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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most serious issues faced nowadays both by medicine and society in general, which is due to the wide spread of endocrine issues affecting nearly every country globally, the growing incidence rate, as well as the severity of complications that are hard to treat. Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases significantly the risk of developing acute cerebral blood circulation disorders, which urges further comprehensive studies focusing on the role played by the vascular-platelet relation and coagulation hemostasis in the development and progression of diabetic vascular complications. The results of our study, which involved 74 patients with acute cerebral circulation disorders against type 2 diabetes mellitus revealed alterations affecting the hemostasis system. This could be seen from activated vascular-platelet and coagulation links, decreased anticoagulant activity, and a slowdown in fibrinolysis. The severity of disorders induced by the alterations in the hemorheological profile and the microcirculatory hemostasis are associated with the duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the carbohydrate metabolism indicators (hyperglycemia, increased HbA1c levels and glycation end products).

Biometric studies of plaster models of the jaws and cone-beam computed tomography were carried out in 72 people of the first period of adulthood with a full set of permanent teeth and physiological varieties of occlusal relationships of dental arches. Patients, depending on the location of the incisors, are divided into three groups. The first group included patients with a mesotrusive incisor position and an inter-incisor angle of 130–140°. The second group consisted of people with physiological protrusion of the incisors and the parameters of the inter-incisal angle less than 130°. In patients of the third group, the value of the inter-incisal angle was more than 140ы°, and physiological retrusion of the incisors was noted. Analysis of the morphometric study of the anterior part of the dental arches showed the dependence of its shape and size on the vestibular-lingual inclination (torque) of the incisors. In people with the mesotrusive type of arches, the correspondence between the intercanine and premolar distances was determined. In people with protrusive type of arches, an increase in the distance between the canines was noted, compared to the distance between the premolars by more than 2 mm, and a decrease in the intercanine size by 2 mm is characteristic of people with the retrusive type of arches. The obtained data on the features of the parameters of the anterior part of the dental arches can be used as express diagnostics of the type of dental arches.

The study involved an analysis of optical density of the maxillary and mandibular bone tissue based on cone-beam computed tomography data. It has been shown that the structure and bone tissue density depend on the severity of diabetes mellitus and complications. The results of the study revealed a significant decrease in the bone tissue optical density at the tooth necks in people suffering from diabetes mellitus, whereas fewer changes were manifested at the middle third of the dental roots. Minor changes or even an increase in the optical density were observed at the dental root tips.

Based on 79 lateral projection head teleroentgenograms obtained from relatively young patients (median age, 37.4±4.3), we have developed a method for the occlusal plane orientation in view of cranio-facial anatomical reference points. As stable anthropometric reference points, we employed the gnathic angle shaped by the spinal and mandibular planes, as well as the interalveolar angle, where the subspinal Downs point and the supramental point were employed as retention elements. When reconstructing the occlusal plane in patients with dentoalveolar anomalies, the construction of the bisector of the interalveolar angle was explained as a key reference point, which allows diagnosing occlusion anomalies in the vertical direction (symmetrical and asymmetric) not only in the lateral, yet also in the frontal segment of the dental arches. The method developed for constructing the occlusal plane does not depend on the position of the incisors and the second permanent molars, which can be used to identify the vertical deformation of the dental arches.

