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У статті надано аналіз світової епідеміологічної статистики з проблеми черепно-мозкової травми (ЧМТ). Згідно з літературними даними, показники поширеності ЧМТ в світі становлять від 83 до 580 на 100 тис. населення на рік; показники смертності населення від ЧМТ — від 6,3 до 40,8 на 100 тис. населення на рік, причому ці показники залежать від якості статистичної вибірки. Проведено аналіз епідеміологічних показників, що характеризують ЧМТ в Республіці Білорусь, і дана оцінка їх динаміці за останні 5 років. Поширеність ЧМТ знизилася з 247,3 в 2011 р. до 201,4 в 2013 р., потім підвищилася до 239,6 в 2015 р. Смертність населення мала стійку тенденцію до зниження з 20,2 в 2011 р. до 10,4 в 2015 р. При цьому відзначено зниження догоспитальної летальності з 69,5 % у 2011 р. до 37,7 % у 2015 р. Загальнодержавні й галузеві (охорона здоров’я) заходи щодо поліпшення якості надання медичної допомоги пацієнтам з ЧМТ забезпечили суттєве покращення результатів: зниження смертності населення від ЧМТ на 48,5 %, зниження летальності при ЧМТ серед постраждалих на 47,6 %. Було доведено, що включення в комплексну терапію препаратів цитиколін, гемодеріват і L-лізину есцинат значно покращує виживаність пацієнтів із тяжкою ЧМТ.

Relevance. The problem of effective prevention and treatment of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) of various etiologies has not been resolved in all countries of the world. Primary brain damage from trauma initiates secondary damage to the nervous tissue. As a result, the interaction of brain neural networks is disrupted and the control of somatic and visceral functions of the body is weakened. The article is based on our own clinical observations and comparison of results with literature data and provides a discussion of the prospects for the use of cell technologies in the prevention of fatal disorders of vital functions control in traumatic brain injuries. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of intranasal perineural implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the complex therapy of patients with TBI. Materials and methods. The technique intranasal perineural administration of MSCs was used in complex therapy of 15 patients with severe TBI. The patients were 19÷69 years old, 13 men and two women. A cell suspension was isolated from the adipose tissue of the patient's abdominal wall and centrifuged for 10 min at 1500 rpm. The cell pellet was washed in phosphate buffered saline and DMEM. Cells were cultured in plastic culture flasks in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 content. The cell mass was trypsinized according to standard technique and resuspended in physiological saline on the day of implantation. Dynamics of culture growth, pluripotency, phenotyping of MSCs were monitored. MSCs were injected under general anesthesia into the submucosa of the nasal cavity 3-4 times with an interval of 3-7 days, depending on the growth rate of MSCs, in a single dose from 12.0×106 to 35.0×106 cells. Results. The use of allogeneic and predominantly autologous MSCs of adipose tissue in the complex treatment of patients with severe TBI by intranasal perineural delivery to the area of traumatic brain injury does not cause complications and is a safe technique. 8 patients with severe TBI showed from 4 to 7 points according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended, with an average of 5.4±1.1 points after 6 months. The main result is that complex therapy, including intranasal implantation of MSCs in acute and subacute periods of severe TBI, contributes to the survival of patients and restoration of neurological – including cognitive – functions control. Conclusions. The effectiveness of intranasal perineural implantation of MSCs in the complex therapy of patients with TBI has been demonstrated. The mechanisms of the beneficial effects of perineural implantation of MSCs in patients with TBI require further research.

This study is based on the evidence collected during the “Technical e-Learning Course on Wastewater Treatment”, an international training project developed in 2020 in Italy by the Hydroaid Association, in collaboration with Turin Polytechnic. This work intended to address the sustainability of urban sanitation in various African countries, which the world of international cooperation has been looking at in recent years with growing interest. A comparative analysis of the current strategies and technological solutions was conducted. Data and information reported by the project participants were elaborated and verified. Four African countries—Benin, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Malawi—were considered and two relevant case studies among those proposed by the participants were presented. Starting from this analysis, significant elements about the status and coverage of wastewater management were extracted and reported. The analysis of existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) allowed evaluating their design features and current status of operation. Considerations about the environmental, economic, social, and technical sustainability of wastewater treatment and management were finally reported. Conducting such an analysis provided support in identifying the best practices and the most recurrent problems linked to the various African contexts, which need to be considered for a complete definition of the planning strategy for accessible, efficient, and sustainable sanitation infrastructures.

