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In Sweden and in other European countries, a more affluent public is demanding that higher education be made available to a greater portion of the populace. This demand is resisted by teachers and other members of the educational elite, who wish to maintain their exclusive status. (CK)

Purpose Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most effective therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). Long-term adherence is necessary; however, it may be widely variable based on current literature, where the predicting factors are also not well defined. The aim of this study was to assess ten-year adherence to CPAP and to define factors influencing it. Methods In total, 107 patients (91 males) were enrolled in this study, with an average age of 53.5 years (SD 10.1), with CPAP therapy being indicated (Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index - AHI > 15). Anthropometric and social status data have been obtained as well as the average use of CPAP through device memory. Results Sufficient adherence (> 4 hours per night) was found in 57% of patients in the first year with no subsequent significant change during the next 9 years. Adherence correlated significantly with the severity of OSAS - AHI (r = 0.321 over 5 years) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (r = 0.317 over ten years) but did not correlate with the pressure used or the age of the patient. No statistically significant differences have been found between the sexes, the different mask groups, or the social status groups. Conclusion Good adherence to CPAP therapy in OSAS patients is essential. According to our results, patients with more severe OSAS or more severe sleepiness seem to have better adherence.

An experiment will manipulate positive status change and status differentiation and observe participants' two types of pride and behavioral reaction (i.e., prosocial behavior and self-interested behavior).

With aging worldwide population and the high incidence of cancer in the population of people over 75 years old, there is a need for oncologists and geriatricians to strengthen their collaboration to improve elderly patients care. Complexity of cancer and aging issues must be considered simultaneously to establish a personalized care plan. Thus, the G8 is a screening tool that allows to identify patients who should benefit from a geriatric assessment, which is a key step in the management process. This specific evaluation offers a multidisciplinary approach to functional, psychological, nutritional, cognitive and social status and has demonstrated its prognostic value in terms of choice of treatment but also in terms of patient survival. In nearly 20% of cases, the geriatric assessment leads to a change in the choice of treatment, and at one year the initial care plan is not carried out in a quarter of cases. The presence of malnutrition and functional impairment leading to dependence on basic activities of daily living had a significant impact on this change in therapeutic choice. Survival is not only impacted by malnutrition and functional impairment but also by the presence of severe comorbidities and thymic and neurocognitive impairment. The patient's choice must remain at the center of the elaboration of the care plan with the oncologists and geriatricians in order to propose the most appropriate treatment for his or her situation.

Nonhuman primate models of alcohol use disorder (AUD) frequently utilize schedule-induced polydipsia to initiate ethanol drinking. Previous research has demonstrated that specific characteristics of drinking during the final phase of induction, in which monkeys consume 1.5 g/kg of ethanol per day, can predict whether monkeys become heavy or light drinkers when they subsequently have free access to ethanol (22 hours per day; Baker, Farro, Gonzales, Helms, & Grant, 2017; Grant et al., 2008). A monkey's position in the social dominance hierarchy is another factor associated with ethanol drinking in nonhuman primates; lower social status is associated with higher ethanol intakes. In the present study, characteristics of drinking during induction were measured in 12 male cynomolgus monkeys living in three established social groups (4 monkeys per group). All monkeys were induced to consume water, then increasing doses of ethanol (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg) for 30 sessions per dose using a 300-s fixed-time schedule of food pellet delivery. Drinking sessions occurred five days per week and monkeys were group-housed on the other two days. Contrary to our hypothesis that subordinate monkeys would show characteristics of drinking during the last phase of induction that were predictive of later heavy drinking, no significant differences were observed between dominant and subordinate monkeys in any phase of induction. When ethanol availability was subsequently increased to 22 hours per day for 5 weeks, the intakes of subordinate- and dominant-ranked monkeys diverged, with higher intakes on average in subordinates. Several factors unique to the conditions of induction may have obscured any influence of social rank, including the limited duration of sessions and limited maximal ethanol intake. The data support the conclusion that the effects of social rank on ethanol consumption require unrestricted access to ethanol.

