Search

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptors and the ligand-activated intracellular transcription factors that are known to play a key role in physiological processes such as cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, tissue remodeling, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. However, in the past two decades, many reports claim that PPARs also play an imperious role as a tumor suppressor. PPAR- gamma (PPARγ), one of the best-known from the family of PPARs, is known to express in colon, breast, bladder, lung, and prostate cancer cells. Its function in tumour cells includes the modulation of several pathways involved in multiplication and apoptosis. The ligands of PPARγ act by PPARγ dependent as well as independent pathways and are also found to regulate different inflammatory mediators and transcription factors in systemic inflammation and in tumor microenvironment. Both synthetic and natural ligands that are known to activate PPARγ, suppress the tumor cell growth and multiplication through the regulation of inflammatory pathways, as found out from different functional assays and animal studies. Cancer and inflammation are interconnected processes that are now being targeted to achieve tumor suppression by decreasing the risks and burden posed by cancer cells. Therefore, PPARγ can serve as a promising target for development of clinical drug molecule attenuating the proliferation of cancer cells. In this perspective, this mini review highlights the PPARγ as a potential target for drug development aiming for anti-inflammatory and thereby suppressing tumors.

In this article, RF behavior studies on a $W$ -band continuous wave (CW) gyrotron for industrial, scientific, and medical applications are presented. Two different designs are carried out for the output power level of 50 and 100 kW. The mode competition with the first and second harmonic neighboring modes is carefully investigated, and TE6,2 and TE10,4 are chosen as the operating modes for these designs. The cold cavity design and self-consistent computations for power and efficiency are done to determine the geometrical and beam parameters of the desired modes using the in-house code, Gyrotron Design Suite Second Harmonic Version 2018 (GDS2H-V. 2018). The desired output power is obtained for two different designs at the chosen cavity modes. Additionally, electron guns along with magnetic guidance systems are designed to generate an electron beam with the required beam parameters for the two designs.

In this paper, the field analysis of a triangular corrugated coaxial cavity with misaligned insert is carried out for a megawatt-class sub-terahertz wave gyrotron. In misalignment analysis, both parallel displacement of the insert axis and tilting of the insert axis with the outer resonator axis are considered. Graff’s addition theorem is used for deriving the eigenvalue equation of the coaxial cavity with such a misaligned insert. Mathematical formulations are carried out to include the effect of insert misalignment on the beam coupling coefficient and ohmic wall loading of the outer cavity and insert of the coaxial cavity gyrotron. The effect of structural misalignment of the insert on the operation of 2-MW, 220-GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron is analyzed. It is shown that insert misalignment reduces RF output power as well as increases ohmic wall loading of the insert beyond the prescribed cooling limit. Compared to tilting of the insert, parallel displacement of the insert causes more deterioration in the gyrotron operation. Comparative studies are also performed for a coaxial cavity with rectangular slots on the insert.

In recent decades, modeling of soft fingertips has fascinated a superior momentum in research initiatives concerned with development of an anthropomorphic soft finger tip. In design and development of soft fingertips, analysis of contact a characteristic plays a vital role on dexterous manipulation. This research work presents the results of the experimental investigation in relation to the formulations of contact area for soft fingertips pressed against assorted target profiles. A dimensionless parameter, curve factor Y (r/R) is introduced to derive a parametric relationship among the key parameters. It also addresses the growth of contact area of fingertips for five different combinations. From experimental observations, a modified power law equation with conversion factor (X) is proposed to interpolate the magnitude of contact area for different profiles.

Route failures pursued by rerouting is common in WSNs due to the unpredictable network dynamics and autonomous node behaviors. Optimal selection of neighbor is henceforth necessary to ensure profitable packet delivery and application support. In this manuscript, we propose a Weighted Path Rediscovery (WPR) routing for improving the routing decisions of WSN nodes. This routing algorithm is intended to prevent backtracking and curtail looped routing in WSNs. WPR precis’s conventional routing based on link expiration time (let) and fun factor at the time of neighbor discovery and reinforced routing, respectively. The two distinct features are converged using link stability factor to ensure the improved routing satisfying node’s behavior constraints. This improves the quality of packet transmission and minimizes routing complexity. The proposed routing algorithm is assessed using the factors: Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay, Overhead and Connection Ratio.

