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Addition of adjuvants is a generally recognized method of enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccines. There is a large variety of adjuvants, therefore the choice of an adjuvant is based on the comparison of adjuvants efficacy in animal models, as well as assessment of their safety and tolerability. There are many different groups of substances that may have adjuvant properties, but relatively little attention is paid to carbohydrate-based adjuvants, despite the fact that they are compatible with live vector vaccines, safe, well tolerated, and their production is not laborious. Thanks to these advantages the use of these particular adjuvants in combination with any type of vaccine, including vector vaccines and DNA vaccines, may be most appropriate and promising. This review examines various types of carbohydrate adjuvants and the mechanisms that determine their efficacy.

The purpose of the study is the investigation of etiological, clinical and epidemiological features of HFRS, caused by Sochi virus in the Krasnodar area, as well as a comparative analysis of the data with those of HFRS, caused by Kurkino virus in the Central Russian regions and Puumala virus in the areas of Volga region. Materials and methods For the identification of HFRS patients, sera from more than 800 acute febrile patients residing in Krasnodar area were examined for hantavirus antibody by IFA with Puumala, Hantaan, Seoul, Sochi, Kurkino and Dobrava viruses. For primary screening there was used the indirect immunofluorescence (ELISA) method with polyvalent cultural antigen as for serotyping of positive sera according to affiliation of antibodies to various Hantaviruses species, there were used ELISA method with monovalent cultural antigens and the neutralization reaction with Puumala, Hantaan, Seoul, Sochi, Kurkino and Dobrava viruses with the use of the method of Inhibition of Focus-Forming Units assay. Clinical and epidemiological studies have been performed on the base of history cases and records of the epidemiological examination. Results of the study. During 2000 - 2013 there were identified 64 patients suffered from HFRS caused by the Sochi virus. The patients resided in 36 settlements of 10 administrative districts of the Krasnodar area. A comparative analysis of clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data of patients with HFRS-Sochi, HFRS-Kurkino and HFRS-Puumala viruses allowed to reveal differences between the clinical (frequency of registration and severity of several symptoms, severity of the course and mortality rate) and epidemiological (prevalence in rural and urban residents, occupational pattern, the seasonality of the disease, conditions of contamination) manifestations. Conclusion There was established the etiological and epidemiological importance of Sochi virus. Sochi virus causes sporadic annual incidence of HFRS in the territory of Krasnodar area. Cases of HFRS caused by the Sochi virus are differ in more severe course of the disease and high lethality rate in comparison with the other two forms of HFRS caused by Puumala and Kurkino viruses in the territory of the European part of Russia.