Мета дослідження — вивчити особливості психоемоційних розладів у групах пацієнтів із хронічними больовими синдромами попереково-крижової локалізації згідно з Класифікацією захворювань хребта Квебекської спеціальної комісії (КЗХКСК). Матеріали і методи. Обстежені 103 пацієнти з хронічним вертеброгенним попереково-крижовим больовим синдромом (ХВПКБС) та 30 практично здорових осіб. За результатами клініко-неврологічного обстеження всі пацієнти були розподілені на групи, які відповідали першим чотирьом групам КЗХКСК. З метою дослідження психоемоційних розладів проводилося обстеження з використанням тесту Спілбергера в модифікації Ханіна та опитувальника Бека. Результати. У групі пацієнтів із ХВПКБС спостерігалися більш високі рівні реактивної та особистісної тривожності, депресії порівняно з контрольною групою. Так, середній бал реактивної тривожності становив 51 (47; 58), особистісної тривожності — 44 (41; 50), депресії — 4 (3; 7) бали. При розподілі пацієнтів на групи відповідно до КЗХКСК найвищі значення реактивної (56 (49,5; 61,5)) та особистісної (47 (41,5; 51,5)) тривожності, а також депресії (6 (4; 9)) спостерігались в групі IV. Рівні особистісної тривожності та депресії вірогідно (P

Background Nursing care should be respectful of and unrestricted by patients’ age, ethnicity, gender, dis/abilities or social status, and such values should be taught to nursing students. Nursing teachers are crucial as role models, and their values are essential. In telephone nursing, only age, sex and ethnicity are known to the registered nurses, which can be challenging. The aim of this study was to explore awareness of discrimination and inequity in telephone nursing among nursing teachers. Methods A study specific survey was filled in by 135 nursing teachers from three universities in Sweden. The survey included short descriptions of 12 fictive persons who differed in age, ethnicity and sex and with questions about their estimated life situation. The teachers’ estimations of life situation were ranked from lowest probability to highest probability. A ‘good life index’ was constructed and calculated for each fictive person. It included quality of life, power over one’s own life and experience of discrimination. Results The results indicate that the nursing teachers were aware of how power and age, ethnicity and sex are related; that is, they were aware of discrimination and inequity in healthcare. The persons assessed to be most likely to lead a good life were males of Swedish origin, followed by females of Swedish origin. Persons with non-European origin were estimated to have the highest probability of experiencing discrimination. Conclusions The nursing teachers were aware of discrimination and inequity in healthcare. They were able to estimate a fictive person’s life situation based on the limited knowledge of age, ethnicity and sex. This is important, as their values are pivotal in theoretical and practical nursing education.

Caring for preterm infants and ensuring their survival beyond neonatal intensive care units remain a challenge in many low-income settings. While studies highlight the difficulties of caring for preterm infants at home, few have focused on the forms, sources, and accessibility to support systems. This study explored the forms of support systems women caring for preterm infants at home in urban Ghana require, and their accessibility to such support systems. An explorative cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted. A total of 19 women who were caring for preterm infants aged 2–6 months at home were purposively sampled. In-depth interviews were conducted and thematic content analysis used to analyse the data. Women reported four main forms of support which they require: psychosocial support, practical support, material support and spiritual support. However, accessibility to these support systems was highly unequal, often depended on one’s social status and the quality of one’s family and interpersonal relationships prior to giving birth to a preterm infant. Women caring for preterm infants at home require a variety of support systems; but effective accessibility remains a challenge for many in urban settings. Interventions to strengthen community and home-based support for women caring for preterm infants at home, including use of social media-based peer support groups, are urgently needed.