The working system of agricultural management is very important in today’s world. However, growers, farmers, and sellers are physically dispersed to choose their pesticides and to manage both data and information. As a result, the production of crops and trust between the consumer and producer decreases regularly. In this paper, we propose an overall structure of agricultural maintenance system to work efficiently and properly based on blockchain technology in order to solve the problems facing by the farmers to choose the best pesticides on their own. The information recorded in these management operations includes farmer’s problems and other suggestions. Using blockchain techniques and methods to the field of agricultural not only improves schema, domain, and application of blockchain but also supports the farmers to choose the suitable pesticides and helps in increasing the trusted network among different stakeholders around agricultural environment.

In this paper, a planar graphene-based bandstop filter is designed and simulated for the resonant frequency of 1 THz. The transmission line model of the bandstop filter is considered, which consists of open-circuited shunt stubs that are interconnected through unit elements. The bandstop filter design is carried out from the normalized low pass Chebyshev prototype. By using frequency transformation, Richard’s transformation, and Kuroda’s identity, the desired bandstop filter can be designed from the low pass prototype. The graphene layer is introduced between the conductor layer and the dielectric for supporting the propagation of plasmonic waves. The simulation results show that the desired frequency response can be obtained for the designed graphene-based bandstop filter. By varying the chemical potential of the graphene layer, the resonant frequency of the bandstop filter can be tuned over the range of 0.1 THz with the constant absolute bandwidth.

Blending of fly streams is one of the basic issues that can be investigated in the field of liquid elements which has a ton of utilization esteem in different burning and impetus frameworks. Modern/household gas burners, fuel infusion frameworks, short separation take off and arriving of planes are a portion of the spots where fly blending plays a crucial job in the perspective on proficient ignition and toxin scattering. In this examination, obstruction and collaboration of four parallel planar planes have been dissected both numerically and tentatively for different stream conditions. The business CFD programming bundle, Fluent 6.3.26, has been used to foresee the stream parameters for different stream conditions. In accumulation, to help the numerical examination, an exploratory method utilizing pitot cylinder has been created to research the issue of intrigue. Just the mean stream field is featured in this examination. The outcomes acquired from both test and numerical strategies have been contrasted and found with be concurred. A couple of symmetrical stable vortices has been shaped. The union point and the consolidated point have been found to happen on the hub of symmetry. The situation of union point and the joined point changes conversely as for the separation between the planes.

The present study has planned to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of two novel glitazones in a neuroinflammatory rat model. Two novel glitazones were selected from an in-house virtual library of glitazones based on their docking scores against peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) protein and other parameters studied in in silico computational studies. Initially, an acute oral toxicity study was carried out for glitazones in rats to assess the toxicity profile and to determine the therapeutic range for neuroprotective evaluation. Prior to induction of neuroinflammation, the treatments with glitazones (G1 and G2) and standard pioglitazone were made for four consecutive days to respective groups. On the fifth day, the neuroinflammation was induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (2 μg/μl) using stereotaxic apparatus. After 7 days, the rats were subjected to behavioral assessment followed by neurobiochemical evaluation and histopathological studies. The pre-treatment with glitazones at two dose levels (15 and 30 mg/kg) has significantly reversed behavioral dysfunctions. Glitazones have shown significant reduction in the levels of LPO, NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β and also increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and GSH in the brain of LPS-administered rats. The neuroprotection exhibited by two novel glitazones is comparable with standard pioglitazone. The PPAR-γ-dependent amelioration of cytokines and oxy-radicals released by novel glitazones during neuroinflammatory conditions may be attributed to the reversal of behavioral dysfunctions through preventing the degeneration of neurons in major regions of the brain.

Vehicle theft detection is becoming as an increasingly important challenge in many urban areas. Some of the factors that affect the detection of such thievery are: a change in the original vehicle number plate, dismantling and mismatching the parts of the vehicle, and alteration in the original vehicle colour. These complications have led to serious difficulties in identifying the theft vehicles. In order to reduce the effort required in tracking the stolen vehicles, this research work has developed a system that can efficiently detect the theft vehicle irrespective of its altered vehicle number plate and colour. The proposed vehicle theft detection process is done with the help of microcontrollers and some modules.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is one of the ligand-activated transcription factors which regulates a number of central events and considered as a promising target for various neurodegenerative disease conditions. Numerous reports implicate that PPAR-γ agonists have shown neuroprotective effects by regulating genes transcription associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. In regards, this review critically appraises the recent knowledge of PPAR-γ receptors in neuroprotection in order to hypothesize potential neuroprotective mechanism of PPAR-γ agonism in chronic neurological conditions. Of note, the PPAR-γ's interaction dynamics with PPAR-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) has gained significant attention for neuroprotection. Likewise, a plethora of studies suggest that the PPAR-γ pathway can be actuated by the endogenous ligands present in the CNS and thus identification and development of novel agonist for the PPAR-γ receptor holds a vow to prevent neurodegeneration. Together, the critical insights of this review enlighten the translational possibilities of developing novel neuroprotective therapeutics targeting PPAR-γ for various neurodegenerative disease conditions.

