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This article presents a versatile soft robotic gripper system whereby its fingers can be reconfigured into different poses such as scoop, pinch, and claw. This allows the gripper to efficiently and safely handle food samples of different shapes, sizes and stiffness such as uncooked tofu and broccoli floret. The 3D-printed fingers were tested to last up to 25 000 cycles without significant changes in the curvature profile and force output profile. A benchmark experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the gripper and state-of-the-art gripping solutions. Capability of versatile soft gripper was optimized by integrating vision and tactile sensing facilities. An object recognition system was developed to identify food samples such as potato, broccoli, and sausage. Position and orientation of food samples were identified and pick-and-place pathway was optimized to achieve the best gripping performance. Flexible tactile sensors were integrated into soft fingers and closed-loop force feedback control system was developed. This allowed the gripper to automatically explore and select the most stable grip pose for different food samples. Integration of vision and force feedback system ensure that objects detected by the system would be firmly gripped. The reconfigurable soft robotic gripper system has been demonstrated to perform high-speed pick-and-place tasks (∼3 s per item) with object recognition system, making it a potential solution to food and grocery supply chain needs.

Currently, the treatments for postparalysis facial synkinesis are still inadequate. However, neuroimaging mechanistic studies are very limited and blurred. Instead of mapping activation regions, we were devoted to characterizing the organizational features of brain regions to develop new targets for therapeutic intervention. Eighteen patients with unilateral facial synkinesis and 19 healthy controls were enrolled. They were instructed to perform task functional magnetic resonance imaging (eye blinking and lip pursing) examinations and resting-state scans. Then, we characterized group differences in task-state fMRI to identify three foci, including the contralateral precentral gyrus (PreCG), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and superior parietal gyrus (SPG). Next, we employed a novel approach (using dynamic causal modeling) to identify directed connectivity differences between groups in different modes. Significant patterns in multiple regions in terms of regionally specific actions following synkinetic movements were demonstrated, although the resting state was not significant. The couplings from the SMG to the PreCG (p = 0.03) was significant in the task of left blinking, whereas the coupling from the SMG to the SPG (p = 0.04) was significant in the task of left smiling. We speculated that facial synkinesis affects disruption among the brain networks, and specific couplings that are modulated simultaneously can compensate for motor deficits. Therefore, behavioral or brain stimulation technique treatment could be applied to alter reorganization within specific couplings in the rehabilitation of facial function.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in hospitalized heart failure (HF) patients is increasing over time. However, the effect of DM on short-term readmissions for HF is not well established. We investigated the effects of DM on readmissions of HF patients. All adult hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of HF were identified in the National Readmission Database (NRD) for 2018 and were categorized into those with and without a secondary diagnosis of DM. The primary outcome was to assess risk difference in 30 and 90-day all-cause readmissions. Multivariate Cox survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression were performed to estimate the readmission risk difference in HF patients with and without DM. Of 925,637 HF hospitalizations that met the inclusion criteria, 441,295 (47.6%) had concomitant DM. Diabetics hospitalized for HF had higher prevalence of obesity (37.3% vs 19.5%), kidney disease (58.4% vs 29.2%) and coronary disease (61.1% vs 51.0%), compared to HF hospitalizations without DM. In adjusted analyses, DM was associated with higher hazards for all-cause [hazards ratio (HR), 30 days: 1.04 (1.02-1.06); 90 days: 1.07 (1.05-1.09)], HF [HR, 30 days: 1.05 (1.02-1.07); 90 days: 1.08 (1.05-1.10)] and myocardial infarction (MI) [HR, 30 days: 1.26 (1.12-1.41); 90 days: 1.38 (1.25-1.52)] readmissions. In conclusion, in patients with HF-related hospitalizations, the presence of DM was associated with a higher risk of 30 and 90-day all-cause, HF and MI readmissions.

PurposeThis paper explains the formation of government resistance to open data based on the cognition of stakeholders in Chinese context.Design/methodology/approachAdopting grounded theory, this study interviewed 22 stakeholders to collect data. Through continuous coding, this study identified the main categories and then constructed theoretical models.FindingsThis study identified and explained five main categories that relate to resistance: practice, perception, organizational culture, motivation and resistance strategies. Then, a framework was developed that conceptualizes the government' resistance to open data. Based on the division of the forms of motivation, there are three paths through which government departments resist open data, namely, avoiding disadvantages to the organization, being unwilling to increase the workload and being unwilling to take the initiative.Originality/valueThis paper reveals the internal logic of government departments' resistance to open data and provides a process explanation beyond causality. It also provides a reference for other countries in the same preliminary stage as China with respect to open data implementation.

Throughout recent decades, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have shown encouraging potential in cancer treatment, and several pan-HDAC inhibitors have been approved for treating malignant cancers. Numerous adverse effects of pan-HDAC inhibitors have been reported, however, during preclinical and clinical evaluations. To avoid undesirable responses, an increasing number of investigations are focusing on the development of isotype-selective HDAC inhibitors. In this study, we present an effective and quantitative cellular assay using high-content analysis (HCA) to determine compounds' inhibition of the activity of HDAC6 and Class I HDAC isoforms, by detecting the acetylation of their corresponding substrates (i.e., α-tubulin and histone H3). Several conditions that are critical for HCA assays, such as cell seeding number, fixation and permeabilization reagent, and antibody dilution, have been fully validated in this study. We used selective HDAC6 inhibitors and inhibitors targeting different HDAC isoforms to optimize and validate the capability of the HCA assay. The results indicated that the HCA assay is a robust assay for quantifying compounds' selectivity of HDAC6 and Class I HDAC isoforms in cells. Moreover, we screened a panel of compounds for HDAC6 selectivity using this HCA assay, which provided valuable information for the structure-activity relationship (SAR). In summary, our results suggest that the HCA assay is a powerful tool for screening selective HDAC6 inhibitors.

