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A 3-month-old female weighing 3.6 kg, with trisomy 21, who had undergone pulmonary artery banding for atrioventricular septal defect 2.5 months prior to the presentation was referred to our hospital because of nasal discharge and cough for 3 days and wheezing and decreased feeding for 1 day before

Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is an infrequent and potentially fatal event in term neonates. Reports of successful management of PH on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are limited, given the accentuated risk of mortality imposed by the use of heparin to prevent thrombosis on ECMO. We present a case of a term neonate with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy undergoing controlled hypothermia who developed hypoxic respiratory failure, hemodynamic instability, Enterobacter cloacae pneumonia and sepsis complicated by severe PH who required support with veno-arterial ECMO. We describe the therapeutic strategies used on veno-arterial ECMO to successfully manage this infant, including clamping the endotracheal tube, aggressive correction of coagulopathy, and use of dornase alfa, as well as elaborate on the subtle changes in ECMO parameters during the run that preceded worsening pneumonia with sepsis.

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with severe cardiorespiratory failure has seen significant growth in the last decade. Despite this, there is paucity of data surrounding the optimum nutritional management for ECMO patients. This review aimed to describe current nutrition practices in patients receiving ECMO, critically appraise available studies and identify areas for future research. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus to identify all randomized trials and observational studies published between July 2000 and July 2020 investigating nutrition practices in critically ill adults receiving ECMO. The primary outcomes were nutritional adequacy, gastrointestinal complications, and physical function. Secondary outcomes included mortality, length of stay, and duration on ECMO support. From a total of 31 studies identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Nine observational studies were reviewed following eligibility assessment. Early enteral nutrition was deemed safe and feasible for ECMO patients; however, meeting nutritional targets was challenging. Utilizing alternative nutrition routes is an option, although risks and benefits should be taken into consideration. Data on gastrointestinal complications and other clinical outcomes were inconsistent, and no data were identified investigating the effects of nutrition on the physical and functional recovery of ECMO patients. Nutrition therapy in ECMO patients should be provided in line with current guidelines for nutrition in critical illness until further data are available. Further prospective, randomized studies investigating optimum nutrition practices and effects on clinical and functional outcomes are urgently required.

Evidence for the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in children with refractory respiratory failure or shock following ingestion or toxin exposure, has been confined to single-center experiences, individual case reports, and extrapolated from adult cohorts; no pediatric multicenter cohorts exist. The objective of this retrospective review of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry is to describe pediatric ECMO use following ingestion or toxin exposure, and define factors associated with mortality. Twenty-eight children between the ages of 30 days and 18 years met inclusion criteria between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2017. The primary outcome measure was mortality before hospital discharge, which occurred in 32% of patients. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality included pre-ECMO use of inhaled nitric oxide (44.4% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.026), lower pre-ECMO arterial blood gas pH (6.97 [6.80-7.17] vs. 7.20 [7.15-7.32], p = 0.034), and higher pre-ECMO PaCO2 (79 [57-85] vs. 49 [38-63], p = 0.014). Receipt of inotropic support during ECMO was more common in nonsurvivors (66.7% vs. 21.1%, p = 0.035). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation should be considered in the most severe pediatric toxin exposures as a bridge to recovery, providing time for both toxin elimination and end-organ recovery.