87 persons of older age groups with complete adentia underwent somatometric (anthropometric) as well as biometric measurements with cast models of the toothless jaws. The linear and index somatometric parameters, and linear and index parameters for the upper jaw alveolar arches, were calculated. Alveolar arches were classified in view of the total sum of the diagonal dimensions (macro-, micro- and normodiagonal type), the arch index (brachy-, dolicho- and mesoarch type). Modelling the projected shape of the dental arch was based on the parameters of length (the sum of the alveolar arches diagonals multiplied by the 1.06 coefficient), width (the product of the width of the alveolar arches by a coefficient of 1.16). The depth of the dental arch frontal segment was calculated as the product of the diagonal by the incisor-canine angle sine, which in case of mesotrusion arches is 0.42 (angle value — 25°), for protrusion arches — 0.5 (angle value — 30°), for retrusion arches — 0.34 (angle value — 20°). Given the regularities of the circle geometry, the frontal segment dimensions served to determine the radius of the circle where the front teeth sat. The graphical method developed to construct the forecasted upper dental arch shape, based on the balance of the alveolar and dental arches major parameters, allows forecasting the optimal shape and size of the artificial dental arch, achieving a balanced relationship between the shapes of the teeth and the alveolar arches, as well as constructing a balanced articulatory relationship while achieving optimal functional and aesthetic results.

The geometric parameters describing the features of the crosssectional profile of a hot-rolled strips do not give a complete picture of the flatness acquired by the cold-rolled strips rolled from these strips. An additional analysis, the results of which are presented in Message 1, showed that there are four characteristic classes of cross-sectional profiles of hot rolled strips that have a significant effect on the shape of the strips during cold rolling, three of which negatively affect the flatness of the cold rolled strips. The cross-sectional profiles of hot-rolled strips with a concave middle part and / or marginal thickenings lead to the appearance of edge waviness, peak-like cross-sectional profiles cause central warping. Therefore, the actual task is to determine the factual shape of cross-sectional profile. 6th order polynomials were used to digitalize and parameterize hot-rolled profile. As a result, we developed analytic function of the transverse profile, which keeps important information about its near-edge areas and features in the middle part. To assign a specific crosssectional profile of a hot-rolled strip to one of four characteristic classes of cross-sections, mathematical software was developed, called a classifier, and implemented with the programming environment R. To classify the profiles of the hot-rolled cross-section according to characteristic classes, a linear discriminant method was used as a machine learning method analysis. The result is an adequate mathematical model for recognizing the shape of the cross-sectional profile. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of scientific project No. 19-38-90257.

Nowadays, improving the efficiency of power plants by utilizing secondary energy resources is gaining more attention in the energy sector. In this paper, the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT-420T) was considered, where exhaust heat from the main and auxiliary equipment is utilized, and sent to a water supply system through a closed-circuit heat exchanger, as a result, the heat transferred (Q = 6.4 MW) is rejected into the environment through a cooling tower. Moreover, an effective modelling method for utilizing heat in a closed cycle, using a steam compressing heat pump unit (HPU) is proposed. In addition, a calculation of the effectiveness of utilizing secondary energy resources depending on the number of HPU stages.

Nowadays, improving the efficiency of power plants by utilizing secondary energy resources is gaining more attention in the energy sector. In this paper, the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT-420T) was considered, where exhaust heat from the main and auxiliary equipment is utilized, and sent to a water supply system through a closed-circuit heat exchanger, as a result, the heat transferred ( Q 6.4 MW) is rejected into the environment through a cooling tower. Moreover, an effective modelling method for utilizing heat in a closed cycle, using a steam compressing heat pump unit (HPU) is proposed. In addition, a calculation of the effectiveness of utilizing secondary energy resources depending on the number of HPU stages. In addition, the calculation of the effectiveness of the use of secondary energy resources depending on the number of stages of HPU was carried out. Several options of the model were discussed in this work, such as, two-, three-, and four-stage HPU and the coefficient of performance was calculated. Moreover, the work of these compressors for each option of the model was discussed in this work. Finally, the economic benefits of using of a multi-stage HPU instead of a traditional one-stage HPU during the annual operation of the CCGT-420T was discussed.

The article presents the main morphometric parameters of alveolar arches in different types of dental systems. Methods of study of dental lingual arches and alveolar arches in the absence of teeth are proposed. It is shown that the most typical were the three variants of the size of alveolar arches: medium, large and small. At medium arches, their width ranged from 46 to 49 mm. The increase in size was characterized by large arches, and the reduction in width - the arches of small size. Alveolar arches templates for rapid diagnosis of their types are proposed, which should be taken into account when prosthetics patients with full adentia.

