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This study attempts to explore the impacts of some demographic, economic and cultural factor’s effects on overseas employment of female workers as well as on overseas employment of total workers from Bangladesh. The Gravity model of trade is applied here with the panel data of 12 countries and 22 years. The random effect analysis is applied since some variables which are time-invariant and important for the study. The main gravity variables – Gross Domestic Product (GDP), population and distance- are found to be well fitted with literatures with expected signs and level of significance. The magnitude of impacts differs for female overseas workers than total overseas workers. The study reveals that while the effect of religion is insignificant in case of total overseas employment its impact on female overseas employment is highly significant. The negative effects of language variables for both types of employments reflect the fact that most of the workers specially women workers migrated to abroad as home maid and didn’t get the training on official language of Bangladesh, English. Furthermore, the opportunity of earnings at destination countries proxied by remittances flows from those countries to Bangladesh has highly positive impact and the magnitude is higher for female overseas workers. The study suggests policies and required support services should be provided to mitigate the migration cost. Also, countries with higher GDP, similar religion and higher income, networking and employment opportunities should be chosen as potential new labour market for the female workers of Bangladesh. Keywords: Female worker’s overseas Employment, Gravity Model, Panel Data, Random Effect Analysis, BangladeshJEL Classifications: E24, C130DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11626

A common problem in pixelwise classification or semantic segmentation is class imbalance, which tends to reduce the classification accuracy of minority-class regions. An effective way to address this is to tune the loss function, particularly when Cross Entropy (CE), is used for classification. Although several CE variants have been reported in previous studies to address this problem, for example, Weighted Cross Entropy (WCE), Dual Cross Entropy (DCE), and Focal Loss (FL), each has their own limitations, such as introducing a vanishing gradient, penalizing negative classes inversely, or a sub-optimal loss weighting between classes. This limits their ability to improve classification accuracy or reduces their ease of use. Focal Loss has proven to be effective at balancing loss by increasing the loss on hard-to-classify classes. However, it tends to produce a vanishing gradient during backpropagation. To address these limitations, a Dual Focal Loss (DFL) function is proposed to improve the classification accuracy of the unbalanced classes in a dataset. The proposed loss function modifies the loss scaling method of FL to be effective against a vanishing gradient. In addition, inspired by DCE, a regularization term has also been added to DFL to constrain the negative class labels to further reduce the vanishing gradient effect and increase the loss on hard-to-classify classes. Experimental results show that DFL has better training performance, and provides greater accuracy compared to CE, WCE, FL and DCE in every test run conducted over a variety of different network models and datasets.

The experiment was conducted at Sharnalata Agro Fisheries Limited, Radhakanai, Fulbaria, Mymensingh by using three treatments (T1, T2, T3) and each having 2 replications for a period of 35 days in hapa system to see the growth performance of tilapia. In T1 - fish fed four times daily, T2- fed three times daily and T3 - fed two times daily. GIFT fingerlings weighing 30 ± 3.80 g were reared by feeding a formulated diet containing 32% protein (Mega 301p) feeding at the rate of 10% of the body weight of fish for the first 3 weeks and then it was adjusted to 8% of the body weight for the next 2 weeks. It was found that mean weight gain were 105.12 ± 4.60, 105.8 ± 5.23 and 108.2 ± 4.86 g respectively. The mean weight gain was not significantly different (p>0.05) among three treatments but a bit higher growth was found in T3 compared to T1 and T2. The SGR values of the experimental fish in T1, T2 and T3 were 4.32 ± 0.32, 4.34 ± 0.30 and 4.38 ± 0.28 respectively. SGR (%/day) was highest in T3 and FCR was lowest as expected. GIFT reared in hapa showed better growth performance by feeding two times daily. Many previous researches showed that maximum growth rate was obtained by feeding fish three times a day. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ambiguity of the present results with the previous works (feeding three times provided better growth) can be resolved by conducting experiments under control temperature conditions and by subsequently extrapolating that results in farm conditions especially during best growing season of the fish (June-July).

Objective: To compare the outcome of optical internal urethrotomy (OIU) with or without intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for the treatment of short segment anterior urethral stricture. Methods: This prospective quasi experimental study was carried out in the department of Urology, DMCH, Dhaka from November 2015 to April 2017 on 50 patients with short segment of anterior urethral stricture. Cases were randomly allocated to group A (OIU without Triamcinolone) and group B (OIU with Triamcinolone). Each group consisted of 25 patients. Data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients. Recurrences of stricture urethra were higher among those without Triamcinolone than cases with Triamcinolone which was statistically significant (p=0.033) at 6 month and (p=0.016) at 9 months. Regarding mean time interval in month of development of recurrence of stricture was 6.1±1.66 months in Group A and 7.66±1.52 months in Group B which was statistically significant (p=0.001) Conclusion: OIU with intralesional triamcinolone is better than OIU alone. It significantly reduced and delayed the recurrence of anterior urethral stricture. J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 29, No.2, October, 2020, Page 126-130

PurposeThis study examines the relationship between absorptive capacity, team culture, competitive intelligence awareness and entrepreneurial behavior with strategic flexibility and sustainable competitive advantage and further investigates the moderating influence of innovativeness on the relationship between strategic flexibility and sustainable competitive advantage in the hotel industry.Design/methodology/approachThe current study applied a quantitative research method to collect data from five-star and luxury hotel management staff in Malaysia, using questionnaire surveys. A total of 550 questionnaires were distributed, and the researcher received 457 valid questionnaires. The hypotheses were tested using the SEM (structural equation modeling) analytical technique.FindingsThe salient findings of this research are (1) absorptive capacity, team culture and competitive intelligence awareness have a significant impact on strategic flexibility and sustainable competitive advantage, (2) entrepreneurial behavior has an insignificant effect on strategic flexibility and sustainable competitive advantage, (3) strategic flexibility has a significant impact on sustainable competitive advantage, (4) innovativeness actively moderates on the relationship between strategic flexibility and sustainable competitive advantage.Research limitations/implicationsThe study described here introduces a sustainable competitive advantage as a new and dynamic approach to explore how its outcomes or performance can be enhanced in the hotel industry. The outcomes of sustainable competitive advantage can help the long-term survival of hotels.Originality/valueThe present study suggests and explains the role of sustainable competitive advantage in the hotel industry and offers new insights into the competitive hotel industry's gaps and weaknesses.