Modulation of the immune system to prevent lung injury is being widely used against the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The primary endpoint was mortality at 7 days after tocilizumab administration. Secondary endpoints were admission to the intensive care unit, development of ARDS and respiratory insufficiency among others.We report the preliminary results from the Vall d'Hebron cohort study at Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, in Barcelona (Spain), including all consecutive patients who had a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and who were treated with tocilizumab until March 25th.82 patients with COVID-19 received at least one dose of tocilizumab. The mean (± SD) age was 59.1 (19.8) years, 63% were male, 22% were of non-Spanish ancestry, and the median (IQR) age-adjusted Charlson index at baseline was 3 (1-4) points. Respiratory failure and ARDS developed in 62 (75.6%) and 45 (54.9%) patients, respectively. Median time from symptom onset to ARDS development was 8 (5-11) days. Mortality at 7 days was 26.8%. Hazard ratio for mortality was 3.3; 95% CI, 1.3-8.5 (age-adjusted hazard ratio for mortality 2.1; 95% CI, 0.8-5.8) if tocilizumab was administered after the onset of ARDS.Early administration of tocilizumab in patients needing oxygen supplementation may be critical to patient recovery. Our preliminary data could inform bedside decisions until more data regarding the precise timing in of initiation of the treatment with tocilizumab.Los tratamientos inmunomoduladores para la prevención del daño pulmonar están siendo ampliamente estudiados contra la COVID-19. El objetivo primario es evaluar la mortalidad a los 7 días después de la administración de tocilizumab. El objetivo secundario es el ingreso en UCI, el desarrollo de distrés respiratorio agudo e insuficiencia respiratoria aguda entre otros.Informamos sobre los resultados preliminares de la cohorte del Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron en Barcelona (España), que incluye todos los pacientes consecutivos con infección confirmada por SARS-CoV-2 y que recibieron tratamiento con tocilizumab hasta el 25 de marzo 2020.Ochenta y dos pacientes con COVID-19 recibieron al menos una dosis de tocilizumab. La edad media (±DE) fue de 59,1 (±19,8) años, el 63% eran hombres, 22% correspondía a paciente nacidos fuera de España, y la mediana (RIC) del índice de Charlson ajustado por edad en el momento basal fue de 3 (1-4) puntos. Sesenta y dos pacientes (75,6%) y 45 pacientes (54,9%) desarrollaron insuficiencia respiratoria y distrés respiratorio agudo respectivamente. La mediana de tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el desarrollo de ditrés fue de 8 días (5-11). La mortalidad a los 7 días fue del 26,8% La hazard ratio de mortalidad fue del 3,3; IC 95% 1,3-8,5 (la hazard ratio de mortalidad ajustada por edad fue de 2,1; IC 95% 0,8-5,8) si el tocilizumab se administraba después del inicio del distrés respiratorio.La administración precoz de tocilizumab en pacientes con suplementos de oxígeno podría ser crítica para la recuperación de los pacientes. Nuestros datos podrían ayudar a tomar decisiones clínicas hasta que se disponga de más información sobre el momento adecuado para iniciar el tratamiento con tocilizumab.

CONTEXT: Patients with underlying chronic illness requiring mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure are at risk for poor outcomes and high costs. OBJECTIVES: Identify characteristics at time of intensive care unit (ICU) admission that identify patients at highest risk for high-intensity, costly care. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using electronic health and financial records (2011–2017) for patients requiring ≥48 hours of mechanical ventilation with ≥1 underlying chronic condition at an academic healthcare system. Main outcome was total cost of index hospitalization. Exposures of interest included number and type of chronic conditions. We used finite mixture models to identify the highest-cost group. RESULTS: 4,892 patients met study criteria. Median cost for index hospitalization was $135,238 (range, $9,748-$3,176,065). Finite mixture modelling identified three classes with mean costs of $89,980, $150,603, and $277,712. Patients more likely to be in the high-cost class were: 1) < 72 years old (OR: 2.03; 95% CI:1.63, 2.52); 2) with dementia (OR: 1.55; 95% CI:1.17, 2.06) or chronic renal failure (OR: 1.27; 95% CI:1.08, 1.48); 3) weight loss ≥ 5% in year prior to hospital admission (OR: 1.25; 95% CI:1.05, 1.48); and 4) hospitalized during prior year (OR: 1.92; 95% CI:1.58, 2.35). CONCLUSION: Among patients with underlying chronic illness and acute respiratory failure, we identified characteristics associated with the highest costs of care. Identifying these patients may be of interest to healthcare systems and hospitals and serve as one indication to invest resources in palliative and supportive care programs that ensure this care is consistent with patients’ goals.

