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The COVID 19 crisis and geopolitical ruptures of recent years have highlighted the importance of operations and supply chain management (OSCM) to firms and society. How do OSCM executives make decisions under uncertainty, and how do they balance the competing needs of various stakeholders? The behavioral agency model (BAM), which has been widely used in the management literature, focuses on the executive as the unit of analysis, like the behavioral science research in which it is embedded;by contrast, much of the supply chain risk management research has examined risk at the level of the firm. We review BAM literature and its core constructs, refine its original predictions, identify OSCM executive decision contexts that could take advantage of BAM, and highlight research opportunities using BAM. We aim to provide a platform for further risk research applying BAM in the domain of OSCM executive decision-making.

The knowledge base for cruise holidays is conceptually underdeveloped and narrowly focused on health and safety and environmental concerns. This critical review of risk research in relation to ocean cruising identifies knowledge gaps revealing the significance of factors such as financial, performance, time-loss, opportunity, functional, social and psychological risk. This review calls for a wider conceptualisation of risk that moves beyond an emphasis on physical risk. A deeper understanding of risk in ocean cruising contributes to cruise research and to the wider discourse in tourism and risk studies, and provides significant empirical and conceptual insights for future research.

Inter-agency collaboration is a well-established, yet very difficult process in public governance. Despite the fact that it is often unsuccessful, collaboration risk research is still undeveloped and the impact of this risk on the effectiveness of joint activities is still underestimated. This issue is of particular significance in public safety networks, where inter-agency collaboration processes are conducted under the conditions of the complexity and uncertainty. For this reason, the article is intended to: (1) identify factors of collaboration risk in public safety networks, (2) determine the impact of individual risk factors on inter-agency collaboration outcomes, (3) identify the relationship between risk factors of inter-agency collaboration in public safety networks, and (4) analyse the growth of this risk in public safety networks. These purposes were achieved using the Systematic Literature Review based on PRISMA Group methodology and Interpretive Structural Modelling together with MICMAC analysis. The applied research approach also has some limitations resulting from the number of experts. However, the results obtained allow us to better understand issues of inter-agency collaboration risk in public safety networks. They identify key collaboration risk factors, such as inappropriate collaboration rules and inadequate allocation of tasks and resources. In consequence, they indicate risk symptoms that are worth keeping track of in order to prevent collaboration ineffectiveness.

Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) has improved its elemental technologies used for assessing external events since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident in 2011. HRA needs to be improved for analyzing tasks performed under extreme conditions (e.g., different actors responding to external events or performing operations using portable mitigation equipment). To make these improvements, it is essential to understand plant-specific and scenario-specific conditions that affect human performance. The Nuclear Risk Research Center (NRRC) of the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) has developed an HRA guide that compiles qualitative analysis methods for collecting plant-specific and scenario-specific conditions that affect human performance into “narratives,” reflecting the latest research trends, and models for analysis of tasks under extreme conditions.

On a global scale, from 2005 to 2019, there were 275 high-magnitude, low-frequency disasters that involved 14,172 fatalities and four million affected people. Similar patterns have taken place during longer periods of time in recent decades. This paper aims to analyse the contribution of the international landslide research community to disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management in reference to the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in a literature review. The first section notes the relevance of disaster risk research contributions for the implementation of initiatives and strategies concerning disaster risk management. The second section highlights background information and current applications of drones in the field of hazards and risk. The methodology, which included a systematic peer review of journals in the ISI Web of Science and SCOPUS, was presented in the third section, where the results include analyses of the considered data. This study concludes that most current scholarly efforts remain rooted in hazards and post-disaster evaluation and response. Future landslide disaster risk research should be transdisciplinary in order to strengthen participation of the various relevant stakeholders in contributing to integrated disaster risk management at local, subnational, national, regional and global levels.