In recent decades, research on soft robot manipulations and their materials attracted a huge momentum among various researchers. Selection of appropriate soft material is a vital role in robotic fingertip design, which enables the object to be held in proper orientation without slip and damage. Development of such an anthropomorphic type of soft hand requires knowledge about material selection, types of finger contact and the mechanism behind grasping. This research work presents a comprehensive comparison of six chosen soft materials with human skin for improved robotic manipulation. Extensive research is required to develop such soft hands for better manipulation becausein the final analysis, the human hand is the best soft manipulator as it conforms to objects easily through good contact with an object. In the past decades, many researchers have tried to replace metal hand of robots with appropriate soft materials to enable better manipulation. In this work, the magnitude of contact area, contact pressure and vertical depression of six soft materials was compared with human skin with respect to precision grasping. The simulation results clearly show that neoprene rubber exhibits a close relationship with the characteristics of human skin.

In this paper, design studies of a common electron gun and output coupling system for the dual regime operation of a 2-MW coaxial cavity gyrotron are presented. The operating frequencies (220/251.5 GHz) are selected, such that the proposed gyrotron can be used for plasma heating applications in the future experimental fusion reactors. A coaxial magnetron injection gun (MIG) is designed for the generation of hollow electron beam with the desired parameters. Initial geometry of the electron gun is determined through our in-house code Gyrotron Design Suite version 4.1 2016 (GDSv4.1 2016). The MIG is further optimized and simulated through the beam trajectory code ESRAY. A nonlinear taper (NLT) is designed with maximum transmission efficiency at both the operating frequencies. A quasi-optical launcher (QOL) is designed and numerically optimized through the commercial software, launcher optimization tool. The designed launcher efficiently converts both the operating modes into Gaussian-like mode. A single-disk RF window is designed for the extraction of high-power output beam from the gyrotron at their respective operating frequencies. The design of the NLT and the RF window are carried out through GDSv4.1 2016.

In this paper, RF behavior studies of a dual regime coaxial cavity gyrotron designed for electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive of magnetically confined plasmas in the future fusion reactors are presented. Considering all the design constraints, the mode pair is chosen as $\text {TE}_{{48},{30}}$ and $\text {TE}_{{55},{34}}$ for operation at 220 and 251.5 GHz, respectively. The interaction circuit is initially designed through the cold cavity design. A triangular corrugated insert offers good mode selection and also reduces the localized heating problem. Single mode computations are carried out to optimize the beam parameters for the maximum efficiency of the chosen mode pair. Time-dependent multimode simulations are carried out to conform the power in the desired mode pair and the possibility of power in the competing modes. Start-up analyses are performed before and after space-charge neutralization with nonuniform magnetic field using nominal electron beam parameters obtained from magnetron injection gun calculations. These studies ensure that the continuous wave operation of a coaxial cavity gyrotron is possible with the output power of ≈2 MW with the chosen mode pair.

In this work, we have reported the electrical transport properties of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanosheets prepared by supercritical fluid method. Drop-casting technique has been used to make MoS 2 thinfilm. The surface morphology and crystallinity of as-prepared MoS 2 are studied using TEM, AFM, Raman and X-ray diffraction analyses. The observation of non-linear current-voltage ( I-V ) characteristics has been analyzed with different current conduction mechanisms such as Schottky barrier (SB), space-charge limited conduction, Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, and Poole-Frenkel conduction. Clear symmetricity in I-V curves confirms that charge-transport is not influenced by SB. However, all other transport mechanisms are to be found responsible for the non-linearity. The charge carrier mobility of the device is determined as ~1530 cm 2 /V s which is the highest value among supercritical fluid processed MoS 2 to-date. The presence of bulk counterpart in MoS 2 is accountable for such anomalous transport behavior and it is supported by Raman mapping analysis, evidently. Overall, our results demonstrate the understanding of the fundamental charge transport mechanisms in MoS 2 thinfilm that can be the essential factors in development of various MoS 2 based electronic devices and their applications.

