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Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome characterized by elevated intracranial pressure without an identifiable underlying cause. Pregnancy has unique and important diagnostic and therapeutic implications for patients with IIH. Despite these implications, there are no guidelines to assist clinicians in managing IIH during pregnancy. Our review aims to summarize the key considerations related to the diagnosis and management of IIH during pregnancy, to optimize the care of these patients and mitigate the risk of disease-related complications. The optimal management of IIH in pregnancy should include a multidisciplinary team, including an obstetrician (or maternal-fetal medicine specialist), a neurologist, and an ophthalmologist (or neuro-ophthalmologist).

Background The use of imatinib combined with chemotherapy has demonstrated improved outcome in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-positive ALL). However, a substantial proportion of patients continue to die as a result of disease progression. Patients and methods We assessed the minimal residual disease (MRD)-based effect and long-term outcome of first-line incorporation of dasatinib (100 mg once daily) into chemotherapy alternatively for adults with Ph-positive ALL. The primary end point was the major molecular response (MMR) rate by the end of the second dasatinib cycle. Patients with a donor proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) as early as possible. MRD monitoring was centrally evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (4.5-log sensitivity) using bone marrow samples. Results Fifty-one patients (median age, 46 years) were enrolled and treated with this strategy. After the first dasatinib cycle, 50 patients (98.0%) achieved complete remission (CR). By the end of the second dasatinib cycle, 46 (93.9%) of 49 assessable patients had persistent CR, and 38 (77.6%) had MMR (32.7%) or undetectable MRD (44.9%). On the basis of the MRD kinetics by this time point, the numbers of early-stable, late, and poor molecular responders were 23 (46.9%), 15 (30.7%), and 11 (22.4%), respectively. Thirty-nine patients (76.5%) underwent allogeneic SCT in CR1. After a median follow-up of 54 months, the 4-year cumulative incidence of relapse and disease-free survival (DFS) rate for all patients were 30.0% and 52.0%, respectively, and the corresponding outcomes among those receiving allogeneic SCT in CR1 were 20.5% and 64.1%, respectively. Poor molecular responders had a higher risk of relapse and DFS than those of early-stable molecular responders. Conclusion This dasatinib-based protocol was effective for achieving a good quality molecular response and durable DFS in adults with Ph-positive ALL. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01004497.

To compare the performance of axial images of the ankle joint on three-dimensional (3D) volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition (VISTA) with that of two-dimensional (2D) fast spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted images for the diagnosis of anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury.This retrospective study included 101 patients who underwent both 2D FSE T2-weighted and 3D VISTA magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the ankle. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of both sequences were measured. The anatomical identification score and diagnostic performances of both sequences were evaluated by two radiologists. The diagnostic performances of 3D VISTA and 2D FSE images were analysed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosing ATFL injury. Surgically or clinically confirmed diagnoses were used as reference standards.The margin sharpness scores on 3D VISTA were significantly inferior to those of 2D FSE (p0.001). Other scores (entire length, entire width) were not significantly different between the two imaging methods. The SNRs and CNRs of 3D VISTA were significantly higher than those of 2D FSE (p0.001). When diagnoses were classified as normal and abnormal, the specificity of the 3D VISTA images for the diagnosis of ATFL injury was 95.7%, significantly superior to 2D FSE (84.3-85.7%). There were no significant differences between 3D VISTA and 2D FSE images in sensitivity or accuracy for diagnosis (p=0.227-1.000), with the exception of accuracy by reader 1 (p=0.039).3D VISTA imaging has a diagnostic performance comparable to that of 2D FSE for the diagnosis of ATFL injury, although 3D VISTA is inferior to 2D FSE for the evaluation of margin sharpness. Replacing axial and coronal images with 3D VISTA can save imaging time without negatively impacting the diagnostic ability for ATFL injury.

