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A real-time RF exposure setup for studying the mechanism of RF biological effects based on microelectrode array (MEA) is proposed in this letter. The reflection simulation and measurement of the exposure setup show that the exposure setup has a wide working bandwidth in the frequency range of dc-3.0 GHz. The specific adsorption rate (SAR) measurement and simulation results at some frequencies show that the SAR distributions in the electrode region are relatively uniform. The test of the real-time effects on neuron activities at the SAR of 2.2 W/kg with a continuous 2.45-GHz RF signal injection was carried out. The results show that most of the electrodes can work normally and will not be affected by electromagnetic field noise. Additionally, the setup is compact and the system with MEA platform is almost covered by metal, which would significantly improve the ability to isolate the internal and external electromagnetic waves.

The human body’s absorption of electromagnetic fields from communication enabled devices has consistently been a research topic for both researchers from universities and companies in the mobile communication industry. The absorption of electromagnetic fields could mainly result in two consequences: (a) antenna radiation efficiency of the device could deteriorate dramatically; and (b) a large amount of the radiated power could be dissipated into the human body, such as the hand, ear, scalp and brain, which is defined and described by Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). A comprehensive analysis of electromagnetic field absorption by the human body has been carried out to explain and answer some of the key questions in this area.

Citing support from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiological Health, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced in December 2019 that it reaffirms the RF radiation exposure li mits it first adopted in 1996 fa The action was undertaken in the face of appeals from some to tighten, and others to loosen, the existing limits. In the process, the FCC also resolved and terminated a 2013 Notice of Inquiry that sought public input on whether it should modify its existing RF exposure rules considering recent scientific opinions and authoritative expert views, among other issues [2]. Apparently, six years since the Notice of Inquiry, the FCC deems it appropriate to maintain the existing RF exposure limits. It is interesting to observe that the FCC dedined to make changes that would stiffen the current rules or to make any changes that would effectively relax the current rules.

In this study, the radio-frequency (RF) energy exposure of patient assistants was assessed for an open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system based on numerical computations of the head and body RF coil. Various poses of the patient assistants were defined to see how poorly they affected the RF energy exposure. For the assessments, the peak spatial-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) levels were carefully compared with each patient assistant pose based on the finite-difference time domain calculations of RF coil models when the patient was placed in such coils in a 0.3 Tesla open MRI system. Overall, the SAR levels of the patient assistant were much lower than those of the patient. However, significantly increased SAR levels were observed under specific conditions, including a larger loop size of the patient assistants’ arms and a closer distance to the RF coils. A comparably high level of SAR to the patient’s body was also found. More careful investigations are needed to prevent the increase of SAR in patient assistants for open MRI systems at higher field strengths.

This paper presents Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) calculations by electromagnetic simulations (EM). A worst-case analysis is proposed to evaluate the compliance of Wireless Power Chargers (WPC) installed within a vehicle with the existing recommendations of exposure levels to Electro Magnetic Fields (EMF). This analysis is intended for low power wireless chargers (up to 15 W) operating at 127 kHz but the method could be extended to any kind of wireless power chargers. In addition, this method could be retained for assessing RF exposure compliance during the radio homologation process.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF) from mobile technology and resulting dose in young people. We describe modeled integrated RF dose in European children and adolescents combining own mobile device use and surrounding sources. METHODS: Using an integrated RF model, we estimated the daily RF dose in the brain (whole-brain, cerebellum, frontal lobe, midbrain, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobes) and the whole-body in 8358 children (ages 8-12) and adolescents (ages 14-18) from the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland during 2012-2016. The integrated model estimated RF dose from near-field sources (digital enhanced communication technology (DECT) phone, mobile phone, tablet, and laptop) and far-field sources (mobile phone base stations via 3D-radiowave modeling or RF measurements). RESULTS: Adolescents were more frequent mobile phone users and experienced higher modeled RF doses in the whole-brain (median 330.4 mJ/kg/day) compared to children (median 81.8 mJ/kg/day). Children spent more time using tablets or laptops compared to adolescents, resulting in higher RF doses in the whole-body (median whole-body dose of 81.8 mJ/kg/day) compared to adolescents (41.9 mJ/kg/day). Among brain regions, temporal lobes received the highest RF dose (medians of 274.9 and 1786.5 mJ/kg/day in children and adolescents, respectively) followed by the frontal lobe. In most children and adolescents, calling on 2G networks was the main contributor to RF dose in the whole-brain (medians of 31.1 and 273.7 mJ/kg/day, respectively). CONCLUSION: This first large study of RF dose to the brain and body of children and adolescents shows that mobile phone calls on 2G networks are the main determinants of brain dose, especially in temporal and frontal lobes, whereas whole-body doses were mostly determined by tablet and laptop use. The modeling of RF doses provides valuable input to epidemiological research and to potential risk management regarding RF exposure in young people.

The mobile phone is one of the most unavoidable electronic gadgets in our day-to-day life. As all devices are fully automated through the Internet of Things (IoT), a mobile phone help us controlling and connecting with other devices. In spite of many advantages of the use of mobile phones in the field of communication automation, the RF radiation from mobile phones or towers is causing many health issues. The main drawback of this effect is not known initially but the effect becomes adverse after a long period. This paper lists the impact of mobile phones both on the positive and negative side. Further research is done to avoid the RF exposure in the field of communication and absorbing material to reduce the impact. As the effect of prolonged use of mobile phones is known only after long time, the general suggestions on their use are listed to avoid deadly diseases and other psychological effects.

Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) power deposition during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) induces elevated body-tissue temperatures and may cause changes in heart and breathing rates, disturbing thermoregulation. Eleven temperature sensors were placed in muscle tissue and one sensor in the rectum (measured in 10 cm depth) of 20 free-breathing anesthetized pigs to verify temperature curves during RF exposure. Tissue temperatures and heart and breathing rates were measured before, during, and after RF exposure. Pigs were placed into a 60-cm diameter whole-body resonator of a 3 T MRI system. Nineteen anesthetized pigs were divided into four RF exposure groups: sham (0 W/kg), low-exposure (2.7 W/kg, mean exposure time 56 min), moderate-exposure (4.8 W/kg, mean exposure time 31 min), and high-exposure (4.4 W/kg, mean exposure time 61 min). One pig was exposed to a whole-body specific absorption rate (wbSAR) of 11.4 W/kg (extreme-exposure). Hotspot temperatures, measured by sensor 2, increased by mean 5.0 ± 0.9°C, min 3.9; max 6.3 (low), 7.0 ± 2.3°C, min 4.6; max 9.9 (moderate), and 9.2 ± 4.4°C, min 6.1, max 17.9 (high) compared with 0.3 ± 0.3°C in the sham-exposure group (min 0.1, max 0.6). Four time-temperature curves were identified: sinusoidal, parabolic, plateau, and linear. These curve shapes did not correlate with RF intensity, rectal temperature, breathing rate, or heart rate. In all pigs, rectal temperatures increased (2.1 ± 0.9°C) during and even after RF exposure, while hotspot temperatures decreased after exposure. When rectal temperature increased by 1°C, hotspot temperature increased up to 42.8°C within 37 min (low-exposure) or up to 43.8°C within 24 min (high-exposure). Global wbSAR did not correlate with maximum hotspot. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:37-50. © 2020 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Given the increased public concern about the deleterious biological consequences of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), the involvement of RF-EMFs in neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has received increased consideration. To investigate the effect of long-term RF-EMF exposure on AD progression, we exposed 5xFAD mice to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 5.0 W/kg for 2 h/day and 5 days/week for 8 months. Behavioral changes were assessed by an open field test and an object recognition memory task after RF exposure was terminated. In addition, cerebral glucose metabolism was analyzed in the brains of the 5xFAD mice using 18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. The hyperactivity-like and anxiolytic behaviors of the 5xFAD mice in open field tests were rescued by RF exposure. Furthermore, long-term RF-EMF exposure improved the cognitive deficits of 5xFAD mice that were observed in the object recognition memory test. Consistent with the behavioral changes, glucose metabolism in the hippocampus and amygdala regions of the brains of 5xFAD mice following RF exposure was significantly increased compared to glucose metabolism in the brains of sham-exposed mice. These data suggest that long-term exposure to RF-EMF might exert beneficial effects on AD in 5xFAD mice.

In this paper, we present the detailed life-time dosimetry analysis for rodents exposed in the reverberation exposure system designed for the two-year cancer bioassay study conducted by the National Toxicology Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The study required the well-controlled and characterized exposure of individually housed, unrestrained mice at 1900 MHz and rats at 900 MHz, frequencies chosen to give best uniformity exposure of organs and tissues. The wbSAR, the peak spatial SAR, and the organ specific SAR as well as the uncertainty and variation due to the exposure environment, differences in the growth rates, and animal posture were assessed. Compared to the wbSAR, the average exposure of the high-water-content tissues (blood, heart, lung) were higher by $\sim$ 4 dB, while the low-loss tissues (bone and fat) were less by $\sim$ 9 dB. The maximum uncertainty over the exposure period for the SAR was estimated to be $ 49% ( k = 2) for the rodents whereas the relative uncertainty between the exposure groups was $ 14% ( k = 1). The instantaneous variation (averaged over 1 min) was $ 13% ( k = 1), which is small compared to other long term exposure research projects. These detailed dosimetric results empowers comparison with other studies and provides a reference for studies of long-term biological effects of exposure

The health effects of radio-frequency (RF) and microwave radiation have been a subject of scientific inquiry and public interest of late because of widespread global usage of mobile communication devices by billions of people everywhere. A minute increase in health risks such as cancer from RF radiation might lead to significant consequences for the health of the general public. A recent U.S. government announcement about the discovery of rare cancers in rats exposed to RF radiation is an important occurrence. Note that any new or single report should not be viewed in isolation. The U.S. government project was organized to confront the weaknesses of prior laboratory rodent studies on the potential of RF exposure to impact human health such as cancer in controlled environments. Indeed, several published reports on animal cancer investigations involving prolonged exposure to RF radiation are contentious and perplexing. The discrepancies have presented ambiguity in assessing public health threats from RF exposure. It is the objective of this review to provide a critical and analytical synopsis and assessment on current progress in cancers in rats exposed to lifelong RF and microwave radiation. Its focus is on laboratory studies involving cancer production and promotion, as well as the survival of experimental rats. Of special interest is carcinogenesis in the head—cancer development in the head. The question of whether RF exposure from wireless and mobile devices and systems poses a health risk will likely remain equivocal and controversial for some time to come.

