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Background Pharmacokinetics of vinorelbine is mainly known from studies conducted in European patients. Interethnic differences in drug disposition may, however, induce interethnic variation in drug exposure. This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of ethnicity on the bioavailability and clearance of oral and intravenous vinorelbine. Methods Oral and intravenous vinorelbine pharmacokinetics data in Asian patients were pooled from two-phase II studies of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer or advanced breast cancer in China. Blood vinorelbine and its active metabolite, 4′-O-deacetylvinorelbine, were quantified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Bayesian pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and vinorelbine monotherapy results (intravenous 25 mg/m2; oral 60 mg/m2) of the Asian data set were compared to a reference European data set (intravenous 30 mg/m2; oral 80 mg/m2). Subsequently, a population pharmacokinetics analysis was conducted in a combined cohort (Asian data set + historical vinorelbine pharmacokinetics database) to investigate for a potential effect of ethnicity. Results Pharmacokinetics data from the Asian data set (oral: n = 47; intravenous: n = 34) was compared to the European reference data set (oral: n = 48; intravenous: n = 48). Mean apparent clearance of oral vinorelbine and mean absolute clearance of intravenous vinorelbine was comparable between the Asian and reference European data set. A population pharmacokinetic analysis (oral: n = 222; intravenous: n = 111) demonstrated no influence of ethnicity on oral and intravenous vinorelbine bioavailability and clearance. Conclusion Vinorelbine pharmacokinetics were found to be comparable between Asian and European patients. No relevant influence of ethnicity on vinorelbine bioavailability and clearance for oral and intravenous routes of administration was observed.

The diffuseness of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is a significant factor in surgical outcome evaluation and hemorrhagic risk prediction. However, there are still predicaments in identifying diffuseness, such as the judging variety resulting from different experience and difficulties in quantification. The purpose of this study was to develop a machine learning (ML) model to automatically identify the diffuseness of bAVM niduses using three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) images. A total of 635 patients with bAVMs who underwent TOF-MRA imaging were enrolled. Three experienced neuroradiologists delineated the bAVM lesions and identified the diffuseness on TOF-MRA images, which were considered the ground-truth reference. The U-Net-based segmentation model was trained to segment lesion areas. Eight mainstream ML models were trained through the radiomic features of segmented lesions to identify diffuseness, based on which an integrated model was built and yielded the best performance. In the test set, the Dice score, F2 score, precision, and recall for the segmentation model were 0.80 [0.72-0.84], 0.80 [0.71-0.86], 0.84 [0.77-0.93], and 0.82 [0.69-0.89], respectively. For the diffuseness identification model, the ensemble-based model was applied with an area under the Receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUC) of 0.93 (95% CI 0.87-0.99) in the training set. The AUC, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score for the diffuseness identification model were 0.95, 0.90, 0.81, 0.84, and 0.83, respectively, in the test set. The ML models showed good performance in automatically detecting bAVM lesions and identifying diffuseness. The method may help to judge the diffuseness of bAVMs objectively, quantificationally, and efficiently.

There are some conflicting evidences showing that maternal exposure to antibiotics may increase the risk of infant eczema. The present study aims to estimate the effect of prenatal antibiotics administration on infant eczema. According to the established inclusion criteria, eligible observational studies were collected by comprehensive database search. The qualities of the included studies were assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Effect sizes that were adjusted by multivariable models were extracted and combined. Publication bias was evaluated by visual inspection of funnel plot. A total of seven observational studies were included. The qualities of the included studies were at moderate or high level. Prenatal antibiotics use was positively associated with eczema before one year of age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35–2.76]. In addition, antibiotics exposure in utero was likely to be related to eczema after one year of age (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.98–1.49). The exposure to antibiotics during third trimester was not associated with infant eczema (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.86–1.09). Maternal exposure to antibiotics is associated with eczema by one-year age and may have a prolonged effect on eczema after 1-year age. The influence of timing of antibiotics exposure during pregnancy needs more studies to clarify.

Extensive research has documented how corporate social responsibility (CSR) outcomes are determined by CEOs' intrinsic characteristics, while their social network status has been under-researched. Building on impression management theory and resource-based theory, the current study analyzes the association between CSR activities and top management's position in the social hierarchy, i.e., network centrality. The heterogeneous effects across different restaurant and CSR types are examined based on stakeholder theory. Using a panel dataset of publicly traded U.S. restaurant companies and a novel dataset of CEO network centrality, we find that firms with highly connected CEOs are involved in more socially responsible activities. In addition, the marginal effect of network centrality on CSR is stronger for fast-food than for full-service restaurants and more prominent for external than internal stakeholder subcategories. The results advance the determinant analysis of CSR and provide managerial implications for CEO selection and policy suggestions on CSR promotion.