Objective Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) occur in up to 5% of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and often develop after previous systemic treatments. In this article, we explored whether immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) enhanced the dismal survival of patients with LM. Materials and methods Data on NSCLC patients with LM prescribed ICIs were collected at the Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute. Furthermore, relevant literature was reviewed. Results A total of 255 NSCLC patients diagnosed with LM were screened from January 2015 to March 2020 at our institute. Cases reported by literature were also included. Finally, 32 NSCLC patients received ICIs after LM diagnosis; their median age was 55 years. Druggable genes were detected in 37.5% of all patients. The ICI regimens included nivolumab (n = 21), pembrolizumab (n = 9), and atezolizumab (n = 2). Ultimately, 62.5% of patients evidenced neurological symptom controlled. Two patients exhibited both intracranial and extracranial complete tumour response; one patient showed both intracranial and extracranial partial response (PR), one patient indicated intracranial PR and a systemic PR, and one patient showed central nervous system PR without extracranial response reported. The median progression-free survival (PFS) in the single-agent subgroup was 2.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–2.9 months), and the median overall survival (OS) was 4.0 months (95% CI: 0.1–13.3 months). In the combined subgroup, the median PFS and OS were 3.0 months (95% CI: 1.1–4.9 months) and 5.4 months (95% CI: 0.5–10.3 months), respectively. Three patients exhibited remarkable PFS of over 20 months: all patients had ICI single agent, received cranial radiotherapy before ICI prescription, and took ICIs as second-line therapy, and two patients were EGFR/ALK wild type. Multivariate analysis showed that a better Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) score was associated with prolonged PFS (P = 0.04). No difference in survival was seen between monotherapy and combination therapy groups. Conclusion NSCLC patients with LM may benefit from ICIs of both monotherapy and combination with other therapies, especially those with good ECOG-PS scores. Further work in this regard is required.

Objectives To analyse the patterns of transition of health burden for 110 causes of death by stratification of age, sex and geographic regions in Guangdong between 2005 and 2015. Methods We analysed the age-specific, sex-specific, region-specific mortality in Guangdong based on assembled databases. County-level surveillance data were calculated to inform city-level changes. Results The age-standardised mortality of all causes, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), communicable diseases, maternal diseases, neonatal diseases, malnutrition and injury declined progressively. Despite declining mortality of NCDs, the overall burden of disease was dominated by NCDs (ie, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) that still accounted for 86.93% and 88.12% of death in 2005 and 2015, respectively. Considerable variations across geographic regions were observed (lowest in Pearl River Delta and highest in west Guangdong). There was a modest shift to transport injuries at younger ages and unintentional injuries in the elderly. Conclusions We have documented a dramatic change in the overall mortality and age-specific, sex-specific and cause-specific mortality in Guangdong province between 2005 and 2015. The significant burden of NCDs remains a major healthcare issue despite the notable progress in reducing mortality in Guangdong, China. Our findings highlight important unmet needs to refine healthcare services by taking into account the inequity of age, sex and geographic regions. Identification of the ‘treatable’ risk factors and improved disease surveillance should be continuously improved to minimised the overall and cause-specific mortality.

BACKGROUND The anti-M antibody can lead to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) and adverse fetal outcomes, especially in the Asian population. However, fetal erythropoiesis resulting from M alloimmunization needs further investigation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed erythropoiesis in eight fetuses with M alloimmunization and compared them with the fetuses affected by anti-D. They were matched as pairs according to the gestational age of diagnosis and the hematocrit before treatment. Paired t-tests or paired Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were conducted to compare the difference in the cord blood indexes. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlativity between hematocrit and the reticulocyte percentage in the two groups. RESULTS The fetuses in the MN group had lower reticulocyte count and percentage than those in the RhD group (p

The ternary van der Waals material Nb2Six-1Te4 demonstrates many interesting properties as the content of Si is changed, ranging from metallic Nb3SiTe6 (x = 5/3) to narrow-gap semiconductor Nb2SiTe4 (x = 2) and with the emergence of one-dimensional Dirac fermion excitations in between. An in-depth understanding of their properties with different stoichiometry is important. Here we use scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to reveal that Nb2Six-1Te4 is a system with spontaneously developed and self-aligned one-dimensional metallic chains embedded in a two-dimensional semiconductor. Electron quasiparticles form one- and two-dimensional standing waves side by side. This special microscopic structure results in strong transport anisotropy. Along the chain direction the material behaves like a metal, while perpendicular to the chain direction, it behaves like a semiconductor. These findings provide an important basis for further investigation of this intriguing system.

Xiang-Xin Xing,1,2,* Xu-Yun Hua,3,4,* Mou-Xiong Zheng,3,* Jia-Jia Wu,2 Bei-Bei Huo,1,2 Jie Ma,1,2 Zhen-Zhen Ma,1,2 Si-Si Li,1,2 Jian-Guang Xu1 1School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 4Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jian-Guang XuSchool of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-21-51322091Fax +86-21-51322042Email xjg@shutcm.edu.cnIntroduction: Numerous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researches have indicated that large-scale functional and structural remodeling occurs in the whole brain despite an intact sensorimotor network after carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Investigators aimed to explore alterations of the global and nodal properties that occur in the whole brain network of patients with CTS based on topographic theory.Methods: Standard-compliant fMRI data were collected from 27 patients with CTS in bilateral hands and 19 healthy control subjects in this cross-sectional study. The statistics based on brain networks were calculated the differences between the patients and the healthy. Several topological properties were computed, such as the small-worldness, nodal clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and degree centrality.Results: Compared to those of the healthy controls, the global properties of the CTS group exhibited a decreased characteristic path length. Changes in the local-level properties included a decreased nodal clustering coefficient in 6 separate brain regions and significantly different degree centrality in several brain regions that were related to sensorimotor function and pain.Discussion: The study suggested that CTS reinforces global connections and makes their networks more random. The changed nodal properties were affiliated with basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits and the pain matrix. These results provided new insights for improving our understanding of abnormal topological theory in relation to the functional brain networks of CTS patients.Perspective: This article presents that the CTS patients’ brain with a higher global efficiency. And the significant alterations in several brain regions which are more related to pain and motor processes. The results provided effective complements to the neural mechanisms underlying CTS.Keywords: small-worldness, nodal clustering coefficient, degree centrality, pain, circuits

