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Background Respiratory virus infections are commonly associated with COPD exacerbations, but little is known about the mechanisms linking virus infection to exacerbations. Pathogenic mechanisms in stable COPD include oxidative and nitrosative stress and reduced activity of histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2), but their roles in COPD exacerbations is unknown. We investigated oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) and HDAC2 in COPD exacerbations using experimental rhinovirus infection. Methods Nine subjects with COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage II), 10 smokers, and 11 nonsmokers were successfully infected with rhinovirus. Markers of O&NS-associated cellular damage, and inflammatory mediators and proteases were measured in sputum, and HDAC2 activity was measured in sputum and bronchoalveolar macrophages. In an in vitro model, monocyte-derived THP-1 cells were infected with rhinovirus and nitrosylation and activity of HDAC2 was measured. Results Rhinovirus infection induced significant increases in airways inflammation and markers of O&NS in subjects with COPD. O&NS markers correlated with virus load and inflammatory markers. Macrophage HDAC2 activity was reduced during exacerbation and correlated inversely with virus load, inflammatory markers, and nitrosative stress. Sputum macrophage HDAC2 activity pre-infection was inversely associated with sputum virus load and inflammatory markers during exacerbation. Rhinovirus infection of monocytes induced nitrosylation of HDAC2 and reduced HDAC2 activity; inhibition of O&NS inhibited rhinovirus-induced inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions O&NS, airways inflammation, and impaired HDAC2 may be important mechanisms of virus-induced COPD exacerbations. Therapies targeting these mechanisms offer potential new treatments for COPD exacerbations.

SummaryBackgroundCombination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists (LABA) is reported to have superior effects on controlling asthma symptoms to ICS alone; however, there is no molecular-based evidence to explain the clinical effects. Here, the effect of the ICS/LABA combination was compared with ICS on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation in sputum macrophages.MethodsIn a randomised, double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled 6-visit study, 10 patients with mild asthma were given placebo, formoterol (Oxis® 12 μg), budesonide (Pulmicort® 200 μg :BUD200, or 800 μg :BUD800), or budesonide/formoterol combination (Symbicort®) as a single 100/6 μg (SYM100) or double 200/12 μg (SYM200) dose. Sputum macrophages were separated by plate adhesion from induced sputum. GR binding to the glucocorticoid-response elements on oligonucleotides (GR-GRE binding) was evaluated by ELISA. mRNA expression of MAP-kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 and IL-8 were measured by quantitative RT-PCR.ResultsGR-GRE binding was significantly increased after treatment with SYM100 (3.5 OD/10 μg protein, median, p

The role of neutrophils in exacerbations of asthma is poorly understood. We examined the effect of withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids on sputum inflammatory indexes in a double-blind study in patients with moderate, stable asthma.Following a 2-week run in period, 24 subjects were randomized to receive either budesonide (400 microg bid) or placebo, and the study was continued for another 10 weeks.Loss of asthma control developed in 8 of 12 patients over the 10-week period of steroid withdrawal, whereas only 1 of 10 patients with budesonide treatment had exacerbations. Those with an exacerbation had increased sputum interleukin (IL)-8 (p0.0001) and increased sputum neutrophil numbers (p0.0001) compared to those without an exacerbation. The significant elevation in sputum IL-8 and neutrophil counts initially occurred 2 weeks prior to an exacerbation. Sputum neutrophilia correlated positively with changes in IL-8 levels (r(2) = 0.76, p = 0.01).Rapid withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids results in an exacerbation of asthma that is preceded by an increase in sputum neutrophils and IL-8 concentrations, in contrast to an increase in eosinophils reported in previous studies in which inhaled steroids are slowly tapered.

Study objectives: Extracellular adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) causes neurogenic bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and coughs, and may play a mechanistic role in obstructive airway diseases. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of inhaled ATP on airway function, and to compare these effects with those of adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP). Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting: Clinical research laboratory of a postgraduate teaching hospital. Methods: The effects of inhaled equimolar doses of ATP and AMP on airway caliber, perception of dyspnea quantified by the Borg score, and other symptoms were determined in 10 nonsmokers (age 41 3 years) and 10 patients with asthma (age 39 3 years) [ SEM]. Results: None of the healthy nonsmokers responded to ATP or AMP. All the patients with asthma responded to ATP, and 90% responded to AMP. The geometric mean of the provocative dose causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20) of ATP was 48.7 mol/mL and that of PD20 AMP was 113.5 mol/mL in responsive asthmatics (p < 0.05). In asthmatic patients, the percentage change in FEV1 caused by ATP was greater than that caused by AMP (FEV1 ATP 29% vs FEV1 AMP 22%, p < 0.05). Borg score increased significantly in asthmatics after ATP (from 0.1 to 3.3, p < 0.01) and after AMP (from 0.2 to 2.5, p < 0.01). This increase was also greater after ATP than AMP in asthma (Borg ATP 3.2 vs Borg AMP 2.3, p < 0.05). ATP induced cough in 16 subjects (80%), while AMP induced cough in 8 subjects (40%) [p < 0.05]; in addition, more subjects had throat irritation after inhalation of ATP than AMP (p < 0.05). Conclusions: ATP is a more potent bronchoconstrictor and has greater effects on dyspnea and other symptoms than AMP in asthmatic patients. Therefore, ATP could potentially be used as a bronchoprovocator in the clinical setting. (CHEST 2005; 128:1905–1909)

Background: Combination inhaled therapy with long-acting beta(2) agonists (LABAs) and corticosteroids is beneficial in treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective: In asthma, LABAs enhance glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear translocation in the presence of corticosteroids. Whether this biological mechanism occurs in COPD, a relatively corticosteroid-resistant disease, is uncertain. Methods: Eight patients with mild/moderate COPD participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study and inhaled single doses of fluticasone propionate (FP) 100 mu g, FP 500 mu g, salmeterol xinafoate (SLM) 50 mu g, and combination FP 100 mu g + SLM 50 mu g. One hour postinhalation, sputum was induced, nuclear proteins isolated from purified macrophages, and levels of activated nuclear GR quantified by using a GR-glucocorticoid response element ELISA-based assay. Results: Nuclear GR significantly increased after the inhalation of FP 500 mu g(P

Study objectives: Airway neutrophil levels are increased in patients with severe asthma and during asthma exacerbations. Long-acting 2-agonists (LABAs), such as formoterol, reduce the number of asthma exacerbations. While 2-agonists may affect neutrophil function in vitro ,i t is uncertain whether they have effects on neutrophilic inflammation in asthmatic patients in vivo. Design: In a double-blind randomized crossover study, we evaluated the effects of 4 weeks of treatment with formoterol (Turbuhaler), 24 g bid, compared to placebo on sputum neutrophil numbers and interleukin (IL)-8 levels in asthmatic patients. Therapy with budesonide (administered via Turbuhaler), 400 g bid for 4 weeks, was added at the end as a “gold standard” antiinflammatory effect comparison. Patients: We studied 15 steroid-nao¨ve nonsmoking patients who ranged from 19 to 51 years of age and had mild persistent asthma. Results: Formoterol therapy significantly reduced sputum IL-8 levels and neutrophil numbers compared to placebo. There was a significant correlation between the reduction in sputum IL-8 levels and the number of neutrophils, indicating that formoterol may attenuate neutrophilic airway inflammation by inhibiting IL-8 production. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the LABA formoterol reduces neutrophilic airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma and that this might be beneficial in preventing asthma exacerbations. (CHEST 2005; 128:1936–1942)