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The medical field is in dire need of more qualified medical laboratory scientists (MLS) and medical laboratory technicians (MLT). Medical laboratory educational programs are diminishing, and medical staff in hospitals are unaware of the unequivocal value trained lab scientists bring to the quality of their patients’ lab results. The national need for more qualified laboratory testing personnel is outpacing the supply. A survey to determine current marketing trends and methods was sent out to 469 program directors of MLS and/or MLT programs, with a 35% response rate. Responses were compared with proven marketing methods to give marketing suggestions relevant to the MLS field. This paper describes the research in how MLS programs currently market themselves. Explanations of marketing techniques are discussed with the intent to help simplify marketing efforts for a more effective marketing strategy. This study showed that medical and clinical laboratory educational programs nationwide should increase marketing and promote the MLS value to local communities.

Celestial sources emitting at high-energy (HE, E > 100 MeV) and at very high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma-rays are of the order of a few thousands and a few hundreds, respectively. On the other hand, the number of sources emitting at ultra high-energy (UHE, E > several tens of TeV) gamma-rays are just a few dozens, and are currently being investigated by means of both ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) and particle shower arrays. These rare VHE and UHE sources represent a new frontier in astrophysics. An array composed of nine ASTRI Cherenkov telescopes is under construction at the Observatorio del Teide (Tenerife, Spain). The ASTRI Mini-Array aims at providing robust answers to a few selected open questions in the VHE and UHE domains. The scientific program during the first four observing years will be devoted to the following Core Science topics: the origin of cosmic rays, the extra-galactic background light and the study of fundamental physics, the novel field in the VHE domain of gamma-ray bursts and multi-messenger transients, and finally the use of the ASTRI Mini-Array to investigate ultra high-energy cosmic rays and to undertake stellar intensity interferometry studies. We review the scientific prospects assessed through dedicated simulations, proving the potential of the ASTRI Mini-Array in pursuing breakthrough discoveries and discuss the synergies with current and future VHE facilities in the Northern hemisphere, such as MAGIC, LHAASO, HAWC, Tibet AS-$γ$, and CTAO-N., 6 pages. To appear in PoS: https://pos.sissa.it/417/. Accepted Proceeding of the "7th Heidelberg International Symposium on High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy (Gamma2022)", 4-8 July 2022, Barcelona, Spain

In the globalisation era, engaging youth in science and technology is a joint responsibility across nations. This study examined the effects of Global Korean Science Program (GKSP) on 608 Indonesia...

The present study describes the attempt to achieve the competencies of the Philippine K to 12 Science Program through thematic instruction. It seeks to address the challenges encountered by science teachers with the current curriculum design. The researchers used a thematic instructional model in giving classroom instruction. Two sets of pre-service teachers, taking part as facilitators and as observers, were purposely chosen in the study. The researchers used convergent mixed methods design in analysing the pre-service teachers' experience and observations in teaching through thematic instruction. Results revealed that the thematic instruction implemented in the study has the potential to address the challenges of the current K to 12 science curriculum in terms of design, lesson content, and implementation. Consequently, the results suggest that the thematic instruction design in the study can be used to help achieve the desired outcomes of the K to 12 Science Curriculum.

In January 2019, the US Department of Energy, Office of Science program in Advanced Scientific Computing Research, convened a workshop to identify priority research directions (PRDs) for in situ data management (ISDM). A fundamental finding of this workshop is that the methodologies used to manage data among a variety of tasks in situ can be used to facilitate scientific discovery from many different data sources—simulation, experiment, and sensors, for example—and that being able to do so at numerous computing scales will benefit real-time decision-making, design optimization, and data-driven scientific discovery. This article describes six PRDs identified by the workshop, which highlight the components and capabilities needed for ISDM to be successful for a wide variety of applications—making ISDM capabilities more pervasive, controllable, composable, and transparent, with a focus on greater coordination with the software stack and a diversity of fundamentally new data algorithms.

The Youth Enjoy Science (YES) Program at the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center is a National Cancer Institute (NCI) R25- funded training grant, designed to increase the pipeline of underrepresented minor­ity (URM) students entering college and pursuing biomedical research and health care careers in the Cleveland Metropolitan and surrounding school districts. The three components of the program include: Learn to Beat Cancer, engaging middle school students and their families; Research to Beat Cancer, designed for high school students and college undergraduates; and Teach to Beat Cancer, focused on enhancing science, technology, engineering, and mathemat­ics (STEM) teaching capacity among high school teachers. This study focuses on Research to Beat Cancer, which, in 2018 enrolled 36 URM students as paid sum­mer scholars. Students were assigned to a faculty mentor, were taught laboratory safety, responsible conduct of research and the scientific method, and then immersed in full-time laboratory cancer research during an eight-week period. Twice each week, students participated in Lunch and Learn Seminars where faculty members provided combined motivational and scientific guidance lectures. In a capstone poster session at the end of the program, students presented their research to peers, medical and graduate students, family members, faculty, community members and leaders. Students’ perceptions of the program were reported using descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analyses. Twenty-four of the 2018 YES students (67%) and 19 (53%) mentors completed the online post-program survey. Opportunity was a major qualitative theme from student and mentor responses. Future research will investigate the long-term impacts of YES, including college enrollment.Ethn Dis. 2020;30(1):15-24; doi:10.18865/ed.30.1.15