The main source of lung cancer is to gasping the tobacco smoke regularly, which affects around 90% of lung cancers. Cancer cells are to be carried to and from the lungs within the blood or lymph fluid ambience the lung tissue. Early diagnosis and treatment can save life. In this, the image processing techniques have been utilized to identify the lung cancer. Initially, the CT scan image is pre-processed for removing the unwanted signals and smoothing them by employing Improved Kaun Filter (IKF). Subsequently, the preprocessed image is portioned by an Active contour method to get exactness of segmented results. Next, specific features are extracted to raise the anticipated accuracy. At last, the tumour has been categorized by Elman Neural Network (ENN) and weights are optimized with PSO and compared the accuracy results with SVM, RBFN and ANFIS.

The field of quantum cryptography is mostly theoretical therefore in this paper we represent its implementation by means of virtual scenarios. The central issue in cryptography is the secure transmission of the key between nodes. Thus, in this paper we establish a secure channel using Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for the transfer of the key material between the nodes and help to identify an eavesdropper in the channel. A graphical representation of the quantum channel traffic at the ideal state and also during network disruption has been established. Due to the complex nature of quantum networks and high cost of establishment, a physical implementation of the same is not feasible. Hence a simulation has been implemented via the use of NS-3 (Network Simulator Version 3) which has QKDNetSim module built into it. Finally, our simulation indicates the presence of an intruder by virtue of various network implementations within the quantum channel.

In this paper, the analytical and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation studies of an ${X}$ -band megawatt class gyrotwystron have been presented. The device employs a tapered output waveguide to achieve stability against self-start oscillations due to azimuthally asymmetric modes, including the fundamental harmonic TE11 and TE21. A full nonlinear self-consistent, single particle, multimode, and multiharmonic, transient code has been developed to study the beam–wave interaction behavior. Furthermore, the device is simulated for studying its transient behavior using a commercial PIC code “CST Particle Studio.” This predicts the saturated RF power of $\sim 20$ MW in the fundamental TE01 mode and $\sim 1$ MW in the TE02 ( $s = 2$ ) mode, which is a self-generated spurious oscillation in the output section. The saturated gain is calculated as $\sim 24$ dB with a power conversion efficiency of $\sim 20$ % for a relativistic electron beam having 7% axial velocity spread.

This paper presents a finite element study on the contact parameters of a soft hemispherical finger tip pressed against curved surface. The variation in magnitudes of contact radius, contact pressure and vertical displacement are estimated using two-dimensional finite element models. The special effects of geometry using a wide range of normal force on soft finger tips are presented with the aid of a dimensionless parameter, curve factor (R/a). It addresses the effects of the load–contact relationship for ten different fingertip combinations. From close observations it can be concluded that a higher magnitude of contact radius can be obtained with a lower curve factor and vice-versa. Also, it is evident that the radius of contact is higher for a curved object when compared with a flat one for a particular combination. However, there is a significant reduction in the magnitudes of vertical depression and contact pressure.

Gyrotrons are very powerful coherent sources of radiation. In coaxial cavity gyrotron, an insert is present in the cavity which leads to reduction in the voltage depression and change the eigenvalue, depending on the radii ratio. As a result a coaxial cavity can be fine- tuned for very higher power at very higher frequencies in comparison to cylindrical cavity. In this paper design studies of a coaxial cavity for 170 GHz, 4 MW gyrotron are given. The insert is corrugated with triangular corrugations. The advantage of such a corrugation type is that it allows more number of slots to be included on the insert, without causing the problem of localized heating. Single mode self consistent calculation is carried out for the calculation of output power and efficiency. Wall losses and diffractive quality factors for desired and competing modes have been calculated.

In this paper, a two-cavity W-band frequency doubling gyroklystron amplifier has been designed. The single mode nonlinear analysis for studying the beam-wave interaction behavior in a frequency doubling gyroklystron amplifier has been developed by combining the theory of harmonic operation of gyroklystron amplifier with the fundamental mode operation. Consequently, the RF output power, efficiency, and bandwidth of the gyroklystron amplifier has been computed. The results from the developed nonlinear analysis predicted a stable RF output power of 116 kW at 94 GHz, with 20.6 dB gain, 32.2% efficiency and a bandwidth of 0.32% for a 60 kV, 6 A gyrating electron beam.