A novel radio-wave exposure equipment system is developed for studies on thermal perception thresholds of biological effects exposed to millimeter-wave at 70 GHz band that is one of 5th generation wireless systems (5G) candidate frequency band. To achieve high duty RF exposure on living body at 70 GHz required, we newly designed a lens antenna that can irradiate focused beam. In order to obtain basic exposure performance of the developed equipment, we used physical phantom that simulated human's skin and achieved experimental measurements of temperature rise during at 70 GHz band millimeter-wave exposure. After 60 seconds exposure, the temperature on expected area of the phantom surface increased 0.6 degree Celsius. In summary, developed equipment can achieve required high exposure on the sample.

INSPEC Accession Number: 19177544; International audience; The newly released IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 defines exposure criteria and associated limits for the protection of persons against established adverse health effects from exposures to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, in the frequency range 0 Hz to 300 GHz. The exposure limits apply to persons permitted in restricted environments and to the general public in unrestricted environments. These limits are not intended to apply to the exposure of patients by or under the direction of physicians and care professionals, as well as to the exposure of informed volunteers in scientific research studies, or to the use of medical devices or implants. IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 can be obtained at no cost from the IEEE Get Program

Little is known about personal exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields amongst employees in the telecommunications industry responsible for installing and maintaining transmitters. IARC classified RF exposure as a possible carcinogen, although evidence from occupational studies was judged to be inadequate. Hence, there is a need for improved evidence of any potentially adverse health effects amongst the workforce occupationally exposed to RF radiation. In this study, results are presented from an exposure survey using data from personal monitors used by employees in the broadcasting and telecommunication industries of the UK. These data were supplemented by spot measurements using broadband survey metres and information on daily work activities provided by employee questionnaires. The sets of real-time personal data were categorised by four types of site determined by the highest powered antenna present (high, medium or low power and ground-level sites). For measurements gathered at each type of site, the root mean square and a series of box plots were produced. Results from the daily activities diaries suggested that riggers working for radio and television broadcasters were exposed to much longer periods as compared to colleagues working for mobile operators. Combining the results from the measurements and daily activity diaries clearly demonstrate that exposures were highest for riggers working for broadcasting sites. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to carry out exposure surveys within these populations that will provide reliable estimates of exposure that can be used for epidemiological studies of occupational groups exposed to RF fields.

Purpose MRI is increasingly used to scan pregnant patients. We investigated the effect of 3 Tesla (T) two-port radiofrequency (RF) shimming in anatomical pregnant women models. Theory and methods RF shimming improves B1+ uniformity, but may at the same time significantly alter the induced current distribution and result in large changes in both the level and location of the absorbed RF energy. In this study, we evaluated the electrothermal exposure of pregnant women in the third, seventh, and ninth month of gestation at various imaging landmarks in RF body coils, including modes with RF shimming. Results Although RF shimmed configurations may lower the local RF exposure for the mother, they can increase the thermal load on the fetus. In worst-case configurations, whole-body exposure and local peak temperatures-up to 40.8°C-are equal in fetus and mother. Conclusions Two-port RF shimming can significantly increase the fetal exposure in pregnant women, requiring further research to derive a very robust safety management. For the time being, restriction to the CP mode, which reduces fetal SAR exposure compared with linear-horizontal polarization modes, may be advisable. Results from this study do not support scanning pregnant patients above the normal operating mode. Magn Reson Med 77:2048-2056, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

There is a growing interest in the usage of radiofrequency radiation (RF) as a noninvasive brain stimulation method. Previously reported data demonstrated that RF exposure caused a change in brain oscillations. Therefore, we aimed to investigate effects of RF on brain oscillation by measuring the auditory response of different brain regions in rats.Rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12 per each group): Cage control (C), sham rats (Sh), and rats exposed to 2.1 GHz RF for 2 h/day for 7 days. At the end of the exposure, auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded at different locations in rats. Latencies and amplitudes of AEPs, evoked power, inter-trial phase synchronization, and auditory evoked gamma responses were obtained in response to an auditory stimulus. Furthermore, TBARS levels and 4-HNE, GFAP, iNOS, and nNOS expressions were evaluated in all groups.Peak-to-peak amplitudes of AEPs were significantly higher in the RF group compared with the Sh group. There is no significant difference in peak latencies of AEPs between groups. Beside, evoked power, inter-trial phase synchronization, and auditory evoked gamma responses were significantly higher in the RF group compared with the Sh group. In addition, the RF group had significantly lower TBARS and 4-HNE levels than the Sh group. There were no significant differences between groups for GFAP, nNOS, and iNOS levels, and between the C and RF groups for all parameters.Our present findings suggest that short-term RF treatment under chosen experimental conditions have statistically significant effect on neuronal networks of rats by probably reducing oxidative damage. However, this effect must be further studied for possible noninvasive brain stimulation.