Background Heterozygous variants in CNTNAP2 have been implicated in a wide range of neurological phenotypes, including intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), and impaired language. However, heterozygous variants can also be found in unaffected individuals. Biallelic CNTNAP2 variants are rarer and cause a well-defined genetic syndrome known as CASPR2 deficiency disorder, a condition characterised by ID, early-onset refractory epilepsy, language impairment, and autistic features. Case-report A 7-year-old boy presented with hyperkinetic stereotyped movements that started during early infancy and persisted over childhood. Abnormal movements consisted of rhythmic and repetitive shaking of the four limbs, with evident stereotypic features. Additional clinical features included ID, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ASD, and speech impairment, consistent with CASPR2 deficiency disorder. Whole-genome array comparative genomic hybridization detected a maternally inherited 0.402 Mb duplication, which involved intron 1, exon 2, and intron 2 of CNTNAP2 (c.97 +?_209-?dup). The affected region in intron 1 contains a binding site for the transcription factor FOXP2, potentially leading to abnormal CNTNAP2 expression regulation. Sanger sequencing of the coding region of CNTNAP2 also identified a paternally-inherited missense variant c.2752C > T, p.(Leu918Phe). Conclusion This case expands the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of CASPR2 deficiency disorder, suggesting that Hyperkinetic stereotyped movements may be a rare, yet significant, clinical feature of this complex neurological disorder. Furthermore, the identification of an in-frame, largely non-coding duplication in CNTNAP2 points to a sophisticated underlying molecular mechanism, likely involving impaired FOXP2 binding.

Introduction The willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 among adolescents remains low. Peer-education about SARS-CoV-2 may positively influence attitudes to vaccinate among this group. Objective To assess the influence of peer-based educational intervention on the willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 among Polish high school students. Methods In the Polish Lubuskie province, a peer education campaign was introduced among final year high school students from 24 randomly selected schools. Before and after the 45-minute lecture, conducted online by 13 medical students in 51 classes with science and other programs, the willingness to vaccinate was checked using an anonymous questionnaire. The p-value was calculated with the use of chi-square and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results Out of 883 students, 638 responded (72%); 268 males (42%), mean age: 18.4±0.6 years, 69% lived in cities with Conclusions Adolescents' willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 was alarmingly low, especially among females, students from small cities and attending the non-science program. Concise integrated teaching designed to address mistrust and knowledge deficiencies can be effective in improving the uptake. Key messages Research provide data about students’ attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination and indicate the need for universal educational campaigns. Online education is an effective method which may substantially increase COVID-19 vaccination rate in Poland.

The advent of technologies allowing the global analysis of biological phenomena, referred to as "omics" (genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, radiomics, and radiogenomics), has revolutionized the study of human diseases and traced the path for quantitative personalized medicine. The newly inaugurated Master of Science Program in Biomedical Omics of the University of Milan, Italy, aims at addressing the unmet need to create professionals with a broad understanding of omics disciplines. The course is structured over 2 years and admits students with a bachelor’s degree in biotechnology, biology, chemistry, or pharmaceutical sciences. All teaching activities are fully held in English. A total of nine students enrolled in the first academic year and attended the courses of radiomics, genomics and epigenomics, proteomics, and high-throughput screenings, and their feedback was evaluated by means of an online questionnaire. Faculty with different backgrounds were recruited according to the subject. Due to restrictions imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, laboratory activities were temporarily suspended, while lectures, journal clubs, and examinations were mainly held online. After the end of the first semester, despite the difficulties brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, the course overall met the expectations of the students, specifically regarding teaching effectiveness, interpersonal interactions with the lecturers, and courses organization. Future efforts will be undertaken to better calibrate the overall workload of the course and to implement the most relevant suggestions from the students together with omics science evolution in order to guarantee state-of-the-art omics teaching and to prepare future omics specialists.

This paper presents the curriculum development of the Robotics and Intelligent Systems Bachelor of Science program at Jacobs University, one of the very few bachelor robotics-focused programs in Germany. After highlighting the quality management measures and feedback received on the older Intelligent Mobile Systems, the new curriculum is highlighted, together with implementation challenges linked to Covid19 pandemic. Student satisfaction plots will provide an initial assessment of the developed program.

We present the scientific program of the Spectr-M project aimed at the creation and operation of the Millimetron Space Observatory (MSO) planned for launch in the late 2020s. The unique technical capabilities of the observatory will enable broadband observations of astronomical objects from 50 μm to 10 mm wavelengths with a record sensitivity (up to ∼0.1 μJy) in the single-dish mode and with an unprecedented high angular resolution (∼0.1 μas) in the ground-space very long baseline interferometer (SVLBI) regime. The program addresses fundamental priority issues of astrophysics and physics in general that can be solved only with the MSO capabilities: 1) the study of physical processes in the early Universe up to redshifts z ∼ 2 106 through measuring μ-distortions of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum, and investigation of the structure and evolution of the Universe at redshifts z

Analízase a situación da pradaría de Zostera nolteii do banco de marisqueo de bivalvos de Testal (Noia), mediante a investigación desenvolvida por escolares, coa dirección de científicos. A finalidade do programa de Ciencia Escolar de Climántica é contribuír ao coñecemento científico mediante a obtención de series de datos útiles para a realización de investigacións de interese a escala local. Neste caso, analizouse a relación existente entre as abundancias de bivalvos de interese comercial e a presenza da fanerógama Zostera nolteii co obxectivo de capacitar aos alumnos para facer ciencia sobre os impactos humanos sobre os servizos ecosistémicos máis relevantes da súa contorna. Con esta colaboración entre Ciencia e Escola, conseguiuse aumentar a competencia científica do alumnado, ao tempo que se realizaron transferencias bidireccionais ciencia – escola no eido da investigación e educación sobre o cambio global.A actividade que se describe neste traballo ten como obxectivo xeral coñecer a relación existente entre a diversidade de organismos animais do banco do Testal e a presenza e distribución espacial da fanerógama Zostera nolteii, para así entender o seu papel como xeradora de estructura no ecosistema intermareal de sustrato brando.