The affordability of property-level adaptation measures against flooding is crucial due to the movement toward integrated flood risk management, which requires the individuals threatened by flooding to actively manage flooding. It is surprising to find that affordability is not often discussed, given the important roles that affordability and social justice play regarding flood risk management. This article provides a starting point for investigating the potential rate of unaffordability of flood risk property-level adaptation measures across Europe using two definitions of affordability, which are combined with two different affordability thresholds from within flood risk research. It uses concepts of investment and payment affordability, with affordability thresholds based on residual income and expenditure definitions of unaffordability. These concepts, in turn, are linked with social justice through fairness concerns, in that, all should have equal capability to act, of which affordability is one avenue. In doing so, it was found that, for a large proportion of Europe, property owners generally cannot afford to make one-time payment of the cost of protective measures. These can be made affordable with installment payment mechanisms or similar mechanisms that spread costs over time. Therefore, the movement toward greater obligations for flood-prone residents to actively adapt to flooding should be accompanied by socially accessible financing mechanisms.

One of the goals of any oil terminal is to make a business while avoiding hazardous events and harmful effects for both humans and the environment. This can be achieved by creating a safe working place as well as by performing safe and acceptable activities regarding the impact on surrounding objects, including residential and industrial areas. The aim of the hazard analysis of the oil terminal is to assess the risks related to hazardous events or phenomena and to evaluate whether the assessed risks are acceptable. The hazard analysis and assessment of risk are also used for risk reduction while examining and limiting hazardous scenarios that, for instance, involve the loss-of-containment of flammable or combustible material. In this paper, the authors aim to contribute to risk research by providing a comprehensive methodology of risk assessment for oil terminals with case study results and discussion on features of the methodology, risk aggregation, its applicability for risk reduction, and industrial interests. The performed study considered the “Klaipedos Nafta AB” (an operator of the Klaipeda Oil Terminal, Lithuania) case study regarding hazardous materials that might be released from various tanks, devices, and associated pipelines. The performed quantitative risk assessment has enabled the determination of the probability regarding whether releases would ignite and, for instance, cause explosion. In the case study, the estimate of probability, i.e., the frequency, and the possible consequences of the hazardous events were evaluated, and both mitigation and risk reduction measures were also considered.

Commercial banks are facing increasingly complex enterprise loan customers and businesses. It is important for banks' enterprise loan business to efficiently assess credit risks. Our study builds an enterprise credit risk assessment model based on the state and constraint of bank and customer, and get empirical researches with RF, SVM and DT algorithms. The results show that our model has excellent performance with accuracy 99 % and great characteristic importance in the evaluation of enterprise credit risk. The study can provide important decision-making reference for bank loan business and enrich the theoretical system of bank credit risk research.

Studies are skewed towards resilient places and people: improve data, metrics, inclusion and more. Studies are skewed towards resilient places and people: improve data, metrics, inclusion and more.

The 2018 Sulawesi earthquake (Mw 7.5) and tsunami destroyed many buildings and caused more than 3300 fatalities in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Damage reports and satellite images from Palu City indicated severe tsunami impacts to buildings and lifelines infrastructure within 300 m from the coastline. Seven-weeks after the earthquake a field survey was carried out in Palu City to measure tsunami flow depths and record damage levels for buildings, roads and electricity infrastructure. Above ground level tsunami flow depths measured at 371 building sites ranged from 0.1 to 3.65 m, with a 1.05 m mean and 0.55 m standard deviation. The survey team also recorded attributes and damage levels for 463 buildings, 7.9 km of road and 455 utility poles. We observed that non-engineered ‘light timber’ and ‘lightly reinforced concrete’ construction frame buildings were highly susceptible to ‘non-structural’ component damage when tsunami flow depths respectively exceed 0.4 m and 1 m above the first finished floor level, while unrepairable or complete building damage was regularly observed when flow depths exceeded 1.2 m. Only non-structural component damage was observed for engineered ‘reinforced concrete’ buildings. While tsunami flow depth traces could not be measured for affected road and utility pole components, hazard intensity parameters can be obtained from tsunami inundation maps to estimate the conditions contributing to observed damage levels. The information presented herein forms an important evidence base to support future tsunami hazard and risk research in Indonesia.