Aim. Study of the prevalence of gastroesophageal refl ux disease among residents of the Trans- Baikal Territory, taking into account its ethnic composition.Materials and methods. By the method of random household walk, the study included persons over 18 years of age. The GerdQ questionnaire was applied. Additionally, passport data, information on smoking, alcohol use, coff ee, anthropometric data, social status, membership in a particular ethnic group (Buryats, Europoids) are collected. Four groups were analyzed: the 1st Caucasians, who scored 8 or more points on the GerdQ questionnaire and the 2nd — Caucasians, who scored less than 8 points, the 3rd group—the Buryats, who scored 8 or more points, and the 4th—Buryats, not scored 8 points. For statistical processing used the program Statistica 10.0, the diff erences were considered signifi cant when p< 0.05.Results. 371 profi les were selected for analysis. 8 or more points on the GerdQ questionnaire scored 48 people (12.9%). 236 people—Caucasians (63.6%) and 135 Buryat people (36.4%), while the latter had more rare manifestations of GERD (38 Caucasians (16.1%) and 10 Buryats (7.4%) p = 0.009). The average age of persons of the 1st group was 53.4 ± 17.47 years and exceeded that of the 2nd group (46.2 ± 19.2 years), p = 0.035. Manifestations of GERD in Buryats were observed at a younger age and did not diff er between the 3rd and 4th groups. There was no correlation between GERD symptoms and bad habits (smoking, alcohol). The dependence of GERD symptoms with coff ee consumption and obesity has not been established.Conclusion. The prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the territory of the Trans- Baikal Territory is below the national indicators, which is probably related to the ethnic composition of the population. Age-related features of the identification of symptoms of GERD are characteristic only for Caucasians.

Introduction: A mother is the foundation of a family and also the very root and foundation of a Nation. Maternal health is a matter of great importance all over the world as it defines the social status of women in a country as well as the quality of health services provided by a Nation to its people. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in a rural tertiary care institute located in central India. After clearance from the ethical committee of the institute and approval from university for thesis synopsis was received, study was initiated on patients meeting the study requirements from a period of January 2016 to September 2017. Result: In this study, amongst all cases of Maternal near Miss 36% were due to haemorrhage, 22.4% due to medical disorders, 21.6% due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, 15.2% due to infection, and 4.8% were due to labour related disorders. Investigating MNM cases will help to improve the maternal health system more as women has survived catastrophe. Positive feedback to health worker will do miracles. Keywords: Maternal near miss (MNM), Maternal mortality ratio (MMR).

Social instability (SI) occurs when there is competition over social status. Reduced certainty of social status can lead to heightened aggression, which can increase physiological stress responses, as individuals prepare to fight for their social status. However, adults can take proactive coping mechanisms to reduce the physiological stress induced by SI, such as increasing affiliation. Very little is known, however, about the behavioral and hormonal effects of SI early in development. Filling these gaps in knowledge would add to the fields of primatology and developmental and comparative psychology. We conducted an opportunistic study of a peer group of 18 rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) yearlings before and during SI. We used social network analysis to measure individuals’ dominance certainty (DC, in their aggressive and submissive network) and their position in affiliative networks (grooming and play) and analyzed hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs). As predicted, during SI, we observed a decrease in DC, indicating that individuals had less stable dominance positions. As well, during SI, we observed increased rates of social grooming and decreased rates of social play, reflecting potential coping mechanisms. More socially connected individuals in social grooming and social play networks received higher levels of coalitionary support. Contrary to predictions, DC did not predict HCCs; rather individuals that were more connected in the social play network exhibited smaller increases in HCCs during SI, revealing a potential buffering effect of social play. Our results underscore the need for further research on the effects of SI during ontogeny.

Having the access of technology and information are some of the requirements needed to live in the middle of pandemic. On the other side, poverty is one of the main challenges that Islamic countries like Indonesia has to encounter. Because of the same reason, not everyone able to have the privilege to access nor master technology and information. However Islam offers the solution in the form of zakat to distribute the wealth and minimizing the gap of one’s economy and social status. This paper attempts to evaluate Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Informatika Utama, program founded by Yayasan Baitul Maal PLN towards their students and alumni economy and social status. Using Social Return on Investment, this paper aims to provide a different perspective of zakat distribution run by Perusahaan Listrik Negara as Indonesia’s Public Company. The result then shows that SROI provides a financial measure of this value, that for every Rp.1 spent on SMKI Utama there is social value of Rp. 2.25 created over 1 year period.

