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Background: Nemonoxacin, a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, including activity against antibiotic-resistant strains, and was developed for treating community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This report provides an integrated safety summary of oral nemonoxacin from two phase II and one phase III clinical studies. Methods: Patients with mild CAP were randomized for treatment with nemonoxacin 500 mg (NEMO-500MG), nemonoxacin 750 mg (NEMO-750MG), or levofloxacin 500 mg (LEVO), orally, once daily, for 7–10 days. Hematological, gastrointestinal, and hepatic disorders; electrocardiography abnormalities; and reported quinolone-associated clinical concerns were included in this analysis. Results: A total of 520, 155, and 320 subjects were assigned to receive NEMO-500MG, NEMO-750MG, and LEVO, respectively. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was the highest (54.8%) in the NEMO-750MG group (NEMO-500MG, 36.9%; NEMO-750MG, 54.8%; LEVO, 39.7%) and that of drug-related AEs was comparable between the three groups (NEMO-500MG, 22.9%; NEMO-750MG, 31.0%; LEVO, 22.5%). The majority (>80%) of the patients showed mild drug-related AEs and the distribution based on severity was similar between the groups. The most commonly reported drug-related AEs included neutropenia (NEMO-500MG, 2.5%; NEMO-750MG, 8.4%; LEVO, 4.4%), nausea (NEMO-500MG, 2.5%; NEMO-750MG, 7.1%; LEVO, 2.5%), leukopenia (NEMO-500MG, 2.3%; NEMO-750MG, 4.5%; LEVO, 3.1%), and increased alanine aminotransferase level (NEMO-500MG, 4.4%; NEMO-750MG, 0%; LEVO, 2.5%). Conclusion: Nemonoxacin was well tolerated and no clinically significant safety concerns were identified, suggesting that it possesses a desirable safety and tolerability profile similar to that of levofloxacin, and may be a suitable alternative to fluoroquinolones for treating patients with CAP. Keywords: Community-acquired pneumonia, Fluoroquinolone, Levofloxacin, Nemonoxacin, Safety

For the magnetic field with unknown magnetization direction, it is necessary to study the edge detection for the magnetic source of oblique magnetization directly. In this study, we propose a new edge detection called anisotropy normalized variance based on magnetic gradient tensor (ANV_MGT). First we use an anisotropy scale to improve the core function of ANV to show the effect of the anisotropy Gaussian function. Then the magnetic gradient tensor mode is used in the ANV method to process the anomalies with oblique magnetization. We construct a numerical model of complex magnetic anomalies with an oblique magnetization, which is used to test the edge detection method. The model test shows that the proposed method, ANV_MGT, can detect the edge of the magnetic source with non-vertical magnetization direction. It also shows that the proposed method is better than application of ANV on the 3D analytic signal amplitude. In the application to real data from western China, a perfect magnetite ore location is determined by performing ANV_MGT for the non-reduction to the pole data.

A new type of powertrain system was developed for electric hybrid vehicles. It is mainly composed of engine, first electric motor, first shaft, synchronizer mechanism, second electric motor, planetary gear set and second shaft. The adoption of one planetary gear set and synchronizer mechanism make it can be operated in four different operation modes with high energy efficiency and lower cost, its four operation modes are pure electric driving, hybrid driving, independent engine driving and regenerative braking. These four operation modes can fit the vehicle practical conditions according to order from the control system.

In order to provide a new power train for electric hybrid vehicles that is simple in structure and lower in cost with higher fuel efficiency. A new power train for electric hybrid vehicle was designed with only one motor, one engine and a two speed ratio gear box. It has six different operation modes and can meet the vehicle driving requirements，and can provide pure electric drive, independent engine drive and hybrid drive with two speed ratios.

A new powertrain system was developed for electric vehicle driving application with adoption of one electric motor and one set of planetary gear set. With the control of fork, the sleeve of synchronizer can mesh two different parts on the left and right side; the system can provide pure electric driving, hybrid driving and regenerative braking operation modes to meet vehicle practical conditions. It can reduce both power train structure size and cost with fewer parts.

