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The vehicles are started or ignited using manual keys or sensor based keys. In two wheelers after placing keys the bike is started using either button or kicking method. The other vehicles are started using key cranking or key is placed in specific sensor control area and start button is pressed. The existing method makes any one can able to operate the vehicle if they have keys. The proposed method used to operate the vehicles only they are authorized. The authorization key is available in the controller memory. The proposed method uses dactylogram scanner to access the vehicles. The scanner scans the finger, if the person is authenticated immediately it allows the person to start the vehicles. The controller is attached with the relay electronic board which controls the ignition part. The proposed method uses ATMEGA 162. The device is able to access the vehicle by 3 persons. Only the specific 3 person finger prints are enrolled in the controller. The system is enabled with GSM access. If unauthenticated person access the finger print scanner, the vehicle is not ignited. The GSM module communicates the unauthenticated access attempt to the owner of the vehicles in the form of SMS. If the device is accessed with authenticated person and the vehicle is successfully started. In the meantime unauthorized person starts access with scanner, immediately message was received in the stored GSM mobile number. The average authentication time to start the vehicle is 3.81 s.

Statement of problem The accuracy of intraoral scanners is a prerequisite for the fabrication of dental restorations in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) dentistry. While the precision of intraoral scanners has been investigated in vitro, clinical data on the accuracy of intraoral scanning (IOS) are limited. Purpose The purpose of this clinical study was to determine the accuracy of intraoral scanning with different devices compared with extraoral scanning. Material and methods An experimental appliance was fabricated for 11 participants and then scanned intraorally and extraorally with 3 different intraoral scanners and a reference scanner. Intraoral and extraoral scans were subdivided into complete-arch and short-span scans and compared with the reference scan to assess trueness. Repeated scans in each group were assessed for precision. Results Precision and trueness were higher for extraoral scans compared with intraoral scans, except for complete-arch scans with 1 intraoral scanner. The median precision of short-span scans was higher (extraoral: 22 to 29 μm, intraoral: 23 to 43 μm) compared with complete-arch scans (extraoral: 81 to 165 μm, intraoral: 80 to 198 μm). The median trueness of short-span scans (extraoral: 28 to 40 μm, intraoral: 38 to 47 μm) was higher than that of complete-arch scans (extraoral: 118 to 581 μm, intraoral: 147 to 433 μm) for intraoral and extraoral scanning. Conclusions Intraoral conditions negatively influenced the accuracy of the scanning devices, which was also reduced for the complete-arch scans.

The quality of the digital cast obtained from an intraoral scanner is an important comparison parameter for computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorations. However, data on cast quality are typically provided by manufacturers, and objective evaluation of these devices is lacking.The purpose of this in vitro study was to build an evaluation protocol of 8 intraoral scanners by using an objective method for a small-scale model equivalent in size to a 4-tooth wide cast. In addition, a laboratory scanner was included to compare the performance of intraoral and extraoral devices.An 8-mm-thick zirconia gauge block was scanned 10 times with a laboratory scanner (Iscan D104) and 8 intraoral scanners (Omnicam, Primescan, Itero element 5D, CS 3600, TRIOS 3, Emerald, Planscan, and Medit i500). The obtained digital casts were extracted as standard tessellation language (STL) files and analyzed to evaluate the digitizing noise, dimensional trueness, and dimensional precision of each scanner. After validation of the normal distribution of the digitizing noise, dimensional trueness, and precision test results for each scanner with the Shapiro-Wilk test (α=.05), differences were determined with a 1-way ANOVA test.Statistical differences were found between scanners (P.05). The digitizing noise ranged from 3.2 ±0.6 μm with the Primescan to 15.5 ±2.5 μm with the Planscan. The dimensional trueness ranged from 19.1 ±11.5 μm for the CS3600 to 243.8 ±33.6 μm for the Planscan. The dimensional precision ranged from 7.7 ±2.4 μm for the Primescan to 53.7 ±3.4 μm for the Emerald. The group Iscan D104, Primescan, Itero 5D, CS3600, and TRIOS 3 showed minimally significant differences.Significant differences were found among the intraoral scanners for small-scale scans. The objective methodology of using a gauge block provided coherent and repeatable results.

Measurement of thigh circumference has been used as an indication of nutritional adequacy and fetal growth in the womb. Fractional thigh volume is one of the variables for estimating fetal weight that is also calculated using the fetal thigh circumference. This cross-section of the fetal thigh is an intricate part of detecting because it has a less clear boundary and sometimes attached to other tissue in the ultrasound image. This study aims to establish a detection scheme and segmentation of the fetal thigh cross-sectional area automatically on ultrasound images. We propose a segmentation framework that integrates two phase-based thresholding schemes and a gap connecting step. In the first scheme, we combine the phase congruency of the local phase features and the fuzzy entropy method. The second thresholding scheme is a combination of the phase symmetry method and the saliency visual attention model. The proposed framework has the advantage of being able to segment cross-sectional objects more precisely, even though there are other objects attached to them. This method also works well when applied to low-quality ultrasound images taken using a portable ultrasound scanner. This proposed segmentation method exhibits an average performance precision of 0.922 and a Dice similarity of 0.928.

Background The aim of this phantom study was to optimise the [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET/CT examination in terms of scan time duration and image reconstruction parameters, in combination with PSF and TOF modelling, in a digital Biograph Vision PET/CT scanner. Methods Three types of phantoms were used: (a) soft-tissue tumour phantom consisting of six spheres mounted in a torso phantom, (b) bone-lung tumour phantom, and (c) resolution phantom. Phantom inserts were filled with activity concentrations (ACs) that clinical data. Phantom data were acquired in list-mode at one bed position. Images with emission data ranging from 30 to 210 s in 30-s increments were reconstructed from a reference image acquired with 3.5-min emission. Iterative image reconstruction (OSEM), point-spread-function (PSF) and time-of-flight (TOF) options were applied using different iterations, Gaussian filters, and voxel sizes. The criteria for image quality was lesion detectability and lesion quantification, evaluated as contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) and percentage maximum AC (peak AC), respectively. A threshold value of CNR above 8 6 and percentage maximum AC (peak AC) deviation range of ±20% of the reference image, were considered acceptable. The proposed single-bed scan time reduction was projected to a whole-body examination (patient validation scan) using the continuous-bed-motion mode. Results Sphere and background ACs of 20 kBq/mL and 1 kBq/mL were selected, respectively. The optimised single-bed scan time was approximately 60 s using OSEM-TOF or OSEM-TOF+PSF (4 iterations, 4.0-mm Gaussian filter, and almost isotropic voxel size of 3.0-mm side length), resulting in a PET spatial resolution of 6.3 mm. In the patient validation, the maximum percentage difference between standard and optimized protocol (15 vs 5 min) was below 19%. Conclusions A reduction of single-bed and whole-body scan time for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA PET/CT compared to current clinically recommended acquisition protocols is postulated Clinical studies are warranted to validate the applicability of this protocol.