Preventive measures are key to reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Our primary aim was to assess factors associated with practice of COVID-19 preventive measures among senior high school students in the Bawku Municipality, Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and data on 624 students were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. An estimated 31.5% (95% CI: 27.8, 35.1) of the students wore a face mask often or always. Students who reported that COVID-19 can be transmitted via droplets from the nose or mouth (adjusted odds ratios [aOR]: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 7.9) and students who reported that asymptomatic persons can transmit the virus (aOR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6) had higher odds of wearing a face mask. However, students who reported that COVID-19 was not deadly were associated with lower odds of wearing a face mask (aOR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.0). Handwashing/hand sanitizing was practiced by 49.5% (95% CI: 45.6, 53.5) of students. Students in the technical program compared to the science program (aOR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8) and those who reported that COVID-19 was not deadly (aOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4, 1.0) had lower odds of handwashing/hand sanitizing. An estimated 46.2% (95% CI: 42.3, 50.2) of students practiced social distancing. Students who reported that COVID-19 can be transmitted via droplets from the nose or mouth were positively associated with social distancing (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.0, 4.5). There is the need to intensify education about COVID-19 in senior high schools while enforcing the practice of COVID-19 preventive measures.

Artemis is a NASA initiative to return US astronauts to the moon and beyond. Artemis includes a robust science program. A key to space-based biological science is the ability to construct high quality, efficacious scientific hardware cheaply and in a short time frame. We report the design and fabrication of affordable new flight hardware to support the growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a single-cell green alga on the Artemis-1 mission. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, produces two products of great interest to space travel - lipids as a source of bioproducts and hydrogen a source of fuel. We will use this hardware to grow a library of mutant strains to identify Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genes that optimize survival and fuel production during exposure to the combined impacts of space radiation and microgravity in the cosmic space environment beyond the van Allen belts. Using fitness as a readout a library of mapped insertion mutant strains will be grown competitively during exposure to space radiation and microgravity. This report describes the hardware and the science verification test that validates its utility for missions ahead. This hardware can be easily adapted to a broad range of uses and microbes and its low cost will make space science affordable and practical.

This research aimed to clarify the role of Forensic accounting in the development of accounting work mechanisms to combat money laundering operations, and how to benefit from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia joining Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in that, the researchers relied on carrying out this research on the descriptive analytical approach and relied on the statistical packages for science program Statistical Package For Social Science (SPSS / Pc +) in hypothesis testing, sample analysis, data compilation, tabulation and analysis. The research found that there is a direct relationship between Forensic accounting services and its components and the accession of Saudi Arabia to Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and combating money laundering operations The research recommended to increase the activation of Forensic accounting programs in the Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants as well as business colleges of King Khalid University to contribute to the elimination of money laundering operations in line with the Kingdom's current status as a permanent member of Financial Action Task Force (FATF).

Background: Canagliflozin (CANA) slows progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people with type 2 diabetes. CANA also induces a reversible acute decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which is believed to be a hemodynamic effect. Predictors of the initial decline and its association with long-term eGFR trajectories and safety outcomes are unknown. Methods: This post-hoc study of the CREDENCE trial included 4289 patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD who had eGFR measured at both baseline and week 3. Participants were categorized by percentage decline in eGFR at week 3: >10%, ≤10% to >0%, and ≤0%. Baseline characteristics associated with acute eGFR declines >10% were evaluated using logistic regression. Long-term eGFR decline and safety outcomes were estimated in each eGFR decline category by linear mixed effects models and Cox regression after adjustment for laboratory measures and medication use. Results: More participants in the CANA (956 [45%]) versus placebo (PBO) group (450 [21%]) had an acute eGFR decline >10% (p30% decline occurred infrequently (89 [4%] with CANA and 39 [2%] with PBO; p10%, respectively (both p for interaction 0.05). Results were consistent when other decline thresholds (>20%) were used and in subgroup analysis by baseline eGFR (30- Conclusions: Although acute eGFR declines >10% occurred in nearly half of all patients following initiation of CANA, the benefit of CANA compared with placebo was observed regardless of the acute eGFR decline and safety profiles were similar. Disclosure M. Oshima: Research Support; Self; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Program for Fostering Globally Talented Researchers. M.J. Jardine: Other Relationship; Self; See Other Relationship field. R. Agarwal: Other Relationship; Self; AbbVie Inc., Akebia Therapeutics, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer Inc., Bird Rock Bio, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline plc., Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, OPKO Health, Inc., Reata, Relypsa, Inc., Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, ZS Pharma. G. Bakris: Consultant; Self; Alnylam, Merck & Co., Inc., Relypsa, Inc., Teijin Pharma Limited. Other Relationship; Self; Bayer AG, Novo Nordisk Inc., Vascular Dynamics. C. Cannon: None. D.M. Charytan: Advisory Panel; Self; Allena Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Merck & Co., Inc., PLC Medical. Employee; Self; BAIM Institute. Research Support; Self; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Baim, Amgen, Medtronic/Covidien, Zoll, Fresenius, Daiichi Sankyo, Douglas and London, Eli Lilly, Merck, Gilead, and Novo Nordisk. D. de Zeeuw: Advisory Panel; Self; AbbVie Inc., Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Fresenius Medical Care, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. R. Edwards: Employee; Self; Janssen. T. Greene: Other Relationship; Self; Janssen, Durect, and Pfizer. A. Levin: Consultant; Self; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca K.K., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc. K.W. Mahaffey: Consultant; Self; Medscape, Mitsubishi, Myokardia, NIH, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Portola, Radiometer, Regeneron, SmartMedics, Springer Publishing, UCSF. Research Support; Self; Afferent, Amgen, Apple, Inc, AstraZeneca, Cardiva Medical, Inc, Daiichi, Ferring, Google (Verily), Johnson & Johnson, Luitpold, Medtronic, Merck, NIH, Novartis, Sanofi, St. Jude, Tenax. B. Neal: Research Support; Self; Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Merck Schering Plough, Roche Pharma, Servier, Zydus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Abbott, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Servier. C.A. Pollock: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Vifor Pharma Group. Research Support; Self; Diabetes Australia. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Cipla Inc., MedErgy, Medscape, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Novartis AG, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Vifor Pharma Group. Other Relationship; Self; Amgen, George Institute for Global Health, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. N. Rosenthal: None. D.C. Wheeler: Advisory Panel; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Reata. Consultant; Self; AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Amgen, Astellas Pharma Inc., Mundipharma International, Napp Pharmaceuticals. H. Zhang: Employee; Self; Renal Division of Peking University First Hospital. B. Zinman: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi-Aventis. V. Perkovic: Other Relationship; Self; See Other Relationship field. H.L. Heerspink: Consultant; Self; AbbVie Inc., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, CSL Behring, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Mundipharma International, Retrophin, Inc. Funding Janssen Research & Development, LLC