This paper presents a metamaterial-inspired triple-band antenna specified for WLAN and WiMAX applications with a compact size of 24mm × 18mm × 1mm (at 2.4 GHz). It consists of a dual-band left-handed metamaterial (LHM) unit surrounded by a G-style monopole antenna. The LHM is first designed and analyzed with equivalent circuits and simulations. A loop antenna based on the LHM unit is designed and simulated to investigate the radiating performance of the LHM unit structure. We also ran simulations for the G-style monopole. Later, the LHM unit is employed as a near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) element that surrounded by the G-style monopole. A prototype of this antenna is fabricated. Simulations and measurements were carried out and the results match well, identifying good omni-directional radiating performance. Radiation comparisons with the loop antenna and the G-style monopole indicate that due to NFRP, the G-style monopole’s pass bands are shifted to lower frequencies to satisfy 2.45 GHz and 5.5 GHz bands requirements, meanwhile the LHM unit structure operates a third pass band of 3.5 GHz. The compact size and good radiation properties of the antenna render it suitable for WLAN/WiMAX applications.

Introduction Patients with NSCLC with leptomeningeal metastases (LM) presented dismal prognosis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is suggested as a medium of liquid biopsy of LM. However, the clinical implications of CSF genotyping on treatment outcomes remained elusive. Methods Patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC with LM were included: cohort 1, patients with LM who were treated with osimertinib with CSF and plasma genotyping performed before the first dosing of osimertinib (baseline, n = 45); cohort 2, CSF genotyping on progression on osimertinib and development of LM (the progression event on osimertinib is the diagnosis of LM, n = 35). Circulating tumor DNA in CSF underwent next-generation sequencing. Results Sensitivity of CSF genotyping for EGFR-sensitizing mutations was 93.3% (42 of 45) and 97.1% (34 of 35) in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. In cohort 1, patients with EGFR exon 19 deletion had higher median intracranial progression free survival (iPFS) than those with EGFR exon 21 L858R mutation (11.9 versus 2.8 mo; p = 0.02). Median iPFS was significantly longer in patients with T790M-positive CSF genotyping (15.6 mo) than T790M-negative CSF (7.0 mo, p = 0.04). Concurrent CDK4 (2.8 versus 11.6 mo, p = 0.002) and CDKN2A (2.5 versus 9.6 mo, p = 0.04) mutation with EGFR-sensitizing mutations indicated lower median iPFS. Patients with T790M-negative CSF, EGFR exon 21 L858R mutation, concurrent FGF3 alteration, and over first-line osimertinib had shortened iPFS. In cohort 2, possible EGFR-related and EGFR-independent resistance mechanisms were found including C797S mutation, MET dysregulation, and TP53 plus RB1 co-occurrence. Patients with loss of T790M in CSF had a shorter median iPFS (7.4 mo) compared with those with reserved T790M (13.6 mo, p = 0.01). Conclusions Genotyping of CSF indicated heterogeneous response to osimertinib and revealed the genetic characteristic of LM on osimertinib failure in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC diagnosed with LM.

During the past decades, drugs targeting transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling have received tremendous attention for late-stage cancer treatment since TGFβ signaling has been recognized as a prime driver for tumor progression and metastasis. Nonetheless, in healthy and pre-malignant tissues, TGFβ functions as a potent tumor suppressor. Furthermore, TGFβ signaling plays a key role in normal development and homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and immune evasion, and by suppressing tumor-associated inflammation. Therefore, targeting TGFβ signaling for cancer therapy is challenging. Recently, we and others showed that blocking TGFβ signaling increased chemotherapy efficacy, particularly for nanomedicines. In this review, we briefly introduce the TGFβ signaling pathway, and the multifaceted functions of TGFβ signaling in cancer, including regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the behavior of cancer cells. We also summarize TGFβ targeting agents. Then, we highlight TGFβ inhibition strategies to restore the extracellular matrix (ECM), regulate the tumor vasculature, reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and impair the stemness of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) to enhance cancer chemotherapy efficacy. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities in targeting TGFβ signaling for cancer therapy are discussed.

To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) plus long-snake moxibustion for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to kidney deficiency and cold coagulation. A total of 60 patients in active stage of RA were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 30 cases in each group. Patients in the control group took methotrexate tablets and nimesulide dispersible tablets orally for treatment, while those in the observation group received additional treatment of EA plus long-snake moxibustion. Both groups were treated for 12 weeks. The post-treatment changes in symptomatic grading and quantifying score, disease activity score with 28 joint counts (DAS28), and inflammatory indicators erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were observed, and the efficacy was evaluated. The total effective rate in the observation group was 89.9%, versus 76.6% in the control group, and there was a significant difference in the total effective rate between the two groups (p