Based on the questionnaire data, this study analyzes the characteristics of Wuhu citizens’ travel behavior in shopping centers. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) the frequency of trips to shopping centers has a great correlation with consumers’ economic level and social status; (2) the time spent to purchase goods is positively correlated with the level of goods; (3) multipurpose shopping becomes the mainstream; (4) traffic becomes the primary factor for consumers to consider; (5) the availability of supermarkets and cinemas at shopping centers affect consumers’ choice of shopping centers.

In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are a big a part of the worldwide expedition for sustained economic development and social progress. Due to growing industrialization, the emergence of women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. Entrepreneurship develops from an individual’s creative spirit into long-term business ownership, job creation and fiscal security. Women bring commitment and integrity because they provide more attention about entrepreneurial development, economic empowerment and innovation. Women’s skills, knowledge, their talents and skills in business and a compelling desire of eager to do something positive are a number of the explanations for the women entrepreneurs to arrange industries. The government has realized the significance of women entrepreneurship. As a result, the Government offers a variety of programmes for women entrepreneurs. Promotion of women entrepreneurship ensures economic independence. Social emancipation of women gains social status. It makes women aware of their rights and gains equal status. So effective steps are needed to provide entrepreneurial awareness, orientation and skill development programs to women.

Background Placebo analgesia can be induced by social observational learning. The aim of this study was to determine whether this effect can be influenced by the social status of a model. Methods Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to three groups: a group that observed a video featuring a high-status model (introduced as a professor), a group that observed a video featuring a low-status model (introduced as a janitor), and a control group. Participants observed videos showing a model (of high or low status) undergoing the experimental procedure, during which he received pain stimuli. In each group, half of participants watched a video in which the model rated blue stimuli as more painful (6–8 on the numeric rating scale) and orange stimuli as less painful (1–3 on the numeric rating scale), whereas the other half of participants watched a video in which the model rated orange stimuli as more painful and blue stimuli as less painful. Participants in the control group did not watch any video. Then, all participants received 16 electrocutaneous pain stimuli of the same intensity, preceded by either blue or orange colors. The perceived social status of the model and the trait empathy of participants were measured. Results Placebo analgesia was induced in both experimental groups, yet no difference in the magnitude of the effect was found. However, we found that the participants’ individual ratings of the model’s social status predicted the magnitude of placebo analgesia. Conclusion This is the first study to show that the perception of a model’s social status is related to the magnitude of placebo analgesia induced by observational learning.

Two studies examined whether men’s perception of the declining value of traditional masculinity activates social status, realistic, and symbolic threat, and in turn motivates opposition to feminist social movements. In Study 1, men’s perception that their ingroup is losing value across several social spheres was associated with social status and realistic threat, both of which were associated with opposition to feminist movements. Study 2, an experiment, presented men with public opinion data showing a 30-year decline in the degree to which Americans value traditional masculinity or no decline. Information about the declining value of masculinity activated status threat, which motivated less support for feminist movements. Among men who highly identified as masculine, this same information reduced support for feminist movements through symbolic threat. In sum, perceived decline in the social value of traditional masculinity creates status anxiety about the ingroup’s future and motivates compensatory reactions against gender equality.

Identifying how socioeconomic positioning and genetic factors interact in the development of obesity is imperative for population-level obesity prevention strategies. The current study investigated whether social positioning, either independently or through interaction with a polygenic score for Body Mass Index (BMI-PGS), influences BMI trajectories across older adulthood. Data were analysed from 7,183 individuals from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA). Interactions between the BMI-PGS and; lower educational attainment, self-perceived social status (SSS), and income, on BMI trajectories over 12 years across older adulthood were investigated through linear mixed effects models. Lower educational attainment, SSS and income were each associated with a higher baseline BMI for women, but not for men. There were interaction effects between BMI-PGS and social positioning such that men aged > 65 with a lower educational attainment (β = 0.62; 95%CI 0.00 – 1.24, p

Previous studies have found that high-status people are more individualistic and think more analytically than people of lower social status. We find new evidence that this is not always the case. We tested a large sample (N = 1,418) of people across China on analytic thought and the friend- stranger distinction. In China's more individualistic wheat-farming regions, social status patterns replicated findings from the West: high-status people thought more analytically and drew smaller distinctions between friends and strangers. But in more interdependent rice-farming regions, high- status people thought more holistically and drew a larger distinction between friends and strangers. This suggests that culture shapes social status differences in thought style and individualism. The data also showed that STEM majors thought more analytically than non-STEM majors. STEM differences in thought style were larger among older students, which is consistent with the idea that STEM training encourages analytic thinking over time.