The results of the survey of practicing doctors and experts of the quality of medical care about the problem of patient safety in medical organizations are presented.

This review presents critical insights into the clinical and epidemiological aspects of participation of various causative agents of opportunistic infections in the formation of complex comorbidity in humans. Clinical and epidemiological aspects are important components of complex comorbidity due to wide occurrence, causing negative impact on human health and population reproduction. The data on the relative incidence of mono- and concurrent-infections are heterogeneous. The causative agents of opportunistic infections can persist in the human body, cause latent endogenous infections, and engage in intracellular parasitism. A high level of circulation of opportunistic infections pathogens creates the conditions for atypical forms of multisystemic pathology. Broad clinical polymorphism and low specificity cause untimely diagnosis. Low tension of anti-infection immunity is associated with the low protective activity of pathogens and mosaicism of antigens. Examples of complex comorbidity with the involvement of herpes viruses can be a combination of EpsteinBarr virus and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, cytomegalovirus and infectious mononucleosis and a combination with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b. The combination of cytomegalovirus infection can occur with either one infectious disease or multiple ones (for example, metapneumovirus infection, S. pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, and H. influenzae). Mycoplasmosis can have a course of specific polyetiological infections in combination with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. The authors also paid attention to the manifestation forms of pneumocystosis in the impairment of the immune status of the body (combination with toxoplasmosis, blastocystosis, etc.). The possibility of association of blastocysts with Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Lamblia intestinalis has been shown, and the roles of anisacidosis and chlamydial infection in the formation of complex comorbidity are also discussed. Complex comorbidity requires increased attention to diagnosis, assessment of epidemiological determinants, and the organization of epidemiological studies for its analysis.

Aim. Determination of the position of the central point and canines in patients with anomalies in the shape and size of dental arches. Materials and methods. The materials of the research were the results of measurements of diagnostic gypsum models of dental rows of 63 people of the first period of adulthood with a full set of permanent teeth, physiological occlusion and 59 people with shape anomalies, the size of dental arches of the same age period. The width of the crowns of the teeth was measured in the mesial-distal direction. The width of the dental arch was determined between the points located on the vestibular distal tubercles near the occlusal contour of the crowns. The frontal-distal and canine diagonal was measured from the central point located between the medial incisors near the cutting edge to the points located on the molars and canines, respectively. The depth of the dental arch was determined from the central intercellular point to the line joining the antimers, in particular canines and molars. Results. Taking into account morphological, clinical studies and mathematical modeling, an algorithm for examining patients with anomalies in the shape and size of dental arches has been developed, which makes it possible to reveal the position of the central (inter cut) point. The basis of the algorithm is the measurement of the width of the dental arch between the second molars and the value of the front-distal diagonal, defined as the ratio of the half sum of 14 teeth to the coefficient of 1.04. It is established that the location of the canines is determined from the size of the frontal canine diagonal calculated as the ratio of the diagonal of the dental arch to the ratio of the length of the dental arch to the sum of the width of the crowns of six anterior teeth and using a correction factor of 0.1. Conclusion. Improving the methods of diagnosis of dentoalveolar anomalies allows not only minimizing errors associated with instrumental measurement techniques, but, due to the predictability of orthodontic treatment, to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic results. The introduction of the algorithm will, with a high degree of certainty, establish the position of the central point and key teeth. The use of these guidelines in patients with anomalies in the shape, size of the dental arches, due to a reasoned choice of tactics and the volume of manipulations conducted, will reduce the time spent in the diagnostic phase.