Background Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) is defined as a pneumothorax presenting as a complication of underlying lung disease. Due to the high recurrence rate and the possibility of life-threatening complications, same-admission recurrence prophylaxis (SARP) following the first occurrence of SSP is recommended by many experts. The rate of SARP in SSP admissions has not been reported. Research Question How often were SARP procedures performed in SSP admissions in the United States? How did outcomes differ between SSP admissions with SARP vs those without SARP? Study Design and Methods This study used the Nationwide Readmission Database to analyze 71,451,419 inpatient admissions in the United States in 2016 and 2017. SSP admissions with patients aged ≥ 18 years were included, and admissions with documented traumatic or iatrogenic causes of pneumothorax were excluded. Outcomes were compared between SSP admissions with and without SARP. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to model binary-dependent variables. Results There were 21,838 SSP admissions in 2016 and 2017 (30.56 per 100,000 admissions per year), among which 7,366 (33.73%) received SARP. SARP was associated with lower odds of in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR [aOR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.34-0.70), 30-day mortality (aOR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.35-0.77), 90-day mortality (aOR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.40-0.79), and 1-year mortality (aOR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.10-0.74). SARP was also associated with lower all-cause readmission at 30 days (aOR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.40-0.49), 90 days (aOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.40-0.55), and 1 year (aOR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30-0.68), as well as lower rates of postdischarge pneumothorax recurrence in 30 days (aOR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.11-0.44), 90 days (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.20-0.33), and 1 year (aOR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.11-0.44). Interpretation The rate of SARP in SSP admissions was 33.73% in the United States in 2016 and 2017. SARP was associated with lower mortality, all-cause readmission, and pneumothorax recurrence in SSP admissions.

The prognosis of the small cell esophageal cancer (SCEC) patient in our study was poor due to lack of treatment options which were limited to surgery and chemotherapies, with a median overall survival (OS) of only 11.1 months according to previous studies. Herein, we adopted the regimen of immunotherapy plus chemotherapy, which exerted superior and durable benefit (OS > 19 months) in the patient in our study. Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy might therefore be a reasonable option for selected SCEC patients. In addition, well‐designed trials for better evidence are required to verify the findings in this study., The prognosis of the small cell esophageal cancer (SCEC) patient in our study was poor due to lack of treatment options. Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy might therefore be a reasonable option for selected SCEC patients.

Hand gestures are the nature and dominant interaction interfaces for VR systems. The state of the art interaction mechanism for VR system either requires expensive sensing devices or suffers from accuracy issues thus hard to perform versatile interactions. In this paper, we leverage Ultragloves, a low cost interaction system using microphone-implanted gloves to extract the hand gestures. With specifically designed signals, we manage to get both the distance and the directions in a relatively accurate manner. We then design a CNN-LSTM like learning algorithm to extract the gestures. Furthermore, to improve the accuracy of recognition, we also design a filter algorithm to filter out noisy data. The implementation shows that our method can recognize four micro-gestures in the accuracy of 82% by combining phase and frequency features.

Summary Background Severe open fractures of the limbs caused by high-energy events are common. Orthopaedic surgeons are often confused when making treatment protocols for these injuries. A case series of 8 patients with type IIIB and IIIC open fractures of the extremities managed with free tissue transfer combined with the Ilizarov technique is presented. Method This is a retrospective study of 8 patients with Gustilo type IIIB and IIIC open fractures of the extremities treated with free tissue transfer and the Ilizarov technique. The bone and functional outcomes were evaluated using the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov (ASAMI) classification, and the complications were classified according to the Paley criteria. Results The mean follow-up duration was 22.5 ​± ​6.85 months (range, 13–36 months). All patients achieved complete union in both soft tissue and bone defects. The limb length of the 8 patients was completely restored. The mean bone defect was 9.4 ​± ​2.0 ​cm (range, 6.5–13.3 ​cm). The mean bone union time was 11.1 ​± ​2.3 months (range, 7.0–15.0 months). The mean bone transport time was 113.9 ​± ​17.7 days (range, 87–136 days). The mean soft tissue defect was 109.5 ​± ​78.8 ​cm2 (range, 98–299 ​cm2). The mean healing time of the soft tissue defects was 2.5 ​± ​2.3 months (range, 1.0–8.0 months). The mean external fixation time was 17.1 ​± ​3.48 months (range, 10–21 months), and the mean external fixation index (EFI) was 2.1 ​± ​0.7 ​months/cm (range, 1.1–3.5 ​months/cm). The bone outcomes were excellent in five patients, good in two patients, and fair in one patient. The functional outcomes were excellent in three patients, good in three patients, and fair in two patients. There were five problems, 13 obstacles, and one true complication according to the Paley criteria. Conclusion Performing free tissue transfer combined with the Ilizarov technique in patients with Gustilo type IIIB and IIIC open fractures of the extremities is safe and effective. The translational potential of this article Our data suggest performing free tissue transfer combined with the Ilizarov technique in patients with Gustilo type IIIB and IIIC open fractures of the extremities is safe and effective.

Background To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture at different acupoints on the histomorphology of neurogenic bladder and the expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in a rat model of suprasacral spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods A incomplete suprasacral SCI rat model was induced using a MASCIS impactor. Rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, SCI model group, Ciliao treatment group or Guanyuan treatment group. The histomorphology of bladder cells was observed after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of bladder tissue sections. The expression of HCN channel proteins in ICC cells was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence, and HCN channel mRNA expression was measured using real-time PCR. Results In terms of histomorphology, the level of bladder cells after SCI increased significantly, and marked inflammation and edema were observed. Electroacupuncture treatment at the Ciliao acupoint significantly reduced inflammation and edema, whilst electroacupuncture treatment at the Guanyuan point partially reduced inflammation and edema. In terms of HCN channel protein and mRNA expression, western blotting, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR all confirmed that HCN channel expression after SCI was significantly upregulated, while electroacupuncture treatment at the Ciliao and Guanyuan acupoints inhibited HCN channel expression. Conclusions Electroacupuncture treatment at the Ciliao acupoint significantly reduced histomorphological abnormalities in ICCs, and inhibited the expression of HCN channel proteins after SCI.