OBJECTIVES Availability of long-term acute care hospitals has been associated with hospital discharge practices. It is unclear if long-term acute care hospital availability can influence patient care decisions. We sought to determine the association of long-term acute care hospital availability at different hospitals with the likelihood of tracheostomy. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING California Patient Discharge Database, 2016-2018. PATIENTS Adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Using the California Patient Discharge Database 2016-2018, we identified all mechanically ventilated patients and those who received tracheostomy. We determine the association between tracheostomy and the distance between each hospital and the nearest long-term acute care hospital and the number of long-term acute care hospital beds within 20 miles of each hospital. Among 281,502 hospitalizations where a patient received mechanical ventilation, 22,899 (8.1%) received a tracheostomy. Patients admitted to a hospital closer to a long-term acute care hospital compared with those furthest from a long-term acute care hospital had 38.9% (95% CI, 33.3-44.6%) higher odds of tracheostomy (closest hospitals 8.7% vs furthest hospitals 6.3%, adjusted odds ratio = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.40-1.95). Patients had a 32.4% (95% CI, 27.6-37.3%) higher risk of tracheostomy when admitted to a hospital with more long-term acute care hospital beds in the immediate vicinity (most long-term acute care hospital beds within 20 miles 8.9% vs fewest long-term acute care hospital beds 6.7%, adjusted odds ratio = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.31-1.80). Distance to the nearest long-term acute care hospital was inversely correlated with hospital risk-adjusted tracheostomy rates (ρ = -0.25; p < 0.0001). The number of long-term acute care hospital beds within 20 miles was positively correlated with hospital risk-adjusted tracheostomy rates (ρ = 0.22; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Proximity and availability of long-term acute care hospital beds were associated with patient odds of tracheostomy and hospital tracheostomy practices. These findings suggest a hospital effect on tracheostomy decision-making over and above patient case-mix. Future studies focusing on shared decision-making for tracheostomy are needed to ensure goal-concordant care for prolonged mechanical ventilation.

Introduction This study aimed to describe the use of awake prone positioning (APP) and conventional oxygen therapy (COT) in patients with suspected coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and respiratory failure in a limited-resource setting. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years old who were placed in an awake prone position due to hypoxemic respiratory failure and suspected COVID-19. The patients were selected from a tertiary center in Cartagena, Colombia, between March 1, 2020, and August 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables were collated, and all the variables were compared between the groups. Results The median age of the participants was 63 (IQR, 48.8-73) years (survivors: 59 [IQR, 43.568] years vs. non-survivors: 70 [IQR, 63-78] years, P ≤ .001). Of the 1470 patients admitted for respiratory symptoms, 732 (49.8%) were hospitalized for more than 24 h, and 212 patients developed respiratory failure and required COT and APP (overall hospital mortality, 34% [73/212]). The mean rank difference in PaO2/FiO2 before and after APP was higher in the survivors than in the non-survivors (201.1-252.6, mean rank difference = 51.5, P = .001 vs. 134.1-172.4, mean rank difference = 38.28, P = .24, respectively). Conclusion While using COT in conjunction with APP can improve respiratory failure in patients with suspected COVID-19 in low-resource settings, persistent hypoxemia after APP can identify patients with higher mortality risk. More evidence is needed to establish the role of this strategy.

Postoperative pulmonary complications and acute respiratory failure are among the leading causes of adverse postoperative outcomes. Noninvasive ventilation may safely and effectively prevent acute respiratory failure in high-risk patients after cardiothoracic surgery and after abdominal surgery. Moreover, noninvasive ventilation can be used to treat postoperative hypoxemia, particularly after abdominal surgery. Noninvasive ventilation also can be helpful to prevent or manage intraoperative acute respiratory failure during non-general anesthesia, primarily in patients with poor respiratory function. Finally, noninvasive ventilation is superior to standard preoxygenation in delaying desaturation during intubation in morbidly obese and in critically ill hypoxemic patients. The few available studies in children suggest that noninvasive ventilation could be safe and valuable in treating hypoxemic or hypercapnic acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery; on the other hand, it could be dangerous after tracheoesophageal correction.