The aim of this study was to explore the associations and differences in influencing factors between alcoholic liver disease (ALD) coupled with Helicobacter pylori infection and atherosclerosis and to determine whether there is a “double hit phenomenon” in atherosclerosis patients with ALD and H. pylori infections. Included cases (n = 160) were categorized into 4 groups: 41 cases of ALD coupled with H. pylori infections (group A), 35 cases of H. pylori infections without ALD (group B), 37 cases of ALD without H. pylori infections (group C), and 47 normal control cases (group D). CIMT was significantly greater in group A than in groups B and D (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively). The GLM univariate analysis found that CIMT was significantly greater in group A than in groups B, C and D (P = 0.018, P = 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively). We found that BMI and ALT, AST and ApoB levels were independent predictors of CIMT (P = 0.000, P = 0.000, P = 0.012 and P = 0.014, respectively). ALD coupled with H. pylori infection may result in significant CIMT thickening, but H. pylori infection without ALD and ALD without H. pylori infection does not, suggesting that a “double hit phenomenon” occurs. Additionally, BMI, and ALT, AST and ApoB levels were independent risk factors for increased CIMT.

A high dynamic range CMOS image sensor (CIS) with dual charge transfer phase is presented. The proposed method enhances the DR (Dynamic Range) of CIS by generating two branch of reset and charge transfer control signal TG according to the incident light intensity. Compared with conventional techniques, the method presented in this paper shows linear response in all light intensity range. The proposed CIS pixel architecture is implemented with 0.18 um 1P4M standard CIS technology. The DR of CIS with the proposed architecture reaches to 107.36 dB with 46.21 dB enhancement with only 5% additional power consumption.

A new kind of power train was developed for low speed lorry with top speed less than 70km/h. this new hybrid power train is mainly consisted of clutch, transmission, engine, engine controller, vehicle controller, power battery, electric motor, and main differential. The main differential has a set of gear for power input, which is for engine and motor power coupling. This new system can provide pure engine driving, pure motor driving, hybrid driving, and braking energy regeneration according to different conditions, which can save energy and improve efficiency.

A new type power steering system was developed for electric hybrid city bus. It is mainly composed of fluid reservoir, electric motor, steering pump, safety valve, solenoid, pressure sensor, hydraulic cylinder, braking air tank, controller, steering wheel, steering angle sensor, steering control valve, mechanical steering mechanism, steering power cylinder. Its main idea is based on using of pressure from braking air tank to push a cylinder to generate hydraulic pressure. It can provide enough pressure for steering needing timely. And the steering pump does not need working at the time of no steering requirement. The application of a new type power steering system can save energy to improve fuel efficiency.

A new type of electric power train system was designed for fully hybrid electric city bus, which is mainly composed of engine, power coupling mechanism, first motor, second motor, motor controller, power train controller, power battery, and Drive axle. Its main characteristics of power coupling mechanism is adoption of one planetary gear set to realize the function that can be provided by two planetary gear sets. The new power train can be manufactured with lower cost because of its simple structure with higher transmission efficiency and less faults such as oil leakage. The new system can provide five operation modes for city bus, which are hybrid driving, pure electric driving, regenerative braking, grid charging, and stop charging.

A new type test bench was developed for power train used in electric hybrid vehicle. This bench was mainly composed of inertial flywheels, brake, clutch, dynameters, and controller. When testing the power train, the engine, power train, inertial flywheels, brake, clutch and dynameters are connected in series. One end of inertial flywheels is connected with output end of power train; the other end is connected with a clutch. Between the inertial flywheels and clutch, there is a brake for braking of flywheels. The clutch is for connection and disconnection of inertial flywheels and dynameters. This new test bench can perform different power modes with corresponding operation modes set in the main controller.