Owing to the favorable geographical location, Bangladesh captures a good amount of solar radiation per day. The proper utilization of this solar energy may reduce the country’s energy demand to a great extent. Bangladesh government has already made a master plan to utilize the abundant solar energy in different ways with a capacity development target of 600 MW by the end of 2021. Until 2018 a total capacity of 220 MW of solar power could be achieved by installing 6.9 million solar home systems (SHSs). On the other way, rooftop solar and solar mini-grid projects facilitated the capacity of 3.07 MW and 5 MW, respectively. A capacity of 32 MW could also be touched by solar irrigation projects with more than 1300 pumps for serving country’s rural people, and solar-diesel hybrid solution program (by installing 138 small power stations) has been supporting the telecom operators. Bangladesh power development board (BPDB), and Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) have been promoting numerous research-development solar projects to many governments and private universities to build sustainable energy equipped country.

A new method of electricity generation based on Pathor Kuchi (Genus:Kalanchoe,Section:Bryophyllum) Leaf has been designed and developed at the Department of Physics, Jagannath University,Dhaka- 1100,Bangladesh.For accurate sizing of Television and Radio PKL electric modules are necessary to optimize the module size for operation. It was realized that a vast majority of rural households in Bangladesh were left unelectrified by conventional gas based electricity. The field performance studies of the technical aspects, the projected specific capital cost and the average daily generation and efficiency of the PKL module have been found for both Radio and TV from collected data. Attempts have been made to correlate certain measurable parameters with anticipated performance of the PKL system. Chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the PKL, Short Circuit Current (ISC), Open Circuit Voltage (VOC),Temperature effect of the PKL malt, pH of the PKL malt, Titratable acidity of the PKL malt, Generation of PKL electricity, Storage system of the PKL electricity, Practical utilization of PKL electricity use in Load(Television and Radio), Classification of PKL, Longevity of the PKL malt for PKL electricity generation, Preparation of PKL electric unit cell, module, panel, arrays and the constituent elements of the PKL have been studied. In experimental study, it is shown that ,the pH of the PKL malt is ≈ 4.6 (without water), pH of the PKL malt is ≈ 4.8(with 10% solution), the titratable acidity of the PKL malt is ≈ 0.88% and the constituent elements/ ions of the PKL malt is Fe++ and Cl-. Most of the results have been tabulated and graphically discussed.

This present study examines the relationships between hedonic value, customer-to-customer interaction, customer demandingness, customization and customer love on customer citizenship behaviour with...

Introduction: Medical expulsive therapy (MET) is one of the treatment modality for ureteric calculi. Recent studies have reported excellent results with MET for lower ureteral calculi. The aim of study to evaluate the effect of tamsulosin on treatment of lower ureteric calculi. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at outpatient department of Urology, Prime Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh during February 2018 to February 2019. A total of 100 patients with lower ureteric calculi included in this study. Cases were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly allocated in two groups. Tamsulosin group (50 patients) were given capsule tamsulosin 0.4 mg, at bed time while observation group (50 patients) were given standard therapy without tamsulosin. The patients were prescribed diclofenac (50 mg) on demand for pain relief and were followed-up by X ray and ultrasonography of kidney, ureter and urinary bladder region for 28 days. The stone expulsion rate, expulsion time, and analgesic requirements were also recorded. Data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: Tamsulosin group showed a statistically significant advantage in terms of the stone expulsion rate. A stone expulsion rate of 78% (39 out of 50 patients) in tamsulosin group and 54% (27 out of 50 patients) was observed for observation group (p=0.011). In tamsulosin group, mean expulsion time was 7.26 ±3.35 days whereas in observation group mean expulsion time of 8.93 ±3.56 days (p=0.017). Tamsulosin group stone expulsion time was lower as compared to observation group. Overall the number of doses of analgesic (diclofenac) required in tamsulosin group, it was 3.78 ± 2.82 whereas in observation group was observed to be 5.93± 1.76. The variation between number of doses of analgesic required by patients in both groups was found to statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusions: The effectiveness of tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy in patients with lower ureteric calculi was higher as compared to observation group. Tamsulosin has been found to increase stone expulsion rates, reduces mean days to stone expulsion and decreases number of doses of analgesic requirement. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 22, No. 2, July 2019 p.155-159

The present study examines the relationships between absorptive capacity, team culture, competitive intelligence awareness, entrepreneurial behavior, learning capability, and sustainable competitiv...

Background: Propofol, most frequently used intravenous anesthetic for induction of routine elective surgical procedure. Pain on propofol injection (POPI) still remains a considerable concern for the anesthesiologist. A number of techniques has been tried to minimize propofol-induced pain with variable results. Objective: This study was performed to determine the effect of ketamine on reducing pain on propofol injection (POPI) at the onset of anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 adult healthy patients were selected in this study of either sex, scheduled for routine elective ENT surgery under general anesthesia. The patients enrolled were divided randomly into two groups of 40 patients each. Group I (ketamine group) received 10 mg intravenous ketamine in 10 ml normal saline. Group II (placebo group) received 10 ml of 0.9% intravenous normal saline. Then the patients were induced with propofol and asked to report their pain during injection of propofol and recorded according to the Mc Cririck and Hunter scale. Results: The incidence of pain experienced in ketamine group was 10% patients and in saline group was 60% patients, which is statistically significant p