The relationship between reproductive breast risk factors and breast cancer survival in patients with different breast cancer subtypes is not well known.We examined a large-sized, retrospective study of 23,882 subjects from the Korean Breast Cancer Registry. The breast cancer subtype was determined by immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Information regarding reproductive factors, including breastfeeding, age at first birth (AFB), and parity, was gathered. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the association among breast cancer subtypes, such as luminal A, luminal B, Her-2/neu overexpressing, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and breast cancer survival as dependent variables and adjusting for age and stage.High parity (≥ 5) increased the recurrence risk of luminal A and B breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-3.97; P = .0055 and HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.42-3.02, respectively; P = .0073) in breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), but 1 to 3 child births decreased the recurrence risk of luminal A breast cancer (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.91; P = .0055) and luminal B breast cancer (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.17-0.61; P = .0073) in BCSS. Early AFB (20 years) increased the recurrence risk of luminal A breast cancers (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.62-4.26; P = .039) in BCSS and of TNBC (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.78-2.21; P = .0006) in overall survival. Her-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer had no correlation with parity and AFB in breast cancer survival.High parity (≥ 5) and early AFB (20 years) were correlated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with luminal breast cancer, but not with other subtyped breast cancers.

This study evaluated the effects of renal impairment (RI) and haemodialysis (HD) on the pharmacokinetics of gemigliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. After a 100 mg administration to subjects with normal renal function (n = 23) or RI (n = 24), plasma, urine or dialysate samples were analysed. Control subjects were matched to patients based on age, gender and body mass index. Patients with mild, moderate, severe RI and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) showed 1.20, 2.04, 1.50 and 1.66-fold (1.10, 1.49, 1.22 and 1.21-fold) increase of mean area under the time-plasma concentration curve from 0 to infinity (AUCinf) [maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)] of gemigliptin, respectively. Pharmacokinetics of gemigliptin was comparable between HD and non-HD periods in ESRD patients. Less than 4% of the dose was removed by 4 h HD. RI appeared to have modest effect on the gemigliptin disposition. No dose adjustment in patients with RI is proposed on the basis of exposure-response relationship. Impact of HD on the removal of gemigliptin was negligible.

The Rare Isotope Science Project (RISP) was launched by the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) in December 2011 in Korea. The project aims to construct the new accelerator complex consisting of the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) and the In-Flight Fragment (IF) facilities for the rare isotope science. The scientific programs and the experimental systems of RISP are briefly introduced with an overview of the complex.

A lensed patch cord probe has been made with a ball lens packaged in a metal cylinder. By simply placing a ball lens directly in front of a fiber patch cord, a compact and potentially disposable sampling probe for optical coherence tomography (OCT) could be implemented. To achieve a sufficiently long working distance and a good transverse resolution simultaneously, the proper ball lens diameter and the distance between the ball lens and the fiber patch cord were investigated. Experimentally, a working distance of up to 5.2 mm, 3 dB bandwidth of 2 mm, and transverse resolution of 16 μm were achieved. With the patch cord probe, a common path swept source OCT system was implemented and used to demonstrate the feasibility as the dedicated probe for dentistry.

MIRIS, Multi-purpose Infra-Red Imaging System, is the main payload of STSAT-3 (Korea Science & Technology Satellite 3), which will be launched in the end of 2012 (the exact date to be determined) by a Russian Dnepr rocket. MIRIS consists of two camera systems, SOC (Space Observation Camera) and EOC (Earth Observation Camera). During a shock test for the flight model stability in the launching environment, some lenses of SOC EQM (Engineering Qualification Model) were broken. In order to resolve the lens failure, analyses for cause were performed with visual inspections for lenses and opto-mechanical parts. After modifications of SOC opto-mechanical parts, the shock test was performed again and passed. In this paper, we introduce the solution for lens safety and report the test results.