This study presents an adaptive logic-oriented neural control system for Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV). An autonomous fuzzy neural controller is constructed by using rudder to regulate both the tracking error and heading error. The proposed approach based on logic-oriented neural network with domain knowledge easily incorporated in advance can be easily interpreted and it can be directly translated into a series of logic expressions formed over a collection of information granules. The proposed neural controller can adapt itself on-line from a direct evaluation of the control accuracy, so there is no need for a supervised training process. The control system is implemented in a model of USV. Simulations for track-keeping control under environmental wind and waves have been investigated. Simulation results presented in the paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A new type hybrid power train system was developed for HEV, which can works as power coupling and transmission mechanism with three input shafts, one output shaft and fixed transmission ratios. The HEV adopting this new device can realize three operation modes: hybrid power driving mode, pure electric propulsion mode and electricity generation mode at vehicle stop condition. It can make engine work at optimum fuel consumption area, utilize motor to provide high start torque and realize modes conversion transform at probable rotation speed. The whole structure of this system is simple and easy manufactured, which can meet vehicle driving requirements at complicated conditions.

In pure electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle, the adoption of motor barking for energy recycling make its braking control more complicated. Making good use of braking energy can improve vehicle efficiency. A new method was developed to coordinate the motor regenerative braking and ABS braking. Which identify the road condition with real time basing on wheel speed information from four wheel speed sensors. Then control system decides the braking force provided by ABS system. The residual braking force is produced by motor barking to meet total braking force requirements. The two braking forces are coordinated by control system to perform brake function of vehicle.

The pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles are being developed and used wildly to save energy and reduce air pollution. In pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, most of the steering hydraulic pump and braking sir pump have one electric motor to drive its pump. A new system with one electric motor for these two bumps was developed for application in pure electric vehicles（EVs） and hybrid electric vehicle ( HEVs). Comparison with conventional configuration, this new method can reduce cost and mounting space with compact size and higher energy efficiency. And the test results show that the new system can meet the requirements of HEV operation quite well.

the FEM model of unitary body of HEV city bus was established, and the model accuracy was proved by electric measurement. The Sensitivity analysis of stiffness was conducted to determine variables for optimization design basing on special analysis software tools. At last, the plan was formed to reach design target of light weight with least stiffness change and regulated strength of vehicle body.

The factors affecting regenerative braking performance of brushless DC motor(BLDCM) were analyzed by means of bench test and road test .the BLDCM was used as drive motor in a four –wheel-independent-drive EV. The relation between PWM duty and motor rotation speed, charging current and voltage were determined by test, which can benefit design of control strategy of regenerative braking for electric motor and help to improve energy efficiency.

The ABS, motor, Battery, fly wheels, wheel and roller are used to built test bench to measure coordinate control strategy between ABS braking and regenerative braking. The test bench can also be used to simulate engine brake during vehicle deceleration, and ABS control methods. This can reduce development time and cost effectively.

If static model of brake pipe pressure and torque model were used in brake system analysis and neglect their dynamic performance, it could cause bigger difference between simulation results and real condition. Some main dynamic models from experiments research are presented with brief introductions.

The temperature increment process was measured on test rig for disk brake of some car. And the changing model of disk brake was built using Boltzmann equation. Orthogonal experimental with two factors and three levels were conducted. And the results were analyzed based on quadratic regression method to get parameters of equation. The model can be used in temperature prediction.

A triplexer was fabricated based on asymmetric Y branch waveguides Cascade Multimode interference(MMI) for fiber to the home(FTTH).The simulation results of spectral response show that output optical fields are clearly.And the demultiplexing function for download 1 490 nm and 1 550 nm and multiplexing function for upload 1 310 nm were achieved.The simulation results of finited different beam propagation method(FD-BPM) show that insertion loss is less than 1.49 dB;the bandwidths of three response wavelengths meet the demand of ITU.984 completely;the isolation for 1 310 nm is more than 47 dB;the isolation for between 1 490 nm and 1 550 nm is more than 29 dB.

To find transient braking factor changing model affected by its three main operation factors. A type of drum brake of passenger car was taken as the testing object, a series of practical tests were conducted in brake dynamometers with combination of orthogonal and recursive methods, a formula described transient friction coefficient of drum brake was deduced from test data on the basis of three main factors which are pressure, speed and temperature, which can reflect the drum brake’s performance changing condition influenced by three main factors.