Undertaking more research is widely considered as the most as it leads to creation of new knowledge, inventions and innovations in Sub-Saharan Africa in general and in Ethiopia in particular, yet there are very few studies of the extent to which it fulfills this promise. In this paper we use survey data from Wollega University to understand the factors hindering research participation decision of academic staffs at university level. Faculty members’ participation in research helps in improving the quality of teaching faculty and the status of an institution. Decisions about promotion and tenure heavily rely on the quality and quantity of research productivity. A self-administered questionnaire has been used to gather data. The sample size comprises of 120 faculty members from two selected colleges. Data has been analyzed by using statistical techniques and logit model. We conclude that availability of publication incentives, work experience, speed of internet, accessibility to research funds and colleague collaboration on research participation all enhance the probability of academic staff’s research participation while teaching load is negatively related to the probability of academic staff’s research participation in the study area. Keywords : Research, Research participation decision, Institutional factors, Environmental factors, Personal career development factors, Demographic factors. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/11-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a continuous problem in the world and has a significant impact on both human and wildlife populations. This study was conducted to investigate the HWC around Belo-Bira Forest, Dawro zone, southwestern Ethiopia. We collected data from October 2019 to March 2020 through semistructured questionnaires, focus group discussion, direct observation, and key informant interviews. Our results show that crop damage and livestock predation were common problems caused by Papio anubis, Cercopithecus aethiops, Crocuta crocuta, Canis aureus, and Potamochoerus larvatus. Human population growth, habitat disturbance, proximity to natural forest, and competition between wildlife and livestock are the identified causes of HWC. Moreover, the study identified guarding and fencing as dominant traditional methods used to reduce HWC in our study area. Therefore, local communities can minimize crop loss by using the most effective method in an area, and crops such as wheat, maize, and teff should not be grown near the forest edge.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image classification is a challenging problem due to the complex imaging mechanism as well as the random speckle noise, which affects radar image interpretation. Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been shown to outperform previous state-of-the-art techniques in computer vision tasks owing to their ability to learn relevant features from the data. However, CNNs in particular and neural networks, in general, lack uncertainty quantification and can be easily deceived by adversarial attacks. This paper proposes Bayes-SAR Net, a Bayesian CNN that can perform robust SAR image classification while quantifying the uncertainty or confidence of the network in its decision. Bayes-SAR Net propagates the first two moments (mean and covariance) of the approximate posterior distribution of the network parameters given the data and obtains a predictive mean and covariance of the classification output. Experiments, using the benchmark datasets Flevoland and Oberpfaffenhofen, show superior performance and robustness to Gaussian noise and adversarial attacks, as compared to the SAR-Net homologue. Bayes-SAR Net achieves a test accuracy that is around 10% higher in the case of adversarial perturbation (levels ≽ 0.05).

The amount and quality of land, water and atmospheric information is critical to plan, monitor, predict and mitigate the impacts of climate change, urbanization and population growth. To get reason...

Healthcare-associated meningitis and ventriculitis are a common problem of modern public health, which are characterized by diverse etiological spectrum of multidrug resistant microorganisms, presented by difficulties for early diagnosis and adequate treatment, and are often accompanied by a high risk of secondary complications and an unfavorable outcome. This article presents the clinical guidelines of the American Society of Infectious Diseases (IDSA) for the diagnosis and treatment of healthcare-associated meningitis and ventriculitis published in 2017 and may be useful for professionals working with this category of patients.

Aims: This study was designed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of adverse drug reaction reporting among healthcare professionals in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH). Method: Hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on healthcare professionals of HFSUH. Based on purposive sampling technique, all eligible healthcare professionals (nurses, physicians and pharmacists) were involved in the study. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. The test of association of selected categorical variables were done using cross tabulation and Pearson Chi-square test. Result: Our study indicated that about 297 participants provided their response to the distributed questionnaires which makes the response rate 91.4%. Of the total healthcare professionals involved in the study, 99 (33.6%) of them were able to understand the difference between adverse drug reaction (ADR) and side effects, of which pharmacists were significantly reported (95.24%, P

Experimental Verification of Hypothesis of Antitumor Potential Presence in Mesenchymal Stem Cells is an analgesic treatment method which is applied before surgical trauma and tissue damage..