The article presents phenotypic signs of pathology of the maxillofacial region in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, among which are highlighted anomalies of occlusive relationships in the sagittal direction in combination with deep incising dysocclusion and narrowing of dental arcs, pathology of solid tissues of teeth (hypoplasia), vertical type of jaw growth, «gothic palate», anomalies of attachment of bridles of lips and tongue, narrowing of the roots of the roots of teeth. The results of the study can be used in clinical dentistry in the examination and treatment of patients with connective tissue dysplasia.

Currently, it is believed that TTV and HGV display multifaceted activities in developing diverse acute and chronic processes (disorders affecting the liver, respiratory tract, hematopoiesis oncology diseases etc.). Transfusion of contaminated blood and its components contribute in transmission of HGV and TTV infections. In connection with this, examining a role for HGV and TTV in etiological structure of pediatric liver damage in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as well as their relation to developing toxic liver damage against during ongoing therapy is of special interest. Our study was aimed at assessing hospital-acquired HGV and TTV infection and its potential effect on the incidence rate and liver damage intensity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A rationale for the current study was previously verified hepatitis of unknown etiology excluding viral hepatitis B and C in such patients. In the study, there were examined 99 patients stayed at the Department of Hematology as well as 286 samples from diverse donor bloodderived products. The data obtained were examined by using epidemiological methods (retrospective and near real-time epidemiological analysis, prospective observation), microbiological monitoring, ELISA, PCR followed by analyzing with variation statistics methods. It was found that 51 children, mainly aged 24 years (47.1%), were diagnosed with new onset acute lymphoblastic leukemia during a six-year follow-up study. Treatment phase-specific dynamic investigation demonstrated a progressive increase in frequency of HGV-infected ALL patients from 9.8% (day 15 of therapy) up to 45.1% (maintenance therapy). Moreover, a therapeutic intervention was associated with TTV infection detected in 100% cases in baseline TTV DNA-negative patients 100%, and its rate was significantly increased. Thus, our study allowed to demonstrate that 48% and 77% ALL pediatric patients were infected HGV and TTV, respectively, at initial treatment phase (remission induction), that was paralleled with administering the maximum-dose parenteral therapy, including transfusion therapy. Finally, assessing blood donor-derived preparations allowed to detect HGV RNA and TTV DNA in 6.61.46% and 19.32.9% cases, respectively.

If DPLC equipment modems are the main part of the system and are responsible for how information will be transmitted through a HF path, then multiplexers are responsible for transmitting/receiving information signals between user interface modules and modem. Multiplexers perform functions of aggregation of user interface signals, their prioritization, and routing in transit connections. Multiplexers interact with network elements used for connecting DPLC equipment and various network equipment: Ethernet switches and IP routers. Multiplexers also compress the speech signals of voice modules using low bit rate speech codecs. This chapter presents approaches of application of multiplexors as part of the DPLC equipment, voice and data signal prioritization, and transit connections. It observes technologies, which are applied in network devices for IP/Ethernet traffic transmission and propose different variants of application of DPLC systems in IP networks.

We present efficient coupling of single organic molecules to a gallium phosphide subwavelength waveguide (nanoguide). By examining and correlating the temporal dynamics of various single-molecule resonances at different locations along the nanoguide, we reveal light-induced fluctuations of their Stark shifts. Our observations are consistent with the predictions of a simple model based on the optical activation of a small number of charges in the GaP nanostructure., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

The review article summarizes and systematizes scientific data on the pathogens of new respiratory infections discovered in the early XXI century – Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), Human bocavirus (HBoV), Human coronavirus (HCoV). Groups of microorganisms with which they act as associates are identified: other viruses (HMPV – HRSV, Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, HCoV; НBoV– Rhinovirus, HRSV, Rotavirus, Norovirus; HCoV – Influenza virus, Adenovirus and HRSV), and also some bacteria (HMPV – S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b; НBoV – S. enteritidis, C. jejune; HCoV – M. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae). The clinical and epidemiological features of combined forms of infections are analyzed: predominance of moderate course, with risk of complications, risk groups (young children), seasonality (autumn-winter). The complexity of verification of these infections from other viral infections based on the clinical picture is established.

