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Introduction: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) may have an impact on the daily lives of afflicted individuals. Objectives: The study is aimed at identifying impact of CVI on patients’ quality of life (QoL) using Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional non probabilistic sampling study was conducted among 100 patients with Chronic venous Insufficiency over a period of 16 months. A sociodemographic survey and clinical grading using CEAP classification along with duplex ultrasound scanning was performed for each patient. DLQI questionnaires in English and the native languages of Kannada and Urdu were used. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-squared test. Results: 100 patients with a male to female ratio of 7.8:1 were assessed. Mean age was 48.5 years. Majority of the patients in the study belonged to CEAP clinical grade C4a. 66% of the patients had mild to moderate impact while 34% had great impact of the disease on their QoL. The disease severity showed positive correlation with DLQI score (p Conclusion: CVI has an adverse impact on various facets of life and the impact increases proportionately with severity of the disease. Hence incorporation of QoL assessment tools like DLQI helps in a multipronged management of the disease. G.S. Asha, Fairuza Abdu Nazir, Leelavathy B, T.N. Revathi, Shilpa K, Eswari L. Keywords: Chronic venous insufficiency, DLQI, Quality of Life.

Using deep learning approaches, this work presents a fully automated system for diagnosing COVID-19 from volumetric chest computed tomography (CT) scans. Transfer learning technique has been used to detect and classify CT scan data into three categories: COVID-19, CAP (Community-acquired pneumonia), and normal cases. The proposed model was built on top of the pre-trained AlexNet model's architecture and was capable of performing multi-classification tasks with a promising accuracy of 98.03%. The results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms other current models and may thus be utilized as a potential tool for COVID-19 patient diagnosis.

Improved computational techniques have served as reliable tool in providing accurate reservoir characterisation and also predicting production of oil for a given EOR process. In the present study, COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) has been used to simulate surfactant flooding experiments in a 3D geometrical model that replicates an actual artificially prepared calcite powder packed bed (a proxy of carbonate reservoir)) in which core flooding experiments have been carried out. The surfactant slug used in the study is a high salinity aqueous mixture containing surface active ionic liquid (C16mimBr) and a nonionic surfactant (TERGITOL 15-S-9). ANSYS WORKBENCH 15.0 software is used to create the 3D geometry and ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 has been used for solving the governing equations for the system. A mixture model is considered as the multiphase model to study the flow of multiple phases in the porous bed. To take into account the mass transfer of the surfactant into the oil phase as well as the water phase, a species transport model is incorporated in the present simulation. Simulation results were confirmed by the experimental data such that the species transport model coupled with mixture model were found to fit in well to the multiphase flow dynamics. It was found that the mixed surfactants system showed higher efficiency in recovering oil due to minimal fingering effects, ultralow IFT between the surfactant solution and oil and low diffusion rates of surfactant species into residual oil and brine. A delayed water breakthrough time was observed during simulation which attributed to higher oil recovery. Also there was a good match in water breakthrough time for both simulation and experimental surfactant flooding process.

As we all know, due to the increase in population, there are number problems, and traffic problems are one of the main reasons for big cities. It is difficult to find an empty parking space to park the car. Most of the time is wasted looking for empty parking spaces and traffic. Sometimes, the owner of the car needs to pay for parking or can hand over the car to a security guard, where the security will park the car before handing it over to the owner. Due to parking problems, many people try to avoid driving by themselves. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a prototype that will help people find empty parking spaces, and under the command of the owner, the car will automatically drive to the parking system and park itself to the nearest parking space. All detailed information and notifications will be sent via the owner's mobile phone. The system will reduce time and help people find parking spaces easily. Advanced technologies like IoT, Google assistant, etc are used in this prototype.