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to compare the interocclusal contact records obtained by three different digital methods (intra- and extraoral digital scanners and T-Scan III system) with the conventional method (articulating paper). Twenty-five healthy volunteers were selected. As a control group, maximum intercuspation occlusal contacts were registered and photographed from the patients with an 8 µm articulating paper. Then, intraoral conventional elastomer impressions were taken and after obtaining the corresponding plaster models of every patient they were scanned with an extraoral scanner (Zfx Evolution, Zimmer Biomet Dental) (group 1). Moreover, digital impressions were made with an intraoral scanner (Trios Color POD, Phibo, 3Shape) and contacts were also registered (group 2). Finally, T-Scan III records were made and stored for further analysis (group 3). Two previously calibrated examiners independently evaluated the interocclusal contacts from every group. Data was analyzed by using Kappa index test and Pearson’s chi-square test. Diagnostic tests and ROC curve were also performed. Kappa interoperator index was 70.6% (better agreement). In Kappa intraoperator index, the best value was obtained in the intraoral scanner group (moderate agreement) and the worst with T-Scan III group (low agreement). ROC curve showed highest values in the intraoral scanner group (0.817) and lowest values in the T-Scan III group (0.613). Results suggest greater reliability to record occlusal contacts with the intraoral scanner. Intraoral scanners seem to be reliable in registering intermaxillary occlusal contacts when compared with the current gold standard.

In order to improve the speed of passenger screening while preserving the effective capability to detect more sophisticated threats, airport security imaging systems must be able to accurately characterize concealed body-worn objects. In addition to improving the passenger experience, this system capability will enhance airport security for the traveling public. This paper presents a real-time, fully-automatic algorithm for the wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radar reconstruction of the nominal human body contours, even in the presence of an affixed weak dielectric object or when a portion of the body cross-section is not captured by the imaging scanner. The algorithm extracts the main contours from a noisy collection of 3D reconstructed reflectivity and approximates the nominal human body cross-section via fitting a low order angular Fourier series. This important step is essential for precise characterization of concealed body-worn explosives. A ranking algorithm is developed as a metric for the nominal body reconstruction accuracy. We verify the developed algorithm by applying it to the actual images of the High Definition-Advanced Imaging Technology (HD-AIT) system, a laboratory prototype mm-wave scanning system developed recently by the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The reconstructed body contours may be used to estimate the electric permittivity of the concealed person-worn objects.

Open-source pulse sequence programs offer an accessible and transparent approach to sequence development and deployment. However, a common framework for testing, documenting, and sharing open-source sequences is still needed to ensure sequence usability and repeatability. We propose and demonstrate such a framework by implementing two sequences, Inversion Recovery Spin Echo (IRSE) and Turbo Spin Echo (TSE), with PyPulseq, and testing them on a commercial 3 T scanner. We used the ACR and ISMRM/NIST phantoms for qualitative imaging and T1/T2 mapping, respectively. The qualitative sequences show good agreement with vendor-provided counterparts (mean Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) = 0.810 for IRSE and 0.826 for TSE). Both sequences passed five out of the seven standard ACR tests, performing at similar levels to vendor counterparts. Compared to reference values, the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.9946 for IRSE T1 mapping and 0.9331 for TSE T2 mapping. All sequences passed the scanner safety check for a 70 kg, 175 cm subject. The framework was demonstrated by packaging the sequences and sharing them on GitHub with data and documentation on the file generation, acquisition, reconstruction, and post-processing steps. The same sequences were tested at a second site using a 1.5 T scanner with the information shared. PDF templates for both sequence developers and users were created and filled.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of intra oral scanner (IOS) to confirm the applicability of IOS for the recording and analysis of tooth morphology in forensics. The less damaged mandible specimen with many teeth remaining was scanned three times using three types of intraoral scanners (CS3600, i500, and Trios3). For quantitative comparisons of the scanned images produced by these intraoral scanners, root mean square (RMS) values were computed using a three-dimensional analysis program and a one-way ANOVA was conducted with Tukey HSD (honestly significant difference) as a post-hoc analysis (α=0.05). The repeatability of the full scan data was highest with the i500 (0.14±0.03 mm), and the post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences between the CS3600 and the i500 outcomes (P-value=0.003). The repeatability of the partial scan data for the teeth in the mandible was highest with the i500 (0.08±0.02 mm), and the post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences between the CS3600 and the i500 (P-value=0.016). The precision of the full scan data was highest with the i500 (0.16±0.01 mm) but the differences were not statistically significant (P-value=0.091). Meanwhile, the precision of the partial scan data for the teeth in the mandible was highest with the Trios3 (0.22±0.02 mm), but the differences were not statistically significant (P-value=0.762). Considering that the scanning of other areas of the oral cavity in addition to the teeth is important in forensic odontology, the i500 scanner appears to be the most appropriate intraoral scanner for human identification. However, as the scope of oral scanning is generally limited to teeth in the practice of dentistry, additional discussions of how to apply the IOS in forensic odontology are needed. Ultimately, the results here can contribute to the overall discussion of the forensic applicability dental data produced by intraoral scanners.