There is a growing concern over the low pass rates of students in the Science Faculty at a South African Higher Education institution. The Admission Point Score (APS) used to place students into programs may appear to have good discretion in gauging student aptitude, but the reality is that between 2008 and 2015, about 50% of students who met the APS requirements for a Science program failed to meet the requirements to pass. This report attempts to build a recommendation engine that will advise students on their academic trajectory for a chosen program based on features suggested by the Tinto (1975) framework [1]. The results show that classification models from various archetypes of machine learning have good accuracy in predicting the final outcome of a new student. This research argues that a more complex view of student placement will improve the faculties success rates.

European countries are developing or implementing policies that promote or require the use of information modelling in the architecture, engineering, construction and manufacture sectors. The integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) to these sectors includes social, economic, political, legal and other aspects. This is why the implementation of BIM requires an integrated and broad approach that includes not only the BIM implementation and development strategy in designing companies but also in the field of education and professional training. The article discusses the potential of integrating BIM in different study programs and the possibilities of international cooperation in interdisciplinary BIM projects. The different levels of BIM will be explored in connection to different curricula. Particular attention is paid to the compatibility and applicability of design and innovative technology solutions using BIM methodology and the development of co-operation between higher education institutions in the Nordic region [1]. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative analysis and present the integration model of Building Information Modeling (BIM) into the Architecture programmes in different study cycles based on the example of Nordic countries. Objectives: To provide BIM use opportunities in 3 years Bachelor level based on Engineeering architecture study programme of VIA University College; To provide BIM use opportunities in 5 years Integrated studies based on Architecture studies programme of Kaunas University of Technology; To provide BIM use opportunities in the 2 years Master of Science program in Sustainable Architecture at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology; To perform comparative analysis between different countries and different study cycles; To provide a possible model for integration of the international BIM project in different study cycles.

Globally consistent measurements of airborne metal concentrations in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are important for understanding potential health impacts, prioritizing air pollution mitigation strategies, and enabling global chemical transport model development. PM2.5 filter samples (N ~ 800 from 19 locations) collected from a globally distributed surface particulate matter sampling network (SPARTAN) between January 2013 and April 2019 were analyzed for particulate mass and trace metals content. Metal concentrations exhibited pronounced spatial variation, primarily driven by anthropogenic activities. PM2.5 levels of lead, arsenic, chromium, and zinc were significantly enriched at some locations by factors of 100–3000 compared to crustal concentrations. Levels of metals in PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded health guidelines at multiple sites. For example, Dhaka and Kanpur sites exceeded the US National Ambient Air 3-month Quality Standard for lead (150 ng m−3). Kanpur, Hanoi, Beijing and Dhaka sites had annual mean arsenic concentrations that approached or exceeded the World Health Organization’s risk level for arsenic (6.6 ng m−3). The high concentrations of several potentially harmful metals in densely populated cites worldwide motivates expanded measurements and analyses.

In this paper, we develop and validate a rigorous modeling framework, based on Duhamel's Theorem, for the unsteady one-dimensional vertical transport of a solute across a flat sediment-water interface (SWI) and through the benthic biolayer of a turbulent stream. The modeling framework is novel in capturing the two-way coupling between evolving solute concentrations above and below the SWI and in allowing for a depth-varying diffusivity. Three diffusivity profiles within the sediment (constant, exponentially decaying, and a hybrid model) are evaluated against an extensive set of previously published laboratory measurements of turbulent mass transfer across the SWI. The exponential diffusivity profile best represents experimental observations and its reference diffusivity scales with the permeability Reynolds number, a dimensionless measure of turbulence at the SWI. The depth over which turbulence-enhanced diffusivity decays is of the order of centimeters and comparable to the thickness of the benthic biolayer. Thus, turbulent mixing across the SWI may serve as a universal transport mechanism, supplying the nutrient and energy fluxes needed to sustain microbial growth, and nutrient processing, in the benthic biolayer of stream and coastal sediments. U.S. National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [1840504, 2021015, EAR 1830172]; Virginia Tech's ICTAS EFO Opportunity Seed Investment Grant; UC Office of the President Multicampus Research Program Initiative award [MRP-17-455083]; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), as part of BER's Subsurface Biogeochemistry Research Program (SBR)United States Department of Energy (DOE); UK EPSRC Established Career FellowshipEngineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/P012027/1]; Australian Research CouncilAustralian Research Council [DP120102500]; Fulbright program; U.S. Geological Survey Water Availability and Use Science Program S. B. G. was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Awards 1840504 and 2021015), Virginia Tech's ICTAS EFO Opportunity Seed Investment Grant, and the UC Office of the President Multicampus Research Program Initiative award (MRP-17-455083). J. G. V. was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Award EAR 1830172) and the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), as part of BER's Subsurface Biogeochemistry Research Program (SBR). This contribution originates from the SBR Scientific Focus Area (SFA) at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). I. G. was supported by UK EPSRC Established Career Fellowship (Award EP/P012027/1). M. G. was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP120102500). K. R. R. was supported by the Fulbright program. J. H. was supported by the U.S. Geological Survey Water Availability and Use Science Program. Supporting Information includes tables and text. The authors thank M. Chappell, A. Monofy, three anonymous reviewers, and the Associate Editor for their insightful comments and manuscript edits. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

At the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, the process for standing up a new system is paired with The Early Science Program. This competitive program prepares a select group of applications science teams to use the new machine very readily by providing them staff support and early access to preproduction system hardware and software. This column describes three Theta Early Science projects: two science applications and one code development effort.