The agricultural situation in India has gone through several distresses occurring from both natural and socio-politico-economic stressors. Though an emphasis has been given in the country to develop and promote adaptation strategies, it requires precise, comprehensive, and generalized knowledge regarding agricultural risks and vulnerabilities. With this motive, the present study systematically reviews the current state of research on India’s agricultural risk and vulnerabilities (n = 97), its progress, and prospects over the past two decades. The review explicitly focuses on the trends, characteristics, practices, outcomes, and policy significance to broaden the potential course. Results suggest that there are significant spatial, temporal, and thematic differences in agricultural vulnerability and risk researches. Considering the exposures, most of the studies prioritize climate-induced external stressors over the internal ones. Studies are still being practiced traditionally by neglecting the nexus of various physical and socio-politico-economic attributes of agriculture. Consequently, the inherent structural drivers, such as class, caste, gender, and economic disparity, still stimulate agricultural risks and vulnerabilities. Considering the future adversities and the heterogeneity of India’s biophysical and environmental conditions along with diversified socio-politico-economic aspects, we emphasize the process-based systemic, multi-scalar, and multi-stressor agricultural vulnerability and risk research through cohesive theoretical, conceptual, and analytical approaches. Additionally, we developed a combined vulnerability and risk assessment framework, which can generally be applied to any system, including agriculture.

Based on the literature review, this paper synthesizes recent state of knowledge on flood risk perception and related human behaviors. The main attention is paid to private precautionary and mitigation measures, and the reasons why these are (not) adopted by agents such as individual households. Results of a wide range of relevant studies are presented and critically examined. The findings are presented within an interpretive framework established during the review process; six key themes (responsibility, risk perception, people and social environment, geography of risk, emotions, theories and conceptual models) and several sub-themes closely related to them were identified by the content/thematic analysis. These were then utilized to overview and discuss particular factors and issues involved, as well as various relevant theoretical underpinnings and conceptual models. The review identifies, illustrates, and addresses not only the consensual views and contradictory findings of flood risk research, but also several related and essential ambiguities, uncertainties, and knowledge gaps. Based on these findings, suggestions for future research are discussed, including the terminological, semantic, methodological, theoretical, and ethical aspects. The paper thus serves two main tasks: (a) It is a useful reference/departure point for those with research interests in topics and issues such as flood risk perception, flood risk protective and mitigation behaviors and measures, or flood risk management in general; and (b) it provides suggestions and incentives for future flood risk research agenda.

The EUropean FOod Risk Assessment (EU‐FORA) Fellowship work programme ‘Livestock Health and Food Chain Risk Assessment’, funded by EFSA was proposed by the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), UK. A scientist with a PhD in Food Science was selected to work within the Biomathematics and Risk Research group, under the guidance of a senior risk assessor. The programme consisted of four different modules that covered a wide range of aspects related to risk assessment (RA). The aims, activities and conclusions obtained during the year are described in this article. The learning‐by‐doing approach in RA allowed the fellow to discover a broad pool of methodologies, tools and applications while developing his own knowledge in RA, as well as gaining scientific network for future collaborations in the field.

The literature on maritime risk management is rich and the findings are pertinent to maritime authorities in the Baltic Sea region, however, little is known regarding how much of the available research is actually utilized. This paper aims to evaluate the uptake of maritime risk research by maritime authorities in the Baltic Sea region and to propose recommendations for its improvement. An existing model to evaluate research uptake was adopted. The factors that could improve research uptake were identified and built into a framework of research institutions&rsquo, push of research and its pull by the maritime authorities and industry. The level of research uptake and the utilization of push and pull factors were examined using an online survey questionnaire and in addition, policymakers and researchers were engaged in a workshop to identify the best practices and opportunities for research uptake in the Baltic Sea region. The results show that the overall research uptake level is reasonably good, although factors that increase research utilization are not wholly taken up. Policy recommendations are provided to improve research uptake and science communication. The emergent framework of improvement factors and best practices should serve as a guide to policymakers and researchers to optimize the uptake of research, regardless of discipline.

Nanjing city is taken as a case in this urban rainstorm disaster risk research. Using the data of meteorology and social-economy statistics of Nanjing area, the paper selected ten indicators to establish the risk assessment system of urban rainstorm disaster from the aspects of the vulnerability of hazard-affected body, the fragility of disaster-pregnant environment, and the danger of hazard factors. Multi-layer weighted principal component analysis (MLWPCA) is an extension of the principal component analysis (PCA). The MLWPCA is based on factor analysis for the division subsystem. Then the PCA is used to analyze the indicators in each subsystem and weighted to synthesize. ArcGIS is used to describe regional differences in the urban rainstorm disaster risk. Results show that the MLWPCA is more targeted and discriminatory than principal component analysis in the risk assessment of urban rainstorm disaster. Hazard-affected body and disaster-pregnant environment have greater impacts on the risk assessment of rainstorm disaster in Nanjing, but the influence of hazard factors is few. Spatially, there is a large gap in the rainstorm disaster risk in Nanjing. The areas with high-risk rainstorm disaster are mainly concentrated in the central part of Nanjing, and the areas with low-risk rainstorm disaster are in the south and north of the city.