Multiple signal classification (MUSIC) has been widely applied in wireless communications for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. For massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating at millimeter-wave bands, hybrid analog-digital structure has been adopted in transceiver design to reduce the cost of radio frequency chains. In hybrid massive MIMO systems, the received signals at the antennas are not sent to the receiver directly, and spatial covariance matrix, which is essential in MUSIC algorithm, is thus unavailable. As a consequence, MUSIC algorithm cannot be directly used in hybrid massive MIMO systems. In this letter, we propose a beam sweeping approach for spatial covariance matrix reconstruction in hybrid massive MIMO systems. In particular, analog beamformer switches the beam direction to a group of predetermined DOA angles in turn, and then the spatial covariance matrix can be reconstructed by solving a set of linear equations. Insightful analysis on the reconstruction accuracy is also presented in this letter. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can reconstruct the spatial covariance matrix accurately so that MUSIC algorithm can be well used for DOA estimation in hybrid massive MIMO systems.

Accurate prediction of rolling force is an effective method to improve strip quality in rolling process. To achieve this goal, a novel arc tangent velocity field model based on the upper bound method is proposed to evaluate the rolling force. The mathematical expression of rolling force is derived from the virtual work principle and maximum plastic work principle. Comparing the experimental results with the proposed analytical model prediction, it has been found that this model is good for estimation of rolling force. Meanwhile, the finite element method is also used to simulate the rolling process to verify the validity of the analytical model. It is shown that this model can be used for prediction of rolling force in practice.

Outline extraction has been widely applied in online consultation to help experts quickly understand individual cases. Given a specific case described as unstructured plain text, outline extraction aims to make a summary for this case by answering a set of questions, which in fact is a new type of machine reading comprehension task. Inspired by a recently popular memory network, we propose a novel question-specific memory cell network (QSMCN) to extract information related to multiple questions on-the-fly as it reads texts. QSMCN constructs a specific memory cell for each question, which is sequentially expanded in recurrent neural network style. Each cell contains three specific vectors to first identify whether current input is related to corresponding question and then update question-specific case representation. We add a penalization term in the loss function to make extracted knowledge more reasonable and interpretable. To support this study, we construct a new outline extraction corpus, InjuryCase, 1 which is composed of 3,995 real Chinese occupational injury cases. Experimental results show that our method makes a significant improvement. We further apply the proposed framework on two multi-aspect extraction tasks and find that the proposed model also remarkably outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods of the aspect extraction task.

The incidence and 5 year recurrence rate of urothelial carcinomas (UCs), including UC of the bladder (UCB) and upper urinary tract UC (UTUC), have increased annually. There is a great need for a simple and fast point-of-care (POC) test for early diagnosis and amelioration in the survival rate. We present a POC test comprising a new vial-immunosensor, nanoenzyme, and iPhone 7 plus, which detects and quantifies the new biomarker FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 3 (FXYD3) in human urine for specific UC screening, tumor-grade classification, and postoperative monitoring by the grayscale value of the photograph taken. The performance of the proposed POC test was then verified using urine from 4 healthy people, 40 UCB patients (10 patients were low-grade and 30 patients were high-grade), and 13 UTUC patients (2 patients were low-grade and 11 patients were high-grade), confirming the accuracy and specificity by comparing the results with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, we also designed a correction method that can make the grayscale values calculated by different smartphones close to the values calculated by iPhone 7 plus, resulting in the POC test enabling simple, fast, universal, and portable testing, data storage, and sharing for personal UCs screening and postoperative monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Graded motor imagery (GMI) therapy is a neural rehabilitative physiotherapy that has been shown to alleviate the severity of complex regional pain syndrome, phantom limb pain and disability. OBJECTIVE: To identify neural networks associated with the use of graded mirror therapy (MT) while imagining hand movements. METHODS: We made a block-design functional magnetic resonance imaging study of MT included three experiments: (1) immobile unimanual MT (IU-MT), in which the right hand flexed and made a fist, which then remained immobile; (2) mobilization unimanual MT (MU-MT), in which the right hand performed a flexion-extension movement; and (3) mobilization bimanual MT (MB-MT), in which both hands performed a flexion-extension movement. When subjects started their hand movements, they gazed at the mirror and imagined the same movement behind the mirror. RESULTS: We discovered that the sensorimotor area of the left brain, superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus (STG/MTG) of the right brain and visual areas were activated by IU-MT. In MU-MT, only the STG/MTG was activated. Furthermore, MB-UT mostly activated the sensorimotor area and STG of the right brain. However, there were no brain areas activated by MU-MT compared with IU-MT or MB-MT; but, MB-MT activated more motor areas than IU-MT. Importantly, we determined that the level of mirror imagery was negatively correlated with signals in the mirror neuron system (MNS) and positively related with the signals in the sensorimotor areas. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that graded MT might be a sequential therapeutic program that can enhance the sensorimotor cortex. The MNS might have an initiating role in graded MT. Thus, there is the possibility that graded MT is a helpful treatment strategy for the rehabilitation of dysfunctional patients.