Nonfarm employment is an increasing form of employment in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is partly because many of the workers in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa are self-employed workers. Most women in Uganda do not own land since customary land ownership system deprives women of owning land. This has pushed women to nonfarm employment in urban areas, semi-rural, and rural areas. This paper explored the implications of nonfarm rural employment on the social and economic empowerment of women in rural areas. The findings revealed that nonfarm rural employment boosts women’s income, puts women in leadership positions in women’s groups such as the savings groups, and empowers women to become independent by reducing economic dependence on men or their husbands while also providing women with decision making power both in the community and households. Additionally, successful women in nonfarm employment, especially self-employed women, are role models and a motivation to other rural women to venture into nonfarm employment. Being successful as a woman in nonfarm employment also comes along with leadership roles and high social status in the community. Key words: Nonfarm employment, women empowerment, rural nonfarm economy, Uganda.

Executives’ status is increasingly recognized as an important factor in firms’ decision-making, while the way executives’ perception of their status influences firms’ strategy is underexplored. Bui...

Human trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, and/or obtaining of a person by the use of force, fraud, and/or coercion, for the purposes of labor and/or sexual exploitation. Trafficked individuals span all ages, genders, races, economic backgrounds, and national origins. People with a trafficking experience present to healthcare settings, especially emergency departments (ED).

Background and Purpose: How the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) performs compared to other measures of socioeconomic status (SES) is unknown. The study purpose is to compare the ADI and other measures of SES in their ability to predict pain severity/interference. Methods: Four measures of SES were compared—ADI, income, education, and subjective social status (SSS). Results: Pain severity/interference correlated positively with ADI (r = .396/r = .33), and negatively with income (r = –.507/r = –.428) and education (r = –.271/r = –.102). Criterion scores of the pain severity model suggest income performs best (AIC = 428.29/BIC = 436.22), followed by ADI (AIC = 437.24/BIC = 445.17), with education performing least well (AIC = 446.35/BIC = 454.29). Similar results were seen for the pain interference model. Conclusions: Neighborhood-level factors warrant consideration along with individual-level factors when attempting to understand the impact of SES on chronic low back pain.

Generation cohorts have different tendencies in purchase behaviors, especially the Generation X and the Generation Y. Although the age gap between these two generation cohorts is not wide, the Generation X has distinctive purchase behaviors that are different from the Generation Y. In the fashion business, the Generation X consumers do not consider the brands in purchasing their clothes, but they calculate the benefits in buying a clothing product. However, the Generation Y consumers consider it as a part of their social status, therefore, they position themselves in the middle class or the upper class by what they wear. The aim of this research is to investigate the different purchase behaviors of the Generation X and Y in buying fast fashion products in Surabaya. The purchase behaviors are reflected through such variables as shopping orientation, status consumption, and impulse buying. As this is a quantitative research, the data are collected using questionnaires that are distributed to 100 respondents. The respondents are chosen using the purposive sampling technique. Then, the data are tested for the validity, reliability, normality, and homogeneity. To test the hypothesis, the independent samples t-test is used. The results show that the differences between the Generation X and the Generation Y are significant in their shopping orientation and impulse buying. However, there are no significant differences in the status consump-tions.