Education risk research has become the requirement of the current national security situation, the reference of the current situation of education development and the responsibility of rich theory. The research on college education risk is of great significance, but it is still in its infancy in China. This paper aims to further discuss how to identify risks, analyze risks qualitatively and quantitatively by referring to the mature risk management methods of other industries and starting from the analysis and research on the characteristics and types of educational risks, and propose feasible risk coping strategies and prevention mechanisms.

Public trust in the authorities has been recognised in risk research as a crucial component of effective and efficient risk management. But in a pandemic, where the primary responsibility of risk m...

Increasing antibiotic resistance across the world seems to reflect a failure of research and development (R&D) to keep pace with societally important disaster risks. This article uses the example of steadily increasing antibiotic resistance to question whether current R&D systems are able to timeously deal with certain societally important research problems. A review and discussion of new theoretical developments is offered, to suggest how novel technologies might be applied to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health-related disaster risk research. This article seeks to make a conceptual contribution through a critical review and synthesis of novel theory. Theoretical propositions are derived from conceptual analysis. Four key challenges are related to the derived propositions, to derive guidelines for how the disaster risk management process can be supplemented to improve its near real-time research capability. The theoretical propositions derived here relate to certain overarching challenges facing disaster risk research. The theoretical arguments made in this article seek to offer a heuristic perspective that may be useful to those seeking to apply novel technologies in disaster risk research to address societally important research problems such as antibiotic resistance. This research identifies evidence of the failure of the contemporary research system to solve problems like antibiotic resistance. On the basis of a synthesis of novel literature and theory, conclusions suggest certain useful avenues for the improvement of the research process. Urgency is recommended because of mounting societal costs of slow research responses to societal problems.

Recent research on risk diversification is characterized by a strict dependence of risk on the natural environment. At present, the relationship between humans and the environment is the most important subject of consideration, and any changes taking place in the environment are the subject of an increased interest in it. Indeed, the concept of risk and decision-making in conditions of uncertainty about future events is still important, but in the mainstream, the relationship of risk with the environment in which humans live and treating the risk from the point of view of the global perspective becomes more important. Contemporary risk management is therefore characterized by increased social awareness and multilayered issues, while at the same time, the research is interdisciplinary. Despite this awareness, it has not yet been possible to develop a single risk research concept or a universal definition of risk. We can safely say that it is just the opposite. Risk research has to a large extent become an area of formulating contradictory research paradigms and contradictory goals and assessments. This does not mean, however, that in a few years this will not lead to positive solutions in this area, both for the benefit of humans and the environment in which they live.

There exist rare researches about economic risk in sectoral level, which is significantly important for risk prewarning. This paper employed status coefficient to measure the symmetry of economic subnetwork, which is negatively correlated with sectoral risk. Then, we do empirical research in both cross section and time series dimensions. In cross section dimension, we study the correlation between sectoral status coefficient and sectoral volatility, earning rate and Sharpe ratio respectively in the year 2015. Next, in the perspective of time series, we first investigate the correlation change between sectoral status coefficient and annual total output from 1997 to 2015. Then, we divide the 71 sectors in America into agriculture, manufacturing, services and government, compare the trend terms of average sectoral status coefficients of the four industries and illustrate the causes behind it. We also find obvious abnormality in the sector of housing. At last, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the federal government.

Resilience has become an important concept in safety and risk research and applications. There are many definitions, but the fundamental idea is that resilience has to do with the ability of a system to sustain or restore its functionality and performance following a change in the condition of the system (referred to as an event). Describing or measuring the degree of resilience is challenging as it is not obvious what events should be considered; also unknown types of events occurring need to be taken into account. Considerable efforts have been made to understand and describe the resilience concept and its relationship to risk, and the purpose of the present paper is to contribute to this work by arguing that to analyse and manage resilience, risk considerations and assessments can provide useful input. Resilience management is not depending on risk considerations and assessments to be effective, but could benefit from such considerations and assessments if properly conducted. They need to extend beyond traditional quantitative risk assessments; broader qualitative or semi-quantitative risk considerations and assessments are needed which highlight uncertainties and the knowledge and strength of knowledge that the uncertainty judgments are based on.