The article presents an analysis of regional features of morbidity with temporary disability, disability and mortality of employees of the internal affairs bodies of Russia. The source of the data was medical statistical reports generated by the medical and sanitary units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using lexical analysis of medical documentation.

The article considers the variation of heat pump (HP) compression parameters which define its effectiveness: power and coefficient of conversion (μ) on off-nominal modes of operation. Taking into account that the parameters of low-potential sources of heat for HP change, the demand for thermal energy also changes; study of HP operating on off-nominal modes is relevant. To analyze the operating process on partial power modes of HP, a reciprocating compressor is used. The following options are examined by authors as conditions of HP transitioning to the off-nominal mode: change in temperature of water at the condenser inlet; change in flow rate of water passing through the condenser, change in flow rate of the working medium. Based on the analysis of relationships for determining the coefficient of conversion and power consumed by HP, it is shown that these parameters change if HP transitions to off-nominal mode. The increase of temperature entering the condenser leads to decrease in μ, and with temperature decrease μ increases. Decrease in flow rate of water cooling the condenser moves the beginning point of compression of the working medium to higher moisture region and reduces the efficiency of the compressor. Working medium flow rate decrease virtually does not affect the Carnot cycle efficiency and μ decreases because of rising moisture of gas.

At present, comorbidity is one of the current interdisciplinary problems of clinical medicine. At the same time, in the modern literature the number of teaching and study guides, monographs and other scientific publications reflecting the essence of comorbidity and its prognostic significance for the patient, is clearly inadequate. Also, no national clinical guidelines exist for managing patients with comorbid diseases. The aim of the review is to draw practical physicians’ attention to the importance of timely detection of comorbid nature of the internal disease necessary for the correct choice of therapeutic measures for patients suffering from multiple diseases, early prevention of possible complications and the formation of a favorable prognosis. Symptomatic gastroduodenal ulcer lesions were chosen as one of the examples of comorbid pathology, late diagnosis and absence of early prevention of which can become the causes of gastrointestinal bleeding and related deaths in patients. The article reflects the definition of comorbidity, existing synonyms, its main types, and methods of evaluation. The causes and factors of the development of comorbid diseases, their prevalence in the population are analyzed. Attention is focused on the rules for formulation of clinical diagnosis for a comorbid patient, the need to take into account comorbidity when choosing an algorithm for integrated diagnosis and rational treatment of the disease. The importance of assessing the risk of drug interactions in the pharmacotherapy of comorbid diseases and possible complications are emphasized. The epidemiology of symptomatic gastroduodenal ulcers, their pathogenesis, common clinical presentation and its features depending on a specific type, complexity of diagnosis are analyzed in detail.

Infections caused by opportunistic microorganisms occupy a special position. In microbial associations of opportunistic microorganisms is easier to implement its low pathogenic potential, activate properties of each other. Group polyetiologic infections caused by conditionally pathogenic microorganisms are quite diverse in terms of a nosological forms and groups. These include the so-called septic infection, which are also very diverse and clinical, epidemiological and etiological characteristics. Scientific evidence shows the urgency of the problem mixed infections, especially in surgery and indicate a lack of systematic data about the whole spectrum and the composition of microbial associations in different infections, quantification, insufficient study of the properties compared to monoagents. The problem mixed infections practically not been studied with epidemiologic standpoint, only a few studies devoted to the study of nosocomial infection of microbial associations are not developed microbiological monitoring. In this connection, you need comprehensive research mixed infections compared with monoagents to identify the characteristics and development of epidemiologic surveillance and control.