It aimed to investigate whether increased stroke volume (SV) after ventricular premature complex (VPC) is related to VPC-related symptoms. We selected patients having an isolated VPC during echocardiography from a prospective registry that included patients with a structurally normal heart and 24

In this study, a control method of MR(magneto-rheological) damper for a cruise bus is investigated. A virtual dynamic damper and a sky-hook algorithm are employed to control the damping characteristics of MR damper. Coefficients for a virtual dynamic damper are determined through the parameter identification. A quarter car model of a cruise bus is established by using ADAMS/Car program for the computer simulation. Sine wave excitation and random excitation are used to compare the controlled MR damper with the passive damper. From the simulation results, the performance of MR damper with a virtual dynamic damper is better than that of the passive damper.

Introduction/Background When an intervertebral disc degenerates, structural deterioration occurs in a wide range of anatomical components within and adjacent to the disc, being clearly represented in cross-sectional imaging. To suggest reliable and valid MRI-based morphologic parameters to quantify lumbar disc degeneration, the reliabilities of 6 parameters were analyzed to choose those with high reliability. The selected parameters were further tested to determine validity by correlating with disc height, which is regarded as a hallmark of structural integrity of the intervertebral disc. Material and method Eighty-five patients over 60 years old who underwent MRI of the lumbar spine for mild low back pain were included. Two reviewers independently assessed the degree of degeneration and assigned one of the 4 ordinal scores from 0 to 3 in the following 6 parameters at 6 spinal segments: T2-signal intensity (T2-SI), disc extension beyond interspace (DEBIT), annular fissure, Modic changes, endplate integrity, and osteophytes. Inter-observer and intra-observer agreements were assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic. For those parameters with high reliability, relationships with disc height were examined by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results While intra-observer agreements were excellent for all parameters (weighted kappa range 0.801–0.875), the inter-observer agreements were substantial to excellent for T2-SI, DEBIT, Modic changes, and endplate integrity (weighted kappa range 0.629–0.874), moderate for osteophytes (weighted kappa 0.573), and only fair for annular fissure (weighted kappa 0.29). Modic changes (r = −0.497, P Conclusion To quantify lumbar disc degeneration using MRI, Modic changes, endplate integrity, osteophytes, T2-SI, and DEBIT could be used as reliable parameters. However, different weights might be applied to each parameter because validities to represent degeneration varied.

Isatin, an endogenous indole compound, prevents atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from signaling through its cell-surface receptor, NPRA. Allergic airway inflammation has been linked to natriuretic peptide signaling and blocking this signaling axis in the lung prevents allergen-induced pathology. In this study we encapsulated isatin in chitosan nanoparticles and tested them in a mouse model of allergic asthma by intranasal delivery to the lung. Isatin nanocapsules reduced lung pathology by blocking ANP signaling, but surprisingly also by reducing the expression of NPRA. Ovalbumin-allergic mice were treated intranasally with isatin-containing chitosan nanocapsules either before or after allergen challenge, and lung function, cytokine levels, histopathology and cellular infiltration were determined. ANP activity was quantitated by measuring changes in intracellular cyclic GMP and changes in NPRA levels were determined. For comparison with isatin's effects, the expression of the receptor was inhibited with small interfering RNA against NPRA mRNA. Isatin nanocapsules administered locally to the lung reduced cGMP production and NPRA expression and protected allergic mice from airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation when given either before or after allergen challenge. Leukocyte infiltration was reduced and lung cytokine profiles showed a repolarization from a Th2-like to a Th1-like phenotype. Isatin nanocapsules administered locally to the lung inhibit NPRA signaling but also are capable of lowering the expression of NPRA, thus effectively reducing inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Pharmacological intervention to reduce NPRA activity through the inflammatory natriuretic peptide axis in the lung may be a useful adjunct therapy for treating lung disease.