Proposed paper put light on the automation in distribution of goods by using IOT based ration distribution system which uses the biometric verification and the cloud storage technology. Proposed system looks like an Automated Teller machine (ATM). We can simplify the process by using an interactive approach. Aadhar cards contain details like contact number, residential details, details of bank account and available scheme. Details of customers are stored and maintained as the database in the cloud storage by the government. Here we are storing the customer’s data in the cloud using storage technology such as Google Firebase. This database contains the necessary information such as Aadhar details, allotted goods, bank account information, and ration card type. To carry out the transaction and the withdrawal of goods one needs the One time password (OTP) which is sent through the SMS or E-mail to notify and alert the user during the process. After entering the OTP required amount regarding grains purchased will get deducted from the linked bank account. Proposed system will help to minimize the issues like lack of rationing material which was caused due to the smuggling goods by the ration shop owner, workers and the dealers in order to gain profit. This system will be transparent and will help customers by giving smooth and automized experience of purchasing rationing. This proposed system will be the solution to One Ration One Nation.

Building architectures are growing towards increased complexity, with countless people moving through them. Not all amongst the crowd could possibly be familiar with the building to escape a fire danger zone. Even if the infrastructure complies to safety standards, decision making for fire evacuation, while ensuring safety, is utmost critical. Tailoring to these constraints, it is essential to protect lives by efficient and complete evacuation. For fire emergency, the proposed evacuation routing system is inputted by a group of wireless sensor nodes present across the considered floor plan; a MATLAB based central server to find/calculate better safe evacuation routes for the imperiled people, at a remote location in the building; a Wi-Fi based network that communicates this calculated route from the sensor network to server and server to the occupant, on evacuee’s cell phone. The information from the sensors is transmitted by a Wi-Fi network and is aggregated by the Thingspeak server. The real-time evacuation route is calculated by the server, towards the nearest and safest exit door from the occupant’s instantaneous location, by deploying A* algorithm for route optimization, along with data from sensor network that informs about origin and fire spread regarding hazard’s location. The server transmits the route information to the occupants through Wi-Fi connectivity. The endangered evacuees aretherebyenabled to view and follow this information of dynamic and real time active maps using a Smartphone. The proposed framework is prototyped and analyzed for their future inclusion into existing fire evacuation systems.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an umbrella consisting of many small blocks like machine learning, evolution computation, robotics, vision, natural language process and planning, speech processing etc. In the past years AI has developed a lot and given its share to make human life better, easy and compact. The word “technology” is a term which can be defined in many ways. The definition of the word keeps evolving with the continuous development in various fields. Decades ago, it used to take an entire room to accommodate a single computer but now we use the same computer at the ease of our fingertips. With the rapid development in technology mankind’s expectations and needs have also increased. Human race demands accurate results in less time with easier methods. The current rapidly developing field is AI which has also shown some extra ordinary results like the robot Sophie, Alexa, Siri etc. Mankind has very willingly adapted the use of AI in daily life and wants to excel more in the field. Neural Networks which is a very small section of AI but can be used vastly in various fields. The healthcare section has also improved its facilities and increased life expectancy. The motive behind this project is to use neural networks in the medical field for greater accuracy and instant results.

Lightweight cryptography has been very important for the last few years. It became one the most important block of a secure embedded systems because it has been a strong requirement for any resource constrained devices, and has several features like, it consumes only less power, less memory, etc. This paper is a survey of various lightweight block ciphers such as PRESENT, GIFT, RECTANGLE, PICO and LED. The strength and weaknesses of each algorithm and the several attacks acting on them is also summarized.