Background In non-traumatic respiratory failure, pre-hospital application of CPAP reduces the need for intubation. Primary blast lung injury (PBLI) accompanied by haemorrhagic shock is common after mass casualty incidents. We hypothesised that pre-hospital CPAP is also beneficial after PBLI accompanied by haemorrhagic shock. Methods We performed a computer-based simulation of the cardiopulmonary response to PBLI followed by haemorrhage, calibrated from published controlled porcine experiments exploring blast injury and haemorrhagic shock. The effect of different CPAP levels was simulated in three in silico patients who had sustained mild, moderate, or severe PBLI (10%, 25%, 50% contusion of the total lung) plus haemorrhagic shock. The primary outcome was arterial partial pressure of oxygen (Pao2) at the end of each simulation. Results In mild blast lung injury, 5 cm H2O ambient-air CPAP increased Pao2 from 10.6 to 12.6 kPa. Higher CPAP did not further improve Pao2. In moderate blast lung injury, 10 cm H2O CPAP produced a larger increase in Pao2 (from 8.5 to 11.1 kPa), but 15 cm H2O CPAP produced no further benefit. In severe blast lung injury, 5 cm H2O CPAP inceased Pao2 from 4.06 to 8.39 kPa. Further increasing CPAP to 10–15 cm H2O reduced Pao2 (7.99 and 7.90 kPa, respectively) as a result of haemodynamic impairment resulting from increased intrathoracic pressures. Conclusions Our modelling study suggests that ambient air 5 cm H2O CPAP may benefit casualties suffering from blast lung injury, even with severe haemorrhagic shock. However, higher CPAP levels beyond 10 cm H2O after severe lung injury reduced oxygen delivery as a result of haemodynamic impairment.

Background Postoperative respiratory failure, defined as ventilator dependency for more than 48 hours or unplanned reintubation within 30 days, is a costly complication of cardiac surgery that increases mortality and length of stay. Stratification of patients by risk upon intensive care unit admission could identify cases requiring early measures to prevent respiratory failure. This study aimed to develop and validate a risk score for postoperative respiratory failure after cardiac surgery. Methods This retrospective analysis of 4262 patients admitted to the cardiovascular intensive care unit after major cardiac surgery between January 2013 and December 2017, used The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database and ventilator data from the respiratory therapy department. Patients were randomly and equally assigned to development and validation cohorts. Covariates used in the multivariable models were assigned weighted points proportional to their β regression coefficient values to create the risk score, which categorized patients into low, medium, and high risk of postoperative respiratory failure. Results In both cohorts, postoperative respiratory failure risk was significantly different between risk categories. Compared with low-risk patients, moderate-risk patients had a 2 times greater risk, and high-risk patients had a 4-7 times greater risk. Body mass index, previous cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary disease presence, baseline functional status, hemodynamic instability, and number of blood products used intraoperatively were significant predictors of respiratory failure. Conclusions This risk score can stratify patients by risk for developing postoperative respiratory failure after major cardiac surgery, which may help in the development of preventive measures.

Non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) has increasingly been used in the management of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure, but questions remain about the utility, safety, and outcome benefit of NIRS strategies. We identified two randomised controlled trials and 83 observational studies, compromising 13 931 patients, that examined the effects of NIRS modalities-high-flow nasal oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure, and bilevel positive airway pressure-on patients with COVID-19. Of 5120 patients who were candidates for full treatment escalation, 1880 (37%) progressed to invasive mechanical ventilation and 3658 of 4669 (78%) survived to study end. Survival was 30% among the 1050 patients for whom NIRS was the stated ceiling of treatment. The two randomised controlled trials indicate superiority of non-invasive ventilation over high-flow nasal oxygen in reducing the need for intubation. Reported complication rates were low. Overall, the studies indicate that NIRS in patients with COVID-19 is safe, improves resource utilisation, and might be associated with better outcomes. To guide clinical decision making, prospective, randomised studies are needed to address timing of intervention, optimal use of NIRS modalities-alone or in combination-and validation of tools such as oxygenation indices, response to a trial of NIRS, and inflammatory markers as predictors of treatment success.