The present study was conducted to identify barriers and facilitators of early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Comprehensive search was conducted on 2021 in various databases, including Medline, Web of science, and Scopus. Keywords such as gastric cancer, screening programs, endoscopy, barriers, facilitators, and factor were used for the search, as single or in combination. Also a manual search was done in valid scientific journals to find related full-text articles. The search results were entered into the Endonote-X8 software, which automatically removes duplicate articles. Then, the title and the abstract and finally, the text of the articles were studied. Articles that addressed barriers and facilitators of early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer were included. In according to the results of 22 included articles, delay time in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer were high, and factors such as age, sex, race and ethnicity, economic and social status, access to diagnostic services, implementation of screening programs, type and accuracy of screening methods, use of insurance services, error in care services, and presence of gastrointestinal symptoms were considered to be contributing factors in this regard. It seems that to reduce delay in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, factors such as implementing screening programs using acceptable methods with high sensitivity and accuracy with a high level of participation, increasing insurance coverage and reducing the share of people in payments, increasing people’s access to diagnostic services, educating people about the symptoms and risks of gastric cancer, undertaking proper follow-up in patients and suspects cases identified in screening, as well as increasing patients’ access to medical services through financial and insurance support are significantly important.

Background: Tattooing has gained increasing popularity worldwide especially among adolescents and young adults. Worldwide, the evidence for tattooing has been found since old day. For thousands of years, human beings have marked their own skin, deliberately by permanently applying various types of pigment or ink. Tattoo inks usually consist of organic pigments, isopropyl alcohol and water. Tattooing is a practice in numerous cultures, for a variety of reasons. Sometimes tattoos are used as a proof of social status, or to identify one’s membership. Therefore a study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of tattooing and awareness about associated health risks among students in a selected college of district Ludhiana, Punjab. Objective: To assess the prevalence of tattooing and awareness about health risks associated with tattooing among students. Material and Method: A descriptive research design was used to assess the prevalence of tattooing and awareness about associated health risks among students in selected college of district Ludhiana, Punjab. Convenience sampling technique was used to select sample of 144 students. Data was collected electronically (Google Forms). Analysis was done as per objectives of study by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The study results showed that Majority of the students (>80%) were aware about common health risks related to tattooing. Age and socioeconomic status of students had significant association with awareness of health risk related to tattooing. Conclusion: The study finding revealed that nearly (98.6%) subjects had no tattoo. Hence it was concluded that the prevalence of tattooing among students is (1.4%). In context of tattooing, (42.4%) students were interested to have tattoo whereas, (51.4%) were not interested and (6.3%) were eager to try getting tattoo. Key words: Students, Tattoo, health risks.

BACKGROUND: Families of an adolescent with substance use disorders report significant burden and stress. Adequate coping strategies can modify the impact of stressful situations and increase family function. AIM: The objective of the study was to systematically review literature related to the coping strategies and adaptations used by family members of the adolescent with substance use disorders to manage their stress. METHODS: We conducted electronic searches using MEDLINE (PubMed), EBSCO, databases to select studies on family stress, and coping strategies that were published from January 2000 to December 2020. The search terms were family, parent, father, mother, coping, caregiver, strategy, adaptation, adolescent, and substance use disorders. RESULTS: We found 961 articles. After application of exclusion criteria and exclusion of redundant references, 10 articles were thematically analyzed. The studies were organized into five categories: Engaged, tolerance, withdrawal, problem-focused, and emotion-focused coping strategies. The family members felt devastated by the incidents of violence and aggressive outbursts, and felt that they failed as parents. As a result, the parents felt very isolated from other family members and friends, and ashamed of their children’s behavior. Most families used problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies in different combinations. CONCLUSION: The identified studies show that the use of emotional focus coping is the coping strategy most often done by families. Problem focus coping involved family efforts to find sources of information and seek treatment services as a mechanism for adaptive coping strategy. However, a mixed methods study is still needed that clearly illustrates the types of coping strategies used in various cultural perspectives and social status.