Experiments were performed on 28 sexually mature Wistar rats divided into two equal groups. Rats were fixed in stereotactic apparatus and received 2.8×105 C6 glioma cells in 20 μl of F10 medium locally into frontal region of brain under ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine anesthesia. One group of rats (n=14) was implanted with 40×104 MSCs in 40 μl of low glucose DMEM medium into submucosa of nasal cavity. Further, only rats from this group received 40×104 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) intranasally in the form of a spray on a weekly basis. All 14 rats from the second group died within two months. Rats with implanted MSCs started to die in two and a half months. Two rats lived up to 8.5 months. One of these rats was decapitated, brain slices stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl – and no tumor cells were found. A connective tissue scar was found at the site of injection.

There has been a significant change in the structure of intracranial tumors this past decade.

The progress of modern medicine is also associated with highcost technologies, expensive creation of medicines, and unique ways of transplantations of inner organs, which are available only for selected people [1].

Hypothesis on reality of perineural migration of stem cells (SCs) along vagus nerve fibers to injured heart and brain stem regions was experimentally verified on ten Wistar rats.

Multiple studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetic variability and its relationship with the disease pathogenesis are currently ongoing, stemming from growing evidence of the clinical significance of HBV mutations. It is becoming increasingly evident that patients with hematologic malignancies may be particularly prone to a higher frequency of such mutations. The present report is the first extensive study of the prevalence of escape mutations in S-HBsAg, performed using isolates from 59 patients from hospital hematology departments with diagnoses of leukemia (n = 32), lymphoma (n = 20), multiple myeloma (n = 3), and non-tumor blood diseases (n = 4). The isolates were serologically examined for the presence of HBV markers and sequenced using either next-generation sequencing (NGS) or Sanger sequencing. Occult hepatitis B was found in 5.1% of cases. Genetic analysis of the region corresponding to S-HBsAg demonstrated an exceptionally high mutation frequency in patients with leukemias (93.4%) and lymphomas (85.0%), along with the prominent mutation heterogeneity. Additionally, more than 15 mutations in one sample were found in patients with leukemias (6.3% of cases) and lymphomas (5.0% of cases). Most of the mutations were clinically significant. The study analyzes the mutation profile of HBV in different oncohematological diseases and the frequency of individual mutations. The data strongly suggest that the NGS method, capable of detecting minor populations of HBV mutations, provides a diagnostic advantage, lays the foundation for the development of screening methods, and allows for the study of the virological and pathogenetic aspects of hepatitis B.

Agricultureasaprimaryeconomicactivityisthemajoreconomicbaseoftheworld’spopulation. Agriculture as a primary economic activity is the major economic base of the world’s population. More than 60 percent of the world population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. This study was conducted in Dawuro Zone Essera district achieve the general objective that assessed the impacts of population growth on agricultural production and farming practices. Essera district is 102,848, of whom 51.35% are male and 48.64% are female. This district falls into three agro-ecological regions, of which, kolla within (500-1500masl), weina-dega within (1501-2500 masl) and Dega above (> 2500 masl). To conduct this study, the cross-sectional survey design with the application of both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed. The study involved a multistage sampling, i.e. a combination of purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling procedures to select the study area and sample households. To draw the samples, the households in the study area, Stratified random sampling technique was applied to collect information from respondents. Study area districts stratified into 3 stratums based on agro ecological zone, after this stratification in agro-ecological zone, kebeles that study has been undergone, selected purposively. That is kola whose elevation ranges from 1000m-1500m above sea level, woynadega whose elevation ranges from 1500m-2000m above sea level, and dega whose elevation ranges from 2000-3000m above sea level. Data that was made available through different instruments was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Different tables, maps and figures were also used to illustrate the various aspects of the study. In the light of the theories considered and the finding of the study indicated, both the population pessimistic views of Malthusians and neo Malthusians and the optimistic views of Boserupian could not separately provides the complete explanations regarding the population and agricultural production relationship of this study. It was observed that, increase in population growth of the area associated with an increase in usage of modern inputs which increase in total crop outputs in general and yields for some crop types such as cereals in particular. Moreover, labor intensive land investment practices including tree planting; terracing, manuring croplands were increasingly under taking by peasants as result of rapid change in population size of the area. Farmers have to be advised to plant tree at area far away from land serving agricultural activities.