Statement of problem An accurate surgical template for guided implant surgery is essential for the success of an implant restoration. However, reports on the accuracy of digitally designed and computer numeric controlled (CNC) machine-milled surgical templates are sparse. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the accuracy of an implant surgical guide digitally designed by using data from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and milled with a 5-axis CNC machine. Material and methods Six representative radiographic templates were prepared from radiopaque resin plates. For each guide, a CBCT scan was made, and the extracted Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data were imported into a planning software program (ORGANICAL Dental Implant). Nine implants were virtually designed for each guide. The design data were imported into a 5-axis CNC machine, and the radiographic guides were fixed onto the CNC machine (Organical Multi S). Bore holes for surgical guide sleeves were milled directly in the radiographic template, which was converted into a surgical template. After the milling process, the surgical guides were scanned by using a laboratory cast scanner. The deviation between the position of the sleeve bore hole in the milled template and that in the virtual implant planning was digitally calculated. Results The mean global deviation of the surgical guide was 0.16 ±0.06 mm in the circle center of the sleeve top, and the mean angular deviation was 0.61 ±0.40 degrees. The sleeve-implant distance and the sleeve axis angle showed no significant influence on the in vitro accuracy of the implant surgical guide. Conclusions The mean deviation of the surgical guide prepared by using the virtual planning software and 5-axis CNC milling procedure in this study was 0.16 ±0.06 mm in the center of the sleeve top. Thus, the guide had acceptable precision.

A light beam scanning technology for 3D sensing has been attracting much interest thanks to its signal-to-noise-ratio merit compared to conventional flash 3D sensing. A Solid-state beam scanner based on a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) with amplification function was invented. In this paper, though enlarging the length of scanner to 6mm, a narrow beam divergence of 4000 was obtained. Its intensity variation is < 40% and could be further improved by better DOE design and fabrication process. The DOE could be simply stacked on the scanner and thus the submodule size of the scanner could be managed within 7mm 1mm 1mm. We also discussed its integrability with a tunable seed laser and its application in 2D beam scanning for better signal to noise ratios.

Background: Lymphedema (LE) is a significant clinical problem for breast cancer survivors. While the water displacement test and circumferential assessment using a tape measure (TM) are common methods to assess differences in arm volumes, faster and more reliable methods are needed. Study purposes, in breast cancer survivors (n = 294), were to compare the average total arm volumes and interlimb volume ratios for women with and without a history of LE, using a TM and three-dimensional (3D), whole-body surface scanner (3D scan); compare the level of agreement between arm volumes and interlimb volume ratios obtained using the two devices; and evaluate the percent agreement between the two measures in classifying cases of LE using three accepted thresholds. Methods and Results: Measurements were done using a spring-loaded TM and Fit3D ProScanner. Paired t-tests and Bland-Altman analyses were used to achieve the study aims. For circumference and volume comparisons, compared with the 3D scan, values obtained using the TM were consistently smaller. In terms of level of agreement, the Bland-Altman analyses demonstrated large biases and wide limits of agreement for the calculated arm volumes and volume ratios. In terms of the classification of caseness, using the 200-mL interlimb volume difference criterion resulted in 81.6% overall agreement; using the >10% volume difference between the affected and unaffected arms resulted in 78.5% overall agreement; and using the volume ratio ≥1.04 criterion resulted in 62.5% overall agreement. For all three accepted threshold criteria, the percentage of cases was significantly different between the TM and 3D scan techniques. Conclusions: The 3D technology evaluated in this study has the potential to be used for self-initiated surveillance for LE. With improvements in landmark identification and software modifications, it is possible that accurate and reliable total arm volumes can be calculated and used for early detection.

Raw optical coherence tomography (OCT) images typically are of low quality because speckle noise blurs retinal structures, severely compromising visual quality and degrading performances of subsequent image analysis tasks. In our previous study (Ma et al., 2018), we have developed a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) for speckle noise removal in OCT images collected by several commercial OCT scanners, which we collectively refer to as scanner T. In this paper, we improve the cGAN model and apply it to our in-house OCT scanner (scanner B) for speckle noise suppression. The proposed model consists of two steps: 1) We train a Cycle-Consistent GAN (CycleGAN) to learn style transfer between two OCT image datasets collected by different scanners. The purpose of the CycleGAN is to leverage the ground truth dataset created in our previous study. 2) We train a mini-cGAN model based on the PatchGAN mechanism with the ground truth dataset to suppress speckle noise in OCT images. After training, we first apply the CycleGAN model to convert raw images collected by scanner B to match the style of the images from scanner T, and subsequently use the mini-cGAN model to suppress speckle noise in the style transferred images. We evaluate the proposed method on a dataset collected by scanner B. Experimental results show that the improved model outperforms our previous method and other state-of-the-art models in speckle noise removal, retinal structure preservation and contrast enhancement.

Introduction Trochleoplasty is a surgical procedure used to treat patellar instability by modifying the trochlear groove. Analysis of the groove with a handheld scanner would enable accurate real-time planning and facilitate tailormade correction. We aimed to measure trochlear depth, sulcus angle, trochlear facet ratio, trochlear angle and lateral trochlear inclination angle and to establish inter- and intra-rater reliability for knee models to determine reliability and repeatability. Methods The trochlear grooves of three knee models were scanned by two investigators. Three-dimensional reference models were created and surface-matched. Custom software was used to determine the desired parameters. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine test–retest reliability and the parameter results for each model that showed best reproducibility. Results There was good interobserver reliability (trochlear depth, 1.0mm; sulcus angle, 2.7°; trochlear angle, 4.0°; lateral trochlear inclination angle, 4.0°), except in the trochlear facet ratio (32.0%) of one knee model. With outliers removed, the ICC was moderate to excellent in 73.34% of measurements, with trochlear depth showing the best reproducibility. Discussion This feasibility study showed a handheld scanner in conjunction with supporting software can measure trochlear parameters with good to excellent inter- and intra-observer reliability.

In this paper, we report design and preliminary performance evaluation of a CdTe detector module for use in an MR-compatible preclinical SPECT system. The detector module consists of four CdTe detectors. Each of them has a CdTe crystal with a dimension of 1.125 cm × 2.25 cm × 2 mm (thickness). The crystal anode side is divided into 32 × 64 square pixels with a width of 350 μm and attached to a custom-designed energy-resolved photon-counting (ERPC) ASIC. The ERPC CdTe detector module has a median energy resolution of 7.0 keV across 8192 (4 × 32 × 64 ) pixels and 95% of the pixels have energy resolution better than 9 keV inside a Siemens clinical 3-T MR scanner; it has a median detection efficiency of 0.47 and 95% of the pixels have detection efficiency between 0.44 and 0.49; the detector spatial resolution enables one to observe the point response function (PRF) distortion caused by a 3T magnetic field. An analytical method has been developed to model this distortion and the corresponding modeled PRF has a root of mean square error within 5%, compared to the experimental PRF.