Background Prone positioning in non-intubated spontaneously breathing patients is becoming widely applied in practice alongside noninvasive respiratory support. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effect, timing, and populations that might benefit from awake proning regarding oxygenation, mortality, and tracheal intubation compared with supine position in hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, and BMJ Best Practice until August 2021 (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] registration: CRD42021250322). Studies included comprise least-wise 20 adult patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome or coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Results Fourteen studies fulfilled the selection criteria and 2352 patients were included; of those patients, 99% (n=2332/2352) had COVID-19. Amongst 1041 (44%) patients who were placed in the prone position, 1021 were SARS-CoV-2 positive. The meta-analysis revealed significant improvement in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (mean difference –23.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: –34.80 to 11.39; P=0.0001; I2=26%) after prone positioning. In patients with COVID-19, lower mortality was found in the group placed in the prone position (150/771 prone vs 391/1457 supine; odds ratio [OR] 0.51; 95% CI: 0.32–0.80; P=0.003; I2=48%), but the tracheal intubation rate was unchanged (284/824 prone vs 616/1271 supine; OR 0.72; 95% CI: 0.43–1.22; P=0.220; I2=75%). Overall proning was tolerated for a median of 4 h (inter-quartile range: 2–16). Conclusions Prone positioning can improve oxygenation amongst non-intubated patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure when applied for at least 4 h over repeated daily episodes. Awake proning appears safe, but the effect on tracheal intubation rate and survival remains uncertain.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder in which lipoproteinaceous materials accumulate in the alveolar compartments. A 72-year-old man was diagnosed with autoimmune PAP with severe respiratory failure. We decided to perform segmental lung lavage (SLL) with fiberoptic bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. If improvement was not significant, whole-lung lavage (WLL) would be done. SLL improved the respiratory failure and computed tomography findings. This case showed improvement in not only the area where lavage was done but also the non-lavaged area. SLL with fiberoptic bronchoscopy under general anesthesia might be an appropriate treatment option for patients with severe PAP.

Background Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) with acute respiratory failure can result in development of pneumothorax during treatment. This study aimed to identify the incidence and related factors of pneumothorax in patients with PCP and acute respiratory failure and to analyze their prognosis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the occurrence of pneumothorax, including clinical characteristics and results of other examinations, in 119 non-human immunodeficiency virus patients with PCP and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilator treatment in a medical intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary-care center between July 2016 and April 2019. Results During follow up duration, twenty-two patients (18.5%) developed pneumothorax during ventilator treatment, with 45 (37.8%) eventually requiring a tracheostomy due to weaning failure. Cytomegalovirus co-infection (odds ratio 13.9; p = 0.013) was related with occurrence of pneumothorax in multivariate analysis. And development of pneumothorax was not associated with need for tracheostomy and mortality. Furthermore, analysis of survivor after 28 days in ICU, patients without pneumothorax were significantly more successful in weaning from mechanical ventilator than the patients with pneumothorax (44% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.037). PCP patients without pneumothorax showed successful home discharges compared to those who without pneumothorax (p = 0.010). Conclusions The development of pneumothorax increased in PCP patient with cytomegalovirus co-infection, pneumothorax might have difficulty in and prolonged weaning from mechanical ventilators, which clinicians should be aware of when planning treatment for such patients.

Morbidly and super obese patients are a unique patient population that presents critical care transport providers with unique clinical and logistical challenges in the setting of respiratory distress and failure. These patients are more likely to have chronic respiratory issues at baseline, unique anatomic and physiologic abnormalities, and other comorbidities that leave them poorly able to tolerate respiratory illness or injury. This requires specialized understanding of their respiratory mechanics as well as how to tailor standard treatment modalities, such as noninvasive ventilation, to meet their needs. Also, careful and deliberate planning is required to address the specific anatomic and physiologic characteristics of this population if intubation and mechanical ventilation are needed. Finally, their dimensions and weight also have distinct consequences on transport vehicle considerations. This article reviews the pathophysiology, management, and critical care transport considerations for this unique patient population in respiratory distress and failure.

The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate diaphragmatic function across various neuromuscular diseases using spirometry-controlled MRI. We measured motion of the diaphragm relative to that of the thoracic wall (cranial-caudal ratio vs. anterior posterior ratio; CC-AP ratio), and changes in the diaphragmatic curvature (diaphragm height and area ratio) during inspiration in 12 adults with a neuromuscular disease having signs of respiratory muscle weakness, 18 healthy controls, and 35 adult Pompe patients – a group with prominent diaphragmatic weakness. CC-AP ratio was lower in patients with myopathies (n=7, 1.25±0.30) and motor neuron diseases (n=5, 1.30±0.10) than in healthy controls (1.37±0.14; p=0.001 and p=0.008), but not as abnormal as in Pompe patients (1.12±0.18; p=0.011 and p=0.024). The mean diaphragm height ratio was 1.17±0.33 in patients with myopathies, pointing at an insufficient diaphragmatic contraction. This was also seen in patients with Pompe disease (1.28±0.36), but not in healthy controls (0.82±0.33) or patients with motor neuron disease (0.82±0.24). We conclude that spirometry-controlled MRI enables us to investigate respiratory dysfunction across neuromuscular diseases, suggesting that the diaphragm is affected in a different way in myopathies and motor neuron diseases. Whether MRI can also be used to evaluate progression of diaphragmatic dysfunction requires additional studies.