LA RED (Network of Social Studies on the Prevention of Disasters in Latin America) has become the most influential group analysing disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its contributions have paved the way for a new way of understanding disasters, disaster risk, and their management, concerning: (i) that disasters are not natural, but socially constructed; (ii) the inherent nexus between disaster risk, development, and the environment; (iii) the significance of small- and medium-sized disasters and extensive and intensive risks; (iv) disaster risk management at the local level; and (v) integrated disaster risk research and the need for forensic investigations of disasters. As a result of this unification of challenges, intellectual communities of connected individuals were formed. Nonetheless, a focus on territorial management, exposure, and vulnerability remains a challenge for academia. In addition, the labyrinths of disaster risk governance must be disentangled by other stakeholders, such as national authorities, policymakers, and practitioners.

The following reflections stem from my personal experiences in risk research rather than from a systematic literature review. This research note therefore should be understood as personal preferences and observations that are not intended as a kind of research agenda, although they perhaps might be of some use for such an endeavor. My academic experience with risk is grounded – and on that note also biased – first by a sociological concern with risk (e.g., Douglas & Wildavsky, 1982; Beck, 1992; Luhmann, 1993; Beck, 1994; Furedi, 2002; Lyng, 2005), and second by an empirical engagement for half of my academic career with the institutional field of organized gambling (e.g., Kingma, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2004, 2008a, 2010, 2013, 2015). For instance, I quickly learned that gambling not only deals with individual risk-taking behavior but, more interesting, at the same time with risk-taking by organizations and governments who commodify, legalize and liberalize this peculiar social activity (which on closer inspection is difficult to classify as either productive or consumptive). This became particularly salient from the 1970s onward when gambling in many jurisdictions gradually transformed from an illegal and deviant activity into a more or less respectable part of the consumer society. In other words, gambling became part of our “institutionalized risk-environment” (Giddens, 1990). In this context, gambling risks such as problem gambling assume the character of “normal accidents” (Perrow, 1999), and gambling organizations, particularly casinos, develop the features of “high-reliability organizations” (Weick & Sutcliffe, 2001) with comparably high levels of risk-awareness and protective measures.

A large proportion of the global tourism industry is highly exposed and vulnerable to environmental hazards and has over the last years been highly affected by subsequent disasters and crises. Tourism involves the interactions of organizations, people, and events in a variety of subsystems. The complexity of this interconnected system and the relatively early-stage of tourism-related crisis and disaster studies suggests that a dialogue between the tourism and the disaster risk research communities could be beneficial in order to share knowledge and define gaps regarding crisis and disaster affecting the tourism industry. Our study aims at giving directions to fill this gap by reviewing key contributions on crisis and disaster risk management and adopting a systematic approach to review the tourism-oriented literature on the topic. Grounding on the analysis of 113 relevant publications, this note describes how the literature has developed to this point and where the field seems to be heading in the future. The findings point towards a research agenda for the future.

As rainfalls exceeding the designed level have increased, so has damage associated with pluvial flooding. Typhoon Hagibis, which swept Japan in 2019, left 140 municipalities in 15 prefectures scarred from flooding. The sewage networks damaged by the typhoon affected civic life by paralyzing urban functions, raising concerns in urban flood risk and management. Increases in heavy rainfall events associated with global climate change are expected to increase damage from pluvial flooding, thereby necessitating reviews of current urban flood risk management for the purpose of making further improvements against future threats. As we enter an era of frequent urban flooding, it is vitally important that we prepare for urban flood risk management by sharing scientific and technological knowledge among academics, private companies, and administrators. In this context, the current issue is a compilation of contemporary research studies in academia, technological advances in private companies, and practical applications in public administrations in Japan. The works include: the application of urban flood modeling in safe evacuation strategies, the assessment of economic loss, and the impact of climate change; state of the art technologies for urban flood management with the Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet Communication Technology (ICT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), and the next generation of weather radars; and best practices for flood countermeasures, based on knowledge and experience from historical flooding and applied in prefectural governments and local municipalities. We are grateful to all the authors and reviewers who contributed to this special issue, and we hope that it may internationally enhance knowledge-exchange in preparation for growing urban flood risks.