In this paper, RF behavior studies of a 2MW triangular corrugated coaxial cavity gyrotron is presented for the operating frequency of 283 GHz to explore the possibility of multi-frequency operation in an already proposed dual regime gyrotron (220/251.5 GHz). The cavity mode for the 283 GHz operation is chosen as TE 62 , 38 . Cold cavity analysis, mode competition studies and self consistent single mode calculations are carried out for this operating frequency. Time dependent multi-mode calculations are performed to verify power growth in the desired mode and the possibility of power in the competing modes. Startup analyses are carried out using the electron beam parameters obtained from the electron gun design studies for both partial and complete space charge neutralization cases. These studies confirm that 2MW, continuous wave (CW) operation can be obtained at all the three operating frequencies (220/251.5/283 GHz) in the proposed coaxial cavity gyrotron.

To improve the spectrum efficiency, Cognitive Radio technology is introduced with dynamic spectrum access. To achieve the dynamic spectrum access, the cognitive radio network is emerging with spectrum key functionalities such as spectrum sensing, spectrum management, spectrum sharing and spectrum mobility. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol has an important role in most of the spectrum key functionalities like scheduling the available spectrum resources to choose the best channel based on QoS requirement, negotiation between the users for avoiding the collision and vacate the channel when the primary user is detected. In this review, the roles of MAC protocol in cognitive radio functionalities are analyzed. This review concentrated on the research publication in MAC protocol of past ten years. MAC protocols in cognitive radio network are classified and tabled based on the characteristics such as spectrum access, cooperation between the primary and secondary users, the structure of the network and common control channel. Finally, the advantages and the research challenges of the MAC protocol are identified and described.

Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) has been emerged as a hopeful solution to utilize a statically allocated spectrum in an optimistic manner with dynamic spectrum access. At present, there is no workflow describe the way of whole data transmission including all the spectrum functionalities. This research work presents a framework of the CRN based on Common Control Channel (CCC) with a notion concerning channel selection algorithm, spectrum sensing and spectrum handoff to avoid collision between users and improve the throughput of Secondary Users (SUs) without affecting Primary Users (PUs). This research concentrates CCC based control message exchange along with design and finds CCC is optimal. Finally, this research proposed framework for CCC based channel selection and spectrum handoff to CRN.

In this paper, design study of a quasi-optical launcher (QOL) for a 2 MW, 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron designed for plasma heating application in the experimental tokamak is presented. The operating mode is chosen as TE 34,19 . The launcher is designed for converting the higher order operating mode into a linearly polarized Gaussian like beam. Design parameters of the launcher is numerically optimized through a commercial software Launcher Optimization Tool (LOT). The designed launcher efficiently converts the operating mode into Gaussian like beam with a minimum diffraction loss.

In the present scenario, majority of the population uses the ATM machine to withdraw cash. At the same time, there are many ATM robberies that have occurred in many areas, even if the CCTV cameras are placed in the ATM center. Hence the security system needs to be changed. In order to reduce these kinds of robberies, we present a security system for ATM theft by using a smart and effective technology. This system also analyses various physical attacks on ATM's. In our proposed system we use Face Recognizing Camera to capture the face of the person, who is entering. Tilt and vibration sensors are used to detect the irregular activities that are done on the ATM machine. The purpose of the Temperature sensor is to determine the degree of temperature present in the ATM booth. The main aim of our proposed system is to send an alert through social media's like Facebook, twitter, and Gmail using IOT and GSM network. Liquidator chloroform is used to spread the chloroform to make the thief unconscious. This system caters realistic monitoring and control

In this paper, design of a Magnetron Injection Gun (MIG) for a 4 MW, 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron is presented. The operating mode is chosen as TE 52,31 . A triode configured coaxial MIG is designed for the generation of the annular electron beam with the desired beam parameters. The supporting magnetic guidance system is also designed. The initial gun design parameters are obtained using our in-house code Gyrotron Design Suite version 4.1 2016 (GDSv4.1 2016) and the geometry of the MIG is finally optimized through particle trajectory code ESRAY.