Background: Anencephaly is Neural tube defect which is a most common birth defects. This was a hospital based case finding study that covered 60 patients with anencephaly & their respective mothers conducted in hospitals in Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute from 2014 to 2017. Methods: The study includes 60 anencephalic fetuses (23 males & 37 females) of 20-30 weeks. The fetuses were examined for external abnormalities & dissected. Dissected fetal kidney, ureter, stomach, suprarenal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, lung and liver tissues were processed & stained with H&E. Results: Histological study of the anencephalic organs were studied, Stomach was normal in all the cases. Ureter in 98% cases was normal & in 2% cases, illformed muscular layer was seen. Only in 2.2% of cases Suprarenal gland showed rosettes cell tumor which are little rounded grouping of cells found in tumors .Abnormal development of some hepatocytes & hepatic sinusoids was induced by abnormal development of nervous system of anencephalic fetus which was also found.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) are used in industry for automation. Now-a-days it is a standard practice to include safety interlocks along with logic functions in the PLC programming. The use of smart sensors also gives very fast changing inputs to the PLC. This makes the response time of PLC an important issue. The scan time of PLC depends upon two parameters viz. the length of PLC program and operating frequency of CPU. Thus, in order to improve PLC response time, it is necessary that scan time of PLC should be less. This paper suggests an IEC 61131-3 standards compatible PLC application dedicated Instruction List (IL) processor with a three-stage instruction pipeline on FPGA platform for better response time.

Background: Tobacco kills both men and women but sex-specific differences exist. The disease burden, health care costs as well as other social losses resulting from premature deaths attributable to tobacco consumption are rapidly increasing not only in men but even among children, teenagers, women of reproductive age group. The use of multiple forms of tobacco in India complicates the efforts to reduce its overall impact on public health. This study was done to know the socio demographic correlates of tobacco consumption among the rural women in the reproductive age group . Methods: A community based cross sectional study, conducted from January 2011 to December 2011 among 1200 rural women aged between 15 years to 49 years residing in Primary Health Centre (PHC) Vantmuri area, Belgaum, Karnataka, India. Statistical analysis was done using rates, ratios and chi square tests. Results: Tobacco consumption was seen in 9.7% of the study participants. Amongst the users, tobacco consumption was more i.e. 38 (19.3%) in women belonging to the older age group of 45 to 49 years. A very high prevalence of tobacco use of 98 (15.9%) was observed out of 615 study participants who were illiterate suggesting that women with no education are at a higher risk of consuming tobacco than the women with high school education. A high proportion 100 (10.2%) of people consuming tobacco was seen in women belonging to Class V socio economic class . Conclusions: Prevalence of tobacco consumption was quite high. Poor and illiterate women living in rural area are at the maximum risk of using tobacco. There is a need for appropriate interventions to create awareness among the women about the hazards of tobacco use and to help them eventually to stop tobacco consumption. There is a need for appropriate intervention to create awareness among the women about the hazards of tobacco use and to help them eventually to stop tobacco consumption.

Background: Health issues of postmenopausal women pose a significant challenge to public health. Menopause is an unspoken, unattended, reality of life, the cause of which is still deciphered completely by man. Objective: To compare the post-menopausal symptoms among rural & urban women . Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in the month of September 2014, which continued for 2 months in rural and urban area. Predesigned, pretested questionnaire was used to interview 500 participants who met the selection criteria. Data was analysed using SPSS software. Results: 250 from rural area and 250 from urban area. Nearly half 223 (44.6%) of them were in the age group of 55-64 years. Majority 161 (32.2%) of them belonged to the upper middle class, 346 (69.2) were pre obese according to WHO classification. Majority (385) 77% had no h/o gynecological problems. Almost all had one or the other menopausal symptom . Conclusions: The prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms was higher in urban women compared to the rural population.

The NoC Architecture plays crucial role while designing communication systems for System on Chip (SoC). The NoC architecture is improved over conventional bus, shared bus design and cross bar interconnection architecture for on chip networks. In order to improve the Quality of Service, Congestion, Throughput and latency in NoC, Hexagonal node based architecture is proposed in our previous paper[14]. The challenge in the hexagonal node based NoC architecture is to eliminate the faulty link or node failure in the SoC without impacting the communication between node and maintain same throughput, latency and quality of service by converging the NoC. In this paper, we propose the effective approach to eliminate the faulty node or Links in NoC without impacting SoC functionality.