Large amounts of brain nitric oxide are produced over several hours after a stroke. This probably causes DNA strand nicks, nitration of cytosolic components of neurons, and ultimately neuronal death. Oxymatrine and matrine are two major alkaloids of the Chinese herb Sophora flavescens Ait. (Leguminosae); they have been demonstrated to inhibit liver injury during warm ischemia and reperfusion and to induce apoptosis, respectively, in vivo and in vitro. However, the neuroprotective efficacy of the EtOAc extract of S. flavescens (ESF) without the alkaloids has not been explored. This study investigated the inhibitory efficacy of ESF, which contain two major flavonoids kurarinone (45.5%) and sophoraflavone G (14.7%), in focal cerebral ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. After 1.5h of MCAO and 24h of reperfusion, the extent of neurological deficits and the infarct volume were measured in Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with carnosine (50mg/kg), as positive control ESF (20mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits. Treatment of human SH-SY5Y cells with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, decreased cell viability by causing apoptosis-like cell death. ESF significantly inhibited caspase-3-like enzyme activity and DNA fragmentation. The level of active caspase-3 was maximal 6h after SNP treatment. However, active caspase-3 and apoptosis were dose-dependently inhibited by ESF treatment. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ESF significantly inhibited cell apoptosis (p

For the success of PAL-XFEL, two critical systems, namely a low emittance injector and a variable gap out-vacuum undulator, are under development. In order to realize the target emittance of the PAL-XFEL injector we carried out an optimization study of various parameters, such as the laser beam transverse profile, the laser pulse length, the laser phase, and the gun energy. The transverse emittance measured at the Injector Test Facility (ITF) is ${\it\varepsilon}_{x}=0.48\pm 0.01~\text{mm}~\text{mrad}$ . An undulator prototype based on the EU-XFEL design and modified for PAL-XFEL was built and tested. A local- $K$ pole tuning procedure was developed and tested. A significant reduction (90%) of the local- $K$ fluctuation was observed. The requirement of undulator field reproducibility better than $2\times 10^{-4}$ and the undulator gap setting accuracy below $1~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$ were achieved for the prototype. The optical phase jitter after the pole height tuning at the tuning gap was calculated to be $2.6^{\circ }$ rms, which satisfies the requirement of $5.0^{\circ }$ .

We have tested the performance of the Proto-model of Space Infrared Cryogenic System (PSICS), which is a small infrared camera, developed by Korea Astronomy and Space science Institute (KASI), Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), and i3system co., as a cooperation project. The purpose of PSICS is to ensure a technology of small infrared cryogenic system for future development of space infrared (IR) cameras. PSICS consists of cryogenic part, IR sensor and electronics part, and optical part. The performance test of each part and the integrated system has been completed successfully. PSICS will be used as a guiding camera for ground-based IR telescopes and a test system for developing a space-borne instrument.

The formation of (001)-oriented uniaxially textured metal layers on randomly oriented surfaces using textured oxide buffer layers is described. The initial formation of uniaxial texture is through the deposition of polycrystalline YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x films, which has a strong tendency to form in the c -axis perpendicular orientation due to strong surface energy anisotropy. An epitaxial SrTiO 3 cap layer on the (001) textured YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x , layer retards decomposition of the oxide surface under high temperature, low pressure conditions that are suitable for metal epitaxy. The resulting metal surfaces have a strong uniaxial texture and may prove useful in applications where (001) uniaxial texture in metal films is desired.