Wireless communication devices emit nonionizing electromagnetic radiofrequency (RF) fields in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz, raising public concern regarding the increasing use of mobile phones and their potential health related risks. The intermediate frequency (IF) EMF (300 Hz to 10 MHz) is also now widely used for wireless power transmission (WPT) or domestic kitchen appliances such as induction heating cooking. Unfortunately, although plenty of research has been conducted on RF, little information exists on the potential health effects associated with the exposure to IF magnetic fields. With growing concerns regarding the potential health hazards, it has become necessary to investigate the risks of IF magnetic fields in more detail.This chapter discusses the biological effects of IF and RF exposure. This chapter is divided into the following three parts: epidemiological study, animal study, and cellular study. In the RF field, the frequency of 2.45 GHz is mainly discussed because of the future use of WPT.

Characterizing exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields from wireless telecommunications technologies during childhood and adolescence is a research priority in investigating the health effects of RF. The Mobi-Expo study aimed to describe characteristics and determinants of cellular phone use in 534 young people (10-24years) in 12 countries. The study used a specifically designed software application installed on smartphones to collect data on the use of wireless telecommunications devices within this age group. The role of gender, age, maternal education, calendar period, and country was evaluated through multivariate models mutually adjusting for all variables. Call number and duration were higher among females compared to males (geometric mean (GM) ratio 1.17 and 1.42, respectively), among 20-24year olds compared to 10-14year olds (GM ratio 2.09 and 4.40, respectively), and among lowest compared to highest social classes (GM ratio 1.52 and 1.58, respectively). The number of SMS was higher in females (GM ratio 1.46) and the middle age group (15-19year olds: GM ratio 2.21 compared to 10-14year olds) and decreased over time. Data use was highest in the oldest age group, whereas Wi-Fi use was highest in the middle age group. Both data and Wi-Fi use increased over time. Large differences in the number and duration of calls, SMS, and data/Wi-Fi use were seen by country, with country and age accounting for up to 50% of the variance. Hands-free and laterality of use did not show significant differences by sex, age, education, study period, or country. Although limited by a convenience sample, these results provide valuable insights to the design, analysis, and interpretation of future epidemiological studies concerning the health effects of exposure resulting from cellular phone use in young people. In addition, the information provided by this research may be used to design strategies to minimize RF exposure; Dans le cadre de l'étude internationale MOBIKIDS, l'objectif de cette étude est de mieux connaitre l'exposition aux radiofréquences des technologies numériques de communications utilisées ppar les jeunes, afin de mieux évaluer leur exposition ds le cadre de l'étude Cas -témoin MOBIKIDS sur les relations entre exposition aux radiofréquences et tumeurs du cerveau chez l'adolescent et le jeune adulte.

Specific absorption rate (SAR) is used as the measure of rate at which radio frequency (RF) energy is absorbed by an object when exposed to an electromagnetic field. The word “SAR” is usually associated with the human exposure to RF/microwave energy from different electromagnetic sources and, therefore, SAR limits have been defined only for human by the government of India. ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) RF exposure guideline was maintained in India up to 31 August 2012, and thereafter Indian government has reduced the maximum permissible RF exposure levels to one-tenth of ICNIRP guideline with effect from 1 September 2012. On the other side, the whole plant kingdom gets exposed to continuous RF electromagnetic field (24 hours a day, 365 days a year) from cell phone towers that transmit high RF/microwave power for radio coverage. High permittivity and loss parameters are observed in most plants, fruits and vegetables due to high water content and ionic conce...

There is a growing concern in the population about the effects that environmental exposure to any source of “uncontrolled” radiation may have on public health. Anxiety arises from the controversial knowledge about the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure to cells and organisms but most of all concerning the possible causal relation to human diseases. Here we reviewed those in vitro and in vivo and epidemiological works that gave a new insight about the effect of radio frequency (RF) exposure, relating to intracellular molecular pathways that lead to biological and functional outcomes. It appears that a thorough application of standardized protocols is the key to reliable data acquisition and interpretation that could contribute a clearer picture for scientists and lay public. Moreover, specific tuning of experimental and clinical RF exposure might lead to beneficial health effects.

This study analyzes the exposure of pregnant women and their fetuses in three different gestational stages to electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range in the near- and the far-field using numerical modeling. For far-field exposure, the power density at which the basic restriction for the whole body SAR is reached is calculated for both the mother and the fetus at whole body resonance and at frequencies between 450 MHz and 2,450 MHz. The near-field exposure is assessed at 450 MHz, 900 MHz, and 2,450 MHz using half wavelength dipoles as generic sources located at different locations around the abdomen of the mother. For the investigated cases, the exposure of the mother is always below or on the order of magnitude of the basic restriction for exposure at the reference level. When applying the reference levels for the general public, the fetus is sufficiently shielded by the mother. However, the basic restrictions for general public exposure can be exceeded in the fetus when the mother is exposed at reference levels for occupational conditions. For plane wave exposure at occupational levels, the whole body SAR in the fetus can exceed the basic restrictions for the general population by at least 1.8 dB, and in the near-field of professional devices, the 10 g SAR can be non-compliant with the product standard for the general public by > 3.5 dB.

Average levels of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of the general public in Europe are difficult to summarize, as exposure levels have been reported differently in those studies in which they have been measured, and a large proportion of reported measurements were very low, sometimes falling below detection limits of the equipment used. The goal of this paper is to present an overview of the scientific literature on RF EMF exposure in Europe and to characterize exposure within the European population. A comparative analysis of the results of spot or long-term RF EMF measurements in the EU indicated that mean electric field strengths were between 0.08 V/m and 1.8 V/m. The overwhelming majority of measured mean electric field strengths were

The CTIA, an organization representing the wireless communications industry, stated in a news release [1], ?CTIA welcomes the Federal Communications Commission?s (FCC?s) continued careful oversight of this issue,? in its response to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on cell phone safety [2]. The GAO recommended the FCC to reassess and, if appropriate, change its current RF exposure safety rules. It also mentioned that the FCC is working on a draft document that has the potential to address the GAO?s recommendations.