Lower respiratory tract infections occupy a leading place in patients with rheumatic diseases (RDs). Pneumococcus (S. pneumoniae) remains the most common causative pathogen of pneumonias in both the general population and patients with RDs. This review gives the frequency and risk factors of pneumonias in different RDs. It presents the main clinical characteristics and approaches to treating and preventing pneumonias due to various (including opportunistic) infections. The problem of pneumonias is very relevant in patients with RDs and it has been simultaneously extremely little developed – there are single publications on this problem are available in the Russian literature. There is a need for further investigations of its various aspects (including the efficiency of and safety of vaccination) in Russia within the uniform science program, which will make it possible to develop clinical guidelines for the management of these patients.

The optical super-resolution technique DNA-PAINT (Point Accumulation Imaging in Nanoscale Topography) provides a flexible way to achieve imaging of nanoscale structures at ∼10-nanometer resolution. In DNA-PAINT, fluorescently labeled DNA “imager” strands bind transiently and with high specificity to complementary target “docking” strands anchored to the structure of interest. The localization of single binding events enables the assembly of a super-resolution image, and this approach effectively circumvents photobleaching. The solution exchange of imager strands is the basis of Exchange-PAINT, which enables multiplexed imaging that avoids chromatic aberrations. Fluid exchange during imaging typically requires specialized chambers or washes, which can disturb the sample. Additionally, diffusional washout of imager strands is slow in thick samples such as biological tissue slices. Here, we introduce Quencher-Exchange-PAINT—a new approach to Exchange-PAINT in regular open-top imaging chambers—which overcomes the comparatively slow imager strand switching via diffusional imager washout. Quencher-Exchange-PAINT uses “quencher” strands, i.e., oligonucleotides that prevent the imager from binding to the targets, to rapidly reduce unwanted single-stranded imager concentrations to negligible levels, decoupled from the absolute imager concentration. The quencher strands contain an effective dye quencher that reduces the fluorescence of quenched imager strands to negligible levels. We characterized Quencher-Exchange-PAINT when applied to synthetic, cellular, and thick tissue samples. Quencher-Exchange-PAINT opens the way for efficient multiplexed imaging of complex nanostructures, e.g., in thick tissues, without the need for washing steps.

Vocational High School aims to be able to prepare creative learners, master the science and technology, and have competence in accordance with the demands of the world of work. The quality of SMK graduates is not only determined by individual self-sufficiency factors, but the task is determined by outside tactics, one of which is the education that can prepare the graduates of the two demands for work. Science Program for Communities (IbM) aims to provide automotive technology training for teachers and students of SMK Negeri and Swasta in Solok district, IbM activities. The Vocational Competence Enhancement of Automotive Technology for Teachers and Students of SMK, it can increase knowledge and skills of trainers 13.88% in the the major, Automotive Technology.

Clinical placement for nurse practitioner (NP) students is difficult due to an increase in demand for clinical sites and qualified preceptors, and the nursing faculty shortage. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing supports the use of simulation with standardized patients as an adjunct to traditional clinical placement for NPs. In this article, we describe an innovative standardized patient simulation experience implemented in a family NP master's of science program. The purposes of this experience were to provide alternative clinical opportunities and formative feedback for NP students and to identify gaps in students' diagnostic reasoning. Lessons learned through this experience are included.

Background: Healthy parent-child emotional connection (EC) enhances child development, reduces parenting stress, and is teachable. This study explored the feasibility and efficacy of a brief primary-care intervention to strengthen EC. Method: Together with the Nurture Science Program at Columbia, we created brief illustrated booklets titled “CUDDLE” and “CALM,” which are acronyms linked to simple rhyming couplets teaching parents how to strengthen EC and reduce emotional upset. Subjects comprised a convenience sample of mainly low-income parents of 2- to …

As illustrated by the articles in this volume, there are considerable gaps in the measurement of research productivity/innovation for programs enabled by large initial and ongoing infrastructure investments. Such programs include NASA's International Space Station, DOE's National Ignition Facility, NSF's Polar Program, and CERN's Large Hadron Collider. The enormous sums spent on these projects are often justified by predictions about their contributions to knowledge, the economy, or innovation. But at virtually any point in the lifecycle of a Big Science program, it is not easy to explain to the public, elected officials, and scientists whose proposals were rejected why the program is a compelling investment, given that all of the aforementioned benefits will emerge only over time—if at all.

This study reports on a case study–based curricular intervention designed to help undergraduate engineering students make connections between geoscience and its applications. Teaching through case studies resulted in a measurable and significant improvement in the confidence that students had in their ability to apply geoscience concepts in an engineering context. Before the intervention, students in the Bachelor of Science program in Mining Engineering at Colorado School of Mines struggled to solve problems using geoscience concepts in upper division courses. This motivated faculty to revise the required geoscience courses to better demonstrate how geoscience can be applied to solve engineering problems. There were three elements to the revision: each topic was introduced in an applied context, students gave case study presentations on geoscience in mining, and active learning techniques were employed during lecture sessions. In this paper, teaching materials are presented for a faculty-led case...