Nemonoxacin, a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo activities against community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) pathogens, including multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae . Patients with mild to moderate CAP ( n = 265) were randomized to receive oral nemonoxacin (750 mg or 500 mg) or levofloxacin (500 mg) once daily for 7 days. Clinical responses were determined at the test-of-cure visit in intent-to-treat (ITT), clinical per protocol (PPc), evaluable-ITT, and evaluable-PPc populations. The clinical cure rates for 750 mg nemonoxacin, 500 mg nemonoxacin, and levofloxacin were 89.9%, 87.0%, and 91.1%, respectively, in the evaluable-ITT population; 91.7%, 87.7%, and 90.3%, respectively, in the evaluable-PPc population; 82.6%, 75.3%, and 80.0%, respectively, in the ITT population; and 83.5%, 78.0%, and 82.3%, respectively, in the PPc population. Noninferiority to levofloxacin was demonstrated in both the 750-mg and 500-mg nemonoxacin groups for the evaluable-ITT and evaluable-PPc populations, and also in the 750 mg nemonoxacin group for the ITT and PPc populations. Overall bacteriological success rates were high for all treatment groups in the evaluable-bacteriological ITT population (90.2% in the 750 mg nemonoxacin group, 84.8% in the 500 mg nemonoxacin group, and 92.0% in the levofloxacin group). All three treatments were well tolerated, and no drug-related serious adverse events were observed. Overall, oral nemonoxacin (both 750 mg and 500 mg) administered for 7 days resulted in high clinical and bacteriological success rates in CAP patients. Further, good tolerability and excellent activity against common causative pathogens were demonstrated. Nemonoxacin (750 mg and 500 mg) once daily is as effective and safe as levofloxacin (500 mg) once daily for the treatment of CAP.

Background/Purpose Patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation in Taiwan are stepped down to a respiratory care ward (RCW) for further respiratory care. Only a few patients in the RCW can ultimately be weaned and discharged. In this study, we tried to determine factors that predict mortality and readmission of these patients in the post-discharge period. Methods Between May 1, 2004 and October 31, 2006, clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for eligible patients in a RCW. Patients who were successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation were enrolled in this study. Results A total of 243 patients were eligible for evaluation, and 67 patients were successfully weaned and discharged. By Kaplan-Meier curve, 36 (67.1%) patients were readmitted within 3 months after discharge, and among these, 23 (63.9%) had mechanical ventilation reinstituted at the time of first readmission. The most common cause of readmission was airway infection (80.5%). Overall mortality and readmission rates at 1 year after weaned discharge were 32.9% and 88.2%, respectively. By multivariate analysis, patients with neurologic causes of ventilator dependency were less likely to be readmitted (hazard ratio = 0.36; p =0.034), and neoplastic diseases (hazard ratio = 4.66; p =0.031) were independently associated with mortality. Conclusion Underlying comorbidities and causes of ventilator dependency are important predictors of mortality and readmission among patients after weaned discharge from a RCW.

In hybrid electric vehicles, there is a set of electricity generating system. This system was modified to meet requirements of vehicle-mounted power plant. The new system is mainly composed of engine, generator, planetary gears, motor, battery, transfer case, control system and etc. and the planetary gears mechanism has two sets of planetary, control system includes vehicle controller, engine controller, motor controller, and inventor. This system can perform the functions which include vehicle driving, generating with vehicle ruining and generating with vehicle stopping. It can meet requirements of special purse vehicles.