In this paper, a 3-D electromagnetic (EM) and particle simulation of an $X$ -band high power gyrotwystron has been reported. The EM (cold) and the electron beam and RF wave interaction (hot) behavior have been studied using a commercially available 3-D particle-in-cell code MAGIC. The EM field analysis guarantees that the RF circuit operation is in the desired TE011 at the input cavity and TE01 circular electric waveguide mode at the output with the desired frequency of operation of 9.8 GHz. The hot simulation demonstrates the particles phase space behavior along the interaction circuit and the energy transfer phenomena. The present gyrotwystron develops an output power $\sim 20$ MW with an electronic efficiency of $\sim 21$ % and a bandwidth of 10% for ideal electron beam velocity.

This paper describes the attitude control approach of a nanosatellite in different scenarios of reaction wheel failure. The approach to allocate the control torques across the 4 wheels is explained considering the cases of one and two wheel failures. A Linear Quadratic Regulator is used to find the gains of the Proportional Derivative (PD) controller employed to determine the control torques to be generated by the reaction wheels in order to correct a specific attitude error and damp angular rates. The different analysis done in attempts to stabilize the satellite for all the aforesaid conditions has been presented. The paper also describes the electrical modeling of Brushless DC motor to get the transfer function and obtain P, I (Integral) and D parameters for optimum motor performance. ARM STM32F407 is used as the main microcontroller for the satellite. The operation flow of the implementation of control approach is explained. An account of different interfaces and peripheral used to realize control system design is described.

The web contains huge amount of data that is increasing in volume and dimension day by day. Data mining applications that make use of Web data is referred as Web mining. Web mining is one of the hot topics in the field of data mining. Web mining is classified into three types based on extracting knowledge. They are Web Structure mining, Web content mining the Web usage mining. Web usage mining process can be divided into three interdependent stages: data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis. This paper is mainly related to web usage mining. The contribution of this paper is based on the investigation of data preprocessing and is used to determine the effectiveness of the algorithms, its limitations, and their stands are verified. Various preprocessing algorithms and its heuristics are applied and examined by implemented using programming languages. Data preprocessing algorithms are used to parse the raw log files that involve splitting of the log files and then cleansed to obtain superior quality of data. Based on this data, the unique users are identified which in turn helps to identify user sessions.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the technology that uses an RFID tag on objects or people, so that they can be identified, tracked and managed automatically. Due to its wide application in the automobile assembly industry, warehouse management and the supply chain network, RFID has been considered as the next promising technology in serving the positioning purpose. Since the goods need to be monitored it should be tracked in both indoors and outdoors. Existing positioning technology such as Global positioning system (GPS) are not available indoors as the terminal cannot get the signal from the satellites. To enhance the availability of the positioning systems for indoors, the development of RFID positioning system for locating objects or people have became a hot topic in recent research. GPS is mainly used for outdoor tracking. This paper deals with the process of goods which is to be tracked in both indoor and also outdoor environment and to monitor the goods with the IOT anywhere and also at anytime.

In this paper, mode selection procedure leading to interaction circuit design of a 2 MW, 204 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron suitable for Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating of plasmas in future fusion experimental reactor DEMO tokamak is presented. By considering all design constraints, operating mode is selected as TE44,26. Diffractive quality factor, ohmic wall losses and coupling coefficient are calculated for the desired mode and competing modes of the designed structure. Surface Impedance Model (SIM) has been used for the calculation of the ohmic losses.

This paper has been withdrawn

The growing cost of traditional stabilizing agents and the need for the economical utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes has prompted an investigation into the stabilizing potential of coal ash (CA), groundnut shell ash (GSA) and bagasse ash (BA) in highly expansive soil. In this study an attempt has been made to utilize the industrial and agricultural wastes such as coal ash, groundnut shell ash and bagasse ash as stabilizing agent. The effect of industrial and agricultural wastes under individual and combinations (equal proportion) of mix proportions on certain properties of soil such as Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD), Unconfined Compressive (UCC) Strength and CBR has been studied. Index properties of natural soil showed that it belongs to CH in the IS classification system, soils under these groups are poor engineering benefit. It has been observed that 30% of C.A and 8% of GSA and B.A for individual mix proportions and 12%C.A + 12%GSA, 16%C.A + 16%B.A and 16%B.A + 16%GSA for the combinations of mix proportions, are the optimum percentage that give the maximum CBR value.