This paper evaluates the dimensional accuracy of industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements as a function of the geometric magnification (Mg) used for CT scanning. Two plates of square-shaped geometry with 28 drilled holes, one made of aluminum (48 mm × 48 mm × 8 mm) and a second one made of steel (6 mm × 6 mm × 1 mm), are used as measuring workpieces to test fourteen different magnification axis positions in a metrology-grade X-ray CT system. In addition to measuring the diameter and roundness of each hole, distance measurements between the holes are evaluated—both as uni-directional (center-to-center) and bi-directional (point-to-point or edge-to-edge) lengths. The variance of CT dimensional measurements, with respect to reference data obtained from tactile coordinate measurement machines (CMMs), is studied. It is found that the measurement deviations for uni-directional distances are approximately independent of Mg and mostly within a ±4 μm range. In contrast, for measurements of diameter, roundness, and bi-directional lengths, the deviations between CT and CMM data extend outside the ±4 μm limits and strongly depend on Mg (which is a variable inversely proportional to the voxel size of CT scan, VX). More specifically, decreasing Mg or, equivalently, increasing VX, generally leads to larger deviations in the dimensional data. To include the magnification dependence on the estimations of CT measurement deviations, based on the experimental data presented throughout this paper, the authors propose that the maximum error of CT length measurements can be expressed as E m a x = ( A + X / B + L / K ) μm, with A , B , and K being constant factors (determined for a particular CT measuring setup), L the dimension of the measuring length (in mm), and X the magnification axis position of the CT scanner (also in mm). Whereas the term “ L / K ” considers error influences from the size of the sample, the term “ X / B ” accounts for influences from magnification (and voxel size) selections during CT measurement.

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors are promising for automated transportation to detect the surrounding environment. However, most LiDAR solutions are complex and bulky. By designing a MEMS-mirror-based LiDAR, we can improve the volume constraints, but MEMS mirrors could limit scanning angles. In this work, we simulated and demonstrated a MEMS LiDAR system to solve the current obstacles. Combining a MEMS mirror and a wide-angle lens into the system, small-volume and large field-of-view (FOV) LiDAR systems can be realized. We use ray tracing optical simulation software to design a pair of aspherical lenses to expand the scanning angle. After the laser beam passes through the wide-angle lens, the FOV can be increased to 104 degrees. The distortion of the wide-angle lens is controlled below 3%, making the scanned image precise to the actual situation. In order to experimentally demonstrate the small-volume MEMS scanning LiDAR, a modular laser rangefinder is used with a MEMS mirror. The entire system of the LiDAR scanner is around 15 cm × 5 cm × 2.5 cm. In the natural light environment for wide-angle LiDAR measurement, the maximum error is less than 2%. Finally, an image processing program is written to convert the scanned data into a 3D point cloud image, and the generated image proves the complete function of the proposed LiDAR.

The structural dynamics of the amyloid protein aggregation process are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is able to visualize the structural dynamics of individual aggregate species that otherwise cannot be distinguished. HS-AFM observations also detect impurities in the sample, and thus, experiments require relatively high sample purity. To derive valid information regarding the structural dynamics of the sample from the high-speed AFM images, a correction of the influence caused by the drift of the stage (scanner) from all frames is required. However, correcting the HS-AFM videos that consist of a large number of images requires significant effort. Here, using HS-AFM observation of α-synuclein fibril elongation as an example, we propose an HS-AFM image processing procedure to correct stage drift in the x-, y-, and z-directions with the free software ImageJ. ImageJ with default settings and our plugins attached to this article can process and analyze image stacks, which allow users to easily detect and show the temporal change in sample structures. This processing method can be automatically applied to numerous HS-AFM videos by batch processing with a series of ImageJ macrofunctions.

The Focused Ultrasound Foundation has developed a low-cost, validated, open-source hydrophone scanner for the spatial characterization of ultrasound transducers. Assembly instructions and a MATLAB control graphical user interface are provided such that the device can be easily replicated for less than $1000 in roughly 40 person-hours. The low-cost scanning tank's performance was compared with data collected with a commercial automated scanning tank. Pressure measurements of a focused transducer and a planar transducer had less than a 10% difference between the two scanning systems. Two-dimensional automated scans (20 × 20 mm at 0.25-mm resolution) took the low-cost scanning tank 45 min compared with the commercial system's 30 min. A reproducibility study found that the low-cost scanner made consistent peak negative pressure measurements as reflected by the low coefficient of variation for both focused (1.88%) and planar (0.98%) transducers. The low-cost scanner described here is a viable alternative for ultrasound laboratories needing efficient, accurate characterization of ultrasound transducers.

Purpose To compare the performance of a 12-channel flexible head coil (HFC12) with commercial 16-channel (HRC16) and 24-channel (HRC24) rigid coils. Methods The phantom study was performed on a 1.5 T MR scanner with HFC12, HRC16, and HRC24. The SNR and noise correlation matrix of T1WI, T2WI, and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) were measured. The SNR profiles were created according to the SNR. In addition, 1/g-factors were calculated in different acceleration directions. In the in vivo study, T1WI, T2WI, and DWI were performed in one healthy volunteer with three different coils. The SNR and noise correlation matrix were measured. Results In the phantom study and in vivo study, the SNR of HFC12 in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes was the highest, followed by HRC24, and that of HRC16 was the lowest. The SNR profiles showed that the SNR at the edge of HFC12 was the highest. The mean value of the noise correlation matrix of HFC12 was the highest. The 1/g-factor results showed that HFC12 obtained the best acceleration ability in the head-foot acceleration direction when the reduction factor was set to two. The SNR of HFC12 in most cortices was significantly higher than that of HRC16 and HRC24, except in the occipital cortex. The SNR of HRC24 in the occipital cortex was higher than that of HFC12. Conclusion The SNR of HFC12 in T1WI, T2WI, and DWI was better than that of the HRC24 and HFC16. The SNR of HFC12 in the cortex was significantly higher than that of the commercial rigid head coil, except in the occipital cortex.

We consider three-dimensional cubic barcodes, consisting of smaller cubes, each built from one of two possible materials and carry one bit of information. To retrieve the information stored in the barcode, we measure a 2-D projection of the barcode using a penetrating wave such as X-rays, either using parallel-beam or cone-beam scanners from an unknown direction. We derive a theoretical representation of this scanning process and show that for a known barcode pose with respect to the scanner, the projection operator is linear and can be easily inverted. Moreover, we provide a method to estimate the unknown pose of the barcode from a single 2-D scan. We also propose coding schemes to correct errors and ambiguities in the reconstruction process. Finally, we test our designed barcode and reconstruction algorithms with several simulations, as well as a real-world barcode acquired with an X-ray cone-beam scanner, as a proof of concept.