The “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” initiatives (abbreviated to “Belt and Road”) are a global breakthrough in international cooperation. The Belt and Road is a long-term, complicated, arduous systems engineering feat covering a wide geographical range and long-time periods, and crossing into many fields of study. Earth observation technologies have macro-level capabilities that enable rapid, accurate monitoring of Earth. Earth observation represents a new horizon for human beings to understand our planet with a new method for studying Earth’s environment. It will also provide scientific decision-making support for construction and sustainable development in the countries and regions along the Belt and Road. To this end, the “Digital Belt and Road” (DBAR) initiative was launched to facilitate Earth observation and “Big Earth Data” in the Belt and Road region. DBAR has received support from more than 20 international organizations and countries along the Belt and Road. Intercontinental links are an important part of DBAR, allowing for accelerated scientific cooperation in Earth observation. DBAR is bringing new scientific collaboration opportunities for regional and global partners to promote the construction of Earth observation systems and data sharing, and researching the key issues of sustainable development through transnational, synergistic Earth observations.

Health care delivery science focuses on ways to improve health and health care services provided to individuals and populations. Health care professionals must be trained in health care delivery science in order to diagnose and treat the sources of health care system dysfunction and achieve better outcomes while controlling costs. The ideal model for health care delivery science training has not been fully defined, but doing so is critical especially for frontline mid-career health care professionals whose original clinical training omitted these concepts. To better prepare leaders to address the complex challenges of health care, we created a novel hybrid residential/online 18-month master's degree in health care delivery science. Key strengths of the program are the curriculum, pedagogy, teaching team and close-knit cohort. Here, we discuss the program design rationale and six years of evaluation data of a novel master of health care delivery science program. Novel online education in health care delivery science can empower inter-professional leaders in multiple leadership positions throughout health care to improve the United States health care system.

The presentation slides for “Optics in Russia’s Space Science Program” are available at http://doi.org/10.1117/12.2536016 , under the Supplemental Content tab.

The GOES: Girls in Ocean Engineering and Science program encourages rising 6th grade girls to consider careers in science and engineering. Through a hands-on 4-day summer program, the students learn engineering through design and building activities and learn about the ocean by exploring the natural environment.

The Lens on Climate Change (LOCC) is an informal, place-based science program designed to engage middle and high school students from underserved groups in learning and communicating about impacts of climate change on their communities. This student-driven experience involves identifying a local environmental challenge, researching the topic, and creating a short film about it with the guidance of film and science mentors. The case study presented here provides an in-depth analysis of a small group of Native American high school students whose film depicts a strong connection to place and includes stories about their personal experiences of the impacts of drought on their community. LOCC’s focus on the communities where students live was maintained even when students participated in a workshop outside of their home communities. Even in this unique context for a place-based program, the students drew meaningful connections to home and to a critical environmental challenge that impacted their community through their films and filmmaking processes. Follow-up interviews with the students suggested that the LOCC program experience was transformative for them with regard to their personal actions around environmental challenges and their approaches to thinking and communicating about climate change. LOCC’s focus on place and storytelling through film helped students find greater personal meaning in the geoscience topics they were learning and may be a useful model for other education programs in geoscience. The alignment of LOCC with components of culturally responsive teaching and future directions for tailoring the program for Indigenous students are discussed.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an empirical study on the plan set by the Ministry of Education (MOE) of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) named the “Strategic Plan 2017-2021.” The chapter aims to investigate the challenges that are faced specifically by the advanced science program (ASP) provided by the MOE, which was created to select Emirati elite students (ES) from different levels of education and allow them to join a fast-tracked, gifted students program. The study focuses on the current gap between the MOE strategic plan and their actual strategic practice, then recommends possible effective practices that might be adopted in order to overcome the challenges faced in achieving its goal.

This study was supported by the Carlsberg Foundation via a Semper Ardens grant, ONR, N00014-17-1- 2736; AFOSR FA9550-14-1-0398, and NSF NCS-FO:1734744 and a Human Frontiers Science Program Long-Term Fellowship to AS. These experiments were approved by The Danish Council for Experiments on Animals under permit number: 2016-15-0201-00989 and by the Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use Committee under protocol number BA17A107. We thank Uwe Firzlaff and Lutz Wiegrebe for their help. 1. To study sensorimotor behaviour in wild animals, it is necessary to synchronously record the sensory inputs available to the animal, and its movements. To do this, we have developed a biologging device that can record the primary sensory information and the associated movements during foraging and navigating in echolocating bats. 2. This 2.6 -gram tag records the sonar calls and echoes from an ultrasonic microphone, while simultaneously sampling fine-scale movement in three dimensions from wideband accelerometers and magnetometers. In this study, we tested the tag on an European noctula (Nyctalus noctula) during target approaches and on four big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) during prey interception in a flight room. 3. We show that the tag records both the outgoing calls and echoes returning from objects at biologically relevant distances. Inertial sensor data enables the detection of behavioural events such as flying, turning, and resting. In addition, individual wing-beats can be tracked and synchronized to the bat's sound emissions to study the coordination of different motor events. 4. By recording the primary acoustic flow of bats concomitant with associated behaviours on a very fine time-scale, this type of biologging method will foster a deeper understanding of how sensory inputs guide feeding behaviours in the wild. Postprint

This article is the result of research that aims to analyze the students’ mathematical communication abilities in mathematics to the subject of linear programming. The research was conducted using qualitative approach with case study method. The subjects were five high school students in Science program. Data communication students’ mathematical ability is obtained by using tests and interviews. The results showed the ability of students’ mathematical verbal communication is good because students can explain clearly and systematically to answer written in the worksheet. But the student’s written mathematical communication ability are lacking in explaining the mathematical model, the use of symbols is less precise, and the writing is less systematic.

While benchmarking software is useful for testing the performance limits and stability of Argonne National Laboratory's new Theta supercomputer, there's no substitute for running real applications to explore the system's potential. The Argonne Leadership Computing Facility's Theta Early Science Program, modeled after its highly successful code migration program for the Mira supercomputer, has one primary aim: to deliver science on day one. This article offers a closer look at the type of science problems that will get early access to Theta, a next-generation machine being rolled out this year.