High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is used to treat acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) even outside the ICU and the ROX index (pulse oximetry/fraction of inspired oxygen/respiratory rate) may predict HFNC failure. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was therefore to verify whether the ROX index is an accurate predictor of HFNC failure for COVID-19 patients treated outside the intensive care unit (ICU) and to evaluate the validity of the previously suggested threshold. DESIGN: Multicenter study. Retrospective observational analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING: 3 centres specialized in non-invasive respiratory support (Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bolzano and Treviso, Italy). Patients treated outside the ICU were analysed MEASUREMENTS: The variables to calculate the ROX index were collected during the first day of therapy at 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours and then recorded every 24 hours. HFNC failure was defined as escalation of respiratory support to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or death. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 35 (29%) patients failed HFNC and required intubation. ROC analysis identified the 12-hour ROX index as the best predictor of intubation with an AUC of 0.7916[CI 95% 0.6905-0.8927] and the best threshold to be 5.99[Specificity 96% Sensitivity 62%]. In the survival analysis, a ROX value

Atypical antipsychotics are used in cardiac intensive care units (CICU) to treat delirium despite limited data on safety in patients with acute cardiovascular conditions. Patients treated with these agents may be at higher risk for adverse events such as QTc prolongation and arrhythmias. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 144 adult patients who were not receiving antipsychotics before admission and received olanzapine (n = 50) or quetiapine (n = 94) in the Michigan Medicine CICU. Data on baseline characteristics, antipsychotic dose and duration, length of stay, and adverse events were collected. Adverse events included ventricular tachycardia (sustained ventricular tachycardia attributed to the medication), hypotension (systolic blood pressure90 mm Hg attributed to the medication), and QTc prolongation (QTc increase by ≥60 ms or to an interval ≥500 ms). Twenty-six patients (18%) experienced an adverse event. Of those adverse events, 20 patients (14%) experienced QTc prolongation, 3 patients (2%) had ventricular tachycardia, and 3 patients (2%) had hypotension. Patients who received quetiapine had a higher rate of adverse events (25% vs 6%, p = 0.01) including QTc prolongation (18% vs 6%, p = 0.046). Intensive care unit length of stay was shorter in patients who received olanzapine (6.5 vs 9.5 days, p = 0.047). Eighteen patients (13%) had their antipsychotic continued at discharge from the hospital. In conclusion, QTc prolongation was more common in patients treated with quetiapine versus olanzapine although the number of events was relatively low with both agents in a CICU cohort.

OBJECTIVES Pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in solid-organ transplant recipients. We studied the demographic characteristics, respiratory management, and outcomes of solid-organ transplant recipients with pneumonia in an intensive care unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS There have been 2857 kidney, 687 liver, and 142 heart transplants performed between October 16, 1985, and February 28, 2021, at our center. We retrospectively analyzed records for 51 of 193 recipients with pneumonia during the posttransplant period between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018. RESULTS Fifty-one of 193 recipients were followed in the intensive care unit. Mean age was 45.4 ± 16.6 years among 42 male (82.4%) and 9 female (17.6%) recipients. Twenty-six patients (51%) underwent kidney transplant, 14 (27.5%) liver transplant, 7 (13.7%) heart transplant, and 4 (7.8%) combined kidney and liver transplant. Most pneumonia episodes occurred 6 months after transplant (70.6%) with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation System II score was 18.9 ± 7.7, and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 8.5 ± 3.9 at intensive care unit admission. Whereas 66.7% of pneumonia cases were nosocomial acquired, 33.3% were community acquired. The intensive care unit and 28-day mortality rates were 39.2% and 64.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Solid-organ transplant recipients with pneumonia have been associated with poor prognosis. Our cohort followed in the intensive care unit comprised mostly patients with nosocomial pneumonia with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, hospitalized 6 months after transplant with high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation System II scores predictive of mortality. In this high-risk patient group, careful follow-up, early discovery of warning signs, and rapid treatment initiation could improve the outcomes in the intensive care unit.