This examines the issue of operability of PLC channels organized on 110 – 750 kV OHLs on which protective devices (PD) against lightning strikes are used in the form of overvoltage limiters and/or discharge devices. It is shown that the operation of PDs can under certain circumstances cause excessive disconnect of the line by phase-differential protection or directed protection during a short circuit on adjacent overhead lines (OHL), or passing an RP and/or EA command transferred on the PLC channel’s DTESC. A conclusion is drawn regarding the necessity of setting up special work for more detailed consideration of the specified issue.

The review touches upon a problem of coinfection caused by several important fungal infections (aspergillus, candida, pneumocystis, cryptococcus) and infectious or parasitic diseases. The authors also investigate epidemiologic determinants of such clinical forms of pathologic process. There are a lot of scientific gaps in the studying coinfections concerning mycosis and other infections. Physicians and infection control practitioners sometimes reveal such cases therefore complex characteristics of the coinfections is required.

The unified state register of the population attached to medical institutions providing ambulatory care in general medicine makes it possible to create unified state personified registries of medical care. The unified state register of the population attached to medical institutions providing ambulatory care in general medicine should be considered as a component of the unified state health information system. Based on the unified state register of the personified registries of medical care the main directions of medical statistics development were outlined.

Presents a review of publications on the problem of combined respiratory infections among children. Viral-bacterial associations are registered in a group of often ill children in 51.7%. More than half of the patients have herpesvirus infection in various combinations. The presence of a combined acute respiratory viral infection among children in the group from 2 to 6 years was noted in 44.2% of cases, among which, in addition to influenza viruses, RS-, adeno-, etc., metapneumovirus and bocavirus plays an important role. The increase in severity of acute respiratory viral infection with combined infection, with chlamydia and mycoplasma infection is shown. A longer and more severe course of whooping cough was observed when combined with respiratory viruses. The revealed facts of frequency of distribution of combined respiratory infections in children, the severity and duration of their course with the development of various complications and the formation of chronic pathology dictate the need to improve diagnosis and treatment tactics of these forms of infections.

The article presents the results of a survey of practitioners on the problem of patient safety in medical organizations.

Among diseases of the cardiovascular system in infants, congenital heart and vascular defects occupy a dominant place. The birth of children with congenital heart disease is a serious problem due to the risk of infant mortality. The development of heart failure in congenital heart defects is an uncommon syndrome complex that requires the use of complex drug therapy. In the course of our study, we evaluated the results of the use of complex medical therapy for heart failure in newborns. We found that drug therapy in newborns with congenital heart defects using cardiometabolic agents reliably improves intracardiac hemodynamics — the size of the right heart cavities decreases, the ejection fraction increases, the metabolic process improves, and the child's overall condition and well-being improves. Thus, newborns with congenital heart defects need not only cardiotonic but also cardiotropic therapy.

The formation of the pulmonary vascular system is due to the gradual development and is an integral part of the differentiation of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. In children born at a gestational age of 24 weeks, the lungs are at the canalicular stage of formation. At this stage, the alveoli and capillaries are not capable of ensuring proper gas exchange, due to failures in the remodelling of the interstitial extracellular matrix. Hypoxia and, as a result, post-hypoxic changes eventually lead to maladaptation syndrome of the cardiovascular system caused by a cascade of various disorders. One, perhaps, of the most severe clinic–pathogenetic forms of this pathology is neonatal pulmonary hypertension, characterized by the absence of specific manifestations, pathognomonic signs and accompanied by high mortality. The purpose of our study is to analyze the data of ECG and echocardiogram in children with neonatal pulmonary hypertension. We found that with persistent pulmonary hypertension on an ECG, signs of hypoxic-ischemic myocardial damage are more often detected. With persistent pulmonary hypertension, speeds of more than 1.4–1.6 m/s and diagnostically significant regurgitation to the tricuspid valve (++ / +++) are detected.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the state of regional characteristics of morbidity with temporary disability, disability and mortality of employees of the internal affairs bodies of Russia. The source of the data was medical statistical reports generated by the medical and sanitary units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using lexical analysis of medical documentation.