Ji,D.Y.*,C.K.Kim*,J.H.Lee**,S.J.Park**,L.S.Ryu**,J.W.Ryu*,J.H.Lee*,Y.C.Chung*andM.G.Pang*DepartmentofAnimalScience&TechnologyandBETResearchInstitute,Chung-AngUniversity*,NationalLivestockResearchInstitute,R.D.A,Korea**ABSTRACTThe present study evaluated whether pentoxifylline added to the freezing extender could improve thesperm characteristics and function in canine frozen semen. Also the conception rate following AI withfrozen-thawed semen wasinvestigated.The beneficial effectsof pentoxifylline supplementation were visiblein motility, viability, acrosome reaction, and tail swelling patterns. Especially, highest sperm viability andfunction were obtained in the forzen semen supplemented with 1mM pentoxifylline. The follicle sizemeasuredbyultrasonographywas6.48mm,11.52mmand8.9mmon11,13and15daysaftertheonsetof natural estrus, respectively and ovulation occurred on 13 and 15 days.The pregnancy ratesin bitchesinseminated with frozen semen on natural and induced estrus were 71.4% and 75.0%, respectively. Therewas no significant difference between the pregnancy rates in bitches inseminated with frozen semenfollowingnaturalandinducedestrus,butthelittersizewasslightlyincreasedinnaturalcycle.(Keywords :Pentoxifylline,Dog,CASA,FrozenSemen,AI)

Single-households, one of the new housing types to emerge recently, seem to experience difficulties in the management of energy use due to the short duration of their residence. However, there has been little study on effective energy management in singlehouseholds. If we can find solutions that reduce energy consumption through effective management, the total energy consumption across this housing type could be decreased, even though the reduction in energy use per single-household may be small. The main purpose of the research is to provide appropriate solutions for the effective management of energy use for single-households by applying smart technologies. For the implementation of smart housing, primarily we identified single-households’ patterns of electricity use through our investigation. We categorized six representative types of singlehouseholds based on the results of a questionnaire survey, and extracted the patterns of electricity use in each type of single-household through interviews. Based on the results, smart housing solutions for single-households would be provided by emphasizing the effective management of electricity use. By maximizing smart spaces in single-households, sustainable and healthy housing would be realized in terms of energy saving. Further, this research would be a basis for enhancing the quality of housing environments for single-households.

We describe a case of recovered portal flow by ligation of the left renal vein (LRV) as a salvage procedure for a spontaneous splenorenal shunt (SRS) occurring the next day after right liver living donor transplantation (LDLT). Doppler ultrasonography showed normal graft portal venous flow immediately after LDLT, but nearly total diversion of portal flow into the existing splenorenal shunt was observed on the next day. Portal flow normalized after ligation of the LRV by relaparotomy. The patient recovered fully without complication and was discharged on the 17th postoperative day. He remains well at 14 months after the operation, returning to his previous occupation. This case was neither associated with acute rejection nor with small-for-size graft, which may increase intrahepatic vascular resistance, causing portal flow steal through shunts. Even though patients with preoperative SRS show normal portal flow immediately after transplantation, close monitoring is necessary for a possible decrease or loss of portal flow. If portal flow becomes insufficient, ligation of LRV as a salvage procedure is an important option that can be considered even after transplantation.

Simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation (SLKT) is now considered the treatment of choice for patients with concurrent end-stage liver and kidney diseases. Even though the early postoperative mortality rate following SLKT is reported to be high compared to that of liver transplantation alone, the liver graft from the same donor has been argued to induce better kidney graft acceptance as evidenced by a low rate of acute renal rejection episodes. There have been many reports of a low incidence of acute renal rejection following SLKT; however, only a few cases were proven by simultaneous biopsies. The authors experienced a case of biopsy-proven isolated acute cellular rejection of the liver graft following SLKT.

We have fabricated the polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) with new synthesized blue-emitting polymers, poly(phenyl-9,9-dioctyl-9′,9′-dihexanenitrile) fluorene (PPFC6N) and polymer blending of PPFC6N and polyfluorene (PFO). Our devices show a real blue emission for both polymers, showing the electroluminescence (EL) spectra near 445 nm, with relatively low turn-on voltage of polymer blend compared with that of PPFC6N. However, a slight blue shift occurred for PPFC6N when a 10 nm thick hole-blocking molecule, oxadiazole derivative, was introduced in the PLEDs.