Purpose The development of cancer care treatment facilities in resource-constrained settings represents a challenge for many reasons. Implementation science—the assessment of how services are set up and delivered; contextual factors that affect delivery, treatment safety, toxicity, and efficacy; and where adaptations are needed—is essential if we are to understand the performance of a treatment program, know where the gaps in care exist, and design interventions in care delivery models to improve outcomes for patients. Methods The field of implementation science in relation to cancer care delivery is reviewed, and the experiences of the integrated implementation science program at the Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence in Rwanda are described as a practical application. Implementation science of HIV and tuberculosis care delivery in similar challenging settings offers some relevant lessons. Results Integrating effective implementation science into cancer care in resource-constrained settings presents many challenges, which are discussed. However, with carefully designed programs, it is possible to perform this type of research, on regular and ongoing bases, and to use the results to develop interventions to improve quality of care and patient outcomes and provide evidence for effective replication and scale-up. Conclusion Implementation science is both critical and feasible in evaluating, improving, and supporting effective expansion of cancer care in resource-limited settings. In ideal circumstances, it should be a prospective program, established early in the lifecycle of a new cancer treatment program and should be an integrated and continual process.

Objective. CDC has recommended routine HIV screening since 2006. However, few community health centers (CHCs) routinely offer HIV screening. Research is needed to understand how to implement routine HIV screening programs, particularly in medically underserved neighborhoods with high rates of HIV infection. A routine HIV screening program was implemented and evaluated in a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, neighborhood with high rates of HIV infection. Methods. Implementation science is the study of methods to promote the integration of research findings and evidence into health-care policy and practice. Using an implementation science approach, the results of the program were evaluated by measuring acceptability, adoption, and penetration of routine HIV screening. Results. A total of 5,878 individuals were screened during the program. HIV screening was highly accepted among clinic patients. In an initial needs assessment of 516 patients, 362 (70.2%) patients reported that they would accept testing if offered. Routine screening policies were adopted clinic-wide. Staff trainings, new electronic medical records that prompted staff members to offer screening and evaluate screening rates, and other continuing quality-improvement policies helped promote screenings. HIV screening offer rates improved from an estimated 5.0% of eligible patients at baseline in March 2012 to an estimated 59.3% of eligible patients in December 2014. However, only 5,878 of 13,827 (42.5%) patients who were offered screening accepted it, culminating in a 25.2% overall screening rate. Seventeen of the 5,878 patients tested positive, for a seropositivity rate of 0.3%. Conclusion. Routine HIV screening at CHCs in neighborhoods with high rates of HIV infection is feasible. Routine screening is an important tool to improve HIV care continuum outcomes and to address racial and geographic disparities in HIV infection.

The basis for this article is an individual project during a Master of Science program at Cranfield University, UK. Research and development (RD) costs in the pharmaceutical industry have increased at a rate where costs have doubled compared to previous decades since the 1980s. In parallel, during recent years, there has been an increased focus on quality management within clinical development. Furthermore, pharma companies are talking about quality as a competitive advantage with an increased focus on quality metrics. The objective of this research was to confirm/reject the assumption that costs of quality are not being tracked within clinical development.The key component of this research consists of a survey that was sent out to approximately 15 of the top 50 global pharmaceutical companies.The research showed that the praxis of tracking and analyzing costs of quality was not widespread within clinical development, although the tools are available and experience from other industries showed that there are potential benefits to be realized, including a reduction of total quality costs.Even though tools for analyzing costs of quality have been available since the 1950s, there is little evidence in the literature that quality costs are being tracked and analyzed in clinical development. On the contrary, there are examples that the clinical research part of the pharma industry is stuck in traditional ways of working. However, it is likely that tracking and analyzing costs of quality can help limit the increase of RD costs.

Many years ago, a trusted professor suggested I make a radical change in my academic path and pursue a doctorate in psychology. That sounded impossible! I was interested in the subject matter, but my training was in English and philosophy. I was petrified that seeking a science Ph.D. would bring rejection and failure. For months, I looked into programs, only to get cold feet and back away—until my curiosity spurred me down the road again. Now, years after successfully completing my doctorate, I realize that I was actually facing two distinct fears during that tortured time. And I realize that I could have eased my path by seeking outside perspectives. ![Figure][1] ILLUSTRATION: ROBERT NEUBECKER > “People who have no skin in the game … can offer fresh perspectives.” One fear was simply that, in trying to make a dramatic career change, I would fail. Given my training and connections in the humanities, who could write letters recommending me for a science program? Who would mentor me along the way? What could I point to as evidence that I was a credible candidate? Even if I were accepted, did I really believe that I could succeed? The risk seemed overwhelming. I thought I would suffer for years, if not my entire life, if I didn't get into a program or was unprepared and had to leave. My other fear was that such a bold move would disappoint important people in my life. This fear is not unique to academia, but university culture can make it hit particularly hard. Many advisers see students as academic progeny, and when we make career choices that don't match our advisers' ideas of what we should do, we may feel we are betraying them. When I told one of my humanities professors that I was serious about applying to doctoral programs in psychology, he expressed grave concern that I was making the wrong choice (although, to his credit, he wrote a wonderful letter of recommendation). Beyond academic colleagues, it was difficult to face the prospect of disappointing family and friends who had supported me—emotionally and in some cases financially—during the ups and downs of my studies. I worried that if I pursued what might appear to be a pipe dream, they would feel I was turning my back on all they had done. Or they might conclude that all my efforts up to that point had been a failure. When I talked with my parents about making the leap to psychology, they questioned whether it was the right choice and wondered when I would be settled. Now, though, I realize that I probably exaggerated the strength of others' feelings. My colleagues, friends, and family may have felt a bit rejected or confused by my actions, but they had their own lives to think about. Ultimately, I needed to make the decision that was right for me, not for them. My parents came around to the idea that I was going to be a “professional student” for a while, and many friends and colleagues eventually offered support, though I lost touch with that professor. I didn't have a good strategy for dealing with my fears at that time. But I have since learned a valuable approach that I wish I had known then: Reach out to people beyond your immediate circle for input and advice. People who have no skin in the game—your neighbors, your hair stylist, even strangers you strike up conversations with at the airport—can offer fresh perspectives that may help you see your options more clearly. Reach out to people in jobs you're interested in to find out how they got where they are. As someone who now receives these types of inquiries, I can tell you that it's not a burden at all. In fact, it's a compliment—plus I enjoy helping the next generation. If the first person you ask doesn't respond, try again. Chances are you will be pleasantly surprised. There are more people than you may think who have made bold career moves. Talk to them. Your future is your own. Reach out and see what happens. [1]: pending:yes