During a governmental mission to France in March of 1988 the author evaluated the effects of the status and professional practices of researchers on their work in the field of ‘social research’. This type of research is largely financed by sectorial ministeries and private associations formed under the provisions of the law of 1901. I examined the sociopolitical and scientific milieu of knowledge production in this field of study. Such research on social aspects of health, social problems and income security raises fundemental epistemological questions regarding its legitimacy, specificity, scientific validity, and applicability. A traditional theoretical orientation in social science research, lack of interest in funding this type of research at the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche scientifique) and scientific ministries, and the precarious status of young researchers all characterize this new field of study and also constrain its development. However a new momentum is under way, due to recent initiatives by the Mission de Recherche et d’Experimentation (MIRE), the Ministère des affaires sociales et de l’emploi, and to political lobbying by public bodies and private organizations with the goal of revitalizing social research aimed at finding concrete and innovative solutions to contemporary problems through the application of research., A l’occasion d’une mission gouvernementale en France en mars 1988, l’auteur a évalué le statut ainsi que les pratiques professionnelles des chercheurs effectuant leurs travaux en recherche sociale (« sur le social »). Ce type de recherche est financé, en bonne partie, par les ministères sectoriels et les associations privées constituées en vertu de la Loi de 1901. L’auteur cherche à révéler les conditions socio-politiques et scientifiques de la production des connaissances dans ce champ d’étude. Ce type de recherche sur les aspects sociaux de la santé, les problèmes sociaux et la sécurité du revenu soulève des questions épistémologiques fondamentales se rapportant à sa légitimité, sa spécificité, sa scientificité et son applicabilité. Les traditions théoriques de la recherche dans les sciences sociales, le peu d’intérêt qu’accordent le Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) et les ministères scientifiques au financement de ce genre de recherche, la précarité du statut des jeunes chercheurs qui définissent ce nouveau champ d’étude sont autant de facteurs qui freinent son développement. Pourtant, toute une dynamique nouvelle est en train de se créer grâce aux initiatives récentes de la Mission de Recherche et d’expérimentation (MIRE) du ministère des affaires sociales et de l’emploi et à une volonté politique de la part d’organismes publics et d’associations privées pour donner un second souffle à la recherche sur le social avec l’intention, par le transfert des connaissances, d’apporter des solutions concrètes et novatrices aux problèmes de la vie moderne.

In recent years, natural disasters and public health events caused by global warming have occurred frequently around the world. It has become a global consensus to actively respond to climate change. Firms are the main source of greenhouse gas emissions. The disclosure of carbon information is one of the most important ways for firms to respond to climate change. The effect of female directors on carbon information disclosure is still unclear. Considering that China is the largest country in greenhouse gas emissions and the social status of females in China is different from western countries, this paper explores the effect of female directors on carbon information disclosure by firms in China. Based on the sample of listed Chinese firms in high carbon industries during the period of 2012–2017, our empirical results show that female directors have a positive association with carbon information disclosure. In addition, we find that the power, educational level, and financial background of female directors have positive impacts on firms’ carbon information disclosure. Our findings make a significant contribution to the ongoing debate on the role of female directors and provide new insights and policy implications for firms, regulators, and other stakeholders.

Autism is a complex disorder without a specific diagnosis, so the disease is defined by its specific characteristics described in the literature as cognitive defects, social, communication and behavioral problems, repetitive behaviors, unusual sensitivity to stimuli such as noise, restricted interests, and self stimulation. There are many models in the literature explaining the biology of autism, which are based on genetics, immunity, various environmental factors and diet. There is a lot of literature data that people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) often have gastrointestinal problems that also affect their behavior. ASD suffer developmental disabilities from an early age, which can be both physical and psychological. Often people suffer these problems even throughout their lives. This review aims to provide basic information on definitions, historical data, diagnostic methods, behavioral etiology, gastrointestinal and social problems in adults and children with ASD.

The development of community-based tourism has developed quite rapidly. Indonesia is one of the countries that have the potential to develop community based tourism by promoting local culture. Setanggor Village is a tourist village that uses the concept of community-based tourism. Thus, the author wants to know more about Community Based Tourism (CBT) management and the supporting and inhibiting factors of Community Based Tourism (CBT) management in the Setanggor tourist village. Using observation, interview, and documentation techniques, the authors found that the people of Setanggor Village are involved in controlling, managing, and developing tourism. In terms of supporting factors, the village government has quite a lot of development funding assistance. In addition, the village community is quite active in tourism development. However, the social status between communities and the bureaucracy of village organizations became the main problems found.