1007 Background: Camrelizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody) and nab-paclitaxel (nab-P) have demonstrated promising anti-tumour activity in patients with immunomodulatory (IM) subtype metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), with 52.6% of ORR observed in heavily pretreated patients in our previous umbrella trial (FUTURE). As antiangiogenic agents were known to enhance the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, we assessed the efficacy and safety of novel triplet combination of famitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR-2, PDGFR and c-kit), camrelizumab and nab-paclitaxel in patients with IM subtype advanced TNBC. Methods: In this prospective, single-arm, phase 2 study, eligible patients were 18-70 years and had treatment-naive IM subtype unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC. IM subtype was defined as CD8+ by immunohistochemistry. Eligible patients received camrelizumab (200 mg iv, d1, 15, q4w) with nab-P (100 mg/m2 iv, d1, 8, 15, q4w) and famitinib (20 mg po qd, d1-28, q4w). Treatment was continued until disease progression, patient withdrawal, or unacceptable toxic effects. In the absence of intolerable toxicity, nab-P was to be administered for a minimum of 6 cycles. Primary endpoint was objective response rate according to RECIST v1.1. We explored the predictive biomarkers using targeted sequencing with a 484-gene panel. Results: From Oct 2019 to Oct 2020, 48 patients were enrolled. Confirmed objective responses were achieved in 39 (81.3%; 95% CI 70.2%-92.3%) of 48 patients in the intention-to-treat population and in 39 (84.8%; 95% CI 74.4%-95.2%) of 46 patients in the per-protocol population. Median time to response was 1.8 months (95% CI 1.8-2.0 months). With a median follow-up of 9.0 months, progression-free survival (PFS) and duration of response data were not mature. Thirty patients (62.5%) are still on the study treatment. The 9-month PFS rate was 60.2% (95% CI, 43.2% to 77.3%). Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were neutropenia (33.3%), anaemia (10.4%), febrile neutropenia (10.4%), thrombocytopenia (8.3%), hypertension (4.2%), hypothyroidism (4.2%), proteinuria (2.1%), septicemia (2.1%) and immune related myocarditis (2.1%). Adverse events that led to the discontinuation of any agent occurred in 6.3% of the patients. Two patients had treatment-related serious adverse events. No treatment-related deaths were reported. Biomarker analysis showed that somatic mutations of GSK3A may have the potential to predict immunotherapy response. Conclusions: Addition of famitinib to camrelizumab and nab-paclitaxel showed promising antitumour activity as first-line therapy with manageable toxicity profile for IM subtype advanced TNBC patients. Results from ongoing randomized controlled trial FUTURE-SUPER (NCT 04395989) are eagerly awaited. Clinical trial information: NCT04129996 .

1087 Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, with up to 37% of patients (pts) harboring germline BRCA1/2 mutations (g BRCA1/2m) that appear to be sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteins 1 and 2 (PARP1/2) inhibition. Pamiparib is an orally administered selective PARP1/2 inhibitor that has the potential to cross the blood-brain barrier. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of pamiparib in pts with locally advanced/metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer, with deleterious or suspected deleterious g BRCA1/2m, who received ≤ 2 prior lines of chemotherapy. Methods: In this open-label, phase 2, multi-center study in China (NCT03575065), pts with locally advanced/metastatic HER2- breast cancer with deleterious or suspected deleterious g BRCA1/2m triple negative breast cancer (TNBC cohort) or hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2- breast cancer (HR+ cohort) were enrolled. Pts received pamiparib 60 mg orally twice daily in 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR; RECIST v1.1) by independent review committee (IRC). Secondary endpoints included duration of response (DOR) and progression free survival (PFS) by IRC, overall survival (OS), safety and tolerability. Results: 88 pts were enrolled (median age 45.5 years), 76 pts (TNBC cohort n = 55; HR+ cohort n = 21) had measurable disease at baseline per IRC. 60 pts (68.2%) received 1 or 2 prior lines of chemotherapy; 42 pts (47.7%) were treated with platinum previously. Median follow-up was 13.77 months (TNBC cohort, 10.87 months; HR+ cohort, 18.45 months). In the TNBC cohort: confirmed ORR was 38.2% (95% CI: 25.4–52.3); median DOR (mDOR) was 6.97 months (95% CI: 3.94–not estimable[NE]); median PFS (mPFS) was 5.49 months (95% CI: 3.65–7.33); median OS (mOS) was 17.08 months (95% CI:13.70–NE). In the HR+ cohort: confirmed ORR was 61.9% (95% CI: 38.4–81.9); mDOR was 7.49 months (95% CI: 5.55–14.75); mPFS was 9.20 months (95% CI: 7.39–11.93); mOS was not reached (NR; 95% CI 18.10–NE). ≥ Grade 3 treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 54 pts (61.4%); anemia was the most common TEAE, occurring in 77 pts (87.5%). Dose reduction due to TEAEs occurred for 57 pts (64.8%); discontinuations due to TEAEs occurred for 2 pts (2.3%). Conclusions: Pamiparib showed a promising response in pts with locally advanced/metastatic HER2- breast cancer with a g BRCA1/2m. The safety profile of pamiparib was considered acceptable and was generally consistent with therapies in the same class. Clinical trial information: NCT03575065 .[Table: see text]