Clinical infrared imagers, such as those used to visualize subcutaneous vasculature, rely on the image-projection feedback loops. Specifically, these instruments embed model-based feedback algorithms to process the acquired ’invisible’ infrared data streams and then to project a visible copy of them back to the imaged region (e.g., the skin of the patient’s forearm). Being inherently noisy, the infrared frames and their projections are prone to misalignment, demanding frequent instrument tuning and recalibration. To address this challenge, we propose to reconsider the feedback loop entailed in such imagers from the standpoint of multi-agent deep learning. Both proposed agents – Denoiser and Aligner – are adaptive in that they continuously optimize the corresponding target value functions. Namely, the Denoiser learns the proper frequency decomposition of the acquired infrared data until the target segmentation metric is maximized; whereas, the Aligner learns the intensity fluctuations within the segmentation mask tuned by the Denoiser until its maximal overlap with the source infrared image. The idea is validated synthetically on a benchmark dataset and experimentally on a bench-top vein scanner in the lab, with the duet of agents proving efficient in handling the distortions and the misalignment.

Multi-organ segmentation in computed tomography (CT) images is essential for a variety of clinical applications. Due to variations in acquisition protocols, clinical data differ in terms of soft tissue contrast, noise, and artifacts. Devising automatic multi-organ segmentation approaches, which are generalized to data acquired using different CT protocols, are challenging and essential when conducting any multi-center/scanner analyses. In this study, we investigate the use of dual-energy CT images to train a fully convolutional segmentation network which is generalized to CT images acquired using different protocols (i.e. at different energy levels and using a variety of reconstruction kernels) from different CT scanners. Furthermore, a novel image fusion approach in frequency domain is proposed and compared to state-of-the-art fusion approaches, in terms of the segmentation quality achieved by the network. Overall, the experiments indicate that the generalization capability of the segmentation network is improved using dual-energy CT image fusion. The proposed fusion method outperforms all single-energy CT approaches. It provided a significant improvement in segmentation accuracy, ranging from 16.0% to 23.35% with p≤0.03. Furthermore, two image fusion methods statistically significantly improve segmentation quality in the abdominal organs compared to simply using all available dual-energy CT data.

Introduction Microtia, a congenital anomaly of the auricle with a wide spectrum of presentation with challenging reconstruction. Management depends on its severity with variable reconstructive options. Preoperative planning is crucial to achieve better results and decrease operative time. In this article, we aim to show the utility of an affordable technology with the use of a smartphone, an open-source computer-aided design (CAD) software, and a desktop 3D printer in planning future ear location for unilateral microtia reconstruction in step-by-step fashion. Methodology Facial 3D scanning was done using a smartphone that has a three-dimensional capture system. The scan was then used in an open-sourced CAD software. A mirror image mask was created by reflecting normal side anatomic features to the abnormal side. The mask constitutes the desired area for reconstruction given the ear anthropometrics. Finally, the model was 3D printed and fitted to the patient in which incision marking and framework location was planned. Discussion Ear reconstruction requires careful assessment and specific technicality in its anthropometric measures. One important aspect in surgical planning resides in future ear location that varies between person to person. This variability makes the reconstructive option more customized based on the patient's needs. The utility of CAD software in the measurement and planning can help predict and optimize postoperative results as possible; however, it has major technical demands and added surgical fees. Conclusion Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of an easy-to-use system beneficial for preoperative planning that is affordable, time-saving, and cost effective.

A cost-effective approach is described for sharing virtual fossil specimens through 3D digitisation using readily available hardware and software. Modern digitization methods such as this can support continued research when it would otherwise be limited by travel restrictions, such as during the Covid-19 pandemic. A Hewlett-Packard structured light scanner pro s3 system using HP3D scan software pro v5 was used to scan the fossils and the data shared through cloud storage, thereby facilitating the first description of dinosaurs from Ireland.

In this study, the Cadre TopMatch-3D scanner and associated virtual comparison software was evaluated to determine whether this technique is a valid and reliable method of conducting cartridge component comparisons. That is, if virtual comparison microscopy (VCM) produces results at least equivalent to those generated through traditional light comparison microscopy (LCM), the method would be deemed valid for use in an operational setting. Particular emphasis was placed on the capability to render same source conclusions. Of the 40 true identifications available to each examiner, corresponding to a total of 520 comparisons, positive identifications were made more frequently using VCM as compared to traditional LCM where inconclusive conclusions were provided at a higher rate. VCM produced a higher sensitivity (88.41%) and specificity (13.64%) rate than LCM, 80.08% and 12.50%, respectively. Based on the findings of the study, considered together with the benefits that VCM offers in the name of efficiency, it became apparent that Cadre's 3D scanning microscope and its associated virtual comparison software tested in this study is an appropriate and valid technique for conducting comparisons of expended cartridge cases and can be implemented into routine casework for that purpose.

To investigate minimal required sub milli-Sievert (mSv) ultra-low dose CT and corresponding tube current and voltage for reliable attenuation correction and semi- quantitation in 18F-FDG PET-CT in an effort for radiation dose reduction. Methods: We performed a PET-CT investigational study using a NEMA torso phantom containing six spheres (diameter: 10, 13, 17, 22, 28, 37 mm) filled with a fixed concentration of 60 kBq/ml and a background of 15 kBq/ml of 18F-FDG. Two sets of PET images, separated by 2 hours, were acquired for 3 minutes in a single bed position using 3-D mode with and without time-of-flight in a GE D-690 scanner. Several sets of CT images were acquired for attenuation correction with different combinations of tube voltage (80, 100, 120 kVp) and effective mAs (tube current-time product divided by pitch), using the maximum beam collimation (64 x 0.625 mm). The lowest CT acquisition technique available on this scanner is 10 mA, 0.4 s and 1.375 for the tube current, tube rotation time and pitch, respectively. The CT radiation dose was estimated based on the computed tomography dose index volume (CTDIvol) measurements performed following the standard methodology and the Imaging Performance Assessment of CT Scanners (ImPACT) calculator. Each of the CT techniques was used for attenuation correction to the same PET acquisition, using ordered-subset expectation maximum (OSEM) algorithm with 24 subsets and 2 iterations. The maximal and average radioactivity (kBq/ml) and standardized uptake values (SUV) of the spheres were measured. The minimal ultra-low dose CT for attenuation correction was determined by reproducible SUV measurements (±10%) compared to our reference CT protocol of 100 kVp and 80 mA for 0.5 s rotation. Results: The minimal ultra-low dose of CT for reproducible quantification in all spheres (

Purpose: To investigate the potential for decreasing radiation dose when utilizing a third generation versus second generation dual-source dual-energy CT scanner, while maintaining diagnostic image...