The design and simulation of 94 GHz metal PBG cylindrical waveguide with a wraparound co-axial coupler has been presented. A WR-8 rectangular waveguide drives a combined wraparound co-axial / MPBG cylindrical waveguide system. The wraparound co-axial input coupler converts a dominant TE10 rectangular waveguide mode into a TE411 resonator mode and which is then coupled into the MPBG waveguide for the desired TE01 circular mode. The designed structure has been cold analyzed with the 3-D electromagnetic CST Microwave studio code. The Eigen mode analysis ensures that how the RF magnetic field couples the co-axial waveguide through four azimuthally spaced apertures. Further, this analysis shows the confinement of the desired TE01-like mode only in the defect portion of the PBG triangular lattice structure and all other competing spurious modes have been suppressed. The transient analysis confirms good propagation and mode selectivity of PBG waveguide through the calculation of insertion loss. The coupler offers a return loss and insertion loss of -20 dB and -0.5 dB respectively with a wide bandwidth about ~6%.

Vehicle detection from aerial images is becoming an increasingly important research topic in surveillance, traffic monitoring and military applications. The system described in this paper focuses on automatic vehicle detection in the aerial images. This paper introduces a morphological neural network approach to extract vehicle targets from high resolution aerial images. In the approach the Morphological Shared-Pixels Neural Network (MSPN) is used to classify image pixels on roads into vehicle targets and non-vehicle targets, and a morphological preprocessing algorithm is developed to identify candidate vehicle pixels. The proposed method is going to compare with the existing system Dynamic Bayesian Network(DBN). It is going to be proven that the experimental results in MSPN have a good detection performance. The proposed system is going to record all pixel value of aerial images sequentially and filter out the batch or portion of the several vehicle edges. This method is quite better than existing algorithms in identifying the vehicles automatically in aerial images.

Purpose: Intensity modulated radiotherapy requires a comprehensive quality assurance program in general and ideally independent verification of dose delivery. Since conventional 2D detector arrays allow only pre-treatment verification, there is a debate concerning the need of online dose verification. This study presents the clinical performance, including dosimetric plan verification in 2D as well as in 3D and the error detection abilities of a new transmission detector (TD) for online dose verification of 6MV photon beam. Methods: To validate the dosimetric performance of the new device, dose reconstruction based on TD measurements were compared to a conventional pre-treatment verification method (reference) and treatment planning system (TPS) for 18 IMRT and VMAT treatment plans. Furthermore, dose reconstruction inside the patient based on TD read-out was evaluated by comparing various dose volume indices and 3D gamma evaluations against independent dose computation and TPS. To investigate the sensitivity of the new device, different types of systematic and random errors for leaf positions and linac output were introduced in IMRT treatment sequences. Results: The 2D gamma index evaluation of transmission detector based dose reconstruction showed an excellent agreement for all IMRT and VMAT plans compared to reference measurements (99.3±1.2)% and TPS (99.1±0.7)%. Good agreement wasmore » also obtained for 3D dose reconstruction based on TD read-out compared to dose computation (mean gamma value of PTV = 0.27±0.04). Only a minimal dose underestimation within the target volume was observed when analyzing DVH indices (

In this paper, design studies of an electron gun supporting multi-frequency operation in an already proposed dual regime (220/251.5 GHz) coaxial cavity gyrotron is presented. For this third operating frequency of 283 GHz, the cavity mode is chosen as TE 62;38 . Initial design studies of the magnetron injection gun are carried out through our in house code Gyrotron Design Suite version 4.1 (GDSv4.1 2016). Parametric optimization and simulation are carried out using the particle trajectory code ESRAY. These studies confirm that the electron gun designed for the dual regime operation of the coaxial cavity gyrotron can be used to support the third operating frequency of 283 GHz.

Gyrotrons operating at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency have an inherent advantage of working with reduced magnetic cavity field thus making the entire system lighter with lower cost, which is a prior requirement in some specific ISM applications. In this paper, we present the latest developments of our in-house computer code package for the conceptual design of second harmonic gyrotrons (GDS2H-V.2018). The code has been validated for the design of two specific second harmonic devices, namely: (i) a 70 GHz, 500 kW gyrotron for experimental Tokamaks and (ii) a 263 GHz, 100 W gyrotron for DNP experiments.