522 Background: In monarchE, abemaciclib (oral CDK4&6 inhibitor) plus endocrine therapy (ET) as adjuvant treatment for HR+, HER2- high risk early breast cancer (EBC), demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) compared to ET alone. Here we present the efficacy and safety analysis of Chinese patients from monarchE. Methods: The overall study design was reported previously. Eligible patients were randomized to receive abemaciclib (150 mg BID for 2 years) combined with standard adjuvant ET or ET alone. The primary endpoint was IDFS per STEEP criteria. Secondary endpoints included distant relapse-free survival (DRFS), overall survival, and safety. Exploratory subgroup analyses were conducted among Chinese patients enrolled from Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Results: A total of 501 Chinese patients were randomized to receive abemaciclib plus ET (259 patients) or ET alone (242 patients). At the time of data cutoff (July 8, 2020), 356 (71.1%) patients were still in the 2-year treatment period. A total of 26 IDFS events were observed (11 and 15 events in abemaciclib plus ET and ET arm, respectively). Comparing to ET alone, abemaciclib combined with ET reduced the risk of developing invasive disease or death by 34.3% (HR: 0.657, 95% CI: 0.301, 1.435) for Chinese patients, together with a clinically meaningful improvement in the 2-year IDFS rate (95.6% vs 92.1%). The addition of abemaciclib to ET also resulted in an improvement in DRFS (HR: 0.601, 95% CI: 0.245, 1.477) for Chinese patients, with the 2-year DRFS rate at 96.7% (ET alone: 93.4%). In the abemaciclib arm, the most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and grade ≥3 TEAEs: diarrhea (90.3% and 5.0%), leukopenia (76.8% and 21.2%), and neutropenia (76.4% and 23.9%), respectively. Conclusions: Abemaciclib combined with adjuvant ET demonstrated clinically meaningful IDFS and DRFS benefits among Chinese patients with HR+, HER2-, high risk EBC, which was consistent with the ITT population as reported previously. The safety profile of abemaciclib in Chinese EBC patients was consistent with global population and also with that observed in Chinese metastatic breast cancer patients. Clinical trial information: NCT03155997.

TPS1104 Background: Selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) block estrogen receptor (ER) associated signaling and have created interest for treating patients (pts) with advanced ER+ breast cancer (BC). Fulvestrant is currently the only SERD available for advanced BC but requires intramuscular administration, limiting the applied dose, exposure and receptor engagement. Amcenestrant (SAR439859) is an oral SERD that binds with high affinity to both wild-type and mutant ER, blocking estradiol binding and promoting up to 98% ER degradation in preclinical studies. In the phase I AMEERA-1 study of pretreated pts with ER+/HER2- advanced BC, amcenestrant 150–600 mg once daily (QD) showed a mean ER occupancy of 94% with plasma concentrations > 100 ng/mL and a favorable safety profile (Bardia, 2019; data on file). Combination therapy with amcenestrant + palbociclib (palbo) was also evaluated as part of this ongoing phase I study. CDK 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) combined with an aromatase inhibitor (AI), the gold standard for first line treatment for advanced breast cancer, prolong progression free survival (PFS) in pts with no prior treatment for ER+/HER2- advanced BC, but OS benefit has not been shown yet in postmenopausal pts. There remains a clinical need for more effective treatments in this setting. Methods: AMEERA-5 (NCT04478266) is an ongoing, prospective, randomized, double-blind phase III study comparing the efficacy and safety of amcenestrant + palbo with that of letrozole + palbo in pts with advanced, locoregional recurrent or metastatic ER+/HER2- BC who have not received prior systemic therapy for advanced disease. The study includes men, pre/peri-menopausal (with goserelin) and post-menopausal women. Pts with progression during or within 12 months of (neo)adjuvant endocrine therapy using any of the following agents are excluded: AI, selective estrogen receptor modulators, CDK4/6i. Pts are randomized 1:1 to either continuous amcenestrant 200 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg QD orally with matching placebos; both combined with palbo 125 mg QD orally (d1–21 every 28-d cycle). Randomization is stratified according to disease type (de novo metastatic vs recurrent disease), the presence of visceral metastasis, and menopausal status. The primary endpoint is investigator assessed progression free survival (PFS) (RECIST v1.1). Secondary endpoints are overall survival, PFS2, objective response rate, duration of response, clinical benefit rate, pharmacokinetics of amcenestrant and palbo, health-related quality of life, time to chemotherapy, and safety. Biomarkers will be measured in paired tumor biopsies and cell free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) over time. Target enrolment = 1066 pts; enrolment as of 1/2021 = 33 pts. Bardia A, et al., J Clin Oncol. 2019; 37 (15 suppl):1054 Clinical trial information: NCT04478266 .

1039 Background: KAMILLA is an open-label, single-arm, phase 3b safety study of T-DM1 in pts with HER2-positive advanced BC (NCT01702571). The treated (safety) population of KAMILLA comprises 2 cohorts: a larger global Cohort 1 (n=2002) and a smaller Asia Cohort 2 (n=181 [China, n=154; Thailand, n=15; Indonesia, n=12]). Here we report results from Cohort 2 in the context of those previously reported for Cohort 1. Methods: Pts had HER2-positive, locally advanced or mBC with progression after chemotherapy and anti-HER2 therapy or ≤6 months (mo) of completing adjuvant therapy. T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg was given intravenously every 3 weeks until disease progression, consent withdrawal, or unacceptable toxicity. Primary endpoints were grade ≥3 (G≥3) adverse events of primary interest (AEPIs), specifically hepatic events, allergic reactions, thrombocytopenia (TCP), and hemorrhage events; all other G≥3 treatment-related AEs (TRAEs); and all-grade pneumonitis. Results: As of 31 July 2019,KAMILLA enrolled 2185 pts (Cohort 1, n=2003; Cohort 2, n=182), of which 2002 and 181 in each cohort, respectively, received ≥1 study dose and were included in the safety population. Baseline characteristics were generally similar between cohorts. Median (range) T-DM1 exposure was 5.6 mo (0–46) for Cohort 1 and 5.0 mo (0–31) for Cohort 2. The overall G≥3 AEPI rate was higher in Cohort 2 vs Cohort 1 (Table), mostly driven by a higher G≥3 TCP rate in Cohort 2. In Cohort 2, G≥3 TCP (the most frequently reported G≥3 AEPI) did not appear to be associated with G≥3 hemorrhagic events — the majority of G≥3 TCP events (128/138) fully resolved, with a duration of ≤15 days for 98/138 of these events. G≥3 TRAE rates were 18.4% in Cohort 1 and 48.6% in Cohort 2, the latter mainly due to TCP and platelet count decreased; any-grade pneumonitis rates were 1.0% and 2.2%, respectively. No other safety signals were identified. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were similar for both cohorts (Table). Conclusions: These data confirm prior observations in an Asian subgroup of the phase 3 EMILIA trial of T-DM1 in pts with previously treated mBC. Although the G≥3 TCP rate was higher in the Asia cohort, the majority of these events resolved fully. OS and PFS were similar in both cohorts. These data reinforce the favorable T-DM1 benefit-risk profile in mBC. Clinical trial information: NCT01702571 .[Table: see text]