Background: A facial paralysis is one of the most emotionally traumatic deficits a person can experience. It is essential to understand the cause and nature of nerve injury and undertake proper measures for restoration and rehabilitation of facial symmetry. The present study was conducted to evaluate the various aetiologies of lower motor neuron facial paralysis that presented to our department. The aim of the present study is to investigate into the demographic data and etiology associated with peripheral facial nerve paralysis and to assess the site of lesion, severity grade and treatment outcome of peripheral facial nerve paralysis.Methods: A prospective longitudinal study conducted in a tertiary care hospital, over a time period of one and a half years from November 2014 to April 2016. All the patients were assessed regarding the time of onset of symptoms, rapidity of progression, duration and completeness of paralysis. Topo diagnostic tests were done to assess the site of lesion and response to treatment monitored. Results: The most common cause for LMN facial nerve paralysis was external trauma and Bell’s palsy. The mean age group was 37.5 years with a male preponderance. Majority of the lesions were suprageniculate and had a House Brackmann grade IV severity score.Conclusions: Peripheral facial paralysis showed a good response to treatment and timely intervention would result in a full or partial recovery at the end of a follow up.

Chorangioma or placental hemangioma is a primary benign neoplasm of the placenta. It consists of vascular mass arising from chorionic tissue. Chorangiomas provide useful insights into pathophysiology and pathogenesis of fetal and maternal disorders .We herewith, present a case of giant extraplacental chorangioma associated with maternal preeclampsia and low birth weight baby.

Background: The incidence of non neoplastic lesions are much more common in epididymis. Clinically, epididymal nodules are easily accessible to fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) procedure. There are very few literature reports documenting the role of cytology in evaluation of epididymal nodules. Thus, we studied patients presenting with palpable epididymis nodules in the out patient department (OPD) from a tertiary care general hospital. Aim: This study is aimed to put forth the diagnostic utility of FNAC in palpable lesions of epididymis. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 palpable epididymal nodules were aspirated as a routine OPD procedure as part of this study. Smears were fixed in isopropyl alcohol and air dried. In all the cases, wet fixed papanicoloau stained and air dried giemsa stained smears were studied. Zeihl Neelsen stain was performed in cases which yielded caseous aspirate. Results: Except for two cases of adenomatoid tumor of epididymis all other lesions were nonneoplastic and included 14 cases (35%) of tuberculous granulomatous inflammation, 10 (25%) cystic nodules (9 spermatoceles and 1 encysted hydrocele), 5 (12.5%) of nonspecific inflammations, 3 (7.5%) filarial infection, 3 (7.5%) sperm granulomas and 3 (7.5%) adenomatous hyperplasia of rete testes. Except for the two tumors, one adenomatous hyperplasia and one tuberculous lesion, no other lesion was excised. Follow up and response to therapy was available in 78% patients and resolution indicated appropriateness of the diagnosis. Conclusions: Thus, as most of the lesions in epididymis are non neoplastic responding to medical line of treatment and FNAC served to aid diagnosis of non specific inflammation and avoid surgical excision in most cases.

During recent years the wine industry has become increasingly dynamic due to competition among wine organisations worldwide. Many Indian wine organisations have implemented and maintained a Food Safety Managements System (FSMS). The Karnataka is one of the typical state of wine-manufacturing in the country. However, the impact of FSMSs on the effectiveness of work performance among wine organisations in the Karnataka. This study investigates the effectiveness of FSMS implementation to determine whether wine organisations consolidate the fundamental requirements of the FSMSs. 17 wine organisations situated in the Karnataka who are currently implementing FSMSs were chosen as the research sites. A group of participants who are implementing FSMSs from these wine organisations were selected as samples. A questionnaire based on the scale was used as an instrument for data collection. The findings of this study indicate that the majority of the wine organisations consolidate the fundamental requirements of FSMS. Management systems, prerequisite programs, HACCP, validation and verification, emergency preparedness and quality management are used as the main activities to measure the performance of FSMS. This study recommended that wine organisations should provide regular training to internal auditors and shop floor employees in order to enhance the effectiveness of FSMSs.