In recent years, in Vietnam, economy has been developing rapidly. To ensure rapid and sustainable economic growth, strong support from the energy sector is required. Governments in Vietnam have invested in numerous hydropower projects, many of which employ the EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) contract. However, the EPC general contractors are facing many difficulties, resulting in schedule delays and considerable losses. This research is conducted to highlight the main risk factors in the delays of hydropower construction projects in Vietnam. The research employs the method of statistical calculations and risk analysis to obtain feedback from experts participating in similar projects. The research outcomes are as follows: identifying the risks that can cause delays in EPC hydroelectric construction projects in Vietnam; calculating and classifying the degree of impact of each risk to the progress of the construction. The practical significance of this study is to ensure the timely completion of projects, benefits for the investors, and the EPC general contractors.

There are increasing concerns that research regulatory requirements exceed those required to manage risks, particularly for low- and negligible-risk research projects. In particular, inconsistent documentation requirements across research sites can delay the conduct of multi-site projects. For a one-year, negligible-risk project examining biobank operations conducted at three separate Australian institutions, we found that the researcher time required to meet regulatory requirements was eight times greater than that required for the approved research activity (60 hours versus 7.5 hours respectively). In total, 76 business days (almost four months) were required to obtain the necessary approvals, and site-specific processes required twice as long (52 business days/approximately 10 weeks) as primary Human Research Ethics Committee and Research Governance Office processes (24 business days/ approximately five weeks). We describe the impact of this administrative load on the conduct of a one-year, externally-funded research project, and identify a shared set of application requirements that could be used to streamline and harmonise research governance review of low- and negligible-risk research projects.

International audience; MELODI (Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative) is a European radiation protection research platform with focus on research on health risks after exposure to low-dose ionising radiation. It was founded in 2010 and currently includes 44 members from 18 countries. A major activity of MELODI is the continuous development of a long-term European Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) on low-dose risk for radiation protection. The SRA is intended to identify priorities for national and European radiation protection research programs as a basis for the preparation of competitive calls at the European level. Among those key priorities is the improvement of health risk estimates for exposures close to the dose limits for workers and to reference levels for the population in emergency situations. Another activity of MELODI is to ensure the availability of European key infrastructures for research activities, and the long-term maintenance of competences in radiation research via an integrated European approach for training and education. The MELODI SRA identifies three key research topics in low dose or low dose-rate radiation risk research (1) dose and dose rate dependence of cancer risk, (2) radiation-induced non-cancer effects and (3) individual radiation sensitivity. The research required to improve the evidence base for each of the three key topics relates to three research lines (1) research to improve understanding of the mechanisms contributing to radiogenic diseases, (2) epidemiological research to improve health risk evaluation of radiation exposure and (3) research to address the effects and risks associated with internal exposures, differing radiation qualities and inhomogeneous exposures. The full SRA and associated documents can be downloaded from the MELODI website (http//www.melodi-online.eu/sra.html). © 2017, The Author(s).

Intermittent hypoxia has generally been perceived as a high-risk stimulus, particularly in the field of sleep medicine, because it is thought to initiate detrimental cardiovascular, respiratory, cognitive, and metabolic outcomes. In contrast, the link between intermittent hypoxia and beneficial outcomes has received less attention, perhaps because it is not universally understood that outcome measures following exposure to intermittent hypoxia may be linked to the administered dose. The present review is designed to emphasize the less recognized beneficial outcomes associated with intermittent hypoxia. The review will consider the role intermittent hypoxia has in cardiovascular and autonomic adaptations, respiratory motor plasticity, and cognitive function. Each section will highlight the literature that contributed to the belief that intermittent hypoxia leads primarily to detrimental outcomes. The second segment of each section will consider the possible risks associated with experimentally rather than naturally induced intermittent hypoxia. Finally, the body of literature indicating that intermittent hypoxia initiates primarily beneficial outcomes will be considered. The overarching theme of the review is that the use of intermittent hypoxia in research investigations, coupled with reasonable safeguards, should be encouraged because of the potential benefits linked to the administration of a variety of low-risk intermittent hypoxia protocols.