This study seeks to build upon empirical and conceptual work examining the characteristics, mechanisms, and roles of exogenous, actor-independent drivers of entrepreneurial actions and outcomes, known as “external enablers” (EE). These aggregate-level changes – ranging from unforeseen, episodic EEs such as natural disasters and pandemics, to evolving, pan-generational EEs such as socio-demographic shifts, climate change, and breakthrough technologies – constitute a burgeoning stream of research concerning the manner and degree to which disequilibrating circumstances facilitate or forestall business venturing. The central focus of our investigation takes up the critical issue of an EE's temporal, spatial, and sectoral scope. Specifically, we seek to extend and enhance the EE framework by offering a more nuanced assessment of how and why the actions and outcomes elicited by EEs vary, often significantly, as a function of an EE's characteristics. To delve into this emerging line of inquiry, we conduct an abductive, query-driven, exploratory investigation of the impact China's high-speed rail expansion has had on new business venturing. Our findings contribute to further refinement of the theoretical EE framework, provide an important road map for future empirical studies, and offer considerable practical and policy implications.

The brain expressed x‑linked gene 1 (BEX1) is a member of the BEX family and is aberrantly expressed in many cancers. However, the clinical significance of BEX1 expression level and its role in the pathology of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) remain unknown. In the present study, we determined BEX1 expression in the tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 118 ESCC patients by immunohistochemistry and determined the proliferation and growth of ESCC cells following ectopic overexpression of BEX1 in cultured cells and in mouse‑ESCC xenografts. We observed that BEX1 was downregulated in ESCC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues, and low BEX1 expression was significantly associated with larger ESCC tumor volume (P

WeChat Public Number, as a communication model of the new media, produces the new marketing models. In recent years, the WeChat Public Number has become popular, but its successful marketing has been really uneasy. In this paper, the “logic thinking”, a successfully case is taken for example and some methods such as literature search and case analysis, etc. are adopted to start from the brand images, unique contents and communication objects to analyze the “logic thinking” public number and build the brand marketing strategy.

Data journalism, sprouting from the accurate journalism and transiting from the computer aided journalism, has rapidly developed under the support of the big data in the recent 5 years. Aiming at serving the public interests, based on the opened data, driving the news report via the data processing analysis results and appearing in the visualized mode of attracting the audience’s attention, the data journalism has been well received by the users.

In recent years, the digital publishing industry of China has rapidly developed. The construction of the digital publishing base is the important mode of developing the digital publishing industry advocated by the government. By now, 14 national digital publishing bases have been completed in China and the relevant digital publishing industrial cluster has been basically established. Some measures such as building of the collaborative mechanism to promote cooperation, attaching importance to the scientific and technological innovation and strengthening of the interdisciplinary talent training, etc. are presented to deal with some problems in the development of the bases such as low relevance and cooperative level, lack of scientific and technological innovation and lack of the interdisciplinary talents of the digital publishing industry, etc.

In this paper, amorphous InGaZnO 4 thin-film transistors with an asymmetric structure exhibit ultraviolet (UV) light sensing property. At the offset region near the drain electrode, the extended active layer plays the role of a resistor. However, the ON-state current is obviously reduced with increasing offset length at the offset region near the source electrode and the characteristics cannot be turned ON when offset length is over 4 μm. After exposure to UV light, photogenerated holes-induce source barrier lowering and then amplifying the photocurrent response. Therefore, the devices in this paper reach a high-ON/OFF ratio of UV sensitivity to 10 6 .