We hypothesized that exposure to polluting fuels for cooking was associated with abnormality of glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus (DM) in south urban China. 3414 residents were surveyed in 14 urban areas of Guangdong Province in 2018. We recorded polluting fuels for cooking exposure, different DM status (DM, prediabetes), fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ), and other covariates by using a structured questionnaire. We conducted logistic regression model and multivariate linear regression model based on propensity-score method (inverse probability of weighting) to examine the effect of polluting fuels for cooking exposure on DM and glucose metabolism. Exposure to polluting fuels for cooking was associated with DM (odds ratio: 2.57, 95% confidence interval: 1.71 to 3.86) and prediabetes (odds ratio: 1.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.52 to 2.58) in both the adjusted and unadjusted models (all p

High glucose and fructose intake have been proven to display pro-inflammatory roles during the progression of inflammatory diseases. However, mannose has been shown to be a special type of hexose that has immune regulatory functions. In this review, we trace the discovery process of the regulatory functions of mannose and summarize some past and recent studies showing the therapeutic functions of mannose in inflammatory diseases. We conclude that treatment with mannose can suppress inflammation by inducing regulatory T cells, suppressing effector T cells and inflammatory macrophages, and increasing anti-inflammatory gut microbiome. By summarizing all the important findings, we highlight that mannose treatment is a safe and promising novel strategy to suppress inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune disease and allergic disease.

A static load sharing analysis model of concentric face gear transmission associated with the input pinion floating is constructed, and the calculation method of static load sharing is proposed. The influence of the input pinion floating on static load sharing is predicted. The results show the input pinion floating stiffness reduction could benefit for the concentric face gear transmission static load sharing.

The aim of this study is to propose an automatic and real-time social media analytics framework with interactive data visualizations to support effective exploration of knowledge about adverse drug reaction (ADR) surveillance. This proposed framework has been prototypically implemented on the basis of social media data. A longitudinal diabetes patient online community data (AskaPatient.com) as well as FDA Adverse Event Reporting Systems (FAERS) data as a benchmark were used to evaluate our proposed approach’s performance. Based on the results, our approach significantly increases the precision and accuracy for ADR extraction. The number of ADR cases, the time when the ADRs occurred, and the rating of Glucophage have been visualized that resulted by mining a collection of 870 ADRs posted in Askapatents.com over a certain time period (from 2001 to 2015). The results have important implications for pharmaceutical companies and hospitals wishing to monitor ADRs of medicines.

This paper examines the effect of product market threats on firms’ stock crash risk. Competitive pressure from the product market aggravates managers’ incentive to withhold negative information. When negative information is accumulated to a tipping point, the accumulated information comes out all at once and leads to an abrupt and large decline in stock price. Using a measure of product market threats, our regressions find that firms facing more threats are more prone to stock crashes. This result is confirmed by an instrumental variable analysis and a difference-in-difference analysis with an exogenous shock to market competition. This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.

One of the major challenges to build a task-oriented dialogue system is that dialogue state transition frequently happens between multiple domains such as booking hotels or restaurants. Recently, the encoderdecoder model based on the end-to-end neural network has become an attractive approach to meet this challenge. However, it usually requires a sufficiently large amount of training data and it is not flexible to handle dialogue state transition. This paper addresses these problems by proposing a simple but practical framework called Multi-Domain KB-BOT (MDKB-BOT), which leverages both neural networks and rule-based strategy in natural language understanding (NLU) and dialogue management (DM). Experiments on the data set of the Chinese Human-Computer Dialogue Technology Evaluation Campaign show that MDKB-BOT achieves competitive performance on several evaluation metrics, including task completion rate and user satisfaction.

Introduction Leptomeningeal metastases (LMs) indicated a poor prognosis in NSCLC. LMs were more frequent in driver gene–mutated patients, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell-free DNA has shown unique genetic profiles of LM in EGFR-mutated LM. However, studies in patients with ALK receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK)-rearranged NSCLC with LMs are scarce. Methods Patients with lung cancer with ALK rearrangement were screened from September 2011 to February 2018 at our institute. CSF and paired plasma were tested by next-generation sequencing. Results LMs were diagnosed in 30 (10.3%) of 291 patients with ALK-rearranged lung cancer. A total of 11 paired CSF and plasma samples tested by next-generation sequencing were analyzed. Driver genes were detected in 81.8% of the CSF samples (9 of 11) and 45.5% of the plasma samples (5 of 11) (p = 0.183). The maximum allelic fractions were all higher in CSF than in plasma (p = 0.009). ALK and tumor protein p53 gene (TP53) were the two most frequently mutated genes in CSF. Gatekeeper gene ALK G1202R and C1156F mutations were identified in CSF after resistance to alectinib. Multiple copy number variants were mainly found in CSF, including in EGFR, cyclin D1 gene (CCND1), fibroblast growth factor 3 gene (FGF3), and fibroblast growth factor 4 gene (FGF4). Also found were v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog gene (MYC) copy number gains and TP53 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A gene (CDKN2A) copy number deletions. Brigatinib seemed to be effective in controlling LM. One case showed that CSF could be used to monitor disease development of LM and longitudinally monitor tumor response. Conclusion Liquid biopsy of CSF is more sensitive than liquid biopsy of plasma to detect targetable alterations, characterizing resistance mechanisms on progression and monitoring tumor response in patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC with LM. Thus, CSF might be promising as a medium of liquid biopsy in LM.

Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) had increased in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the last 10 years. The survival outcome remained overall poor, heterogeneous and was reported in association with genotypes in lung cancer patients with LM. Graded prognostic assessment model integrated with molecular alterations (molGPA) might be accurate for outcome prediction of LM patients, but needs to be established.We retrospectively screened 8921 consecutive lung cancer patients from January 2011 to March 2018. A total of 301 patients diagnosed as LM were enrolled, and randomly divided into training and validation sets after stratified by gender and age. A molGPA score for each patient was calculated based on the weighted significant parameters including gene mutations.The median OS for the 301 patients was 9.2 months (95%CI: 7.9-10.5). In the training set, EGFR/ALK positivity, Karnofsky performance score (KPS) score≥60 and absence of extracranial metastasis (ECM) independently predicted better OS. We developed a molGPA model based on above significant prognostic factors. This molGPA model classified LM patients into three prognosis groups of high, intermediate and low risk (molGPA score of 0, 0.5-1.0 and 1.5-2.0, respectively. The median OS of high, intermediate and low risk LM patients in the training set was 0.3, 3.5 and 15.9 months, respectively (p 0.001). In the validation set, the median OS was 0.9, 5.8 and 17.7 months in the three molGPA subgroups, accordingly (p 0.001). The C-index of this model in training and validation sets was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.66-0.73) and 0.64 (95%CI: 0.58-0.70) respectively.The LM molGPA model with integration of gene status, KPS and ECM can accurately classify lung cancer patients with LM into diverse prognosis.