Introduction and objectives Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been shown to reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation and mortality in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). However, patients with AHF secondary to acute coronary syndrome/acute myocardial infarction (ACS-AMI) have been excluded from many clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of NIV between patients with AHF triggered by ACS-AMI and by other etiologies. Methods Prospective cohort study of all patients with AHF treated with NIV admitted to the intensive care unit for a period of 20 years. Patients were divided according to whether they had ACS-AMI as the cause of the AHF episode. NIV failure was defined as the need for endotracheal intubation or death. Results A total of 1009 patients were analyzed, 403 (40%) showed ACS-AMI and 606 (60%) other etiologies. NIV failure occurred in 61 (15.1%) in the ACS-AMI group and in 64 (10.6%) in the other group (P = .031), without differences in in-hospital mortality (16.6% and 14.9%, respectively; P = .478). Conclusions The presence of ACS-AMI as the triggering cause of AHF did not influence patients with acute respiratory failure requiring noninvasive respiratory support .

Background Most COVID-19 infections result in a viral syndrome characterized by fever, cough, shortness of breath, and myalgias. A small but significant proportion of patients develop severe COVID-19 resulting in respiratory failure. Many of these patients also develop multi-organ dysfunction as a byproduct of their critical illness. Although heart failure can be a part of this, there also appears to be a subset of patients who have primary cardiac collapse from COVID-19. Objective Conduct a systematic review of COVID-19-associated myocarditis, including clinical presentation, risk factors, and prognosis. Discussion Our review demonstrates two distinct etiologies of primary acute heart failure in surprisingly equal incidence in patients with COVID-19: viral myocarditis and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. COVID myocarditis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and severe COVID-19 can be clinically indistinguishable. All can present with dyspnea and evidence of cardiac injury, although in myocarditis and Takotsubo this is due to primary cardiac dysfunction as compared to respiratory failure in severe COVID-19. Conclusion COVID-19-associated myocarditis differs from COVID-19 respiratory failure by an early shock state. However, not all heart failure from COVID-19 is from direct viral infection; some patient's develop takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Regardless of etiology, steroids may be a beneficial treatment, similar to other critically ill COVID-19 patients. Evidence of cardiac injury in the form of ECG changes or elevated troponin in patients with COVID-19 should prompt providers to consider concurrent myocarditis.

Background During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, shortages of ventilators and ICU beds overwhelmed health-care systems. Whether early tracheostomy reduces the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay is controversial. Research Question Can failure-free day outcomes focused on ICU resources help to decide the optimal timing of tracheostomy in overburdened health-care systems during viral epidemics? Study Design and Methods This retrospective cohort study included consecutive patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who had undergone tracheostomy in 15 Spanish ICUs during the surge, when ICU occupancy modified clinician criteria to perform tracheostomy in Patients with COVID-19. We compared ventilator-free days at 28 and 60 days and ICU- and hospital bed-free days at 28 and 60 days in propensity score-matched cohorts who underwent tracheostomy at different timings (≤ 7 days, 8-10 days, and 11-14 days after intubation). Results Of 1,939 patients admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia, 682 (35.2%) underwent tracheostomy, 382 (56%) within 14 days. Earlier tracheostomy was associated with more ventilator-free days at 28 days (≤ 7 days vs > 7 days [116 patients included in the analysis]: median, 9 days [interquartile range (IQR), 0-15 days] vs 3 days [IQR, 0-7 days]; difference between groups, 4.5 days; 95% CI, 2.3-6.7 days; 8-10 days vs > 10 days [222 patients analyzed]: 6 days [IQR, 0-10 days] vs 0 days [IQR, 0-6 days]; difference, 3.1 days; 95% CI, 1.7-4.5 days; 11-14 days vs > 14 days [318 patients analyzed]: 4 days [IQR, 0-9 days] vs 0 days [IQR, 0-2 days]; difference, 3 days; 95% CI, 2.1-3.9 days). Except hospital bed-free days at 28 days, all other end points were better with early tracheostomy. Interpretation Optimal timing of tracheostomy may improve patient outcomes and may alleviate ICU capacity strain during the COVID-19 pandemic without increasing mortality. Tracheostomy within the first work on a ventilator in particular may improve ICU availability.