1026 Background: In CLEOPATRA (NCT00567190), adding P to H + D significantly improved progression-free and overall survival (PFS/OS) v Pla + H + D in patients (pts) with previously untreated HER2-positive LR/MBC. PUFFIN (NCT02896855) is a China bridging study; the objective being to assess consistency of efficacy with CLEOPATRA. Methods: Pts with previously untreated HER2-positive LR/MBC were randomized 1:1 to P + H + D or Pla + H + D, stratified by visceral v non-visceral disease and hormone receptor status. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed PFS. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR in pts with measurable baseline disease), OS, and safety. The target sample size (240) was determined based on the consistency threshold for PFS, defined as hazard ratio (HR) < 0.81, which maintains ≥ 50% of the risk reduction determined in CLEOPATRA (HR 0.62). Results: Two hundred forty-three pts were randomized. Baseline/disease characteristics and prior therapies were generally balanced between arms. For PFS, the HR was 0.69 (95% CI 0.49, 0.99) in the ITT population. No cases of heart failure or symptomatic left ventricular ejection fraction decline were reported. Efficacy/safety are shown in the table. Conclusions: PUFFIN met its primary endpoint. Overall, efficacy data were consistent with CLEOPATRA (ITT population and Asian subgroup). Safety was also consistent and in line with the known P safety profile, with no new or unexpected signals reported. PUFFIN adds to the totality of data with P in previously untreated HER2-positive LR/MBC, and supports the favorable benefit–risk profile of P in Chinese pts. Clinical trial information: NCT02896855. [Table: see text]

Lanthanum boride (LaB x ) thin films with various thicknesses were deposited on ZnO nanowire arrays by electron beam evaporation. Field emission characteristics of ZnO nanowires show close dependence on LaB x coating thickness. The turn-on field increases with increasing LaB x coating thickness from 10 nm to 50 nm. The observed phenomena were explained by a model that the tunneling at ZnO/LaB x interface dominates the emission process.

As the most effective methods in containing climate change and mitigating its consequences, the development and transfer of low carbon technologies (LCT) has aroused strong interest from developing countries particularly those with rapid economic growth. While there has always existed debate on the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in this process. The point of contention lies in whether IP will become the block, the evidence of which is reviewed briefly in this paper, furthermore, the obstacles that hinder the transfer and diffusion of LCT is also discussed in detail. Based on which, we bring forward the local adaption strategies for China according to the social and intellectual property environment, involving the following aspects such as modification of patent law, independent research of LCT, implement of compulsory license system, construction of patents pool, technical information services.

On the basis of the assumption of Preston,the removal function of grinding head with petal-like section,in the form of dual-rotor movement,in the polishing process of optical elements,is studied and derived.A method,using a finite number of discrete points and its arc length to express the grinding head of petal-like section is proposed.And the scope of application of this method is figured out.On the basis of this method,the expression of the removal function of grinding head with petal-like section,in the form of dual-rotor movement,is derived.According to the curve approximation principle of adjustable steps,the approximation algorithm of Gaussian-like removal function,which is the target function,is studied.And the parameters of dual-rotor polishing modal with cosine-like removal function are got.It is proved that gaussian-like removal function can be got from polishing technology of dual-rotor movement.

Based on the vehicle dynamic equation in starting engine in-motion process for HEV, theoretical derivation is conducted to obtain the impact hardness equation in the process. By using matlab/simulink, the law of influence the parameters have on the impact hardness equation is analyzed. Then, coordinated control stategy between the clutch pressure and motor torque, and between motor torque and engine torque is proposed based on the influence law. At last a test bed of the starting engine in-motion for HEV is implemented. The test results show that the change rate of clutch pressure, motor torque and engine torque, can effectively coordinate the change relation between the clutch pressure, the motor torque, and the engine torque. And the test results satisfy the requirements of ride comfort in starting engine in-motion process for HEV well.

Based on the research of foot characteristics of insecta, a climbing robot’s mechanical structure and kinematics are analyzed, and the main crawling institutions was designed by a kind of bionic four-bar linkage. Claws are made of sharp spines, claws are composed of a number of toes which are flexible structure with local degrees of freedom, they have a grate adaptivity to the rough wall. We have studied the characteristics of the rough wall climbing, and made analysis affection of reliability with the angle perched on. The experimental study indicates spine planning and structure design, material selection are reasonable.

We introduce the high smart pressure sensor’s hardware-circuit design based on Ultra-Low Power MSP430 MCU, the BP network algorithm in temperature compensation because of the pressure sensor’s temperature drift is analyzed, and the collected values of MPM280’s temperature and pressure signals with MCU are used in 4-layer BP network for offline training. We express the suited network module by C language program, and analyze the software-implemented method. The result shows that the MSP430 MCU can reduce system power and its rich exterior equipments can reduce the size of pressure sensor, the training of BP network by use of digital A/D value of MCU conversion reduces the error, the pressure sensor’s precision is improved by BP network, the precision is 0.1%.

The form and function of the handheld devices is variety. Each product will need to develop a new re-development, even if the feature is very close. We propose a scalable handheld devices design scheme based on PXA322 embedded processor, describe the handheld devices’ each hardware circuit interface module in detail, include: the handheld devices’ basic system module formed by the CPU(PXA322), SDRAM and FLASH; the communication system interface module formed by DM9000 etc; human-computer interaction interface module; power management module etc, and we also complete the corresponding operating system migration and the system’s functional integrity testing work on the hardware system. The board has a high versatility, the cutting of its hardware and software is flexible, it also increases the development efficiency of the handheld devices.

Self-heating effect can be applied to develop gas sensors avoiding use of external heaters. We report here a prototype self-heated hydrogen gas sensor based on Pt-coated W 18 O 49 nanowire networks. Such a sensor has been shown to have promising performance, e.g., high sensitivity (able to detect down to 50 ppm of H 2 ), good selectivity (poor response to ethanol, CH 4 , CO, and C 3 H 8 ), and low power consumption of 30–60 mW at 6 V compatible to a portable device. Coaxial cable model and percolation theory are applied to explain the gas sensing effect of the Pt-coated W 18 O 49 nanowire networks.