This paper deals with the design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna for Wireless applications. In this paper a modified slotted microstrip antenna design for 2.5GHz operation is proposed. This provides improved performance in terms of lower return loss and higher gain. This is possible by inclusion of slots appropriately on the patch shape. The substrate material used in this design is Duroid5880 with permittivity 2.2 and size 47.43mm × 39.65mm × 1.6mm. ANSOFT HFSS EM simulator has been used for design and simulation of the microstrip antenna. The various antenna parameters such as frequency, VSWR, gain and directivity are analyzed to characterize the proposed antenna.

With increase in age, there are changes in skeletal structure, muscles mass, and body fat. For recognizing faces with age variations, researches have generally focused on the skeletal structure and body mass. We incorporate weight information to improve the performance of face recognition with age variation which utilizes neural network and random decision forest to encode age variation. This age invariant recognition technique is classified into two categories-Discriminative based techniques and Generative based technique. Generative models are typically more flexible than discriminative models in expressing dependencies in complex learning tasks. We have analyzed various approaches available in Discriminative and Generative based techniques. Standard face public databases such as LFW, YTF, FGNET, MORPH, WhoIsIt, Gallagher, Pubfig83, Twin days dataset are considered for analysis. From our analysis we have found that the Neural Network and random decision forest based classification technique has 28.532±1.03% accuracy for WHOISIT database in Discriminative based technique and SVM method has 92.8±.28% accuracy for Pubfig83 database.

Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are common among critically ill patients and occur in patients with or without a history of diabetes mellitus. All patients undergoing critical illness are at risk for stress-induced hyperglycemia. Some patients may be at greater risk for hyperglycemia than others when considering underlying disease states and iatrogenic factors. Many recent studies demonstrate that tight glucose control can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with critical illness. This article reviews the pathophysiology behind stress-induced hyperglycemia, the evidence to support tight glycemic control, and the importance of an intensive insulin therapy protocol to standardize treatment among critical care patients.

Tuberculous involvement of the heart though not common has been reported in literature. Pericardium is commonly involved followed by the myocardium. Endocardial involvement is rare. We would like to report a case of a 14-year-old female with florid and extensive involvement of all the layers of the heart by tuberculosis.

Background: Childhood obesity as a rampant public health problem as it is affecting both developed and developing countries. Understanding the trends in obesity prevalence among children, contributing factors and developing strategies for successful interventions is the need of the hour. Hence the present study was aimed at understanding the implication of dietary and socio-demographic factors influencing overweight and obesity among 10-15 year old school children.Methods: The study was a cross sectional study, undertaken in eight private schools of Belgaum City, Karnataka from January 2010 to December 2010. School children of sixth to tenth standard aged between 10 to 15 years were included. Children were interviewed by the investigator. Examination was carried out which included general physical examination, measurement of height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure and other vital signs. Overweight and obesity were defined basing on Based on WHO and International obesity task force (IOTF) BMI cut-off standards for Asia and India.Results: A total of 600 children were included of which 52.33% were males. Majority of the study subjects belonged to socio economic class I and II. About 65.67% of students belonged to nuclear family. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 18.83% in study population. Out of this overweight contributed 11.33% and obesity contributed 7.5%.The odds of overweight and obesity was higher in females (OR=1.19), In children aged 13 years (OR=3.21), in children belonging to Sikh community (OR=6.26) and in children with socio economic class II (OR=1.65). Children from joint family (OR=0.70) and third generation family (OR=0.29) had lower odds of overweight and obesity compared to children from nuclear families. Daily consumption of snacks between meals (OR=2.42), sweets (OR=1.985), ice-cream (OR=1.667), fast foods (OR=3.062) and beverages (OR=4.80) were strongly associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity in study population. Daily consumption of fruits (OR=0.095) and vegetables (OR=0.166) and pulses (OR=0.690) was associated with reduced risk of overweight and obesity in study population (Table 4).Conclusions: Overall the study findings reveal that children had a relatively higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. Regular intake of fast foods, beverages, snacks between the meals and ice creams was associated with higher risk of obesity in study population. Regular consumption of fruits, vegetables and pulses had strong negative association with overweight and obesity in study population.