Abstract In 2011, a major exploration and production oil company drilled and tested an HPHT well, the Tong Rang 3. This well is located in Bongkot field, Gulf of Thailand, about 722 km from Bangkok. This paper highlights the outcome of a post-drilling review using the Tong Rang 3 as a case study with respect to the well-design models and steps that the company will be taking towards optimizing its higher degree of HPHT development wells, which include future challenging prospects in the Gulf of Thailand. Aside from stress and pressure profiles, a good understanding of the temperature regime and heat transfer in HPHT wellbores is an important aspect of the planning process. The logs and actual well-testing operations in the Tong Rang 3 confirmed that the hydrocarbon produced contains gas condensate with 31.5% CO2. The maximum circulating temperature was diagnosed to be around 207°C while drilling to TD with a mud-cooling system in place and bottomhole temperature in excess of 227°C during well testing and a tubing-head temperature of 60°C. To improve the quality of the well design and planning process, the company has realized the importance of a case study to establish a guideline in their well-integrity process, thereby allowing the drilling team to plan similar wells using proper engineering assumptions, including basis of design refinement, based on the company's well engineering policies. The study will not only enable aiding the wellbore and completion optimization, but can be used to improve decision making throughout the field-development campaign, thus avoiding possible underdesign and achieving long-term well integrity and cost optimization. This paper will detail aspects of the well design incorporated in the Tong Rang 3 and provide a discussion and comparison between the plans vs. the actual design throughout the execution of this HPHT well, focusing on advanced tubular design from a temperature simulations aspect. It will also highlight the effect of tubular heat-up through comprehensive sensitivity analyses, while understanding how the currently available technology can be used to support an integrated basis of design model to successfully establish a representative HPHT wellbore configuration, subsequently signifying relevant well-construction parameters to ensure an effective and safe design for future HPHT wells. Introduction The casing-design process, including the production tubing string, is generally developed or reviewed by experienced personnel, and it is essential that the basis of design is designed to withstand all planned life-cycle well-loading conditions without loss of well integrity. Industry-standard casing-design software is typically used for surface, intermediate, and production casing, emphasizing in complex well-design work, which includes different well types, such as HPHT, deepwater, ERD, ultra-deep gas, sealed annulus, hydraulic fracturing or injector, and gas storage.

Background The roles of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), a critical physiological mechanism that prevents ventilation/perfusion mismatch, are still incompletely understood. Methods Pulmonary arterial pressure was measured in ventilated/perfused rat lungs. Isometric tones of rat intralobar pulmonary arteries were also measured, using a myograph. Results Hypoxia ( P o 2 , 3%)-induced pulmonary arterial pressure increases (ΔPAP hypox ) were stable with blood-mixed perfusate, but decayed spontaneously. ΔPAP hypox was inhibited by 29%, 16%, and 28% by the thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) antagonist SQ-29548, the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, MK886, and the leukotriene D 4 antagonist, LY-171883, respectively. The prostacyclin synthase inhibitor tranylcypromine augmented ΔPAP hypox by 5%, whereas inhibition of cytochrome P450 did not affect ΔPAP hypox . Consistently, the TXA 2 analogue U46619 increased ΔPAP hypox whereas prostacyclin abolished ΔPAP hypox . However, leukotriene D 4 had no direct effect on ΔPAP hypox . In the isolated pulmonary arteries, pretreatment with U46619 was essential to demonstrate hypoxia-induced contraction. Conclusions The above results suggest that TXA 2 and cysteinyl leukotrienes, other than leukotriene D 4 , are endogenous factors that facilitate HPV in rats. The indispensable role of TXA 2 -induced pretone in the HPV of isolated pulmonary arteries indicates that the signal from thromboxane receptors might be a critical component of oxygen sensation mechanisms.

A two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed for plane stress conditions with 4-node isoparametric elements to investigate the closure behavior under various variable-amplitude loading, i.e., single overloading, Hi-Lo block loading, and narrow- and wide-band random loading. The closure behavior under single overloading and Hi-Lo block loading can be well simulated by applying the concept of the most appropriate mesh size that will provide numerical results consistent with experimental data under constant-amplitude loading. It is found that the crack opening load under random loading may be predicted approximately by replacing the complicated random load history with the appropriate equivalent, simplified variable load history.