Being a typical Kondo topological insulator, samarium hexaboride (SmB6) attracts much interest in condensed physics and material sciences in recent years. In comparison with their bulk counterparts, SmB6 nanostructures have more abundant surface electron states due to larger specific surface area, which are believed as idea platforms for studying surface quantum properties and physic mechanism. Through chemical vapor deposition (CVD), SmB6 nanobelt and nanowire films were respectively prepared on Si substrate. Both SmB6 nanowires and nanobelts are proven as the cubic single crystals, and their growth directions are, along [100] and [110], respectively. Field emission (FE) results show that SmB6 nanobelts have a turn-on field of 3.24 V/μm and their maximum current density arrives at 466.16 µA/cm 2, which are better than SmB6 nanowires. Considering that SmB6 nanostructures have lower electron affinity, higher electron conductivity and more abundant surface states, they are regarded as excellent cold cathode nanomaterials if their FE performances can be further improved.

High density ZnO nanowire arrays were successfully synthesized without catalyst by direct oxidation of zinc substrate in air below 400 °C, lower than the melting point of zinc metal. The as-grown ZnO nanowires are single crystalline with a Wurzite structure extending in direction. The diameters of the ZnO nanowires range from 20 to 150 nm and the lengths from several to over ten micrometers. Room temperature photoluminescence measurements reveal an intense ultraviolet emission at 397 nm. The present work highlights the promise of the low temperature, direct oxidation process in the high-yield synthesis of high quality semiconductor nanowire arrays for nano-devices.

This paper studies the principles of Raman scattering-based fiber temperature measurement technology and fiber Bragg grating-based (FBG-based) temperature measurement technology. In light of the situation of temperature measurement of GIS bus conductor, it compares the performance and technical indexes of Raman scattering-based temperature measurement scheme and FBG grating-based temperature measurement scheme. On this basis, it selects FBG temperature-measurement scheme for the temperature measurement of GIS bus contact.

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks exploit the availability of Web servers, resulting in the severe loss of their connectivity. We present a robust IP packets filtering mechanism which combines the detection and filtering engine together to protect Web Servers from DDoS Attacks. The mechanism can detect DDoS attacks by inspecting inbound packets with an IP address database, and filter out lower priority IP addresses to preserve the connection for valid users by monitoring the queues status. We use the Netfilter's technique, a framework inside the Linux 2. 4. X, to implement it on a Web server. Also, we evaluate this mechanism and analyze the influence of some important parameters on system performance. The experimental results show that this mechanism is effective against DDoS attacks.

The frequency characteristics of a lighting element using carbon nanotube-based composite as cold-cathode material were studied. A delay response characteristic and a cutoff frequency have been observed. Furthermore, the dependence of cutoff frequency on the structural parameters of the electron gun of the lighting element has been investigated. The results show that the cutoff frequency increases with the vacuum gap between gate electrode and cathode, and decreases with the area and the thickness of cold cathode film.

Large-scaled MoO2 nanowire arrays have been prepared on silicon substrates by thermal evaporation of Mo in a flow of argon gas without using any catalyst. The nanowires are well aligned and vertically oriented to substrate surface. The cross-section of most of the nanowires has a polygonal shape with the width of about 150 nm, and the typical lengths of the nanowires vary from 2 to 4 lm. The X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy reveals that the nanowires contained elements of Mo and O. X-ray diffraction analyses and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study show that the MoO2 nanowires are of monoclinic structure. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A model for field emission through an amorphous diamond thin film with defects is constructed. Theoretical study shows that the emission is enhanced by attractive defects which would make the resonant emission observable for films with thickness of about 10 nm. The emitted current density in typical parameters is calculated as functions of thickness, field strength and defect density. The energy distribution of emitted electrons is attained.

Purpose Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains an incurable disease despite major therapeutic advances. Pseudomonas aeruginosa–mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (PA-MSHA) has been established to have anti-proliferative effects against breast cancer cells in preclinical experiments, and is indicated for treatment of cancer in China. We performed a phase II trial combining PA-MSHA with capecitabine in patients with heavily pretreated MBC. Methods Eligibility criteria included human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative MBC, prior therapy with anthracyclines and taxanes, at least one prior chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease or early relapse after a taxane plus anthracycline adjuvant regimen, and adequate organ function and performance status. PA-MSHA 1 mg was administered subcutaneously every other day and capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 orally twice a day for 2 weeks on, 1 week off. The primary end point was progression-free survival. Results A total of 97 patients were enrolled. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.0 months [95 % confidence interval (CI) 3.0–4.9], which was not significantly different from that in historical controls. However, median PFS was significantly longer (8.2 months; 95 % CI 6.7–9.7) in 24 patients with moderate immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as fever or skin induration at the injection site than in those with no or mild irAEs (3.1 months, 95 % CI 2.5–3.6; p = 0.003). Overall survival was also improved in these patients (25.4 vs. 16.4 months; p = 0.044). PA-MSHA has a good safety profile, with only 6 patients (6.2 %) discontinuing treatment. PA-MSHA did not increase capecitabine-related toxicities such as hand-foot syndrome, nausea, and vomiting. Conclusion Adding PA-MSHA to capecitabine has a good safety profile in patients with heavily pre-treated MBC, although benefit from this regimen might occur only in patients with moderate PA-MSHA–related adverse events. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01380808