Etiopathogenesis of Heterotopic ossification or paraosteoarthropathy is unknown, all speculations remain open. Epilepsy and anti-epileptic drugs have never been mentioned as a risk factor...

Цель. Оценить эффективность интраоперационной локальной химиотерапии с применением препарата Цисплацел в комбинированном и комплексном лечении пациентов по поводу высокозлокачественных ( Grade III – IV ) глиальных опухолей головного мозга (ГМ). Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 114 пациентов, которым проведено комбинированное либо комплексное лечение; 57 из них во время хирургического вмешательства в ложе опухоли после ее удаления имплантирован препарат для интраоперационной химиотерапии Цисплацел; у 57 — локальную химиотерапию не проводили. Результаты. У пациентов в возрасте 50 лет и моложе после радикального или субтотального удаления высокозлокачественной глиомы ГМ использование Цисплацела позволило достоверно увеличить медиану выживаемости с 14 до 21 мес; показатели 1-, 3- и 5-летней выживаемости — соответственно с (67,6±10,1), (12,1±7,9) и (12,1±7,9)% до (90,9±6,1), (25,3±10,9) и (16,8±10,0)% (р=0,048). У пациентов в возрасте старше 50 лет достоверные различия показателей выживаемости не выявлены. Выводы. 1. Включение в схемы комбинированного и комплексного лечения пациентов по поводу высокозлокачественных глиом ГМ в возрасте 50 лет и моложе препарата Цисплацел после радикального или субтотального удаления опухоли достоверно увеличивало медиану выживаемости и показатели 1-, 3- и 5-летней выживаемости (р=0,048). 2. Обоснование показаний к назначению препарата Цисплацел остальным пациентам требует дальнейшего изучения и тщательного анализа с оценкой прогностических факторов, влияющих на результаты лечения.

This work proposes a novel approach that will assist in delivering significant energy efficiency gains in wireless networks. The algorithm cluster users into equal area circular tracks between concentric circles in a given cell. If the number of users in the outer circular track is below some threshold value, the track is made to be switch off. So that the transmit power will be adaptively adjusted accordingly since it has direct relationship with the distance. The impact of this approach on achieving energy-efficient wireless communication systems is discussed. Reduced Okumura-Hata model formula has been used for propagation issues and power calculations. From simulation result, it has been shown that up to 17dBm power can be saved for ten scans. In other words, the energy efficiency can be maximized up to 20-30%.

Background Female genital mutilation (FGM) is nontherapeutic surgical modification of the female genitalia. It is an ancient tradition in large parts of Africa, including Ethiopia, especially in the eastern part of the country. This study aimed to identify the prevalence, perceptions, perpetuators, reasons for conducting FGM, and factors associated with this practice with regard to women’s health. Methods Community-based cross-sectional house-to-house interviews were conducted during 2008 among 858 females of reproductive age (15–49 years), in Kersa district, East Hararge, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Proportions and Chi-square tests were used to describe the data and logistic regression was used to describe statistical associations. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results FGM was reported to be known by 327 (38.5%) of the interviewees. The majority (n = 249, 76.1%) reported that local healers were the main performers of FGM, and 258 (78.9%) respondents stated that the clitoris was the part removed during circumcision. The main reason for the practice of FGM was reduction of female sexual hyperactivity (reported by 198 women [60.3%]). Circumcision of daughters was reported by 288 (88.1%) respondents, and this showed a statistically significant association with the Christian religion (P = 0.003), illiteracy (P = 0.01), and Amhara ethnicity (P = 0.012). The majority of the respondents (792, 92.3%) were themselves circumcised and 68.8% did not know of any health-related problems associated with FGM. Conclusion In spite of FGM being a common practice in the study area, only one third of the respondents stated that they knew about it. Local healers were the main performers of FGM. Some of the women knew about the negative reproductive health effects of FGM and some had also experienced these themselves. However, only a few had tried to stop the practice and the majority had taken no steps to do so. This may be attributable to the fear of becoming alienated from the cultural system and fear of isolation.