Menopause is commonly associated with rapid bone loss and this bone loss manifests as a significant decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). Body weight or body mass index is the most important factor which influences BMD. Aim of this study was to evaluate the association between BMI and BMD in post menopausal women. Also to measure the correlation between age, duration of menopause, weight with BMD. This cross-sectional study was undertaken in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from January, 2012 to December, 2012. The study included women of 50 to 70 years who had menopause with three or more parity. Total 100 women were evaluated by history taking, physical examination and laboratory investigation (BMD).The results showed that there was significant positive correlation between BMI and BMD value of L1-4 and total femur (Pearson‘s coefficient was +0.285, P

Background: Propofol is an intravenous (IV) anesthetic agent, can irritate the skin, mucous membrane and venous intima. The main drawback is the pain at injection site following its intravenous injection. Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of intravenous nitroglycerine on pain in patients following propofol injection. Materials and Methods: Eighty adult patients of both sexes, aged 20-50 years, according to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status were divided into two equal groups (n=40) to receive 200 mcg intravenous nitroglycerine diluted in 10 ml saline (group A) and 10 ml normal saline as placebo (group B) at an ambient operating room temperature in a randomized and double blinded fashion to compare the pain-relieving effects of the drugs during propofol injection before the patients lost consciousness. The pain on propofol injection was assessed according to the Mc Crirrick and Hunter scale. Results: The overall incidence and severity of pain were significantly less in Groups A (nitroglycerine group) than group B (placebo group) (p< 0.05). The incidence of mild and moderate pain in Group A versus group B was 25% vs 45% and 15% vs 30% respectively (p

Background: Propofol, the most frequently used intravenous anaesthetic, is used for induction, maintenance of anaesthesia and for sedation in patients scheduled for routine elective surgical procedure. Pain on propofol injection still remains a considerable concern for the anaesthesiologist. Objective: Aim of this study was to observe the efficacy of metoclopramide as pretreatment for the prevention of pain caused by the propofol injection in patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Materials and method: A total of 80 patients were taken up in the study in the age group of 20 to 50 years of either sex, ASA grade I/II, scheduled for routine elective surgical procedure under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation and using propofol as induction agent. The patients enrolled were divided randomly into two groups of 40 patients each. Group A received 10 mg metoclopramide IV diluted in 5 ml saline. Group B received 5 ml of normal saline as placebo before propofol injection. The patients were asked to report their pain according to the scale provided to them in the form of none, mild, moderate and severe after injection of propofol. Results: The overall incidence and severity of pain were significantly less in Group A (metoclopramide group) than in group B (placebo group) (p< 0.05). The incidence of mild and moderate pain in Group A versus group B was 15% vs 45% and 5% vs 25% respectively (p

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication of anesthesia and surgery. Numerous anti-emetics have been studied to prevent and treat PONV. Methods: This study evaluated the antiemetic efficacy, cost-effectiveness and clinical utility of prophylactic dexamethasone and ondansetron compared with placebo in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after ENT surgery in 90 patients. Results: The incidence of PONV was significantly greater in placebo group than dexamethasone group and ondansetron group (p0.05. The incidence of early (0-6 h) PONV was significantly lower in dexamethasone group and ondansetron group than the placebo group (p 0.05). The incidence of PONV in the late postoperative period (6-24 h) was significantly lower in the dexamethasone group (3.33%) than the ondansetron group (23.33%) P

Background: Thyroid gland is the largest gland of the body which secretes thyroid hormones named T3 & T4. Incidence of solitary thyroid nodule is common in Bangladesh. Objectives: To validate the ultrasonography evaluation of solitary thyroid nodule comparing with histopathological diagnosis. Methodology: This cross sectional study enrolled 75 patients of age range between 14 to 72 years during July 2016 to June 2018 and the study was carried out in the department of Radiology & Imaging of Ultrasonography evaluation was finally compared with histopathological diagnosis which was considered as gold standard. Results: Among 75 patients are included in this study the age ranged between 14 to 72 years. Majority of the patients 37 (49.3%) were found between 31 to 40 years. 65 (86.3%) were female & 10 (13.3%) were male. All patients were presents with thyroid swelling. In USG findings Microcalcifications were present 9 (12%) in benign & 5(6.7%) in malignant cases. Presence of Halo were in all benign cases 14 (18.7%). Comet tail sign were in 5 (6.7%) in benign & 3 (4%) in malignant cases. Histological nodular goiter were 57 (76%), Follicular adenoma 8 (10.7%), Thyroditis 5 (6.7%) and Papillary carcinoma 4 (5.3%), Follicular Carcinoma 1 (1.3%). Conclusion: This cross sectional study was carried out with an aim to determine the usefulness of ultrasonogram diagnosis of solitary thyroid nodule compared with histopathology findings. As the validity test results are higher, it can be concluded that the ultrasonogram is a useful diagnostic modality in the evaluation of solitary thyroid nodule. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2019; 25(2): 76-84

Background and aim of study: Pain on propofol injection (POPI) is a common problem. None of the commonly used methods completely attenuate the pain. Inflammatory response to propofol contributes to the pain. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of dexamethasone in attenuation of pain following intravenous injection of propofol. Materials and methods: A total of 80 adult patients were scheduled in this study with either sex, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) grade I and II, for routine elective surgical procedure under general anesthesia. The patients enrolled were divided randomly into two groups of 40 patients each. Group I received 0.15 mg/kg of intravenous dexamethasone in 5 ml normal saline and Group II (placebo group) received 5 ml of 0.9% intravenous normal saline, following exsanguination and occlusion of the vein of the arm. This was followed by 0.5 mg/kg of propofol intravenously.The patients were asked to report their pain during injection of propofol according to the McCririck and Hunter scale. Results: The incidence of pain experienced in dexamethasone group was 45% patients and in saline group was 70% patients (p