In recent years, people have been exposed to many kinds of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by domestic electrical appliances and mobile telecommunication devices. There is increasing public concern regarding the health risks of radio-frequency (RF) radiation, particularly that produced by mobile phones. Concern regarding the potential risks of exposure to EMFs has led to many epidemiological investigations, but the effects of EMF exposure on human and other mammalian cells are still unclear. Cellular studies of the effects of RF EMFs have been conducted more often than epidemiological and animal studies. This review provides a summary of the potential cellular effects of RF fields, including those generated by cell phones and their base stations. In vitro studies of the effects of RF fields can mainly be classified into those examining genotoxic and nongenotoxic effects. Genotoxic effects include DNA strand breaks, micronucleus formation, mutation, and chromosomal aberration, i.e., changes involving damage to DNA. Nongenotoxic effects refer to changes in cellular functions, including cell proliferation, signal transduction, and gene expression (mRNA and protein). The results of most recent studies show no marked effects of RF exposure at the cellular and genetic levels. However, some studies have suggested RF effects, and these results require further investigation. As the wireless power transfer technologies are gaining more popularity, it is important that the engineering community participate in the health assessment study with medical and biological research groups. Since the electromagnetic environment due to future wireless power technologies continues to increase, biologists also have to promote the research assessment utilizing advanced technologies in the life sciences. This review paper attempts to provide an insight on the cellular and molecular responses to the RF electromagnetic fields and the understanding of such biological impacts are important for wireless power technology applications.

Abstrac t—The main objective of the present study is to introduce a virtual instrumentation system for automated characterization of the electromagnetic fields generated by GSM systems. The system consists of calibrated antennas, remotely controlled spectrum analyzer with USB connectivity and dedicated LabVIEW software for data transfer, processing, analysis and monitoring. Primarily intended to determine the RF fields from GSM base stations, it can also be used for investigating the RF exposure from other communication technologies.

SUMMARY There are few published papers on the whole-body average specific absorption rates (WBA-SARs) in humans for simultaneous exposure to multiple radio frequencies (RFs). In order to evaluate human safety of radiowaves in real environments, in this paper we calculate the WBA-SARs in models of a pregnant woman and 3-year-old child for multiple RF exposure, using measured results on electric field intensities from multiple base station antennas installed for cellular phones with four different radiowave frequencies in an underground shopping mall and with five radiowave frequencies in the neighborhood of an elementary school. The Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications officially reported these data in 2008. Statistical analyses show that the squared sum ratio of the measured electric field to the corresponding Japanese guideline for the general public is smaller than one-hundredth and one-thousand at most in the underground shopping mall and elementary school areas, respectively. As a result, we found that the WBA-SARs in the pregnant woman and 3-year-old child models calculated at each of the frequencies for base station antennas in both areas are significantly lower than the The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) basic restriction (0.08 W/kg) for the general public, and that the sum of the WBA-SARs never exceeds one-hundredth of 0.08 W/kg for simultaneous exposure to multiple RF.

The acquisition and use of mobile phone is tremendously increasing especially in developing countries, but not without a concern. The greater concern among the public is principally over the proximity of mobile base stations (MBS) to residential areas rather than the use of handsets. In this paper, we present an assessment of Radio-Frequency (RF) radiation exposure level measurements and analysis of radiation power density (in W/m 2 ) from selected mobile base stations relative to radial distance (in metres). The minimum average power density from individual base station in the town was about 47µW/m 2 while the average maximum was about 1.5mW/m 2 . Our result showed that average power density of a base station decreases with increase in distance (away from base station) and that radiation intensity varies from one base station to another even at the same distance away. Our result (obtained signature of power density variation from data) was also compared with an 'expected' signature. It was found that radiation from external sources (indicative) interfered with the reference base station and accounted for the deviation observed in this study. Finally, our results showed that the RF exposure hazard index in the town of Lokoja was below the permitted RF exposure limit to the general public recommended by ICRNIP. Useful recommendations were also made to the Policy and Regulatory Agencies responsible for Telephony in Nigeria.

The purpose of this project is to show the biological effects of the wireless smart meters on human body. There are lots of EMR sources in the world. Especially in home appliances some all electrical appliances emit EMR. The EMR has lots of effects over human biology. Most of the appliances are used rarely in the living places. However, smart meters works continuously during the day. Although, the power emission of smart meters are lower than the other appliances such as mobile phone and microwave oven, smart meters average power emission is much more higher than the other appliances. There are lots of ways to decrease the RF exposure of Smart Meters and some precautions should be taken.

Although RF exposure surveys have been carried out in the general environment using recently developed personal measurement devices (exposure meters), comprehensive measurement of exposure with a true population based sampling frame and a common protocol across countries has never been conducted. Within the FP-7 funded project Geronimo a personal RF exposure measurements in 5 European countries are conducted following a common measurement protocol. First measurements from 49 children and 49 parents in Slovenia yielded an average personal RF-EMF exposure of 0.26 V/m. Average personal RF-EMF exposure by technology was 0.11 V/m from uplink, 0.18 V/m from downlink, 0.15 V/m from broadcasting, 0.07 V/m from DECT and 0.08 V/m from WLAN.