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and adenocarcinoma account for considerable morbidity in aging men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a useful biomarker in the diagnostics along with digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography. Objective: To analyze various clinicopathological features in benign and malignant prostatic lesions and correlate the histologic findings with pre-operative PSA level for confirmation of diagnosis in cases with a diagnostic dilemma. Material and Methods: The study included 112 prostatic tissue specimens received in the Department of Pathology, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, over the period of 2-year from October 2014 to September 2016. Relevant clinical data and serum PSA value was recorded, and Gleason’s microscopic grading was used to grade malignant lesions. Results: Mean age of presentation was 66.5 ± 10.67 years with maximum incidence in the seventh decade of life. BPH (68.79%) was the most common lesion followed by adenocarcinoma (25%). Other lesions encountered were Prostatitis (2 cases), high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (2 cases), adenosquamous carcinoma (1 case), atypical small acinar proliferation (1 case), and retention cyst (1 case). The most common Gleason score was score 7 (55.17%) followed by score 9 (10.34%) and score 6 (6.9%). Pattern 4 was most common predominant pattern. Serum PSA level was correlated in benign and malignant lesions. Conclusion: With increasing awareness and life expectancy in the current era, histopathological evaluation of prostatic biopsies is mandatory to avoid pitfalls in clinical diagnosis aided by serum PSA assay and other investigations.

Now a day's Hotel Industry taking place a huge role in the service sector. It helps the tourism sector for earn- ing the revenue from the foreign as well as Indian tourists. Hotels and tourism industry are the biggest earners of the foreign exchange in India. Hotel and tourism Industry is the strong base to increase the GDP of Indian economy. Hence in order to inculcate the scope and development of Hotel industry in various spectrum of region, researcher had made a survey in Local area of Jalgaon region to study the development of Hotels in the region. In order to catch the importance of Service sector specially Hotel Industry as a tourist spot and availability of 24 hours transportation facility by Railway, by Road service, and now is having a airbus facility as well. This paper reveals study about the sustainable development of hotel industry in Jalgaon region. It shows the systematic growth of hotels as well as the future scope for the same pertaining to having the advantages of many things like a place as a City of Gold, Nearness to the Historic place Ajanta, facility of Airbus and the like.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is a therapeutic option for patients with bone marrow failure, certain malignancies and inborn errors of metabolism. Complications requiring intensive care are frequent, and intensivists need to be familiar with the transplantation process and the disorders that are unique to these patients. The transplant process involves the use of high dose chemotherapy or radiation, followed by intravenous infusion of stem cells matched with the recipient at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. Full recovery of a normal immune system can take a year or more, so following transplantation, patients are exquisitely susceptible to infections. Moreover, complications such as graft versus host disease, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and transplant associated thrombotic microangiopathy are common in the first hundred days after stem cell infusion. Respiratory failure is a common presentation necessitating intensive care admission and may be due to infectious or non-infectious causes. Mechanical ventilation may be needed along with broad spectrum anti-microbial coverage; corticosteroids are commonly used if graft versus host disease is present. Acute graft versus host disease is most frequent in children receiving grafts from unrelated donors and results in significant morbidity. Increased immunosuppression is the cornerstone of therapy for graft versus host disease, and protection of the children from infection is essential to survival. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and transplant associated thrombotic microangiopathy may lead to multiple organ failure with limited therapeutic options, but both disorders can resolve with good supportive care during the period of organ failure. Outcomes for patients who develop multiple organ failure following SCT remain poor despite aggressive supportive care, however, children with failure of a single organ can do well. Integrated multi-disciplinary care between intensivists and transplant physicians, and other specialists such as nephrologists and pulmonologists leads to improved outcomes.