Background: Use of Duplex Color Doppler Sonography is gaining increasing popularity for assessment of blood vessels in various disease processes around the world. The past 20 years have seen an enormous growth in both technical aspects of Doppler ultrasound and its application in obstetric and fetal medicine. Objective: This cross-sectional study was carried out to observe Doppler wave form in subjects with preeclampsia. Specific objective was to see RI and PI in different groups of study subjects from 24th to 37th weeks and find out significant difference of different Doppler indices between two groups (i.e., to calculate the proportion of subjects having early diastolic notch in two groups). Materials and Methods: Enrolling 40 subjects with preeclampsia, this study was done in the Department of Radiology & Imaging, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, over a period of six months from 20th June 2014 to 19th December 2014. A total number of 40 normal pregnancies were also included for comparison. Results: Majority (35% in normal and 37.5% in preeclampsia) of the respondents were found in the age group of 21−30 years. Unpaired t-test revealed no significant difference between mean age of two groups. Among normal group, mean±SD of PI and RI were 1.12±0.0846 and 0.571±0.058 respectively and in preeclamptic group mean PI and RI were 2.497±0.369 and 0.8255±0.087. There was statistically significant (by unpaired t-test) difference in mean Doppler indices between these two groups. Early diastolic notch was found in 90% subjects with preeclampsia and 5% subjects with normal pregnancy. Chi-square test showed that there was statistically significant difference regarding presence of early diastolic notch between normal regarding subjects and subjects with preeclampsia. Conclusion: From the study result it was concluded that Doppler indices with presence of early diastolic notch are reliable indicators for early detection of preeclampsia. J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(1): 33-38

Background: Complementary feeding is a significant milestone that has nutritional, developmental, and health implications. Worldwide, 33% of the deaths are linked to malnutrition. Objective: To describe the mothers’ experience about complementary feeding practice with child aged less than two years in Bangladesh. Method: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted from July 2018 to June 2019. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) NIANER. 20 mothers of children of 6 - 24 months of age were recruited purposively who live in Sattalla slum. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the mothers’ demographic characteristics and thematic analysis was used to describe mothers’ experience about complementary feeding practice. Results: The study showed that the average age of the mothers was 25 (SD = 4.75) years. Only 5% of the mothers have higher education. Through the findings, two main themes have been identified. Moreover, first main theme includes three subthemes. Fifty percent of the mothers stated that appropriate time to start complementary food for their babies is from 6 months of age. Mothers feed various types of complementary foods. Most of the mothers have knowledge about complementary feeding but they do not practice appropriately. Almost all of the mothers (95%) stated that their babies do not like to eat anything, and 45% of mothers feed only breast milk. Conclusion: Findings of the study will provide information for the nurses resulted in increasing the rate of complementary feeding practice among mothers of children in Bangladesh. Future study is needed to identify the factors influencing complementary feeding practice among mothers of 6 - 24 months old children in Bangladesh.

Due to the spread of COVID-19, global measures such as lockdown and limits on public transit, entertainment, the closure of all educational institutions, and religious practices have been imposed in early 2020. During and after the COVID-19 disease outbreak, the first target ought to be safer road travel and zero fatalities. This paper general overviews the effects of the government’s COVID-19 control measures on Bangladesh’s transportation system and road safety during the period March 2020–2021. Secondary data sources, newspaper articles, WHO, Worldometer, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) websites, and relevant research papers were used to compile this article. The various restriction policies would have a negative impact on the transportation sector’s finances, exacerbating the economic crisis that public transportation and airline operators in Bangladesh are experiencing. This study found that restricting mobility reduces road traffic deaths and injuries by a small amount, but that accidents continue to occur during the lockdown period in Bangladesh.

Background: Pulse oximetry is a beat-to-beat, non-invasive and virtually risk-free method of assessing continuous arterial hemoglobin saturation. It is now a standard for monitoring care in the operating room and the post-anesthesia care unit. It is also widely used in the critical care setting. Numerous factors including dark skin, pigmentation, henna dye, nail polish etc. could lead to inaccuracy or ambiguous information about oxygen saturation. In many cultures, women decorate their fingernails with different colors of nail polish. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of red nail polish on the measurement of oxygen saturation. Materials and Methods: One hundred young women were recruited for this study and red nail polish was used to color the index finger of the non-dominant hand; the middle finger of the same hand was the control. Blood oxygen saturation was simultaneously measured by two calibrated pulse oximeters with two minutes interval for 30 minutes. Results: Red nail polish did not affect pulse oximetry measurement of oxygen saturation. There was no statistically significant difference between the control and the red nail polished fingers. Conclusion: Application of red nail polish does not cause statistically significant error in the measurement of oxygen saturation in young healthy individuals. KYAMC Journal Vol. 11, No.-4, January 2021, Page 181-183

Stroke is a drawn-out incapacity illness caused everywhere on the world and it is the third driving reason for demise. Pre-syndromes of stroke dives more importance now a day. Stroke happened basically because of individual way of life in the cutting the edge period changing components, for example, high glucose, coronary illness, heftiness, diabetes. In this research, we analyse different Supervised machine Learning algorithms (i.e. SVC, DT, RFC, Logistic Regression, Linear Regression, Bernoulli NB, Gaussian NB and K-Nearest Neighbours Classifier). The accuracy in the work have found highest by applying Decision Tree classifier which is 0. 93.