Recently, the rapidly developing technology of LTE femtocells is increasingly applied in indoor wireless communications. With the increasing use of indoor LTE wireless networks, people are great concerned about potential health hazards due to RF exposure from femtocells in everyday life inside indoor environments. It is important to quantify the EM absorption in human bodies when people work in proximity to LTE femtocells in indoor environments. In this study, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to calculate whole-body and localized SARs induced in 20 human bodies for a LTE femtocell placed at the center of a horizontal plane with a distance of 1.0m from the ceiling inside an office with furniture at 700, 860, 1990, and 2600 MHz. The human body was assumed to stand up or sit on a metallic chair in front of a wooden desk. The LTE femtocell is designed to have omnidirectional radiation patterns with a gain of 6.1 ∼ 9.8 dBi in frequency bands of 698 ∼ 960 and 1710 ∼ 2700 MHz. The emitting power of the LTE femtocell is set to be 10 dBm. It is found that maximum whole-body and localized SARs of 6.05 × 10−7 and 1.04 × 10−5 W/kg are induced in the person numbered 5 when standing up near the LTE femtocell at 860 MHz, respectively. It is clear that maximum whole-body and localized SARs of 6.05 × 10−7 and 1.04 × 10−5 W/kg induced in a human body very close to the LTE femtocell are far below the ANSI/IEEE standards of 0.08 (whole-body) and 1.6 W/kg (localized) for public exposure in uncontrolled environments, respectively.

A design of electrically small multi-turn loop antennas for on-the-move man-pack high frequency near vertical incidence skywave communications is discussed. Parameters such as bandwidth, gain, and RF exposure are considered for loops with 1, 2 and 3 turns as well as with a 2-arm loop configuration. For the initial study, all loop diameters are set at 1 m. It is shown that more turns on a loop antenna improve gain, whereas the 2-arm configuration improves overall performance expressed in the bandwidth/efficiency product.

The proposed paper deals with simulation and analysis of the radiofrequency field (2.4 GHz) inside the human tissue using a multi-layered skin and pacemaker model. The research was carried out using electromagnetic modelling based on the Finite Integration method. The simulations were performed in terms of computing electric field distributions calculated for four different hypodermis layer thickness. The focus was on near-field exposure modelled by PIFA antenna, commonly used in handheld devices. The results have shown that higher hypodermis layer causes higher absorption of electromagnetic field which leads to lower values of electric field strength on the pacemaker casing.

Given the high technological complexity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, there is particular concern for potential harm. Safety issues arise from the three main components of the MRI system: its main static magnetic field, which is always on in superconducting magnets, and the switched radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and gradient magnetic fields that are activated during imaging. This article reviews published literature mainly from 2015 with regard to these general safety considerations and their interaction with implanted medical devices. Furthermore, an update on regulatory issues will be provided along with an overview of miscellaneous other safety aspects that are related to an MRI exam but do not arise from the technology per se.

The Stockholm Central Railway Station in Sweden was investigated for public radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure. The exposimeter EME Spy 200 was used to collect the RF exposure data across the railway station. The exposimeter covers 20 different radiofrequency bands from 88 to 5,850 MHz. In total 1,669 data points were recorded. The median value for total exposure was 921 μW/m2 (or 0.092 μW/cm2; 1 μW/m2=0.0001 μW/cm2) with some outliers over 95,544 μW/m2 (6 V/m, upper detection limit). The mean total RF radiation level varied between 2,817 to 4,891 μW/m2 for each walking round. High mean measurements were obtained for GSM + UMTS 900 downlink varying between 1,165 and 2,075 μW/m2. High levels were also obtained for UMTS 2100 downlink; 442 to 1,632 μW/m2. Also LTE 800 downlink, GSM 1800 downlink, and LTE 2600 downlink were in the higher range of measurements. Hot spots were identified, for example close to a wall mounted base station yielding over 95,544 μW/m2 and thus exceeding the exposimeter's detection limit. Almost all of the total measured levels were above the precautionary target level of 3–6 μW/m2 as proposed by the BioInitiative Working Group in 2012. That target level was one-tenth of the scientific benchmark providing a safety margin either for children, or chronic exposure conditions. We compare the levels of RF radiation exposures identified in the present study to published scientific results reporting adverse biological effects and health harm at levels equivalent to, or below those measured in this Stockholm Central Railway Station project. It should be noted that these RF radiation levels give transient exposure, since people are generally passing through the areas tested, except for subsets of people who are there for hours each day of work.

We introduce an RF nanoreceiver, based on a forest of carbon nanotube (CNT) antennas packaged together. Based on the physical model of a charged carbon nanotube under RF exposure, which is significantly different from a typical RF antenna, we analyze the performance of our nanoreceiver. We show that, for low signalbandwidth applications, our nanoreceiver is highly robust, allowing for continual operation over extended periods of time at low probabilities of error at reasonably low SNR values. For high signal-bandwidth applications, we show that at a given SNR, the achieved rate grows as n1/4 with the number, n, of the CNTs, at reasonably low probabilities of error. Due to the extremely small scale of the CNTs, many millions of CNTs can be packed into very small areas (e.g., hundreds of millions in 1 mm2) to achieve rates comparable to the commercially available wireless receivers. Hence, significant spatial miniaturization is achieved by our nanoreceiver compared to a classical RF receiver without a loss in the achievable rates.

