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Clinicians always face a challenge in selecting the appropriate material for clinical use. Presently, the term bioactive is being used judiciously and unquestionably in the field of dental materials. The introduction of nanotechnology brought about a revolution in material science leading to the development of bioactive materials for caries prevention and management. This review comprehensively evaluates the use of bioactive materials for modification of the oral biome, prevention of dental caries, and the management of dental caries as restorative materials. Six online database (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library) were systematically searched using broad keywords. Published articles were scrutinized, analyzed and the full-text articles were selected. Data reveals relatively limited application of tissue engineering and regeneration for enamel and dentin due to their limited ability to remodel. However, many steps are being taken in biomimetic approach for the modification of dentin. The path to overcoming any challenges will require active collaboration among clinicians, a material scientist and pulp biologist.

In 1950, while researching the nerves in a squid, Otto Schmitt coined the word “Biomimetics” It meansimitating life, literally. To seek to mimic or reproduce it artificially to preserve the same esthetics or work is thestudy of natural structural processes. Since tooth structure has no natural means for restoration, biomimeticmethods can be implied to restore the teeth mechanically to its normal function and esthetics. There are twothings of biomimetic dentistry. First, the damaged or absent dental tissue is replaced, leading to completerestoration to the tooth of function and aesthetics. And the substance used will regenerate the damaged dentaltissue, replicate and imitate it. The bio-compliant and Physico-chemical products of biomimetic materialhave the benefits of improved biocompatibility, sealing ability, high strength, antibacterial properties andare used to preserve long term esthetic and restoring techniques. Recent biomimetic technologies haveestablished the potential to transcend various considerable drawbacks of technologies of a previous age. Thisstudy would seek to provide a clearer explanation for biomimetic materials ‘relative role in the sense of pastand current dental materials.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of ionic and non-ionic-based contrast media (in vitro study) and the combinatorial effect of chitosan-based endo-radiopaque solution (CERS) (in vivo study) for visualization of the root canal anatomy. Materials and Methods In vitro study (120 teeth): The root canal of maxillary premolars and molars (in vitro group 1 and 2 respectively, n = 60 each) were analyzed using 4 different contrast media (subgroups: Omnipaque 350, Iopamidol, Xenetix 350, and Urografin 76; n = 15 each) in combination with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Based on the results of the in vitro study, in vivo study (80 teeth) was done to compare Xenetix 350 + 5.25% NaOCl with CERS (in vivo group 1 and 2 respectively, n = 40 each) on maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars. Two endodontists used radiovisiography to assess the depth of ingress and identify the aberrant root anatomy after access cavity preparation, and after initial cleaning and shaping of canals. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for in vitro comparison (p < 0.05), and Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test for in vivo analysis (p < 0.01). Results In vitro study, Xenetix 350 + 5.25% NaOCl facilitated a significant higher visualization (p < 0.05). For in vivo study, CERS had a statistically significant depth of ingress (p < 0.01), and was efficient in identifying the aberrant root canal anatomy of premolars and molars. Conclusions CERS facilitates better visualization of the root canal anatomy of human premolars and molars.

Background: Dental caries is a global problem; however, it is entirely preventable. Fluoride is considered as effective method in lowering dental caries. The amount of knowledge, awareness and its method of implementation in prevention process among general population are challenging. Objectives: 1. To review and analyse the knowledge of fluoride action, therapeutic uses, method of application, possible combination of fluoride exposure, its deleterious effects and create evidence about awareness among the Odisha population and knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of fluoride in management of dental caries among the dental professionals. 2. To recommend the dental council, dental professionals, teaching institutions, primary health care centres, community health centres, social media and health care consumers for active involvement in spreading the awareness regarding Pros and Cons of fluoride to the general population, based on the available evidence. Method: A survey was conducted for 918 general populations and 474 dental professionals of Odisha based on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP study) regarding fluorosis, fluoridated water, dental caries and fluoride therapy and validated. The questionnaire for general population was translated from English to local language (Odia). Google and physical questionnaire were circulated among the general population and dental professionals. Dimensionality and local dependency were also tabulated. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The evidence revealed that dental professionals (ANOVA, p < 0.05) practicing in Odisha had significant knowledge regarding fluoride therapy and fluorosis; however, its implementation in practice is compromised. Approximately, 65% of general population irrespective of age and gender, lack the basic knowledge, 65% of attitude and 77% of practice regarding fluorides and fluorosis. Conclusion: This evidence will be a strong enforcement and implementation in primary practice by dental professionals for prevention of dental caries.

Background: Local anesthetics (LA) are stereotype drugs in dentistry. Though these drugs are used routinely, most of the dentists are unaware of the dose calculations, effective dose or complications and another vital knowledge about the drug. The objective of the survey was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude of dental professionals regarding local anesthesia and its implementation in their daily practice. Awareness of local anesthesia among general population and their expectations from the clinicians was also evaluated. Method: A survey was conducted on 1080 patients and 540 dental professionals of Odisha through google form survey and hand forms. Questionnaire were made in English and Odia language. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics 24.0. Result: Out of 504 dental professional 31% were general dentist, 32.5% were specialist and 36.5 % were undergoing post graduate training. 73.3% of the clinicians didn’t knew the equivalent weight of adrenalin in 2% local anesthesia with 1:200000 concentration. 76.2% were wrong regarding dosage of lignocaine. 84% of the clinicians lacked in knowledge about LA allergy testing and 91.8% were unaware about Articaine. MDS especially more than 15 years of experience (100%) were found to be more knowledgeous and have a positive attitude towards local anesthesia when compared with PGs and BDS but when it comes to practice MDS (51.1%) with

ABSt rAc t Aim: A survey was conducted to analyze the prevalence and incidence of dental anomalies in relation to maxillary lateral incisors in the Odisha population. A multidisciplinary approach for aesthetic management of a geminated tooth is described. Material and Methods: A total of 1062 subject, aged between 1530 years (724 males and 338 Females) were randomly screened at Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India. Each subject was examined clinically and radio visuographically for dental anomalies in relation to maxillary lateral incisors. In the related case described, endodontic management and aesthetic correction of geminated maxillary lateral incisors was done. results: Five dental anomalies i.e. gemination, fusion, missing lateral incisors (both unilateral and bilateral), peg shaped incisors (unilateral and bilateral), and dens in dente were observed. Anomalies found were Peg shaped; 2.82%, Missing;1.88%, Gemination;0.28%, Fusion;0.18% and Dens in Dente;0.18%. conclusion: Comparison of these results with that of other studies indicated that anomalies in lateral incisors occur at different frequencies among various countries and communities in the world. In the case since maxillary lateral incisors are in the aesthetic zone, recognizing these anomalies will facilitate a successful treatment.