Disseminated histoplasmosis affecting the adrenal glands is a very rare infection and an uncommon cause of adrenal insufficiency. We present a case of bilateral adrenal histoplasmosis in a 77 years old immunosuppressed patient who presented with bilateral adrenal masses. The fine needle aspiration cytology of the adrenal mass was positive for Histoplasma capsulatum. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 23, No. 2, July 2020 p.210-212

Succinylcholine, a depolarizing muscle relaxant possesses a unique property of rapid onset and short duration of action, but is accompanied by side effects such as fasciculation and myalgia. The aim of this study was to investigate the prophylactic effect of intravenous lignocaine on the incidence and severity of succinylcholine-induced postoperative myalgia. This was a randomized controlled double blind study conducted at National Institute of ENT Dhaka, during September to December 2017. Eighty adult patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists status I and II of both sexes for elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into two equal groups, lignocaine group and normal saline group. The patients of lignocaine group were pretreated with lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg body weight in 5 ml volume, while patients of normal saline group were given isotonic saline 0.9% in the same volume (5 ml) intravenously. Thereafter, anesthesia was induced in all patients, by injecting 1.5 mg/kg of fentanyl and 2 mg/kg of propofol intravenously. Following the loss of eyelid reflex, 1.5 mg/kg of succinylcholine was injected intravenously as a muscle relaxant and then the patients were intubated. The incidence and severity of myalgia were assessed by a blinded observer 24 hours after surgery. In terms of demographic data, the results of this study showed that there is no significant difference between patients in both groups (P>0.05). Overall, the incidence and severity of succinylcholine-induced myalgia in lignocaine group was significantly less, when compared with normal saline group (P

Background and aim of study: Propofol is a commonly used drug for general anesthesia. It can irritate the skin, mucous membrane and venous intima. The main drawback is the pain during intravenous injection. Aim of this prospective randomized study is to observe the efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine as pretreatment for the prevention of pain caused by the propofol injection. Methods: A total of 80 adult patients were selected in this study with either sex, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) grade I and II, scheduled for routine elective surgical procedure under general anesthesia. The patients enrolled were divided randomly into two groups of 40 patients each. Group received 0.25 mcg of intravenous dexmedetomidine in 5 ml. Group II (placebo group) received 5 ml of 0.9% intravenous normal saline one minute before injection of propofol. The patients were asked to report their pain during injection of propofol according to the McCririck and Hunter scale. Results: The incidence of pain experienced in dexmedetomidine group was 35% patients and in saline group was 70% patients (p

Post-operative airway symptoms specially postoperative sore throat (POST) can be troublesome to patients following an uneventful general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Ninety ASA I and II informed consenting patients aged 20-50 years were recruited and randomly allocated into three groups of 30 each. The outer surface of the tracheal tubes used in intubating patients were lubricated with 0.05% betamethasone gel for group B, 2% lignocaine jelly for group L from the distal tip of the tube to the 15 cm mark and group C without lubrication. The incidence and severity of sore throat was then assessed at 1 hour, 6 hours and 24 hours during postoperative period. At 24 hours following extubation, there was a statistically significant lower incidence of POST in group B compared to other two groups. (group B= 6.66% vs group L= 33.33% vs group C= 40%, p0.05. It could be concluded that 0.05% betamethasone gel applied widely over endotracheal tube effectively reduces postoperative sore throat in comparison with 2% lignocaine jelly application. Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jul 2018;13(2): 58-61

Background and aim of study: Propofol is one of the most frequently used medications for inducing and maintaining anesthesia. However, propofol injection causes pain and discomfort in more than 70% of patients. This study was performed to determine the effect of magnesium sulfate on reducing pain at the onset of anesthesia induced by propofol injection. Materials and methods: A total of 80 healthy adult patients were selected in this study with either sex, scheduled for routine elective surgical procedure under general anesthesia. The patients enrolled were divided randomly into two groups of 40 patients each. Group I received 30 mg/kg of intravenous magnesium sulfate in 5 ml. Group II (placebo group) received 5ml of 0.9% intravenous normal saline 1 minute before propofol injection. The patients were asked to report their pain during injection of propofol. For all statistical tests, p

Background: Postoperative shivering (POS) is one of the common problems following general anesthesia and with different unpleasant and stressful consequences for patients. Hence, its proper management is necessary for both prevention and treatment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out the prophylactic effect of intravenous dexamethasone in preventing postoperative shivering after general anesthesia. Materials and methods: Patients aged from 20 to 50 years were taken for study whohas been scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia and they were randomized into two equal groups. Group I (Dexamethasone group) received intravenous dexamethasone and group II received intravenous saline (Placebo group). Shivering was determined postoperatively and analyzed statistically. Results: Patients who had received intravenous dexamethasone, experienced a significantly lower incidence of postoperative shivering compared to placebo group (15% versus 55%, p

Background: Duplex Colour Doppler Sonography is gaining increasing popularity for assessment of blood vessels in various disease processes around the world as well as for the surveillance of fetus compromised by intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR) and to assess foetal structural abnormalities and complex disease processes. Materials & methods: This cross sectional study was carried out to observe Doppler wave form in subjects with preeclampsia enrolling 40 subjects with preeclampsia, in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, over a period of six months from 20th May 2012 to 19th November 2012. A total number of 40 normal pregnancies were also included for comparison. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), Resistive index (RI), Pulsatility index (PI) in different groups of study subjects from 24th to 37th weeks were observed and compared for any significant differences. Results: Majority (35% in normal and 37.5% in preeclampsia) of the respondents were found in the age group of 21-30 years. Unpaired t-test revealed no significant difference between mean age between two groups. Among normal group, mean±SD PSV, EDV, PI and RI were 43.94±15.41 cm/sec and 15.51 (±4.93) cm/sec, 1.12±0.0846 and 0.571 (±0.058) respectively. Mean PSV, EDV, PI and RI were 83.19±18.44 cm/sec, 11.86±5.19 cm/sec, 2.497±0.369 and 0.8255±0.087 in preeclampsia group. There was statistically significant (By unpaired ttest) difference in mean Doppler indices between these two groups. It was observed that early diastolic notch was found in 90% subjects with preeclampsia. Early diastolic notch was observed in Doppler wave form in 5% subject with normal pregnancy. Chi-square test showed that there was statistically significant difference in presence of early diastolic notch between normal subjects and subjects with preeclampsia. Conclusions: From the study result it was concluded that Doppler indices with presence of early diastolic notch are reliable indicators for early detection of preeclampsia. J MEDICINE JUL 2019; 20 (2) : 87-91