With rapid increasing usage of smart phones, social concerns have arisen about the possible effects of elec-tromagnetic fields emitted from wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA) mobile phones on human health.The number of people with self-reported electromagnetic hypersensitivity(EHS) who complain of various subjectivesymptoms such as headache, insomnia etc. has also recently increased. However, it is unclear whether EHS resultsfrom physiological or other origins. In this double-blinded study, we investigated physiological changes such as heartrate, respiration rate, and heart rate variability with real and sham exposures for 15 EHS and 17 non-EHS personsusing a module inside a dummy phone. Experiment was conducted using a WCDMA module with average powerof 24 dBm at 1950 MHz with the specific absorption rate of 1.57 W/kg using a headphone for 32 min. As a conclusion,WCDMA RF exposure did not have any effects on the physiological variables in either group. Key words: Smart phones, EHS, WCDMA, Physiological effects, Double-blinded

Mobile communication devices, body area networks, monitoring systems, and diagnostic and therapeutic tools are based on radio frequency emissions, raising the public concern on the possible negative effects on the human health. The future is also oriented towards the use of in-body (nano) sensors for medical applications. Biological alterations caused by non-thermal induced effects have currently been under investigation and experimental results on long-term effects are often discordant. To this end, recent experiments on transgenic Alzheimer mice revealed a progressive regression of the neurodegenerative disease after controlled exposure to mobile phone radiations. Therefore, the importance of understanding the RF-induced effects on the neuronal activity is twofold. Future wireless devices can be designed minimizing unhealthy effects whereas novel RF-based diagnostic and treatment devices for neurodegenerative diseases can be envisaged (in-body micro and nano-sensors and non-invasive techniques). In this paper, we propose an alternative approach in the investigation of such hidden biological mechanisms, where traditional concepts from radio communications are applied to neuroscience. The interaction of RF sources with the neuronal activity is the key point as well as the information exchanged in neuronal networks and the small-world topology of such network, heavily altered in Alzheimer patients.

In this technical paper contains the information of the Radio Frequency (RF) exposure along 10 MHz to 3 GHz frequency on pharmaceutical medicine where in this testing Paracetamol were tested. The samples were prepared at five different mol (10, 20, 30, 40 & 50 ml) and three different distances (5, 10 & 15 cm) between horn antenna and the samples. The reactions from the medicine due to RF radiation are measured at S11 by fixed distance versus varied mol. The quasi-static technique and the RF exposure results, with respective specification was included and discussed.

The Health Council of the Netherlands (HCN) and other organisations hold the basic assumption that induced electric current and the generation and absorption of heat in biological material caused by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields are the only causal effects with possible adverse consequences for human health that have been scientifically established to date. Hence, the exposure guidelines for the 10 MHz-10 GHz frequency range are based on avoiding adverse effects of increased temperatures that may occur of the entire human body at a specific absorption rate (SAR) level above 4 W/kg.During the workshop on Thermal Aspects of Radio Frequency Exposure on 11-12 January 2010 in Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, the question was raised whether there would be a practical advantage in shifting from expressing the exposure limits in SAR to expressing them in terms of a maximum allowable temperature increase. This would mean defining adverse time-temperature thresholds. In this paper, the HCN discusses the need for this, considering six points: consistency, applicability, quantification, causality, comprehensibility and acceptability.The HCN concludes that it seems unlikely that a change of dosimetric quantity will help us forward in the discussion on the scientific controversies regarding the existence or non-existence of non-thermal effects in humans following long duration, low intensity exposure to electromagnetic fields. Therefore, the HCN favours maintaining the current approach of basic restrictions and reference levels being expressed as SAR and in V/m or µT, respectively.Read More: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/02656736.2010.534528

Mobile phone use in the United Kingdom and other countries has risen steeply since the early 1990's when the first digital mobile phones were introduced. There is an ongoing controversy about whether radio frequency (RF) exposure from mobile phones increases the risk of brain cancer. However, given the widespread use and nearly two decades elapsing since mobile phones were introduced, an association should have produced a noticeable increase in the incidence of brain cancer by now. Trends in rates of newly diagnosed brain cancer cases in England between 1998 and 2007 were examined. There were no time trends in overall incidence of brain cancers for either gender, or any specific age group. Systematic increases in rates for cancers of the temporal lobe in men (0.04 new cases/year) and women (0.02/year) were observed, along with decreases in the rates of cancers of the parietal lobe (-0.03/year), cerebrum (-0.02/year) and cerebellum (-0.01/year) in men only. The increased use of mobile phones between 1985 and 2003 has not led to a noticeable change in the incidence of brain cancer in England between 1998 and 2007. The observed increase in the rate of cancers in the temporal lobe, if caused by mobile phone use, would constitute

