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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex and serious illness that is often misunderstood. Experts have noted that the terminology "chronic fatigue syndrome" can trivialize this illness and stigmatize persons who experience its symptoms (1). The name was coined by a group of clinicians convened by CDC in the late 1980s to develop a research case definition for the illness, which, at the time, was called chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome. The name CFS was suggested because of the characteristic persistent fatigue experienced by all those affected and the evidence that acute or reactivated Epstein-Barr virus infection was not associated with many cases (2). However, the fatigue in this illness is striking and quite distinct from the common fatigue everyone experiences. A variety of other names have been used, including myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), ME/CFS, chronic fatigue immune dysfunction, and most recently, systemic exertion intolerance disease (3). The lack of agreement about nomenclature need not be an impediment for advancing critically needed research and education. The term ME/CFS will be used in this article.

A cryptography system was developed previously based on Cipher Polygraphic Polyfunction transformations, C i &times, j ( t ) &equiv, A i &times, i t P i &times, j m o d N where C i &times, j , P i &times, j , A i &times, i are cipher text, plain text, and encryption key, respectively. Whereas, ( t ) is the number of transformations of plain text to cipher text. In this system, the parameters ( A i &times, i , ( t ) ) are kept in secret by a sender of messages. The security of this system, including its combination with the second order linear recurrence Lucas sequence (LUC) and the Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman (RSA) method, until now is being upgraded by some researchers. The studies found that there is some type of self-invertible A 4 &times, 4 should be not chosen before transforming a plain text to cipher text in order to enhance the security of Cipher Tetragraphic Trifunction. This paper also seeks to obtain some patterns of self-invertible keys A 6 &times, 6 and subsequently examine their effect on the system of Cipher Hexagraphic Polyfunction transformation. For that purpose, we need to find some solutions L 3 &times, 3 for L 3 &times, 3 2 &equiv, A 3 &times, 3 mod N when A 3 &times, 3 are diagonal and symmetric matrices and subsequently implement the key L 3 &times, 3 to get the pattern of A 6 &times, 6 .

Acute macular neuroretinopathy is a relatively rare condition originally defined by the presence of intraretinal, reddish-brown, wedge-shaped lesions, the apices of which tend to point toward the fovea. Acute onset of paracentral scotomas corresponding to the clinically evident lesions is both common and characteristic. Although the pathogenesis of acute macular neuroretinopathy is complex, recent research suggests a microvascular etiology. Advances in multimodal imaging have enabled better characterization of this retinal disorder and have led to newly proposed diagnostic criteria. We review 101 reported cases in the English and non-English language literature identified from 1975, when acute macular neuroretinopathy was first described, to December, 2014. We discuss common risk factors, demographic and clinical characteristics, and multimodal imaging findings, which together provide insights into pathogenesis and guide areas of future investigation.

This article targets the relationship between psychosocial determinants and abnormal screening mammography follow-up in a medically underserved population. Health belief scales were modified to refer to diagnostic follow-up versus annual screening. A retrospective cohort study design was used. Statistical analyses were performed examining relationships among sociodemographic factors, psychosocial determinants, and abnormal mammography follow-up. Women with lower mean internal health locus of control scores (3.14) were two times more likely than women with higher mean internal health locus of control scores (3.98) to have inadequate follow-up (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.12–5.36). Women with less than a high school education had lower cancer fatalism scores than women who had completed high school (47.5 vs. 55.2, p-value = .02) and lower mean external health locus of control scores (3.0 vs. 5.3) (p-value

Electronic learning (e-learning) has emerged and evolved drastically with the development of the internet and information and communication technology. On entering the new knowledge-based economy, companies face more severe and stricter competition in the global marketplace than ever before. Corporations have to compete by using innovation as well as cost leadership to survive. Know-how, process and practice have become the key source of core competency. Knowledge, technique and heuristics must be collected, created and compiled in the explicit form of a knowledge repository as well as in the implicit forms of forum, community and teamwork. Mobile learning (m-learning) represents the key complementary approach to a knowledge- and competition-centric e-learning environment. In particular, m-learning should be able to collect on-site instant data as well as real-time working experience. However, there are several structural deficiencies of current m-learning design that hinder the development of m-learning. Firstly, current m-learning design is geared toward either a learning or transaction purpose but not both. Secondly, current m-learning design does not differentiate itself from e-learning design. Thirdly, current m-learning design does not integrate with knowledge management. In this research, an alternative is presented to address the aforementioned research issues. Firstly, we develop a design interface that integrates with the knowledge repository and enables knowledge learning (k-learning). Secondly, we create a design model that can search and handle instructional materials as well as transactional data so as to facilitate business learning (b-learning). Thirdly we build a design framework that can accommodate the comprehensive features of a learning management system (LMS), learning record management system (LRMS), and learning component management system (LCMS). By the end, we cultivate a more collaborative, cooperative, constructive, customised and cost-effective learning design method to tackle the fundamental and structural deficiencies.