Background: This cross sectional study was carried out to observe Doppler wave form in subjects with preeclampsia enrolling 40 subjects with preeclampsia, in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, over a period of six months from 20th May 2012. A total number of 40 normal pregnancies were also included for comparison. Methods: Objective of the study was to observe Doppler wave form in subjects with preeclampsia. While specific object is To see PSV, EDV, RI, PI in different groups of study subjects from 24th to 37th weeks and find out significant difference of different Doppler indices in between two groups (i.e.,to calculate the proportion of subjects having early diastolic notch in two groups). Results: Majority (35% in normal and 37.5% in preeclampsia) of the respondents were found in the age group of 21-30 years. Unpaired t-test revealed no significant difference between mean age between two groups. Among normal group, mean±SD PSV, EDV, PI and RI were 43.94±15.41 cm/sec and 15.51 (±4.93) cm/sec, 1.12±0.0846 and 0.571 (±0.058) respectively. Mean PSV, EDV, PI and RI were 83.19±18.44 cm/sec, 11.86±5.19 cm/sec, 2.497±0.369 and 0.8255±0.087 in preeclampsia group. There was statistically significant (By unpaired t-test) difference in mean Doppler indices between these two groups. It was observed that early diastolic notch was found in 90% subjects with preeclampsia. Early diastolic notch was observed in Doppler wave form in 5% subject with normal pregnancy. Chi-square test showed that there was statistically significant difference in presence of early diastolic notch between normal subjects and subjects with preeclampsia. Conclusion: It may be concluded that doppler indices with presence of early diastolic notch are reliable indicators for early detection of preeclampsia. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 34-40

Amalgamation of thermal collector at the back of PV overcomes with low energy conversion efficiency issue upto some extent and improves overall efficiency of the systems. Use of phase change materials (PCM) in PV/T collectors as an intermediate thermal storage media offers a promising solution to this problem by storing large amount of heat. The aim of this research work was to design and develop a photovoltaic/thermal-phase change materials (PV/T-PCM) system and evaluate its energy, exergy and economic performance. Lauric acid as PCM contained in leak-proof aluminum foil packets are placed around the flow channel allowing extended period of thermal storage. The PV/T-PCM system has been studied at different volume flow rates viz. 0.5–4 L per minutes (LPM) to get the optimized performance of the system. Maximum thermal efficiency of PV/T-PCM collector was found to be 87.72% at 2 LPM. Maximum electrical efficiency of PV and PV/T-PCM systems has been found to be 9.88% and 11.08% (4LPM) respectively. The maximum exergy efficiency of PV and PV/T-PCM system has been found 7.09% and 12.19% (0.5 LPM) respectively. An economic analysis of the proposed system has also been carried out with a view to examine the feasibility of its commercialization.

Background: Succinylcholine a depolarizing muscle relaxant with rapid onset, predictable course and short duration of action is associated with myalgia. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of intramuscular injection of diclofenac sodium in preventing succinylcholine-induced myalgia. Materials and Methods: Eighty healthy adults scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolledin a double-blind study and randomly allocated into two groups of forty patients. Patients in Group I (diclofenacgroup) were pretreated with inj. diclofenac 75 mg deep intramuscularly into gluteal region one hour prior to induction of anesthesia, while patients in Group II (saline group) received an equivalent volume of saline inj. in same site. Anesthesia was induced in both groups with fentanyl 1.5 mcg/kg, propofol 2.0 mg/kg and succinylcholine1.5 mg/kg. Postoperative myalgia was assessed 24 hours after induction and graded as nil, mild, moderate, or severe. Results:The demographic data for both groups were comparable (p > 0.05). Postoperative myalgia was recorded at 24 hours after induction in diclofenac group with twelve (30%) patients and 24 (60%) patients in normal saline (control) group respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Prophylactic use of intramuscular injection of diclofenac is effective in the prevention of postoperative myalgia KYAMC Journal Vol. 10, No.-1, April 2019, Page 35-38

Photovoltaic (PV) technology suffers from the major drawback of poor energy conversion efficiency that is further worsened by overheating of the module. Hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors have brought about a notable change in this technology by enabling the extraction of both electricity and heat from the same module, thereby improving the overall efficiency. However, there are some technical challenges with these devices that obstacles their wide-scale application. The major shortcoming of conventional water based PV/T collector is that their operation is limited only in the daytime. To overcome these challenges, novel parallel serpentine pipe flow based PV/T has been designed, developed and studied. The experiments were performed at different volume flow rates viz. 0.5–4 L per minutes (LPM) to optimize the designed and developed PV/T. Maximum thermal efficiency of PV/T system was found to be as 76.58% at 2 LPM. Electrical efficiency of PV and PV/T-only was found to be 9.89% and 10.46% respectively. The maximum exergy efficiency of PV and PV/T system has been found 7.16% and 12.98% (0.5LPM) respectively.

Since wind power is directly influenced by wind speed, long-term wind speed forecasting (WSF) plays an important role for wind farm installation. WSF is essential for controlling, energy management and scheduled wind power generation in wind farm. The proposed investigation in this paper provides 30-days-ahead WSF. Nonlinear Autoregressive (NAR) and Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous (NARX) Neural Network (NN) with different network settings have been used to facilitate the wind power generation. The essence of this study is that it compares the effect of activation functions (namely, tansig and logsig) in the performance of time series forecasting since activation function is the core element of any artificial neural network model. A set of wind speed data was collected from different meteorological stations in Malaysia, situated in Kuala Lumpur, Kuantan, and Melaka. The proposed activation functions tansig of NARNN and NARXNN resulted in promising outcomes in terms of very small error between actual and predicted wind speed as well as the comparison for the logsig transfer function results.