The theory of voltage-tunable liquid crystal filter is elaborated,and the change of transmission of BL-009 nematic liquid crystal in visible light band is detailedly analyzed by testing the transmission of liquid crystal using Shimadzu UV-23101 spectrophotometer.Relation curve of transmission with voltage is gained in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm.The spectral lines at 488 nm wavelength and at 514.5 nm wavelength of argon ion laser are separated.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the impact of previous antibiotic exposure and the influence of time interval since exposure on the evolution of antibiotic-resistant infections. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 167 mechanically ventilated patients with nosocomial infections over a 3-year period, with focus on infections in the bloodstream, urinary tract, lower respiratory tract, and surgical sites. Results Of 167 patients, 62% were confirmed as antibiotic resistant. The most common isolated pathogen was extended-spectrum β-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae (43.9%), followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (22.8%), and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (17.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that the association between resistance and the time interval increased within 10 days (odds ratio [OR], 2.45; P = .133) and peaked at 11 to 20 days (OR, 7.17; P = .012). The data were categorized into 2 groups: when the time interval was more than 20 days, there was a 23.9% reduction in resistance rate compared with when the time interval was 20 days or less (OR, 0.36; P = .002). Conclusions Although antibiotic exposure increased resistance rate in nosocomial infections, this association decreased as time interval increased. Antibiotic stewardship should consider the significance of time interval while investigating the evolution of subsequent antibiotic-resistant infections.

With development of intelligence technology, people applied all kinds of intelligent algorithms in ship tracking control. Unmanned surface vehicle (USV) raised less attention due to flexible features more complicated motion system and constantly changing according to the environment. In this work, based on previous achievements, a mathematic model of USV and the corresponding Simulink modules are established and then, Line of sight guidance (LOS) scheme is introduced to implement the feasibility of the ship's tracking control. Finally in Matlab, experimental simulations are conducted, which verify performance and accuracy of the proposed methodology.

According to the motion characteristic and hydrodynamics of high-speed deep-V planning, a real-time 6DOF mathematical motion model for the USV was built and the performance was simulated in Matlab/Simulink software tool. Then a fuzzy logic system for autonomous navigation of unmanned surface vehicles is presented. The control system intelligently controls the vehicle to go from origin to destination avoiding the obstacles in its path. Depending on the anticipated danger of the obstacle, the vehicle chooses an angle of divergence which avoids the obstacles and keeps the speed of the vehicle. The proposed control system of the vehicle has two main controllers. The first one is speed controller and the second one is nozzle controller. Compared with the actual sea trial data, the results show that the proposed model and fuzzy controller can better reflect and simulate the maneuverability of the USV under ocean environment.

This paper addresses a practical problem, namely, modeling the hydrodynamic environment of a small ROV. This has become the problem of solving time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with moving boundaries and a new method is developed to solve it. Navier-Stokes equations expressed in a moving-body-fixed coordinate frame with moving boundaries are derived and solved by a proposed finite element method which is a modified velocity correction procedure (Ren and Utnes 1993). The present method is implemented in the C language on a SUN/Sparc Station. The algorithm and program are demonstrated by solving a classic driven cavity flow problem and a simplified model of the hydrodynamic environment of a small ROV, which is a moving boundary problem. The results from the driven cavity flow problem are compared to previous work. A definition is also given of the moving boundary problem (MBP) related to the solution of Navier-Stokes equations.

The main character of pipe route arrangement of a ship is to search a feasible path that connects given locations and avoids all obstacles in an engine room environment scattered with equipments and components, at the same time, the selected route should meet special evaluation conditions. Spatial effect is an important factor in the evaluation of pipelines, but is ignored in most existing optimize algorithms or the given methods are too complicated. Orientation-location distribution algorithm is presented to evaluate the spatial effect of pipe-routing. According to the location and direction of pipeline, different spatial effect coefficients are given and used to cost modification of routes to get the optimum layout. The presented algorithm is simple and feasible.

In order to detect weak fault eigenfrequency submerged in noises environment, a multitaper-based detection method was developed for incipient motor faults. The tradeoff problem between frequency resolution and variance was studied, and the optimal tradeoff value was chosen to be applied on detecting motor faults. By selecting high energy tapers, the root leakage of eigenfrequency was eliminated, and the shape of eigenfrequency was changed to be distinguishable. Simulation studies were conducted and results show that Multi-Taper Method has a more steady and antinoise performance compared with other methods. Finally, an experiment was arranged in laboratory, and the bear faults were put into the motor. By using the method proposed, it is validated that Multi-taper Method is effective for detecting the motor incipient faults.