RAS oncogene mutations frequently occur in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but the prognostic significance of RAS mutations in AML is inconclusive. We searched the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane from 1990 to 2018. In this study, 24 eligible studies were included, and the meta-analysis was conducted with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2 software program. The row hazard ratio (HR) was adjusted and re-evaluated when publication bias existed after detecting all the heterogeneities. A combined analysis showed that RAS mutations were not associated with a poor prognosis in general AML patients (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.78–1.19, p = 0.70). To further verify the results, a subgroup analysis was conducted. Interestingly, in the analysis of age bracket, children with RAS mutations had an unfavourable survival (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.05–1.75, p = 0.02) of AML, but the adults did not (HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.70–1.09, p = 0.21). Further analysis of the subgroup of children indicated that patients with NRAS mutations had an adverse prognosis (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.13–2.12, p = 0.007), but not those with KRAS mutations (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 0.34–6.73, p = 0.59). In conclusion, this study revealed that RAS mutations did not influence the over survival for adults with AML. However, NRAS mutations may be a key prognostic marker related with poor survival for children with AML.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is capable of activating muscles that are under-recruited in neurological diseases, such as stroke. Therefore, FES provides a promising technology for assisting upper-limb motor functions in rehabilitation following stroke. However, the full benefits of FES may be limited due to lack of a systematic approach to formulate the pattern of stimulation. Our preliminary work demonstrated that it is feasible to use muscle synergy to guide the generation of FES patterns.In this paper, we present a methodology of formulating FES patterns based on muscle synergies of a normal subject using a programmable multi-channel FES device. The effectiveness of the synergy-based FES was tested in two sets of experiments. In experiment one, the instantaneous effects of FES to improve movement kinematics were tested in three patients post ischemic stroke. Patients performed frontal reaching and lateral reaching tasks, which involved coordinated movements in the elbow and shoulder joints. The FES pattern was adjusted in amplitude and time profile for each subject in each task. In experiment two, a 5-day session of intervention using synergy-based FES was delivered to another three patients, in which patients performed task-oriented training in the same reaching movements in one-hour-per-day dose. The outcome of the short-term intervention was measured by changes in Fugl-Meyer scores and movement kinematics. Results on instantaneous effects showed that FES assistance was effective to increase the peak hand velocity in both or one of the tasks. In short-term intervention, evaluations prior to and post intervention showed improvements in both Fugl-Meyer scores and movement kinematics. The muscle synergy of patients also tended to evolve towards that of the normal subject. These results provide promising evidence of benefits using synergy-based FES for upper-limb rehabilitation following stroke. This is the first step towards a clinical protocol of applying FES as therapeutic intervention in stroke rehabilitation.

Background Pleural effusion (PE) has been one of the promising sources of liquid biopsy in advanced lung cancer patients. However, its clinical utility is not widely accepted due to the lack of full estimation of its potential versus routine clinical samples. Method A total of 164 advanced lung cancer patients were enrolled with 164 matched tumor tissue and PE-cfDNA, 153 accompanied plasma and 63 1 PE-sDNA. Result PE-cfDNA displayed significantly higher median mutant allele frequency and an overall mutation concordance rate of 65% to tissue, which was higher than PE-sDNA (43%) and plasma-cfDNA (43%). The discrepancies between PE-cfDNA and tumor tissue were high in several genes, including SMARCA4, PIK3CA, ERBB2, KM T2A, ALK and NF1. For clinically actionable mutations, the concordance rate between PE-cfDNA and tumor tissue is 87%. Eleven patients were identified with actionable mutations in PE-cfDNA and four patients benefited from PE-cfDNA-guided targeted. Meanwhile, PE-cfDNA recapitulated mutations of diverse tissue origins and provided more mutational information under the circumstance that tumor tissue or tumor tissue of different origins were unavailable. The combination of tumor tissue and PE-cfDNA profiling increased positive detection rates of patients compared to tumor tissue alone. Our finding highlighted the importance of PE-cfDNA in the optimal selection of patients for targeted therapy. Conclusion The PE-cfDNA-based liquid biopsy displays better performance in the characterization of gene alterations than PE-sDNA and plasma-cfDNA. PE-cfDNA together with tumor tissue profiling optimizes comprehensively genomic profiling of lung cancer patients, which might be important for selecting patients for better treatment management.

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease characterized by high mortality, morbidity and disability rates. Ischemia/reperfusion is a critical pathophysiological basis of motor and cognitive dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke. Microglia, innate immune cells of the central nervous system, mediate the neuroinflammatory response to ischemia/reperfusion. PlexinA2 (PLXNA2) plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal axon guidance, the immune response and angiogenesis. However, it is not clear whether PLXNA2 regulates microglia polarization in ischemic stroke or the underlying mechanism. In the present study, we investigated the role of PLXNA2 in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and BV2 microglia cells with oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). A battery of behavioral tests, including the beam balance test, forelimb placement test, foot fault test, cylinder test, CatWalk gait analysis and Morris water maze test were performed to evaluate sensorimotor function, locomotor activity and cognitive ability. The expression of M1/M2-specific markers in the ischemic penumbra and BV2 microglia cells was detected using immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time PCR analysis and Western blot analysis. Our study showed that PLXNA2 knockdown accelerated the recovery of motor function and cognitive ability after MCAO/R. In addition, PLXNA2 knockdown restrained proinflammatory cytokine release and promoted anti-inflammatory cytokine release, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway was involved in PLXNA2 regulated microglia polarization. Taken together, our results indicate that PLXNA2 knockdown reduces neuroinflammation by switching the microglia phenotype from M1 to M2 in the ischemic penumbra of MCAO/R-injured rats, which may be due to the inhibition of mTOR/STAT3 signaling. Treatments targeting PLXNA2 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.

