitis and a 12% reduction in neonatal mortality. Maternal vaginal chlorhexidine compared to usual care probably leads to no difference in neonatal mortality in hospital settings. Maternal vaginal chlorhexidine compared to usual care results in no difference in the risk of infections in hospital settings. The uncertainty over the effect of maternal vaginal chlorhexidine on mortality outcomes reflects small sample sizes and low event rates in the community settings.

The new guidelines for newborn resuscitation from the American Heart Association (AHA), the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), and the European Resuscitation Council are based on the International Consensus Conference on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations of 2005.1,2 Since the publication of the previous guidelines from the ILCOR and AHA in 1999 and 2000,3,4 controversial issues within neonatal resuscitation have been identified, and a consensus was reached on (1) the role of supplementary oxygen, (2) peripartum management of meconium, (3) ventilation strategies, (4) devices to confirm placement of an advanced airway, (5) medications, (6) maintenance of body temperature, (7) postresuscitation management, and (8) considerations for withholding and discontinuing resuscitation. In this commentary we discuss the use of supplementary oxygen only. When considering the guidelines provided by the AHA in 1992, the change in attitude regarding use of supplementary oxygen has been substantial. In 1992 it was clearly stated that resuscitation should be conducted with oxygen and that such a brief exposure of pure oxygen is not harmful: “Hypoxia is nearly always present in the newborn requiring resuscitation at birth. Therefore, if cyanosis, bradycardia, or other signs of neonatal distress are noted in a breathing newborn during stabilization, early administration of 100% oxygen is important.”5 In addition: “The hazards of administering too much oxygen during the brief period required for resuscitation should not be a concern.”5 In the AHA guidelines from 2000 it still was stated that 100% oxygen should be used if ventilation is needed: “If assisted ventilation is required, 100% oxygen should be delivered by positive pressure ventilation” and “[i]f supplemental oxygen is not available, resuscitation of the newly born infant should be initiated with positive pressure ventilation and room air.”4 At that time … Address correspondence to Ola Didrik Saugstad, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatric Research, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: o.d.saugstad{at}medisin.uio.no

Objective : This study was carried out to evaluate the adequacy of seroconversion when Hepatitis B vaccine is given along with other vaccines at 0, 6 weeks (along with DPT and OPV) and at 9 months (along with measles).Methods: 725 infants born to apparently healthy mothers were enrolled to receive the hepatitis B vaccine at 0, 6 weeks and 9 months (Group A) or at 0, 1 and 6 months as per WHO schedule — (Group B). Baseline HbsAg testing was carried out and the babies were immunized with the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 48 hours of birth. BCG and the other EPI vaccines were given as per schedule. Serum samples were collected 4 weeks after the second and the third immunizations. 604 infants (83.3%) completed the study. The testing for HbsAg and Anti Hbs titers were conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi utilizing standard ELISA kits.Results: The seroconversion rates 4 weeks after the second dose of the vaccine were 90.89% (GMT = 48.23) and 91.82% (GMT = 43.95) (P=0.8) in Group A and Group B respectively. After 4 weeks of the third dose the seroconversion rates were 98.99 (GMT = 161.12) and 98.45 (GMT = 150.12) (p=0.17) in Group A and Group B respectively. The two schedules were comparable on using the Kruskal-Wallis H method for analysis.Conclusion : The schedule of hepatitis B vaccination at 0, 6 weeks and 9 months has the same seroefficacy as the currently recommended schedule of 0, 1 and 6 months.