Inflammation has recently proven to be associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammatory genes are good candidates for the risk of developing atherosclerosis. The early phase of atherosclerosis involves the recruitment of inflammatory cells from the circulation and their transendothelial migration. This process is mainly mediated by cellular adhesion molecules. The adhesion molecule P-selectin may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Polymorphism of P-selectin gene, which may affect the production level of the adhesion molecule, has been associated with a number of atherosclerotic disease. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship of P-selectin gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke in a Chinese population. We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms of P-selectin gene −2,123 G/C, −1,969 G/A, −1,817 T/C and Thr715Pro in three hundred and five patients with ischemic stroke and 280 age and sex matched controls, using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing method. There were no significant differences in the genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of P-selectin gene polymorphisms between the group of patients with ischemic stroke and the control group. Furthermore, there was no significant association of genotype, allele and haplotype at any of the polymorphism in relation to any subtype of ischemic stroke. We did not observe an association between P-selectin gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke or any subtype of ischemic stroke. However, further studies are needed to explore the complex interaction between environmental factors and P-selectin gene polymorphisms in the risk of ischemic stroke, particularly in ethnically different populations.

We developed a monitoring and control system for airfield lighting. The system can improve the operating efficiency, the reliability, the safety, and the flexibility of airfield lighting. The system is an integrated system, useful for maintenance and failure-diagnosis. Various techniques of hardware, software and network are employed in sending and receiving data on the network system in real-time. The electric powers, the generators and the network itself are also controlled and checked by the system it with redundant configuration. The failures and fire alarms of main equipments are timely monitored.. The data of operational states and of operational commands are stored by the SQL server 7.0 database. A self-checking technique is also used to fulfill the requirement of reliability, safety and maintenances In software design; five independent applications are developed by VC6.0 language for each light-station PC. Also five dependent programs for each monitoring and control PC to complete the communication in network, switch between the two redundant PC and give graphic interface between man and machines. The paper also presents the configuration of the system, gives the design scheme and implementation of the whole system and some solutions of actual problems in the development and application from the programming experience by the authors.

Based on the developed optically pumped graphene multilayer terahertz surface plasma structures, this paper calculates the real part of propagation index and amplification coefficient in optically pumped graphene multilayer structures, discusses the inluences of momentum relaxation time, temperature, numbers of grapheme layers, and the quasi-Fermi energy in the topmost grapheme layer on the real part of propagation index and amplification coefficient. It is shown that when the real part of dynamic conductivity becomes negative in the terahertz range of frequencies in the optically pumped graphene multilayer structures, the surface plasma of graphene layers can achieve gain. By comparing the peeling-graphene-structure with the graphene structure that has a high conducting bottom graphene layer in optically pumped scheme, it can be said that the surface plasma of the peeling-graphene-structure can get a high efficient amplification. Meanwhile, the structure having properly numbers of graphene layers can get a larger amplification than the simple graphene structure in an optically pumped scheme at low temperatures.

Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of slow breathing rate on heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) in healthy subjects. Methods 53 healthy volunteers underwent three periods of controlled breathing at 8, 12 and 16 breaths/min. ECG (RR), respiratory and blood pressure signal were continuously and simultaneously recorded. In our study, the influence of the respiration on RRI (RR interval) and BP were observed. Simultaneously, we studied the effects of slow breathing rate on RRI, amplitude of blood pressure oscillation, low-frequency (LF) power, high-frequency (HF) power and LF/HF of HRV and BPV. Then we also corrected the effects of slow breathing rate on respiratory peak shifts. Results RRI and BP cyclical change coincided with the respiratory cycle; As breathing rate reduced, amplitude of RRI and blood pressure oscillation increased, heart rate slowed (P Conclusions Reductions of respiration rate shifted the respiratory peak into the junction of HF and LF or even below LF range. In accordance with this shift, the effects of slow breathing rate on respiratory peak shifts should be corrected when we performed HRV and BPV spectral analysis; Correct spectral analysis demonstrated that slow respiration can cause increase in HF power and decease in LF power and LF/HF. These demonstrated that slow breathing is indeed capable of increasing vagal activities and shifting sympathetic-vagal balance towards vagal activities.