Reigning regulatory frameworks for biomedical research impose on researchers and research ethics committees an obligation to protect research participants from risks that are unnecessary, disproportionate to potential research benefits, and non-minimized. Where the research has no potential to produce results of direct benefit to the subjects and the subjects are unable to give consent, these requirements are strengthened by an additional condition, that risks should not exceed a certain minimal threshold. In this article, I address the question of whether there should be limits of permissible risks in non-therapeutic research involving competent and healthy subjects. Some commentators argue that competent and informed individuals should have a right to participate even in extremely risky research and that research ethics committees should never reject studies because they are too dangerous. To use David Shaw's expression, competent volunteers should have 'a right to participate in high-risk research'. I argue that this idea is ill-founded, as it does not take into account the social mission and complex collaborative nature of research practice as well as the inequity of power between researchers and subjects. Imposition of limits on permissible risks for healthy volunteers is justified by the need to protect research enterprise and the need to protect the weaker party, namely the subjects. Also, I suggest that the best way to set boundaries on research risks is to leave the judgment of risk acceptability to research ethics committees.

The non-profit government investment project (Non-profit Government Investment Project, hereinafter referred to as NGIP) own huge investment, large-scale, long cycle, involving a wide range of social benefits and it is related to the country's macroeconomic development, in its implementation period does not great certainty. Under Agent Construction System NGIP has its own risk, the paper will be based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, FAHP) establish NGIP risk assessment model, through data processing the final use of the evaluation model for empirical analysis to achieve the agent system NGIP risk assessment.

This Special Issue of the Journal of Risk Research was initiated to increase the evidence base supporting critical understanding of the use and impacts of transparency as a policy tool in risk management and regulation in Europe and North America. The lead research articles and perspectives were initially presented at a two-day workshop supported by the Journal of Risk Research and its publisher Taylor and Francis, which took place in Lavandou, Provence, 19th - 20th June 2014. In this editorial we introduce the motivations for the special issue and offer a brief summary of the contribution of each article highlighting key intersections and points of concurrence

The contributions of this special issue are centered on Russian natural hazard and risk research in the territory of the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union. The overall aim is to promote the excellent research results in this scientific field which were, unfortunately, for decades only available to the Russian-speaking community. Despite the considerable research efforts undertaken by Russian scholars, methods and results are hardly known among non-Russian researchers and consequently neglected by the international research community simply because many sources are only available in Russian language. A prominent example includes the textbook “The fundamentals of avalanche science” by Bozhinskiy and Losev (1998), the Russian version originally published in 1987, which was only translated due to an initiative of the Swiss Federal Institute of Snow and Avalanche Research in Davos, Switzerland. Following a discussion among participants of the Third International Conference on Debris Flows in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in September 2014, we strongly believe that making accessible Russian research to the international hazard community will be of vital interest and will provide substantial added value to the progress in natural hazard and risk research.

Analysis the physical process of the gas emission, Inland LNG filling barge gas leakage simulation experiment was carried out and experiments data analysis by comparing verification. The result shows that in a situation of fixed wind speed and wind direction changes, harmful consequences will decrease with the angle increase between wind direction and the LNG filling barge.

In recent years, the prefabricated house industry has rapid development,.Because of fewer suppliers, higher demand transport scheme and complex quality test, the risks of construction engineering logistics links are relatively high. Studying how to effectively evaluate the risks of construction engineering logistics links is significant. According to the characteristics of the prefabricated house construction engineering, we analyse the construction engineering logistics risks and use the combined weights method to determine the weight of indexes which contains both subjective and objective factors, to improve the scientific value and the validity of the assessment. Based on credibility measure method, a new logistics risk evaluation model in prefabricated housing is established to estimate the risk during making prefabricated house construction engineering. The presented model can avoid the subjectivity of selecting the membership function and solve the problem of how to comprehensively assess the construction engineering logistics risk in a certain extent.