Background: Intravenous dexamethasone may produce perineal pruritus in some patients when administered as premedicant before induction of anesthesia. Objectives of study: This randomized, double-blind study was done to evaluate the efficacy of pretreatment of lignocaine on the incidence and severity of dexamethasone-induced perineal pruritus. Materials and methods: 100 patients were enrolled in this study and allocated randomly into two equal groups. Then, patients received intravenous medications in the following sequence before induction of anesthesia: in group I, injection lignocaine 1mg/kg diluted in 5 ml normal saline and in group II, 5 ml normal saline (placebo group), then one minute later, intravenous dexamethasone sodium phosphate 10 mg was given in all groups in 3 seconds and was observed the patient's response about perineal pruritus. The severity of perineal pruritus was graded based on the visual analog scale (VAS) as none (VAS 0), mild (VAS 1-3), moderate (VAS 4-6), or severe (VAS 7-10), and recorded the incidence and severity of perineal pruritus. Then general anesthesia was induced and continued as usual. Results: In terms of demographic data, the results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between patients in both groups (P>0.05). Overall incidence and severity of perineal pruritus in lignocaine group was significantly less, when compared with placebo group (P

The rapid increase of wireless technologies and body area networks has enabled the continuous healthcare monitoring of patients from a remote location using various sensors. This paper describes a remote health monitoring system using WBAN where different sensors are used to collect a patient’s vital signs. Once the data is received, the captured data are evaluated by the Arduino and sent to the patient’s Android Smartphone using a Bluetooth module and a newly developed android application named Health Monitoring App. Data can be accessed by the patient himself, by doctor or patient’s family members. In critical conditions such as when body temperature and pulse rate goes beyond a predefined value or patient fall down, then application from patient’s smart phone triggers a message to deliver to the doctor or relatives with the location of the patient using built-in GPS in patient’s phone. This remote health monitoring system is very feasible and cost-effective for a developing country like Bangladesh.

Background: Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is the gold standard in the surgical treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Blood loss is one of the most common complications of TURP. Objective: To evaluate the effect of preoperative dutasteride on bleeding related to TURP in patients with BPH. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study was done in the department of urology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of July 2016 to June 2017. A total of 70 cases of BPH planned for TURP were included in this study according to the statistical calculation. Patients were randomly allocated to control group A (TURP without dutasteride) and dutasteride group B (TURP with dutasteride). Each group consisted of 35 patients. Group B patients were treated with dutasteride 0.5 mg/day for 4 weeks before TURP. The main outcome of blood loss was evaluated in terms of reduction in serum hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) levels, which were measured before and 24 hours after surgery. Data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: Comparison of outcome between groups shows that there was a significant difference in term of pre-post operative change of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the control group A compared to the dutasteride group B (Hb = 2.96 ± 0.80 gm/dl vs. 1.81 ± 0.71 gm/dl, respectively, p = 0.001; Hct = 11.20% ± 2.12% vs. 6.07% ± 2.02%, respectively, p = 0.02). A significant lower mean blood loss was observed in the dutasteride group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Preoperative dutasteride therapy reduces blood loss related to TURP in patients with BPH. This therapy can be practiced to reduce surgical bleeding associated with TURP.

Objectives: To compare the outcomes of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with or without nephrostomy tube. Materials & Methods: This prospective comparative study intended to compare the outcomes between PCNL without nephrostomy tube and PCNL with nephrostomy tube. A total of 50 cases of renal stone disease planned for PCNL in Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2015 to June 2017, were included in this study according to the statistical calculation. Cases were randomly allocated to group A (PCNL without nephrostomy tube) and group B (PCNL with nephrostomy tube). Each group consisted of 25 patients. The outcome variables were post operative pain, requirement of analgesic, leakage of urine and post operative hospital stay. Data were analyzed and compared by statistical tests. Results: No significant differences were found regarding age (p = 0.95), sex (p = 0.55) and operation time (p = 0.36) between two groups. Post operative pain (p < 0.0007) and analgesic requirement (p < 0.0001) were less in group A than group B cases. Leakage of urine is higher in group B in comparison to group A (p < 0.0001). Post operative hospital stay is shorter in group A than group B cases which is statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy without nephrostomy tube is better than percutaneous nephrolithotomy with nephrostomy tube in selective cases. It significantly reduces post operativepain, analgesic requirement and postoperative hospital stay. So percutaneous nephrolithotomy without nephrostomy tube is safe and effective.

Background and Aims: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind and controlled trial to compare the effects of oral clonidine and gabapentin as premedication in obtunding hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation in normotensive patients undergoing elective surgery. We also compared the preoperative anxiety and sedation status between these two drugs.Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I, aged 20 -50 years of either sex enrolled in the study were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each. Group A patients received oral clonidine 200 mcg and Group B patients received oral gabapentin 900 mg, 90 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. The heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were observed and recorded pre and post endotracheal intubation. Anxiety and sedation score were noted after 60 minutes of oral administration of drug as well as before induction of anesthesia.Results: Both groups were matched for age, sex, weight and intubation time. Anxiety score and sedation score before induction were significantly better in clonidine group as compared with gabapentin group. Also oral clonidine attenuated the increase in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure better than oral gabapentin (p

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A new method of electricity generation based on Pathor Kuchi Leaf (Genus: Kalanchoe, Section: Bryophyllum) has been developed at the Department of Physics, Jagannath University, Dhaka- 1100, Bangladesh. This electricity generation method has several advantages for smart grid over the conventional electricity production. This sustainable method is likely to generate the employment at particularly in the rural areas of where grid electricity is absent. This research work reports an invention made on Pathor Kuchi Leaf (PKL) electric power plant to enhance the PKL electricity production. The efficiency of the PKl electricity production device, Short Circuit Current ( Isc ), Open circuit Voltage ( Voc ), Temperature effect of the PKL malt, pH of the PKL malt, Titratable acidity of the PKL malt, Generation of PKL electricity, Storage system of the PKL electricity, Particular utilization of PKL electricity, I-V characteristics of the PKL, Classification of PKL, Longevity of PKL malt for PKL electricity generation, Preparation of PKL electric unit cell, module, panel, arrays and the constituent elements of the PKL, Voltage regulation, Internal resistance of the cell and efficiency of the cell have been studied. The chemical reactions of the PKL electrochemical cell have also been studied. In experimental study, it is shown that the maximum efficiency of the PKL electricity production device is ≈ 34%, the pH of the PKL malt is ≈ 4.6(without water), pH of the PKL malt is ≈ 4.8 (with 10% solution), the titratable acidity of the PKL malt is ≈ 0.88%. Most of the results have been tabulated and graphically discussed.