Several studies show increases in activity for certain frequency bands (10-14 Hz) and visually scored parameters during sleep after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. A shortened REM latency has also been reported. We investigated the effects of a double-blind radiofrequency exposure (884 MHz, GSM signaling standard including non-DTX and DTX mode, time-averaged 10 g psSAR of 1.4 W/kg) on self-evaluated sleepiness and objective EEG measures during sleep. Forty-eight subjects (mean age 28 years) underwent 3 h of controlled exposure (7:30-10:30 PM; active or sham) prior to sleep, followed by a full-night polysomnographic recording in a sleep laboratory. The results demonstrated that following exposure, time in Stages 3 and 4 sleep (SWS, slow-wave sleep) decreased by 9.5 min (12%) out of a total of 78.6 min, and time in Stage 2 sleep increased by 8.3 min (4%) out of a total of 196.3 min compared to sham. The latency to Stage 3 sleep was also prolonged by 4.8 min after exposure. Power density analysis indicated an enhanced activation in the frequency ranges 0.5-1.5 and 5.75-10.5 Hz during the first 30 min of Stage 2 sleep, with 7.5-11.75 Hz being elevated within the first hour of Stage 2 sleep, and bands 4.75-8.25 Hz elevated during the second hour of Stage 2 sleep. No pronounced power changes were observed in SWS or for the third hour of scored Stage 2 sleep. No differences were found between controls and subjects with prior complaints of mobile phone-related symptoms. The results confirm previous findings that RF exposure increased the EEG alpha range in the sleep EEG, and indicated moderate impairment of SWS. Furthermore, reported differences in sensitivity to mobile phone use were not reflected in sleep parameters.

The brain is a complex non-linear dynamical system that is associated with a wide repertoire of behaviours. There is an ongoing debate as to whether low-intensity radio frequency (RF) bioelectromagnetic interactions induce a biological response. If they do, it is reasonable to expect that the interaction is non-linear. Contradictory reports are found in the literature and attempts to reproduce the subtle effects have often proved difficult. Researchers have already speculated that low-intensity RF radiation may offer therapeutic potential and millimetre-wave therapy is established in the countries of the former Soviet Union. A recent study using transgenic mice that exhibit Alzheimer's-like cognitive impairment shows that microwave radiation may possibly have therapeutic application. By using a highly dynamic stimulus and feedback it may be possible to augment the small effects that have been reported using static parameters. If a firm connection between low-intensity RF radiation and biological effects is established then the possibility arises for its psychotherapeutic application. Low intensity millimetre-wave and peripheral nervous system interactions also merit further investigation. Controlled RF exposure could be associated with quite novel characteristics and dynamics when compared to those associated with pharmacotherapy.

Radiofrequency field (RF) exposure provided cognitive benefits in an animal study. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice, exposure reduced brain amyloid-beta (Abeta) deposition through decreased aggregation of Abeta and increase in soluble Abeta levels. Based on our studies on humans on RF from wireless phones, we propose that transthyretin (TTR) might explain the findings. In a cross-sectional study on 313 subjects, we used serum TTR as a marker of cerebrospinal fluid TTR. We found a statistically significantly positive beta coefficient for TTR for time since first use of mobile phones and desktop cordless phones combined (P=0.03). The electromagnetic field parameters were similar for the phone types. In a provocation study on 41 persons exposed for 30 min to an 890-MHz GSM signal with specific absorption rate of 1.0 Watt/kg to the temporal area of the brain, we found statistically significantly increased serum TTR 60 min after exposure. In our cross-sectional study, use of oral snuff also yielded statistically significantly increased serum TTR concentrations and nicotine has been associated with decreased risk for AD and to upregulate the TTR gene in choroid plexus but not in the liver, another source of serum TTR. TTR sequesters Abeta, thereby preventing the formation of Abeta plaques in the brain. Studies have shown that patients with AD have lowered TTR concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and have attributed the onset of AD to insufficient sequestering of Abeta by TTR. We propose that TTR might be involved in the findings of RF exposure benefit in AD mice.

With the number of cellular phone users rapidly increasing, there is a considerable amount of public concern regarding the effects that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from cellular phones have on health. People with self-attributed electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) complain of subjective symptoms such as headaches, insomnia, and memory loss, and attribute these symptoms to radio frequency (RF) radiation from cellular phones and/or base stations. However, EHS is difficult to diagnose because it relies on a person's subjective judgment. Various provocation studies have been conducted on EHS caused by Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) phones in which heart rate and blood pressure or subjective symptoms were investigated. However, there have been few sham-controlled provocation studies on EHS with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) phones where physiological parameters, subjective symptoms, and perception of RF radiation for EHS and non-EHS groups were simultaneously investigated. In this study, two volunteer groups of 18 self-reported EHS and 19 non-EHS persons were tested for both sham and real RF exposure from CDMA cellular phones with a 300 mW maximum exposure that lasted half an hour. We investigated not only the physiological parameters such as heart rate, respiration rate, and heart rate variability (HRV), but also various subjective symptoms and the perception of EMF. In conclusion, RF exposure did not have any effects on physiological parameters or subjective symptoms in either group. As for EMF perception, there was no evidence that the EHS group better perceived EMF than the non-EHS group.

SUMMARY We compared SAR distributions in major anatomical structures of the brain of a homogeneous and a heterogeneous model using FDTD calculations. Our results proved a good correlation between SAR values in lobes of the brain where tumors may arise more frequently. However SAR values at some specific locations were shown to be under or