This paper discusses theories and methods of climate change risk studies for the research expansion in China. Climate change risks consist of three basic components including sensitivity, exposure, and possibility. Uncertainty, future events, damages, and relativity are the major features of climate change risk. Climate change risk research includes two key steps: risk assessment and risk management, the former is the process, and the latter is the ultimate goal which is the basis for actions to address climate change. We present the main framework and methods for climate change risk research. A case study on China’s floods risk is taken as an example of climate change risk study. Finally, we point out main aspects of climate change risk research, including ensemble-based probabilistic projection, quantitative risk assessment, risk zoning and mapping, and risk management. Citation Wu, S.-H., T. Pan, and S.-F. He, 2012: Climate change risk research: A case study on flood disaster risk in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 3(2), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00092.

This work investigates the Practice Standard for Project Risk Management (PSPRM) in light of the fundamental organizational risk research. As a result of this investigation, the work finds that the PSPRM is lacking some key concepts from the extant organizational risk literature and that other fundamental risk concepts are not applied in a manner consistent with the literature. Building on these findings, the work illustrates how project risk management and project risk research might be effected by these deficiencies and recommends some simple measures that could be implemented to usefully augment the PSPRM and project risk research.Prpić, J., (2016). Project Risk Management Incorporating Knight, Ellsberg & Kahneman. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences #49. January 2016, Kauai, Hawaii, USA. IEEE Computer Society Press

This article addresses risk issues arising from new procedures of biotechnology like gene-editing, particularly in agriculture. Bioethicists and researchers in agricultural ethics will have to deal with the topic of ecological integrity in science and technology given that culturally developed notions on the dignity of living beings and the need for safeguarding individual lives of animals and plants would be radically challenged. The article highlights potential risks and dangers of synthetic biology, describes novel patents on lives which pose an additional challenge to integrity, and calls for a bioethics of integrity.

Although the field of risk research is increasingly alert to new theoretical and empirical perspectives, it is still the case that few studies take a visual approach, despite its obvious worth in c ...

Researchers are slowly acknowledging an ethical obligation to inform research participants about study findings. Research notification may help participants become aware of and manage potential health risks. Scholars and practitioners have acknowledged the need for better understanding of this process. This study investigates transcripts of focus groups conducted to gauge audience reactions to notification materials that communicate scientific research findings about occupational exposures. Focus groups are a useful way to tailor notification materials to audiences, but we caution that transmission models of communication used in risk research may obscure the full value of focus groups. The emphasis on translating scientific communication into "lay" language may overlook how scientists and lay audiences can work together to bridge differences in language, experiences, goals, and orientations toward health. This study demonstrates limitations in scientific risk communication that minimize participation in communicating science. The conclusion provides instructive insights for strengthening the process of communicating science.

Public sector performance measurement (PM) practices can be risky. It is imperative that research engages with the riskiness of PM and how this might be reduced. To help move towards a less risky state of public sector PM, where benefits outweigh negative potential, this paper reviews studies on PM risk to ascertain what existing research indicates about (a) the risks of PM (b) the conditions in which the risks of PM are more likely to manifest, and (c) the approaches that mitigate the risks of PM. Based on this, the paper outlines a way forward for public sector PM research. Overall the paper makes a number of contributions. First, it brings together a disparate and fragmented field in reviewing studies examining the risks of PM. Second, the paper reframes the research question that public sector PM risk research and public sector PM studies more broadly should engage in. Third, specific suggestions are offered in terms of how future research might proceed in a coordinated manner, examining and informing practice where PM is part of an integrated and enabling control system for strategising and managing in the public sector, and where citizen-centric PM is utilised as part of multiple evaluation modes to more effectively support accountability to external constituents.

In a perspective derived from actor-network theory (ANT), ‘risk’ can be considered as a specific assemblage of heterogeneous entities as well as a proliferation of hybrids. The concept and ideas of ANT offer a meaningful approach to addressing the hybridity and heterogeneity of complex assemblages of risk. Furthermore, the theory provides a theoretical vocabulary to analyse settings of risk and disasters. Especially for ex post analysis of disasters, ANT is able to identify errors in process chains and management practice. In this regard, it deals with questions of stability/instability in management and organisations within the broader context of risk governance. The article discusses the following questions from an ANT perspective: What is ‘risk’ and how can it be managed? What are the general implications and benefits of an ANT approach to disaster risk management? In what ways does an ANT approach challenge some of the conventional wisdoms in the field of disaster risk management? The article shows the potential of ANT as an analytical tool in disaster risk management and as a tool for planning, design and decision-making.