We report a case of isolated left ventricular noncompaction in a 15-year-old girl, who presented with sudden death. There were no associated anomalies or history of cardiac disease.

Paper deals with the implementation of high performance digital up converter and digital down converter for software defined radio application. Digital up converters are used at the transmitter side to up convert the baseband signal to intermediate frequency signal. Digital down converters are used at receiver side to down convert intermediate frequency signal to baseband signal. DUC and DDC modules are designed using System generator Xilinx block set and generated verilog code for the same. Simulation is performed using Isim and synthesis is carried out using Xilinx ISE 13.2. Design has implemented on vertex-4 FPGA board. The power consumed in this design is 52.6mWatts and the maximum operating frequency is up to 336.1MHz and total time taken for output is 2.93ns.

Objective: The objective was to study the pathological features of emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN). Materials and Methods: A total of 11 nephrectomy specimens of EPN received in the surgical pathology section of a tertiary hospital in a metropolis city during the period 2005-2014 are included in this study. Clinical details were obtained from the patients' records. All the patients had undergone total nephrectomy. All the specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for paraffin wax sectioning. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results: The most common symptoms were fever and costovertebral pain. Diabetes mellitus was present in 9 out of 11 cases and one case had calculus in the pelvis. One patient had underlying diabetes which was undiagnosed during the nephrectomy. Diagnosis of EPN was confirmed by the presence of gas and fluid in the renal tissue by computed tomography. The left kidney (nine cases, 81%) was more frequently affected than the right kidney (two cases, 19%). EPN occurred in 40-60 years of age (mean age 51.5%), and out of 11 patients, 8 (81%) were female. Escherichia coli was the commonly isolated organism from urine. Eight cases were of Type II EPN and three cases were Type I EPN. Histopathologic examination of all the cases of EPN showed acute suppurative (necrotizing) inflammation of renal parenchyma and perirenal tissues associated with vasculitis of vessels and infarction. Conclusion: EPN is most commonly seen in patients with diabetes mellitus, and E. coli is the most common causative organism.

A male patient of 32 years was referred for surgical drainage and orchidectomy of the right testis following a cycling injury. A Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test was requested by the surgery department to rule out secondary syphilis. Although serum samples gave a negative result in the VDRL test, qualitative screening was performed for Brucella antibodies, as per hospital policy, since brucellosis is endemic in this region. Following a positive reaction, a quantitative standard tube agglutination test was carried out yielding titres that were exceptionally high (STAT = 40 960 IU ml(-1); 2-ME = 1 : 5120). This finding correlated with the patient's history which included a number of predisposing factors for contracting brucellosis including exposure to cattle, consumption of raw milk and assisting in the parturition of cattle. Consequently, surgery was postponed and treatment was changed from injections of ceftriaxone to the WHO regimen for the treatment of brucellosis: 1 g streptomycin once daily, administered intra-muscularly, plus 100 mg doxycycline twice daily, taken orally. Following 3 days of this treatment, the testicular swelling reduced considerably and orchidectomy was not required. Indeed, after a week, swelling was completely resolved and the patient was discharged. To our knowledge, this is the first case of such high titres in a patient as a result of epididymo-orchitis without the typical clinical presentation of fever and joint pain that is normally associated with brucellosis.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of clonidine on cardiac norepinephrine spillover utilizing an isolated rat heart preparation with attached cardiac sympathetic nerves. Following a 20-minute stabilization period, the sympathetic ganglion for each heart preparation was electrically stimulated with 10V and 2 Hz for 30 seconds (S1: 60 pulses). Heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure, and coronary perfusion pressure was allowed to return to baseline and the perfusate was randomly switched to Krebs buffer containing one of two treatments: placebo or clonidine (1 microM). After 10 minutes of treatment, the sympathetic ganglion was again electrically stimulated with 10V and 2 Hz for 30 seconds (S2: 60 pulses). The perfusate exiting the heart before, during, and after each electrical stimulation was collected for the determination of cardiac norepinephrine spillover. Clonidine administration significantly reduced cardiac norepinephrine spillover by approximately 50% (P < 0.05) and was associated with a 36% reduction in heart rate (P < 0.05). These findings provide evidence that clonidine can directly suppress NE spillover from cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals. Thus, suppression of cardiac NE by clonidine may be due to stimulation of presynaptic alpha2-adrenergic receptors or imidazoline subtype I receptors located on cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals. Results from our study demonstrate a reduction in cardiac NE spillover by clonidine and provide additional evidence that it can directly suppress peripheral sympathetic activity in that our results were obtained utilizing an isolated perfused heart preparation with attached cardiac sympathetic nerves devoid of any CNS input.