Objective. To characterize diabetic nephropathy and cognitive function in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1, complicated by orthostatic hypotension (OH), and to assess the benefits of venoprotector therapy for the correction of dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Design and methods. Sixty patients with AH, DM type 1 and OH were included in the study. Schellongs' orthostatic probe, microalbuminuria (MAU) screening with «Micral-Test-11», Mini Mental State examination (MMSE) test, 10 words memo probe, Spielberg test, Beck questionnaire were used. Antihypertensive therapy included «Enalapril» («Hemofarm», Serbia), venoprotective therapy - with «Detralex» («Servier», France). Results. Adequate antihypertensive therapy in patients with DM type 1 in combination with AH and OH leads to aggravation of postural hypertension symptoms. Blood pressure decrease in orthostatic probe and cognitive disorders are associated (r = 0,56, p = 0,009). Use of active orthostatic probe (AOP) leads to the increase of MAU. Venotonic therapy attenuates the symptoms of postural hypotension, leads to the decrease of MAU in AOP and improves cognitive function.

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of ovine fasciolosis was conducted in Jima Rare District from January 2013 to June 2014. A total of 384 faecal samples were randomly collected directly from the rectum of individual animals. Parasitological investigation was performed using sedimentation technique. From a total of 384 coprologically examined sheep 214 animals were found positive for fasciolosis with an overall prevalence of 55.7%. Gemeda, Shumbo, kalo Guracha, Burka Hobo and Bekela Erer Peasant Associations (PAs) accounted for 47.36%, 50.6%, 64.47%, 58.97% and 57.14% respectively. The difference in the prevalence in the five PAs was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The prevalence of ovine fasciolosis was computed for the different age, sex and body condition categories. The prevalence rate of fasciolosis in young sheep 50.8% was less than in adults sheep 59.8% and the difference were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The prevalence of fasciolosis in two sex groups in the present study was 55.89%, 55.5% in female and male respectively. The difference in the prevalence was not significantly significant (p>0.05) .On the other hand in present study area the prevalence of fasciolosis was found to be higher in sheep with poor body condition than those with medium and good body condition ones with an overall prevalence of 67.8%, 51.8% and 43.68% respectively. There is no statically deference (p>0.05) between three types of BCS. It was concluded that ovine fasciolosis was prevalent, thus causing major economic loss in the study area. Hence, control strategies targeted on the parasite and the intermediate hosts as well as implementation of appropriate grazing management in the study area are warranted.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) makes up as many as 30% of all primary brain tumors. Despite the employment of multimodal antitumor treatment, the overall survival is less than one year. Between 06/01/1998 and 06/01/2000 17 patients (Group A) with GBM (11 males, 6 females; median age 54.3 years) were administered local chemotherapy with cisplatin incorporated into biodegradable 6-carboxylcellulose polymer (cisplatin-depot (CDDP-D)). After the subtotal removal of GBM, twenty 1.5 x 1.5 cm polymer plates with a total area of 45 cm2 (the density of cisplatin immobilization on 6-carboxylcellulose being 1 mg/cm2, a total cisplatin dose of 45 mg) were implanted into the tumor bed. Group B (21 patients with GBM; 11 males, 10 females; median age 53.2 years) was control: the subtotal tumor ablation without CDDP-D implantation. Two to three weeks after the surgery all the patients of Groups A and B started a course of radiation therapy. A total dose of cranial irradiation was 20 Gy (1 fraction/day, 5 days/week; a daily dose of 2 Gy) followed by a boost tumor bed irradiation (1 fraction/day, 5 days/week; a daily dose of 2 Gy) up to the conventional dose of 60 Gy. Survival data for the patients were processed using the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed by logrank test. All the patients of Group A tolerated surgical ablation of the brain tumor without side effects (brain edema, seizures, etc.). No patient of Group A had a reduction in blood cell counts during six weeks that would indicate systemic exposure to cisplatin. Blood chemistry and urinalysis did not show evidence of renal injury. No side effects of radiotherapy were registered in Group B either, regarding both the psychoneurological status of the patients and the basic values of homeostasis. Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) score of Group A and Group B patients demonstrated no significant differences before and after the surgery. The median overall survivals for patients of Group A and Group B were 427.5 and 211.0 days respectively (p = 0.00001; overall logrank test). Conclusion. Local chemotherapy of GBM with CDDP-D followed by irradiation is well tolerated and effective.