We describe the use of an automated co-ordinate measurement machine (CMM) directly or in concert with a three-axis robot arm to map the distortion of a 3D structured light scanner's field of view. This enables us to compare the claimed accuracy and resolution of different structured light scanners. In addition, we can also use the distortion mapping to generate a correction mechanism to improve the performance of the scanner. We present the results of experiments obtained using this novel approach on three commercially available 3D scanners.

Background To study radiation dose, image quality and low-contrast cylinder detectability from multislice CT (MSCT) abdomen by using low tube voltage using the American College of Radiology (ACR) phantom. The ACR phantom (low-contrast module) was scanned with 64 MSCT scanner (Brilliance, Philips Medical System, Eindhoven, Netherlands) with 80 and 120 KVP, utilizing different tube current time product (mAs) range from 50 to 380 mAs. The image noise (SD), signal to noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and scores of low contrast detectability were assessed for every image respectively. Results From images analyses, the noise essentially increased with the use of low tube voltage. The CNR was 0.94 ± 0.27 at 120 KVP, and CNR was 0.43 ± 0.22 at 80 KVP. However, with the same dose, there were no differences of statistical significance in scores of low-contrast detectability between 120 KVP at 300mAs and 80 KVP at (200–380) mAs (p > 0.05). At 300 mAs, the CTDIvol obtained at 80 KVP was about 29% of that at 120 KVP. The CTDIvol obtained at 80 KVP were decreased from 5% at 50 mAs, to 37% at 380 mAs. Conclusions There is a possibility to decrease exposure of radiation virtually by reducing KVP from 120 to 80 KVP in examination of abdominal CT when the high tube current is used, though increasing image noise at low tube voltage.

We developed a human-scale single-ring OpenPET (SROP) system, which had an open space allowing us access to the subject during measurement. The SROP system consisted of 160 4-layer depth-of-interaction detectors. The open space with the axial width of 430 mm was achieved with the ring axial width of 214 mm and the ring inner diameter of 660 mm. The detectors were axially shifted to each other so that the detector ring was aligned along a plane horizontally tilted by 45° against the axial direction. The system was developed as a mobile scanner to be used not only in clinical positron emission tomography (PET) rooms but also in charged-particle therapy treatment rooms as well as animal experiment rooms. Almost uniform spatial resolution better than 3 mm throughout the entire field of view (FOV) was realized with an iterative image reconstruction method. Peak absolute sensitivity was 3.1%, and there was a region with sensitivity better than 0.8% for a length of more than 700 mm. An in-beam imaging experiment conducted at the heavy ion medical accelerator in Chiba showed that the system was operable even at the highest beam intensity available for heavy-ion therapy. In addition, we conducted entire-body monkey dynamic imaging utilizing the long region inside the gantry by positioning a monkey along the direction having the longest FOV tilted by 45° against the axial direction. We concluded the developed system has a capability to realize versatile PET applications by utilizing its wide-open space and mobility in addition to high spatial resolution with sufficiently good sensitivity. -9mm]Please consider rephrasing the sentence “We concluded the developed system” for clarity.

The importance of accurate structural discrimination of the human grey matter regions has motivated the development of observer-independent reproducible methods that account for inter-individual architectonic variations. We introduce a non-invasive statistical residual analysis framework, employing unique tissue-specific magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) signals after adjusting for the effect of T1 and T2* MR relaxometry parameters (here termed MRF residuals). A 7 T Siemens MR scanner was used to acquire MRF signals, quantitative transmit magnetic field (B1+) maps and T1-weighted anatomical images of eleven cortical areas (5L, 5M, 5Ci, 7A, 7P, 7PC, hIP3, BA2, BA4a, BA4p and BA6) from six female participants. MRF residual signal for each voxel was calculated as the difference between the actual and best matching MRF signal evolutions from a precomputed MRF dictionary covering a range of T1, T2* and B1+ values. To compare MRF residuals between regions of interest, normalised autocorrelation was used as a shape-based statistical signal characterisation method and the Euclidean distance between autocorrelation profiles of residuals was used to measure the interareal dissimilarity. In the eleven cortical areas in both cerebral hemispheres of six participants, the proposed MRF residual analysis consistently showed interareal dissimilarity profiles that concorded with histological studies, indicating that MRF residuals potentially contain tissue microstructural information. MRF residual signals provide additional area-specific information that is complementary to the MR relaxometry-based (T1, T2*) information used previously for distinguishing microstructural differences between human cerebral cortex regions in vivo. The proposed approach led to more accurate identification of structural variations across cortical areas of interest.