Objectives To study the impact of respiratory frequency on HRV and discuss how to exclude it. Methods 12 healthy male rabbits aged 4-5 months and weighting 2.5-3.0 kg were selected. The Rabbits respiratory control system was established. ECG, instant blood pressure and respiratory waveform under different respiratory frequency (RF) (40 bpm,50 bpm,60 bpm) were recorded synchronously via SKY-A4 (a three channel electrophysiolograph); HRV & BRS2.0-a HRV analysis system was used to observe the shift of high frequency peak (HFP), and to analyse power spectra density (PSD). Two different analysis methods were adopted to analyse PSD, tHRV (traditional heart rate variability) analysis method with which parameters of different frequency segment were preset; EHRV (enhance heart rate variability) analysis method with which very low frequency were filtered, and HF were located near Fundamental Respiratory Frequency (FRF). Comparisons between the results of the two methods were made. Results The shift of HFP: RF 50 bpm, the HFP was located at the conjunction of LF segment and HF segment; RF 40 bpm, HFP would be shifted into the LF segment; RF 60 bpm, the total HFP would be shifted into HF segment. Comparison between tHRV and eHRV results: tHRV results:compared with RF 50 bmp, RF 40 bpm HF, HFnorm were decreased, LF, LFnorm, LF/HF were increased; RF 60 bpm seems increase HF (t =-3.477, P = 0.005), HFnorm (t =-2.903, P = 0.013), decrease LF/HF (t = 2.500, P = 0.028). eHRV results: there was no significant difference was fund between different RF PSD. Conclusions RF slow down would shift HFP to relatively low frequency, sometimes to LF segment, which would increase LF and decrease HF. Enhanced HRV analysis could exclude this influence.

Objectives To discuss the relationship between vagus nerve and heart rate variability (HRV). Methods 12 healthy rabbits were selected and anaesthetized, ventilation was used to control respiratory parameters, tide volume preset 10 mL/kg, respiratory frequency preset 50 beat per min, carotid compression transducer was used to monitor blood-pressure. ECGs of pre and post vagotomy were collected and analysed. Results RRI cyclical change pre and post vagotomy coincided with the respiratory cycle. Peak of RRI and respiratory power spectral density post vagotomy were shifted right (0.19 ± 0.02 vs 0.20 ± 0.03, P Conclusions Vagus nerve could affect respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), but it was not the unique pathway attribute to RSA. High frequency power (HF) could reflect the function of vagus, but could not totally represent the tense of vagus nerve.

A thermal-optical tunable filter based on the Venier effect of cascade microring resonator, which can expand the Free-Spectrum-Range (FSR) and the tuning range, is designed and simulated. The FSR of the filter with a radius of 48 m for the first order and 50 m for the second order microring can be expanded to 76.5 nm, which is at present the largest FSR to our best knowledge. A tuning range covering all of the above mentioned FSR can be reached under 103.1 mW heating power, which is also the largest one for silicon based thermal-optic tunable microring resonator filers. The response time, calculated by finite-element-method, of the designed tunable filter with 50 m radius ring is 3.5 s for the rise edge and 0.8 s for the fall edge.

The dynamic process of light illumination of GaAs is studied numerically in this paper to understand the photoquenching characteristics of the material. This peculiar behavior of GaAs is usally ascribed to the existence of EL2 states and their photodriven metastable states. To understand the conductivity quenching, we have introduced nonlinear terms describing the recombination of the nonequilibrium free electrons and holes into the calculation. Though some photoquenching such as photocapacitance, infrared absorption, and electron-paramagnetic-resonance quenching can be explained qualitatively by only considering the internal transfer between the EL2 state and its metastability, it is essential to take the recombination into consideration for a clear understanding of the photoquenching process. The numerical results and approximate analytical approach are presented in this paper for the first time to our knowledge. The calculation gives quite a reasonable explanation for n-type semiconducting GaAs to have infrared absorption quenching while lacking photoconductance quenching. Also, the calculation results have allowed us to interpret the enhanced photoconductance phenomenon following the conductance quenching in typical semi-insulating GaAs and have shown the expected thermal recovery temperature of about 120 K. The numerical results are in agreement with the reported experiments and have diminished some ambiguities in previous works.