An intense L-band electron linear accelerator is under construction at CESC (Cheorwon Electron-beam Service Center) for industrial applications. It is capable of producing 10-MeV electron beams with 30-kW average beam power. For high-power capability, we adopted 1.3 GHz, and the RF source is a 25-MW pulsed klystron with 60-kW average RF output power. The PFN-type modulator and the matched transformer provide 264-kV beam voltage with 230-A beam current to the klystron. The RF pulse length is 7 mus, and the repetition rate is 350 Hz. The thermionic E-gun generates 80-kV electron beams with pulsed 1.6 A. The pre-buncher, a single standing-wave cavity, is used before the bunching section, which is built-in with the regular accelerating section. The accelerating structure is a disk-loaded waveguide with a constant-impedance operated in the 2pi/3-mode. It is to be operated under the fully beam-loaded condition, where the beam power is maximum. The electron beams are accelerated within 6 mus since the traveling-wave filling time of the accelerating structure is almost 0.8 mus. In this paper, we present details of the accelerator system and commissioning results.

In this study we report how different interfaces for searching the internet changed the strategies and information opportunities of voters as they searched for political information. A drop-down interface that helped users define specific queries was compared to a traditional typed- query interface. The drop-down interface resulted in a broader set of information opportunities. Voters using the drop-down interface relied less on candidate websites, visited a broader sampling of website types, and examined issues more closely. Portal design heavily influences search strategies and information opportunities.

Voters in a democracy have the responsibility to learn about the candidates and issues on which they are deciding. The Internet offers voters unparalleled opportunities for finding information relevant to elections. Use of the Internet for politics is increasing dramatically, yet we know little about the details of what people are doing with it. We describe an observational think-aloud study of people using the Internet in a mock-voting situation. Our voters were primarily opportunistic browsers following a noncompensatory search strategy who engaged in simultaneous searching, reading, evaluating, and deciding. Based on our results, we offer ideas for the design of a voter portal

The PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) at the KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) is building a high-power proton linear accelerator aiming to generate 100-MeV proton beams with 20-mA peak current (pulse width and max. repetition rate of 1 ms and 120 Hz respectively). We are developing a prototype digital BPPM (Beam Position and Phase Monitor) for the PEFP linac utilizing the digital technology with field programmable gate array (FPGA). The RF input signals are down converted to 10 MHz and sampled at 40 MHz with 14-bit ADC to produce I and Q data streams. The system is designed to provide a position and phase resolution of 0.1% and 0.1. RMS respectively. The fast digital processing is networked to the EPICS-based control system with an embedded processor (Blackfin).

A X-Ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) project based on the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) is under progress at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). One of the critical R&D for the PAL XFEL is to develop the low-emittance injector (named as the Pohang Photo-Injector) with the normalized emittance 0.1 % and long lifetime. This will greatly lessen the laser energy requirement for producing flat-top UV pulses, and open the possibility of using only regenerative amplifiers (RGAs) to drive the photocathode RF gun. The RGAs can produce mJs output with much better stability than multi-pass amplifiers. Both the Cs 2 Te and Mg are under consideration for the possible photo-cathode. To demonstrate the suitability of the Mg and Cs 2 Te for the future 4th generation light source application, an improved BNL-type S-band RF gun with a high-performance load-lock system will be developed for the PPI. In this article, we present the design concept of the PPI, the expected performance, and report on its development status.

The technology innovation for extending the RCAT structure to the sub-70nm DRAM is presented. The new technology overcomes the problems induced by shrinkage of the RCAT structure and meets the requirements for the next generation DRAMs, such as high speed and low power performance. The technology roadmap down to the 50nm DRAM feature size of the RCAT development is presented.