Purpose This study examined the performance of a bladder volume measuring device, the BladderScan (BS) BVI9400. The use of the BS offers the possibility of assessing the bladder volume before positioning the patient and performing the daily image‐guided radiotherapy procedure. Patients often cannot lie down before entering the treatment vault. Therefore, the BS was also assessed in a standing position. Methods The repeatability precision was first evaluated, which is the variability of immediate repeated measures of the BS with same operator and subject. This was followed by the reproducibility precision of the BS in which the operator and subjects differ. Finally, the trueness was evaluated in terms of fixed and proportional bias of the results by applying weighted least‐squares fitting. Note that 53 and 85 patient measurements were carried out in supine and standing position, respectively, each consisting of three repeated BS measurements. These were compared with the computed tomography (CT)‐delineated bladder volume. Results Repeatability was dependent on measurement value (heteroscedasticity) with σ repeatability (BS) = ±15 cm3 ± 10%. However, the total agreement between BS and CT was low with the 95% limits of agreement (LOAs) exceeding ±200 cm3 due to poor patient reproducibility and presence of fixed and proportional bias. Only in the best case of male patients in the supine position, three BS measurements, and correction for the fixed and proportional bias, 95% LOAs of [–147, +114] cm3 were obtained between CT and BS. Conclusion The agreement of the BVI9400 BS with CT was found to be too low for radiotherapy applications.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spiral MR imaging may enable improved image quality and higher scan speeds than Cartesian trajectories. We sought to compare a novel spiral 2D T2-weighted TSE sequence with a conventional Cartesian and an artifact-robust, non-Cartesian sequence named MultiVane for routine clinical brain MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients were scanned with all 3 sequences (Cartesian, 4 minutes 14?seconds; MultiVane, 2 minutes 49?seconds; spiral, 2 minutes 12?seconds) on a standard clinical 1.5T MR scanner. Three readers described the presence and location of abnormalities and lesions and graded images qualitatively in terms of overall image quality, the presence of motion and pulsation artifacts, gray-white matter differentiation, lesion conspicuity, and subjective preference. Image quality was objectivized by measuring the SNR and the coefficients of variation for CSF, GM, and WM. RESULTS: Spiral achieved a scan time reduction of 51.9% and 21.9% compared with Cartesian and MultiVane, respectively. The number and location of lesions were identical among all sequences. As for the qualitative analysis, interreader agreement was high (Krippendorff ??> .75). Spiral and MultiVane both outperformed the Cartesian sequence in terms of overall image quality, the presence of motion artifacts, and subjective preference (P??.15). Spiral and MultiVane outperformed the Cartesian sequence in coefficient of variation WM and SNR (P?.01). CONCLUSIONS: Spiral 2D T2WI TSE is feasible for routine structural brain MR imaging and offers high-quality, artifact-robust brain imaging in short scan times.

Using a 3D scanner to inspect a 3D print is becoming more significant as the spectrum of applications for fused filament fabrication expands. We use the tool path, which describes the 3D printing p...

FUNDAMENTOS: O scanner de lâminas histológicas é um recurso inovador e efetivo que permite a digitalização de cortes histológicos, seu uso é amplamente utilizado em instituições de ensino superior de diversos países desenvolvidos como facilitador no processo de aprendizagem em disciplinas teóricas e práticas. A adoção de novas tecnologias no cenário do ensino médico demonstra o processo de modernização que estamos vivenciando mundialmente.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a percepção e o impacto do uso do scanner de lâminas histológicas entre os acadêmicos de Medicina de diversos semestres.MÉTODOS: Aplicação de questionário quantitativo e qualitativo com 91 acadêmicos de Medicina do 2° ao 6° semestre com posterior análise estatística dos resultados obtidos.RESULTADOS: Mediante análise, 80,2% dos 91 acadêmicos entrevistados confirmaram que o uso do scanner de lâminas histológicas foi mais prático do que os métodos convencionais. 86,8% correlacionaram seu uso com maior velocidade de estudo. 68,1% referiu menos problemas técnicos durante seu uso. 23,1% acreditam que esse método deve substituir completamente o microscópio óptico convencional.CONCLUSÕES: Os alunos aprovaram o uso do scanner de lâminas histológicas e associaram o método a uma maior velocidade de absorção de conteúdo, assim como uma maior praticidade durante as aulas práticas de patologia. Contudo, quando questionado sobre a substituição completa do microscópio óptico foi inconclusivo. Desse modo, o scanner de lâminas histológicas se mostrou um recurso facilitador no ensino médico.

Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) systems optimise radiation dose to the patient while providing adequate image quality. This study examined the effect that the increased localiser region of interest of a hybrid PET/CT has on the CTDIvol, focussing on the role of extraneous objects and patient attenuation profiles. A Siemens Biograph™ 16 Horizon PET/CT system and a Siemens Somatom Sensation 64, both employing the Siemens CAREDose 4D AEC system, were used for acquisition of a range of phantoms. The effect of patient miscentring and effect of the patient bed impinging on the localiser was established and modelled. For PA localiser scans, a non-linear relationship between miscentring and CTDIvol was observed, attributable to the presence of the patient bed being misinterpreted as the patient width. The model identified how the presence of the patient bed led to an increase in the CTDIvol significantly larger than expected (~12%, or 1 mSv), particularly prevalent for smaller patients.

In Morocco, the phenomenon of silting affects all the dams, where more than 75 Mm3 of sediments are deposited every year at the bottom of the reservoirs. The aim of our study is to assess the contribution of the bathymetric multi-beam sonar as well as static and mobile laser scanners in the estimation of siltation of the basin of the Tanger-Med dam in the north of Morocco. The proposed methodology consists of performing and fusion of a bathymetric survey by multi-beam echo-sounder with terrestrial laser scanner surveys in static mode and mobile mode. The result of these surveys is used, for the calculation of the siltation volume and the inspection of the upstream facing of the main structure. Siltation calculation was carried out with comparison to a reference survey obtained by single beam sonar. The comparison between these two instruments showed that the multi-beam presents many advantages: high density of the cloud of points acquired and precision. The density allows providing a better description of the dam's bottom. The comparative study between the two types of scanners showed that static scanner offers a better accuracy. However, mobile scanner gives more accessibility of all parts of the dam. As a conclusion, the multi-beam echo-sounder with additional laser scanner data have many advantages in this study: volume calculation precision, reduction of the acquisition time and the enhancement of the acquired point cloud density. We also obtained a global 3d modelling useful for the monitoring of the infrastructure.

This paper presents the design, modeling, fabrication, and testing of an optical phased array (OPA) based scanner utilizing microelectromechanical system (MEMS) micromirrors with in-plane pitch tuning capability for high-speed and high-resolution laser beam steering. A pair of lateral comb-drive actuators are located at both sides of the free-standing structure of the micromirror array and used to generate the force required for in-plane motion of the micromirrors. Identical folded-beam flexures on both sides of the moving part of each comb-drive actuator allow for the precisely guided lateral motion and reduction of the in-plane mechanical stiffness. The mirror-positioned flexures enable a symmetrical structure which helps to reduce side instability as well as levitation during lateral comb-drive actuation. Analytical models of the OPA structure are presented for estimations of the micro actuator performance as well as the optical characteristics. A prototype for the proposed OPA system with polysilicon as structural material and gold as optically reflective surface is fabricated using a surface micromachining process. The optical path difference is realized by slightly elevating every other micromirrors along the array in order to form the required optical phase shift. The aperture size of the OPA based scanner is about $195\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,\times 185\,\,\mu $ m and the fill factor of the array is 40-57%. Pitch tuning due to the electrostatic actuation results in an optical steering range of 0.06° with angular resolution of 0.002° at 30 V and a laser wavelength of 650 nm. [2021-0070]