This paper focuses on a nonlinear on-line learning control system with some priori knowledge that can be represented with the functions of the gain scheduling. For this, we develop the Gain-Scheduling direct Heuristic Dynamic Programming (GSHDP) controller that is based on the fundamental principle of reinforcement learning. In order to improve the convergence speed of the on-line learning, DL-RM algorithm is proposed in this paper. Moreover, we analyse the convergence characteristic of the algorithm and develop a more general convergence theorem. We apply the GSHDP controller on Wind Turbine's pitch control and the performance of the controller is measured in our simulation experiments. The simulation results show that DL-RM algorithm has faster convergence speed than RM algorithm and proper selection of reinforcement signal can achieve better performance.

Details of the recent experimental and theoretical studies of the frequency characteristic of the field emission electron source of a lighting element are given. The response times at different frequencies (0.02–200 kHz) and applied gap fields, acting on cathode surface, have been studied. A correlation has been found to exist between the response time and the frequency of applied voltage pulse. The response time remains almost constant within a range of frequencies between 1 and 30 kHz, and it remains nearly constant with increasing applied gap field higher than the threshold field. Finally, the cutoff frequency of the electron source is found, and with the current design of the electron source, it can be as high as 40 kHz. An equivalent circuit model is proposed, and theoretical results based on this model agree well with experimental findings.

Details are given of an experimental investigation carried out to study the field electron emission characteristics of a field emission flat panel display unit using a carbon nanotube-epoxy composite as electron emission material. These include: (i) dependence of direct emission current-voltage characteristic on vacuum gap spacing, (ii) the variation of the proportion of emission current passing through an aperture hole of a gate electrode with changing structural parameters of the device, and (iii) the uniformity and display characteristics of a typical display unit. Our findings indicate that it is very likely for one to produce a near-market prototype high voltage field emission flat panel display, if more sophisticated fabrication and assembly technique is adapted.

Stable electron emission from amorphous diamond film at a low threshold field of 6-7 mV m-1 has been observed using a transparent anode technique. The electron emission characteristics are discussed in terms of the structural properties of films. Using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectra, the emitting and the non-emitting regions of the amorphous diamond film are analysed. The emitting regions exhibit rougher microstructure in morphology and a stronger Raman peak at 1360 cm-1 than the non-emitting regions, a signature of having more micro-sp2 components. It is suggested that field emission is prone to take place at the regions containing more sp2 nanoclusters or nanocrystalline graphite.

Oral mucositis is one of the most painful side effects found in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. The transdermal route of administration is worthy of investigation for patients who suffer from dysphagia due to severe oral mucositis. In this phase 2 study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl (TDF) for mucositis pain caused by chemoradiotherapy in ESCC patients.Forty-six ESCC patients who experienced moderate to severe oral mucosal pain during chemoradiotherapy received TDF for pain relief. The assessment of pain was made according to the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Efficacy and safety of TDF was collected and conducted in an open-label fashion. The analgesic effect, quality of life, and side effects were evaluated after the administration of transdermal fentanyl using the paired sample Wilcoxon signed rank test.The mucositis-induced pain disappeared in 31 (67.4 %) patients during the treatment with transdermal fentanyl with the median time of onset at day 6.6 (range 3-14). The median Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score was reduced from 6 (range 3-9) before treatment to 4.5 (range 2-9), 3 (range 2-8), 2.5 (range 1-8), 2 (range 0-6), and 0 (range 0-4) on days 3, 6, 9, 11, and 15, respectively, after treatment (P0.001). The patients' quality of life also improved significantly (P0.01). The side effects of treatment were mild and disappeared within several days.Transdermal fentanyl is an effective, convenient, and well-tolerated treatment for mucositis pain caused by chemoradiotherapy, which can improve ESCC patients' quality of life.

The ultrafast optical emission of nanosized (∼5nm) crystallites has been detected under the picosecond (ps) laser excitation of 300nm through ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy. This optical emission, photoluminescence (PL), induced at a laser wavelength of 300nm confines blue light. The ultrafast PL spectrum deconvoluted by a Monte Carlo method shows that two fast emission processes with decaytimes of 60 and 350ps. This type of ultrafast emission has not been observed under the same experimental conditions from the samples of a natural single crystal and an impure natural single crystal diamond. The mechanism responsible for this visible ultrafast emission is proposed by taking into account the effect of surface states and large surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles. All of these findings demonstrate the feasibility of using large band-gap nanomaterials to generate ultrafast optical emission at various wavelengths.

Ultrashort pulses complicate the frequency conversion in a nonlinear crystal, where group velocity mismatch becomes the main obstacle due to dispersion. We present a design for group velocity compensated second harmonic generation in a modulated nonlinear structure, embedded in a liquid crystal box. In this structure, nonlinear crystals act as sources of signal and liquid crystals compensate for group velocity mismatch originating from nonlinear crystals. There are the advantages of the flexible, controllable birefringence of liquid crystals. Meanwhile, a method calculating the parameters of this type of structure is presented. To make it clear, an example is provided. Furthermore, the structure can also be shaped as a waveguide to support integration into other optical devices, applicable to all-optical processing systems.

1012Background: Standard adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) contain taxane and anthracycline. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of integrate capec...