Background: Globally, India was one among the most affected countries for cases and deaths of swine flu (influenza A H1N1) during 2009 influenza pandemic with lot of public hype and panic. Aims: This study was designed to assess the awareness, attitude, myths and practices regarding Swine flu among urban population of Belgaum district, Karnataka. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted in an urban community of Belgaum, Karnataka during 2009. A total of 250 households were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire by systematic random sampling. One person from each household preferably head of the family was asked regarding knowledge, attitude and practice during swine flu pandemic. Results: Among the study population, 73.6% had previously heard of swine flu. More than half of the participants said mass media communication was found to be the major source of information. Around 82.6% of the participants said fever was the most common symptom and using facemask was accepted as the important mode of prevention by 81.5% participants. Only 19.0% were willing to leave their locality temporarily if any cases were seen around. Majority of the participants selected government hospital for treatment facilities if they get any symptoms of swine flu. Hand washing, as a mode of prevention was known to 92.4% of the respondents. Around 33.4% of the populations were ready to share knowledge to others if they were given health education regarding swine flu. Conclusions: Knowledge regarding swine flu pandemic was low among study participants. Most of the participants had health seeking behavior. Majority of the respondents were practicing hand washing. Strategies to create more awareness about pandemic through effective mass media are vital for containing the pandemic.

The name of a condition in dermatology, gives a clue regarding the clinical feature, etiology, or histopathology of the disease. A disease might have been termed wrongly due to its resemblance to another known condition. Misnomers often mislead a physician regarding the etiology or histopathology of the condition. Here is a list of misnomers, with explanation, and the appropriate name in parentheses.

Background and objective : True adhesion has been the 'holy grail' of restorative dentistry. Iftrue adhesion of restorative materials to tooth structure is to be achieved, optimal retention must be obtained and microleakage must be prevented. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between microtensile bond strength and microleakage using two different adhesives systems, which differed in their mode of adhesion. Method : Box type Class I occlusal cavities were prepared on twenty molar teeth. The teeth were assigned to two groups Group I (Gluma Comfort Bond and Charisma), Group 11 (i-Bond and Charisma), each comprising of ten teeth. Restored teeth were subjected to thermocycling, followed by dye immersion and sectioning. Microleakage evaluation for the extreme end slices was done using dye immersion technique and then viewed under stereomicroscope. Microtensile bond strength testing of the middle two slices was done using an Universal Testing Machine (Instron). Results : Statistically, Group I showed higher microtensile bond strength and lower microleakage value when compared to Group 11. A highly significant negative correlation was found between microtensile bond strength and microleakage. Interpretation and conclusion · Smear layer removing adhesive system exhibited higher bond strength and less leakage than smear layer dissolving adhesive system. An inverse relationship exits between microtensile bond strength and microleakage.