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The measured switched polarization properties of integrated Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) capacitors arrays have been found to show a small dependence on individual capacitor size in the range from 0.17 and 100 μm2. These thin (90 nm) PZT capacitors have low voltage switching properties with polarization saturation of

Electrical and photoluminescence (PL) measurements have been used to investigate megaelectronvolt implantation of InP with Group-IV elements (C, Si, Ge, and Sn). For a 700 degrees C/10-s rapid thermal annealing cycle, dopant activation increases from C, Ge, Si, to Sn while carrier mobility decreases with increasing implanted ion mass. The former trend suggests that the amphoteric nature of the Group-IV elements and dopant-defect interactions significantly influence relative dopant activation while nonstoichiometry and Fe redistribution have a lesser effect. PL measurements correlate well with the electrical results; overall PL emission intensity increases with increasing annealing temperature and decreasing implanted ion mass. Preliminary results suggest that a peak at approximately 1.65 mu m is associated with a Group-IV element and an implantation-induced defect. >

BACKGROUND: Hospitals and blood centers throughout the United States use a variety of reagents and methods to perform pretransfusion testing. A survey was developed to determine the reagents and methods in use and their relative prevalence in different work settings. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A national survey on pretransfusion testing was conducted. Surveys were distributed to state and regional blood bank associations, which then distributed them to hospitals and blood centers within their region. In most instances, the blood centers distributed the survey to the local hospitals. Completed surveys were returned to the authors for review, and all information was entered into a database for analysis. RESULTS: Analysis of the data shows that the majority of blood banks use monoclonal reagents for ABO testing and monoclonal-polyclonal blended reagents for Rh testing. The data show that anti-lgG and polyclonal anti-human globulin reagents are used almost equally for antibody screening (detection) tests and that most blood banks use a three-cell antibody-screening test. Slightly more than 50 percent of hospitals use an immediate-spin crossmatch in the absence of unexpected antibodies. CONCLUSION: A number of approved reagents and methods are used by blood bank laboratories for pretransfusion testing. Facility size (number of beds) and type tend to influence the choice of methods and reagents employed. This survey provides an opportunity for Mood bank laboratories to compare their current practices with those of their peers.

Interaction matrices provide a framework in which to set technical and commercial objectives for contaminated land remediation. From that framework stem questions for investigating the site and for the treatment and redevelopment options. The paper introduces the use of these interaction matrices in this context, in particular as a tool to support risk assessment.

Extensive efforts have been made in recent years in the U.K. to recycle contaminated land for further beneficial use. The remedial treatment of this land often involves the application of engineering, science and technology set within planning, legal, contractual and social frameworks. However, rapid expansion of the knowledge base and the variety of remediation techniques now available can inhibit their adoption into practice. Collaborative information projects which explain these issues are effective and economical in speeding the transfer of R&D advances into practice. A major programme of research and guidance information on derelict and contaminated land is described and key areas of decommissioning and demolition, planning, site investigation and risk assessment, selection of, and options for, treatment are discussed.