The delivery of cost-effective and quality emergency services remains an important challenge for the healthcare industry. This project demonstrates the feasibility of using flexible, and user-friendly equipment to inform others when user needs an emergency response. Early detection of emerging heart problems can allow medical interventions to reduce the impact and severity of heart-related incidents. This technology presents a combination of mobile communication with data transmission through Wi-Fi. It integrates hardware and software engineering for heart monitoring at a low cost and ease to use at home. Herein, we describe a scalable emergency medical response system that couples the efficient data collection of a pulse sensor with internet data transmission plus distance monitoring data with the flexibility and interoperability of GSM / GPS / Wi-Fi service architecture with no need of suppliers. It is proven that in most of the cases users can significantly improve their safety feeling by using such device.

Introduction: Men often have higher decision making power in matters such as sexual relations, family size, and seeking health care than women. On the contrary, women carry a disproportionate amount of responsibility for reproductive health matters including family planning. Even though women receive the bulk of reproductive health services, gender dynamics makes women powerless. Reproductive health matters in its broader sense should be a concern for all not for just that of women; and it needs the attention of men, entire family and the society at large. Despite this, men involvement in family planning utilization is low in Ethiopia. Objective: The main aim of this study is to assess the role of male involvement in family planning utilization and associated factors in Arba minch-town, Gamo Gofa zone, Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Arba-minch town among 406 married men. The data was collected by face-to-face interview using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Sampling units (households that fulfill the inclusion criteria) were selected by using simple random sampling method. Verbal consent was obtained from respondents by explaining the objective of the study. The questioner was developed in English then translated to local language for actual data collection. Data was cleaned, coded and entered into computer and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done at 95% CI and variables with p-value of < 0.05 at multivariable logistic regression were considered as significant predictors of the outcome variable. The findings of the study were presented in text, tables and charts. Result: The result of this study shows that male involvement in modern contraceptive utilization is 68%. Respondents who were knowledgeable on modern family planning methods were 2 times more likely to involve in family planning utilization compared to those who have no knowledge (AOR [95% CI] = 2.0 [1.397, 3.992]). Respondents whose desired number of children is less than or equal to three were five times more likely involve in modern family planning utilization (AOR [95% CI] = 5.0 [0.192, 0.957]). In addition, respondents who are illiterate were 85% less likely to involve in modern family planning utilization compared to those with educational status of diploma and above (AOR [95% CI] = 0.15 [2.299, 17.738]). Conclusion and recommendation: In this study, male involvement in modern contraceptive utilization is slightly high compared to other studies conducted in the country. Male involvement on modern contraceptive utilization is largely influenced by men knowledge on modern contraceptive methods, level of education and desired number of children. Family planning Information, Education and communication should be given for men to increase their involvement in modern contraceptive utilization.

Intimate partner violence is common in rural areas of Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and prevalence of domestic violence among women in Kersa district of Oromia region and identify the types, perpetuators and triggers for violence. A community-based cross-sectional interview-based survey was conducted in 2008 on 858 women of reproductive age. Only 39.7% of women reported that they recognized that violence against women was a problem in their area. Ever experience of violence by an intimate partner was reported by 166 women (19.6%) and 70.3% of the perpetuators were husbands. Ever experience of domestic violence among women was significantly related to Amhara ethnicity and age group 30-49 years. Only 33 (19.9%) women who ever experienced violence had reported it to the legal authorities. Women's reasons for failing to report to the legal system were not wanting to expose the issue and not knowing where to go.

Recent penetration of mobile technologies opens exciting potential for e-healthcare in low-income countries - e-healthcare services can now reach the populations of rural and far away locations in a cost effective and timely manner. The final challenge however rests on successful user acceptance of the technologies of e-healthcare, which we investigate in this work. Our research enhance the basic TAM model with two additional context appropriate constructs from extant research to arrive at an extended TAM model that is suitable for understanding e-healthcare adoption in low-income countries. We operationalise the model with the help of a validated survey questionnaire in the health extensions workers of Ethiopia, a Sub-Saharan low-income country. Our result shows that compatibility positively affects adoption intention. These results demonstrate that inclusion of additional constructs of compatibility and network quality enhances the richness of the model and explain adoption intention in a more effective manner.