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the basis for use of room air in resuscitation. 2. List the adverse effects of 100% oxygen during neonatal resuscitation. 3. Outline the clinical benefits of room air in resuscitation. 4. Outline the public health impact of using room air for neonatal resuscitation. Birth asphyxia remains a major global clinical problem. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of newborns are asphyxiated at birth and require resuscitation. Worldwide this amounts to about 4 million births. Although approximately 25% of such infants die, an almost equal number survive with sequelae such as cerebral palsy and mental retardation. (1) Most international consensus guidelines recommend that if assisted ventilation is needed at birth, 100% oxygen should be delivered by positive pressure ventilation. (2) However, review of the literature suggests that these recommendations are more a result of precedent than based on sound evidence. The continued acceptance of these recommendations is even more surprising considering that Campbell and associates (3) demonstrated more than 3 decades ago that neither the time to first breath after the onset of resuscitation nor survival differed when asphyxiated newborn rabbits were resuscitated with either 21% or 100% oxygen. Concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects of 100% oxygen. In the 1980s, Saugstad (4) hypothesized that 100% oxygen might be detrimental during the postasphyxic period. This was based on: 1) in vitro observations that production of oxygen radicals in hypoxia-reoxygenation is dependent on the oxygen concentration present and 2) elevated hypoxanthine concentrations in plasma during hypoxia reaching even higher levels during resuscitation. Because hypoxanthine (a precursor of xanthine and also a substrate for xanthine oxidase) accumulates in asphyxiated newborns, it was reasonable to suggest that limitation of oxygen in the postasphyxic period had the potential to reduce the injury due to …

Background: It is discussed whether depressed newborn infants should be resuscitated with room air or 100% O2. Objective: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis including studies that report resuscitation of depressed newly born infants with 21 or 100% O2. Methods: Inclusion criterion was randomized or pseudo-randomized, blinded or not, studies of depressed newborn infants resuscitated with either 21 or 100% O2. The literature was searched in Medline/Pubmed/EMBASE and The Cochrane library databases. All identified studies were included. Results: Five studies fulfilled the inclusion criterion in which 881 infants were resuscitated with 21% O2 and 856 with 100% O2. Neonatal mortality was 8.0 vs. 13.0% in the 21 and 100% O2 groups respectively, OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.42–0.78. In term infants neonatal mortality was 5.9% in the 21% O2 group and 9.8% in the 100% O2 group, OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.40–0.87. The figures for the premature infants were very similar. In infants with 1-min Apgar score 2 compared with 100% O2. Conclusions: A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that neonatal mortality is significantly reduced when depressed newly born infants are resuscitated with ambient air instead of pure oxygen. For infants with low 1-min Apgar score (2 than 100% O2.

Objective. To follow-up children who had been resuscitated at birth with either 21% or 100% oxygen (O2). Methods. A multicenter study with 10 participating centers recruited 609 infants to the Resair 2 study where resuscitation was performed with either 21% or 100% O2. A follow-up between ages 18 and 24 months was performed. However, during follow-up registration, it was found that 18 infants had been enrolled twice in the original Resair 2 study with different registration numbers, leaving 591 enrolled in the Resair 2 study and 410 enrolled in the 7 centers participating in the follow-up. Of these 410 infants, 79 died (76 in the neonatal and 3 in the postneonatal period). Furthermore, for 8 infants informed consent was not obtained, leaving 323 eligible for follow-up. Of these, 213 infants (66%) were followed-up: 91 (62%) had been resuscitated with 21% O2, and 122 (69%) with 100% O2. At a median age of 22 and 20 months (not significant) in the 21% and 100% groups, respectively, a simple questionnaire was filled out and neurologic assessment was performed in addition to measuring anthropometric data. Results. There were no significant differences in weight, height, or head circumference between the 2 groups. Cerebral palsy developed in 10% and 7%, respectively, in the 2 groups (not significant). In total, 11 cases (12%) in the 21% versus 11 cases (9%) in the 100% O2 group (odds ratio: 1.39, 95% confidence interval: 0.57–3.36) developed cerebral palsy and/or mental or other delay. Furthermore, it was concluded that 14 (15%) in the 21% group and 12 (10%) in the 100% group were not normal (odds ratio: 1.67, 95% confidence interval: 0.73–3.80). Conclusions. There were no significant differences in somatic growth or neurologic handicap at an age of 18 to 24 months in infants resuscitated with either 21% or 100% O2 at birth. Based on these data, resuscitation with ambient air seems to be safe, at least in most cases. More studies are needed to settle this issue.