Science Program for Wiayah (IbW) is intended to empower the community to form Kademangan Sub-district in Probolinggo City which is more advanced, more prosperous and more faithful. This objective will be achieved by empowering communities through the development of science and technology based areas with a planned approach, in which communities are involved in the planning, implementation, evaluation and utilization of results. In particular the IbW Program is: (1) To identify potential, realistic, realistic, real, and realistic human resources, condition, and resources in Kademangan sub-district, Probolinggo Municipality; (2) To formulate the potential of human resources and natural resources so that it can be used as a commodity of superior territory; (3) Conducting training activities in the framework of technology transfer produced by Higher Education to the community. The methods used in this Program are survey, and observation. Preparation of action programs conducted through workshop activities. The results of the IbW program are: (1) The socialization of IbW Program with the Local Government of Probolinggo Municipality and the Pohsangit Kidul and Pilang Village Farmer Groups; (2) Counseling on the Benefits and Use of Pesticide Neighbors; (3) Training and practice of Mimba Leaf Processing Becoming Plant Pesticide. The conclusion of the IbW program is that it is very potential to develop bio-pesticide biological agents from neem. To cultivate vegetable pesticides especially from neem by farmers still needed the process and time because farmers are still familiar with chemical pesticides.

Critical human capacity in Geographic Information Science (GISc) is developed at the Botswana International University of Science and Technology, a specialized, research university. Strategies employed include GISc courses offered each semester to students from various programs, the conduct of field-based projects, enrolment in online courses, geo-spatial initiatives with external partners, and final year research projects utilizing geospatial technologies. A review is made of available GISc courses embedded in the Bachelor of Science Environmental Science program. GISc courses are incorporated in three Bachelor degree programs as distinct courses. Geospatial technologies are employed in several other courses. Student researches apply GIS and Remote Sensing methods to environmental and geological themes. The overarching goals are to equip students in various disciplines to utilize geospatial technologies, and enhance their spatial thinking and reasoning skills.

The establishment of an advanced practice level in clinical laboratory science, the Doctorate in Clinical Laboratory Science (DCLS), has been a goal of the clinical laboratory science (CLS) community for more than 10 years. CLS educators at institutions of higher education are challenged to find the resources needed to provide the high-level and relevant didactic and experiential learning opportunities for medical laboratory scientists (MLS) to enter this new career path. Implementation of a DCLS program was achieved using a three phase approach, first adding a CLS track in an existing MS program, then expanding the breadth and depth of the curriculum into a MS in CLS, and using that strong foundation to complete the ladder to the DCLS level. This model also includes interdepartmental collaboration, interprofesional education (IPE), and faculty, course, and resource sharing. The three phase strategic approach provided the faculty and developmental resources and curricular foundation to implement the DCLS program in a cost-effective manner. ABBREVIATIONS: American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (ASCLS), Doctorate in Clinical Laboratory Science (DCLS), Clinical Laboratory Science (CLS), Master of Science in Health Sciences-Clinical Laboratory Science Track (MSHS-CLS), Master of Science in Clinical Laboratory Science (MSCLS), Medical Laboratory Scientist (MLS), National Accreditation Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science (NAACLS), Rutgers- School of Health Related Professions (Rutgers-SHRP)

NASA's Airborne Science Program (ASP) maintains a fleet of manned and unmanned aircraft for Earth Science measurements and observations. The unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) range in size from very large (Global Hawks) to medium (SIERRA, Viking) and relatively small (DragonEye). UAS fly from very low (boundary layer) to very high altitude (stratosphere). NASA also supports science and applied science projects using UAS operated by outside companies or agencies. The aircraft and accompanying data and support systems have been used in numerous investigations. For example, Global Hawks have been used to study both hurricanes and atmospheric composition. SIERRA has been used to study ice, earthquake faults, and coral reefs. DragonEye is being used to measure volcanic emissions. As a foundation for NASA's UAS work, Altair and Ikkana not only flew wildfires in the Western US, but also provided major programs for the development of real-time data download and processing capabilities. In early 2014, an advanced L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) also flew for the first time on Global Hawk, proving the utility of UAVSAR, which has been flying successfully on a manned aircraft. In this paper, we focus on two topics: 1) the results of a NASA program called UAS-Enabled Earth Science, in which three different science teams flew (at least) two different UAS to demonstrate platform performance, airspace integration, sensor performance, and applied science results from the data collected; 2) recent accomplishments with the high altitude, long-duration Global Hawks, especially measurements from several payload suites consisting of multiple instruments. The latest upgrades to data processing, communications, tracking and flight planning systems will also be described.

Drawing on experiences from the four regions and the overall conduct of the Marine Management Area Science (MMAS) program, this concluding article highlights emergent cross-cutting themes that affected MMAS programs across the regions, summarizes the important conservation outcomes of the MMAS program, and then discusses lessons gained from the actual process of conducting the MMAS program. Based on these insights, particularly the last section, this article concludes with recommendations for other conservation programs, specifically those that are global in scope and are science-based with a specific intent to apply that science to conservation action.