Continuous launching of new satellites and increasing numbers of space missions is making space a congested environment. Collision with space debris or other satellites is now a real problem for satellites with the problem more acute in highly trafficked orbits. Thus, mission operators and space agencies are in need of high accuracy collision avoidance systems for spacecrafts and satellites. This paper focuses on tackling the satellite collision problem by implementing a collision avoidance system using neural networks and relevant machine learning techniques. The primary model is based on General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and the secondary models are based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Random Forest Regression & Support Vector Regression techniques. The dataset used in this paper is collected from the ESA (European Space Agency) which contains the events of risk assessment or in other words, Conjunction Data Messages (CDM). The proposed collision avoidance system predicts the collision risk percentage between target (a satellite of interest) and chaser (space debris or another satellite) objects. The predicted risk enables the target to maneuver accordingly and ultimately avoid collision with the chaser object. The GRNN algorithm uses lazy learning which does not require iterative training and makes predictions based on stored parameters. The training data has been normalized before applying the algorithm as GRNN network is sensitive to high deviation among input features. However, the GRNN model predicts the risk of collision between the target & the chaser object with an MSE (Mean Squared Error) of 11% which means the model predicts the risk of collision with 89% accuracy and this 89% risk can give enough confidence factor to the concerned authority to take necessary evasive maneuvers. This is reliable enough and lower than other models' MSE to consolidate the fact that the GRNN model is best fit for our dataset.

Nowadays, the recognition of facial expression draws significant attention in various domains. In view of this, a realtime facial expression recognition system has been developed using a Deep Learning approach, which can classify ten emotions, including angry, disgust, fear, happy, mockery, neutral, sad, surprise, think, and wink. In addition, an integrated expert system has also been developed by integrating Deep Learning with a Belief Rule Base to support the assessment of the overall mental state of a person over a period of time from video streaming data under uncertainty. In this research, data-driven and knowledge-driven approaches are integrated together to assess the mental state of an individual. Such a system could enable the identification of a suspect before committing any crime beforehand by the law enforcement agency. The performance of this integrated system is found reliable than existing methods of facial expression assessment. Contribution- The paper presents a noble method of computing the overall mental condition of a person by integrating CNN and BRBES under uncertainty. Contribution- The paper presents a noble method of computing the overall mental condition of a person by integrating CNN and BRBES under uncertainty. ISBN för värdpublikation: 978-1-7281-9331-1

Infodemics, often including rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories, have been common during the COVID-19 pandemic. Monitoring social media data has been identified as the best method for tracking rumors in real time and as a possible way to dispel misinformation and reduce stigma. However, the detection, assessment, and response to rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories in real time are a challenge. Therefore, we followed and examined COVID-19–related rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories circulating on online platforms, including fact-checking agency websites, Facebook, Twitter, and online newspapers, and their impacts on public health. Information was extracted between December 31, 2019 and April 5, 2020, and descriptively analyzed. We performed a content analysis of the news articles to compare and contrast data collected from other sources. We identified 2,311 reports of rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories in 25 languages from 87 countries. Claims were related to illness, transmission and mortality (24%), control measures (21%), treatment and cure (19%), cause of disease including the origin (15%), violence (1%), and miscellaneous (20%). Of the 2,276 reports for which text ratings were available, 1,856 claims were false (82%). Misinformation fueled by rumors, stigma, and conspiracy theories can have potentially serious implications on the individual and community if prioritized over evidence-based guidelines. Health agencies must track misinformation associated with the COVID-19 in real time, and engage local communities and government stakeholders to debunk misinformation.

Automatic vehicle license plate recognition is an essential part of intelligent vehicle access control and monitoring systems. With the increasing number of vehicles, it is important that an effective real-time system for automated license plate recognition is developed. Computer vision techniques are typically used for this task. However, it remains a challenging problem, as both high accuracy and low processing time are required in such a system. Here, we propose a method for license plate recognition that seeks to find a balance between these two requirements. The proposed method consists of two stages: detection and recognition. In the detection stage, the image is processed so that a region of interest is identified. In the recognition stage, features are extracted from the region of interest using the histogram of oriented gradients method. These features are then used to train an artificial neural network to identify characters in the license plate. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a high level of accuracy as well as low processing time when compared to existing methods, indicating that it is suitable for real-time applications.

Medical errors and patient safety have become increasingly important in the area of medical research in the recent years. World health Organization and other international committees have long been recommending the early integration of education about errors and patient safety in undergraduate and graduate medical education. To integrate patient safety education into existing curriculum views of the doctors towards patient safety education is an important issue. This descriptive type of cross sectional study was carried out to explore the views of intern doctors regarding medical error and patient safety education in undergraduate medical education of Bangladesh. The study was carried out in seven (three public and four private) medical colleges of Bangladesh over a period from July 2014 to June 2015. Study population was 400 intern doctors. Data were collected by self-administered structured questionnaire. The existing curriculum was also reviewed to find out patient safety issues. The study revealed that the topic medical error and patient safety were mostly neglected in the curriculum. But the intern doctors had positive attitude towards patient safety education. A total of 84.8% of the intern doctors with a high average score of 4.24 agreed that teaching students about patient safety should be a priority in medical students training while 87.8% agreed that learning about patient safety before graduation from medical colleges would produce more effective doctors. Among the respondents 76.6% expected more training on patient safety. Almost half of the participants (52.3%) reported that they had been assigned to tasks for which they were not trained or where medical errors could have happened easily (57.5 %). From this study it can be concluded that, there was a distinct need for more education and training in the field of medical error and patient safety among the intern doctors.