Background: Neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI) is a validated measure of neuromelanin concentration in the substantia nigra–ventral tegmental area (SN–VTA) complex and is a proxy measure of dopaminergic function with potential as a noninvasive biomarker. The development of generalizable biomarkers requires large-scale samples necessitating harmonization approaches to combine data collected across sites. Purpose: To develop a method to harmonize NM-MRI across scanners and sites. Study Type: Prospective. Population: A total of 128 healthy subjects (18–73 years old; 45% female) from three sites and five MRI scanners. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T; NM-MRI two-dimensional gradient-recalled echo with magnetization-transfer pulse and three-dimensional T1-weighted images. Assessment: NM-MRI contrast (contrast-to-noise ratio [CNR]) maps were calculated and CNR values within the SN–VTA (defined previously by manual tracing on a standardized NM-MRI template) were determined before harmonization (raw CNR) and after ComBat harmonization (harmonized CNR). Scanner differences were assessed by calculating the classification accuracy of a support vector machine (SVM). To assess the effect of harmonization on biological variability, support vector regression (SVR) was used to predict age and the difference in goodness-of-fit (Δr) was calculated as the correlation (between actual and predicted ages) for the harmonized CNR minus the correlation for the raw CNR. Statistical Tests: Permutation tests were used to determine if SVM classification accuracy was above chance level and if SVR Δr was significant. A P-value

In this article authors present a prototype of a dichroic scanning nonlinear optical microscope with a photodetecting polymer Scanner and a customized objective lens with an external back focal plane. Two types of two-axis electromagnetic actuated polymer scanners are manufactured by a standard printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication process. Both scanners share the same overall dimensions of 45 mm by 45 mm. The maximum optical scan angle of a type I scanner is 13 degrees at 420 Hz by the fast axis in resonance and 4 degrees by the slow axis in the linear mode. The type II scanner shows similar performance. A scan lens as well as a tube lens in a conventional nonlinear optical microscope are replaced by placing such a polymer scanner on the external back focal plane of a customized water immersion objective lens. The objective lens has the back working distance of 6 mm, the numerical aperture of 0.7, the front working distance of 1.16 mm, a field of view of 1.67 mm in the diameter and the angle of view of +/−15 degrees. Preliminary imaging results are also presented.

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been widely used for airborne surveillance and autonomous driving. The ability of robotics or even micro-robotics can be drastically enhanced if equipped with LiDAR, but very light and small LiDAR must be used. Micro-robots have sizes close to birds or insects, and almost all existing LiDAR are too heavy and too large for them. In this work, a novel MEMS LiDAR, with its optical scanner separated from its base, is proposed and demonstrated. The scanner head will be carried by a moving micro-robot while the LiDAR base is fixed on the ground. There is a thin, flexible optical/electrical cable connecting the scanner head to the base. The scanner head consists of a MEMS mirror and a rod lens, which weighs only 10 g and measures under 4 cm long. The MEMS mirror has an aperture of 1.2 mm $\times \,\,1.4$ mm and can scan a field of view (FoV) of $9^{\circ } \times 8^{\circ }$ . As the micro-robot and the optical scanner head moves with respect to the optical receiver, an IMU (inertial measurement unit) has been embedded in the scanner head to track the motion and an algorithm has been developed to reconstruct the true point clouds. The movable head LiDAR can acquire 400 points per second and detect targets up to 35 cm away. A micro-robot can carry the scanner head while it is moving, and the point clouds can be generated at the LiDAR base. This new LiDAR configuration enables ranging, mapping, tracking, and zoom-in scanning for micro-robots.

The geometric and color features of agricultural material along with related physical properties are critical to characterize and express its physical quality. The experiments were conducted to classify the physical characteristics like size, shape, color and texture and then workout the relationship between manual observations and using image processing techniques for weight and volume of the four wheat refractions i.e. sound, damaged, shriveled and broken grains of wheat variety PBW 725. A flatbed scanner was used to acquire the images and digital image processing method was used to process the images and output of image analysis was compared with the actual measurements data using digital vernier caliper. A linear relationship was observed between the axial dimensions of refractions between manual measurement and image processing method with R2 in the range of 0.798–0.947. The individual kernel weight and thousand grain weight of the refractions were observed to be in the range of 0.021–0.045 and 12.56–46.32 g respectively. Another linear relationship was found between individual kernel weight and projected area estimated using image processing methodology with R2 in the range of 0.841–0.920. The sphericity of the refractions varied in the range of 0.52–0.71. Analyses of the captured images suggest ellipsoid shape with convex geometry while the same observation was recorded by physical measurements also. A linear relationship was observed between the volume of refractions derived from measured dimensions and calculated from image with R2 in the range of 0.845–0.945. Various color and grey level co-variance matrix texture features were extracted from acquired images using the open-source Python programming language and OpenCV library which can exploit different machine and deep learning algorithms to properly classify these refractions.

A forward-view optical scanner made of a MEMS mirror typically needs a second mirror to fold the optical beam forward, and thus an assembly structure is required, which drastically increases the overall size and weight of the scanner. This paper reports an ultra-small forward-view optical scanner with two vertically oriented micromirrors integrated on a silicon optical bench (SiOB). A new latch structure is proposed to secure the mirror frame at its vertical position and an array of meander thin-film stripes is designed to assist the latching process. The new design has been successfully fabricated and shows much-improved verticality with a maximum deviation of less than ±2° from 90°. With an optical aperture of 0.7 mm, the form factor of the MEMS chip is 4.9 mm (length) by 4.7 mm (width) by 1.8 mm (height). The measured forward field of view (FoV) of the vertical micromirrors reaches 21° in both axes at non-resonance with the voltage amplitude less than 4 V. The first resonant frequency (corresponding to the mirror frame rotation mode) of the micromirror is about 630 Hz. A fiber-pigtail bonded forward scanner is assembled with a footprint of 2 cm by 1.2 cm and a weight of 0.6 g. A forward scanning LiDAR has been built with this new MEMS scanner. The non-resonant scanning capability enables forward-view adaptive resolution and zoom-in scanning capability. [2021-0132]