ObjectiveWe aimed to ascertain the trends of injury mortality during the COVID-19 period in southern China.MethodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective analysis to compare the mortality changes of all-cause injury and transport injuries, poisoning, falls, fire/heat/hot substances, drowning, self-harm and interpersonal violence, which were further stratified by sex and age. Comparisons were made between the COVID-19 period (between January 2020 and June 2020) and control period (between January 2019 and June 2019) in Guangdong province. We used the negative binomial models to explore the associations of deaths during the COVID-19 period, according to the different sex and age strata.ResultsThe all-cause injury mortality in Guangdong province decreased significantly from 28.65 per 100 000 population during the control period to 23.24 per 100 000 population during COVID-19 pandemic period. Similar results were found in specific injury categories. Mortality of self-harm increased by 139.26% in the 10–14 year group during the COVID-19 period as compared with the control period. Although mortality changes in some groups were not statistically significant, some increases were noteworthy during the COVID-19 period (ie, self-harm, transport injury and falls) in the 70–79 year group. The corresponding increase in mortality rate was 16.83%, 3.32% and 4.92%, respectively.ConclusionThe mortality of all-cause injury, transport injury and drowning during the COVID-19 pandemic was consistently decreased. However, the increase in mortality associated with falls, fire/heat/hot substance injury and self-harm in specific age populations warrant the targeted control and prevention measures for the population at risk.

Immune checkpoint blockade is a rapidly expanding therapeutic modality in oncology. However, its adverse effects extend beyond the cytotoxicity of conventional chemotherapy. Pneumotoxicity associated with immune checkpoint therapy presents a diagnostic conundrum that has been further complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We report a case of a patient with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who developed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) following treatment with avelumab.

Sentiment analysis aims to judge the sentiment polarity of various types of text at the document and sentence level. It has important theoretical and practical significance and is a hot topic in natural language processing. Although existing sentiment analysis methods based on sentiment dictionaries and machine learning consider contextual semantic information, they still have the problem of not being able to effectively encode the mixing of semantic subspaces, and therefore ignore the feature interaction between sentiment words. To solve this problem, this article combines quantum mechanics, deep learning and natural language processing technology, and introduces the concept of density matrix into the convolutional neural network. The density matrix can encode more semantic dependencies and can be integrated into the neural network architecture. We proposed a Quantum-inspired Model based on Convolutional Neural Network for Sentiment Analysis (QI-CNN). Experiments on IMDB English dataset and Weibo Chinese dataset verify the effectiveness of our proposed model.

Background: Currently, no large, nationwide studies have been conducted to analyze the demographic factors, underlying comorbidities, clinical outcomes, and health care utilization in rhabdomyolysis patients with and without acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods: We queried the National Inpatient Sample of Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) with patients with rhabdomyolysis from 2016 to 2018. The chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables, and the adjusted Wald test was employed to compare quantitative variables. The logistic regression model was applied to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to estimate the impact of AKI on outcomes in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Results: Among 111,085 rhabdomyolysis-related hospitalizations, a higher prevalence of AKI was noticed in older patients (mean age ± SD, 58.2 ± 21.6 vs. 53.8 ± 22.2), Medicare insurance (48.5% vs. 43.2%), and patients with a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score (CCI 3–5, 15.1% vs. 5.5%). AKI was found to be independently associated with higher mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.33, 95% CI 2.33–4.75), longer hospital stays (adjusted difference 1.17 days, 95% CI: 1.00−1.34), and higher cost of hospital stay (adjusted difference $11,315.05, 95% CI: $9493.02–$13,137.07). Conclusions: AKI in patients hospitalized with rhabdomyolysis is related to adverse clinical outcomes and significant economic and survival burden.

We propose DeRenderNet, a deep neural network to decompose the albedo and latent lighting, and render shape-(in)dependent shadings, given a single image of an outdoor urban scene, trained in a self-supervised manner. To achieve this goal, we propose to use the albedo maps extracted from scenes in videogames as direct supervision and pre-compute the normal and shadow prior maps based on the depth maps provided as indirect supervision. Compared with state-of-the-art intrinsic image decomposition methods, DeRenderNet produces shadow-free albedo maps with clean details and an accurate prediction of shadows in the shape-independent shading, which is shown to be effective in re-rendering and improving the accuracy of high-level vision tasks for urban scenes.

Background Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is a kind of chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a highly abnormal immune system. This study aimed to detect the serum levels of Th (T helper) cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ and TNF-α) in cSLE and healthy controls, and then to elucidate their association with clinical manifestations, disease activity and laboratory parameters. In order to provide clues for early diagnosis and timely intervention treatment of cSLE patients. Methods A total of 33 children with cSLE and 30 healthy children were enrolled in this study. Children in the cSLE group were classified into the inactive or active cSLE group according to their SLE disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2 K) score. Th cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood were detected and analysed. Results Levels of IL-2, IL-10 and IL-21 in the cSLE group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group (P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P +/CD8+, and the concentration of IL-6 (P Conclusion This study provides a theoretical basis for the discovery of effective methods to regulate imbalance in T lymphocyte subsets in cSLE, which may lead to new approaches for the diagnosis of cSLE.