Findings are given from the experimental observation of the vacuum breakdown of carbon-nanotube (CNT) field emitters on a Si tip. The CNTs were grown on the apex of a Si microtip by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The electrical contact of the CNT-Si junction was shown to be of ohmic type. A fine tungsten microprobe in combination with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) system was employed for both the field emission and the contact conductivity measurements. This arrangement allows to precisely measure the characteristics of individual CNT and to in situ inspect the morphology of the CNT emitters on Si tips before and after vacuum breakdown events. An upper limit in emission current density of ∼103 A/m2 from the CNT emitters was recorded before a vacuum breakdown event is initiated. Clear evidence was found to show that the vacuum breakdown of the CNTs results in melting of the Si tip. These findings enhance the understanding of the failure mechanism of CNT emitters. It also has im...

Astragalus mongholicus aqueous extract (AMAE) is widely used for its medicinal properties. In the present study, we evaluated the role of AMAE on spinal cord lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant status, apoptosis index and inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) positive expression rate in rats. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were divided into four groups: Group I, normal control rats; Group II, model rats suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI); Group III and V, AMAE rats supplemented with AMAE. Results showed that increased spinal cord LPO, apoptosis index, iNOS positive expression rate and decreased antioxidant enzymes activities were observed in model rats (Group II). Administration of AMAE significantly dose-dependently decreased spinal cord LPO, apoptosis index, iNOS positive expression rate and increased antioxidant enzymes activities in AMAE rats. These findings demonstrated that AMAE can enhance the antioxidant status and decrease the incidence of free radical-induced LPO, and display strong neuroprotective activity in the experimental rats. Key words: Astragalus mongholicus aqueous extract, rat, spinal cord injury, inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) positive expression rate.

Silicon (Si) tip emitter arrays with uniform, smooth, and ultrathin (∼2 nm) amorphous diamond (a-D) apexes were fabricated. Aqueous buffer hydrofluoric acid and H2/Ar plasma have been employed to remove the native oxide layer of Si tips, prior to the a-D film deposition. Scanning electron microscopy study showed that uniform a-D coatings were highly localized on the apex of individual Si tips. Study using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed that the Si/a-D junction is free from the oxide interlayer. Field-emission measurements demonstrated that the removal of the native oxide layer and the a-D apex coating are important to stabilize and enhance the electron emission from Si field emitters.

Geometrical field-enhancement structures at the surface of a substrate have been expected to effectively lower fields required to inject electrons from the substrate into amorphous-diamond (a-D) films. Two techniques have been developed to create a high density of nanoprotrusions on substrate surfaces: (a) on silicon (Si) substrates using our patented chemical-etching technique, and (b) on aluminum (Al) film by following a special deposition procedure. The density of nanoprotrusions can be as high as 108/cm2, and the mean roughness of the substrates is 2–30 nm. From a-D emitters, substrate surfaces with such nanoprotrusions can lower the field for emission. The results are discussed in light of several existing theoretical models.

Straight crystalline copper sulphide (Cu2S) nanowire arrays have been grown by using a simple gas–solid reaction at room temperature. These were demonstrated to exhibit semiconductor properties. Field emission was observed at a field of ∼6 MV/m, and its current-field characteristics deviate from Fowler–Nordheim theory, i.e., showing a nonlinear Fowler–Nordheim plot. The uniform emission from the whole arrays was observed using transparent anode technique, and their variation with applied field was recorded. The emission from individual nanowires was also studied using a field emission microscope, and was found to consist of a number of spatially resolved diffuse spots. Finally, stable emission current at different levels and over time was recorded. These findings indicate that semiconductor nanowires as cold cathode have a potential future, worthy of further comprehensive investigation. The technical importance of using semiconductor nanowires as cold cathode emitter is given.

A method of measuring the PT secondary voltage drop based on GPS is introduced, Because it get the reference time through GPS, two instrument in different place can collect data at the same time. Take no account of harmonic and the magnetic disturbance which affect the voltage acquisition, This article analyzed the distinction error caused by ADC accuracy and the data numbers which are sampled in one period of the signal; and analyzed the angular difference error caused by the GPS's accuracy of time. In order to meet demand of the angular difference error and angular difference error, the AD's length, sampling data per period, and GPS's accuracy are given. The data is very helpful to design the PT Secondary Voltage Drop Monitoring System.

A two-dimensional (2-D) laser velocimeter was employed to study the turbulent separation-reattachment flow field in a 2-D diffuser, which is a lower curved wall and upper flat plate. There is a parallel channel connected with the exit of the diffuser. In the inlet of the diffuser, the Reynolds number is 5,000 based on the momentum thickness, and the inlet velocity is 25.2 m/s. Mean velocity and Reynolds stresses were measured from upstream of the separation to downstream of the reattachment. The minimum distance from the surface is 0.3 mm. The significant features were that after transitory detachment, within the reversing flow, there exist the second extreme of u 2 and minus of — uv . Normal stresses and the cross-stream pressure gradient are important immediately in the separating flow and are associated with strong streamline curvature. The maximum of the displacement thickness curvature Kmax∗ corresponds to the intermittency transitory detachment. Several velocity profiles and Cebeci and Smith algebraic eddy-viscosity are compared with the experiment. A new approximate correction of the effect of normal stress is proposed and yields results in agreement with the experiment before the transitory detachment.