To assess the value of color Doppler ultrasound in distinguishing minimal pleural effusion from pleural thickening, a prospective analysis was done on the ultrasonographic findings in 51 patients. Real-time, gray-scale, and color Doppler chest ultrasound examinations were carried out by different sonographers who had no clinical information concerning the patients. The sonographer evaluated the images for internal echogenicity of the effusion, pleural lesions that change shape with respiration, and movable septa and echo-densities in pleural space in conventional gray-scale as well as color signal in color Doppler ultrasound. Of the 35 patients with true effusion, 33 had positive color signal (sensitivity 94.3%, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 89 to 98.6%); in 16 patients without effusion, none had color signal (specificity 100%, 95% CI 83 to 100%). Although real-time, gray-scale ultrasound is also sensitive for detecting minimal effusion (sensitivity 100%, 95% CI 92 to 100%), it is less specific (specificity 68.7%, 95% CI 46 to 91.5%). Five of 16 examinations showing fluid-like lesions were found to be deceptive. With relatively high sensitivity and specificity, this method proved to be a useful diagnostic aid to real-time, gray-scale ultrasound for diagnosis of minimal or loculated effusion.

We report the experimental result of all-optical passive 3.55 Gbit/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) to pseudo-return-to-zero (PRZ) format conversion using a high-quality-factor (Q-factor) silicon-based microring resonator notch filter on chip. The silicon-based microring resonator has 23800 Q-factor and 22 dB extinction ratio (ER), and the PRZ signals has about 108 ps width and 4.98 dB ER.

The distribution of pump light and signal light power of Nd3+-doped fiber amplifier along the fiber is numerically simulated. The Nd3 +-doped polarization-maintaining fiber amplifier is experimentally studied, which is pumped by 808nm semiconductor laser. The enlargement factor of small-signal is 300（the gain is 25dB）, and the steady 5W amplificatory pulse is obtained by using the self-made Nd:YAG passive mode-locking laser as seed source. The 86142B-type spectrograph and TDS5104 oscillograph are employed to detect the output laser, and the output power is measured by power meter.

The Nd3+-doped pulse polarization-maintaining fiber laser pumped by 808nm semiconductor laser is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The wave form of output pulse was detected by a TDS5104 oscillograph，and the spectrogram of the output pulse was obtained by using a spectrum analysis apparatus. Originally，the single pulse energy of 2.3mJ with average power of 2.55W was generated at the repetition rate of 1kHz. By changing the resonance cavity and making other modificantions of the laser, we obtained the highest single pulse energy of 3.3mJ with peak power of 17.9kW at the repetition rate of 1kHz，and the pulse width was 184ns and the average power of the output pulse was 3.5W.

By means of numerical analysis，the distribution of pump light and the output laser power along the fiber with different fiber length has been investigated. The experimental research of the Nd3+-doped polarization-maintaining fiber laser is reported，which is pumped by 808nm semiconductor laser. The influence of different fiber winding radius on output power and polarization characteristic of the laser are studied. Double wavelength peaks at 1060nm and 1092nm are obtained. The maximum output power of the laser is 7.35W at 1060nm，the slope efficiency is 58.3%.

The matrix method is employed to analyze the optical activity of liquid crystal, and the matrix presentation of optical rotation is given. The magneto-optical rotation angle of BL-009 nematic liquid crystal is measured using JG-3 type continuous tunable magnetism device and infrared 1350 nm laser. The effect of magnetic field on optical rotation capability of liquid crystal is analyzed in detailed. The threshold of liquid crystal is discussed through experimental testing, and we reached at the conclusion that the rotation direction in liquid crystal is independent of the direction of magnetic field. The obtained result is useful for the design and manufacturing of liquid crystal device.