A 68-year-old man with an acute left dorsolateral medullary infarction (figure) had recurrent episodes of hypercarbic respiratory failure with sleep during hospitalization. While awake, the patient ventilated adequately, but when asleep, the patient developed a severe respiratory acidosis (pH 7.14, pCO2 >107) and became unarousable. He was intubated and his mentation improved rapidly. Eventually, he had a tracheostomy placed and continued to have prolonged apneic episodes with sleep during spontaneous breathing trials. The patient did not have central sleep apnea prior to the stroke.

Although coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) most often affects the respiratory system, in the course of this disease, dysfunction of many other organs may also develop. The case is presented of a female patient, treated for a long time due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, complicated by chronic complete respiratory failure, and who was undergoing non-invasive mechanical ventilation at home. She was admitted to the Pneumonology Department due to exacerbation of the symptoms of her underlying disease. Several tests for SARS-CoV2 infection gave a negative result. During the patient's stay in the clinic, a rapid increase was observed in symptoms of respiratory failure, heart failure, and laboratory signs of acute liver damage. The next PCR test result proved to be positive. In addition to the case report, the possible impact of SARS-CoV2 infection on liver damage is also also discussed, along with a literature review on this topic.

Introduction Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can be a useful resource to treat acute respiratory failure (ARF), which occurs in patients with COVID-19. However, it is important to consider that there are still no clinical studies that have verified the safety of its use in increase of contamination. Areas covered Given the potential benefits and simultaneous concerns over the use of NIV in patients with COVID-19, further inquiry is necessary to reach a clinical consensus and provide recommendations for safe use, avoiding contamination. In this context, this narrative review, which included articles published in the Embase, SciELO, PEDro, Pubmed and Cochrane up to August 2021, is focused to evaluate available studies related to interfaces, types of circuits, recommended filters, cares for the environment and protective factors for NIV use in patients with COVID-19. Expert opinion The studies analyzed recommend that the use of NIV can be safe: 1) with equipment that allows the use of the helmet as a safer interface; 2) with double circuit and antimicrobial filter in the expiratory branch; 3) in an environment that allows negative pressure, reducing the dispersion of aerosol particles in the environment; 4) the health team must use the recommended PPE to avoid contamination.

Plastic bronchitis is a rare condition characterized by the formation of airway casts occluding the lower respiratory tract. It is described more commonly in children, especially following correction of congenital heart disease. It involves lymphatic abnormalities leading to endobronchial lymph precipitating airway cast formation. When it presents acutely, it can lead to acute airway obstruction, which can be life-threatening. Plastic bronchitis has been rarely described in adults and is potentially underdiagnosed. The purpose of this case report is to emphasize, for the adult anesthesiologist and adult critical care physician, the importance of prompt diagnosis and respiratory support in a case of plastic bronchitis.A 40-yr-old female with severe aortic stenosis underwent a Ross procedure. The surgery was uneventful, but within two hours of arrival in the intensive care unit, the patient developed severe hypoxemia. Despite attempts to optimize her respiratory status, the patient remained severely hypoxemic, and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was initiated using a percutaneous femoro-femoral cannulation. A bronchoscopy showed bronchial secretions casting the proximal bronchus, suggestive of plastic bronchitis. After numerous bronchoscopies, we were able to clean the airways and wean the ECMO support on postoperative day 3.Plastic bronchitis can present in adult patients and be life-threatening when associated with acute respiratory failure. We report an unusual case of an adult patient treated with veno-venous ECMO for plastic bronchitis following cardiac surgery. Use of ECMO support while providing airway cleaning can be lifesaving in patients with respiratory failure secondary to plastic bronchitis.RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: La bronchite plastique est une affection rare caractérisée par la formation de bouchons muqueux qui moulent et obstruent les voies aériennes inférieures. Elle est plus fréquemment décrite chez les enfants, en particulier après la correction d’une cardiopathie congénitale. Elle découle d’anomalies lymphatiques conduisant à l’accumulation de lymphe endobronchique, précipitant la formation de bouchons muqueux dans les voies aériennes. Lorsqu’elle se présente de manière aiguë, la bronchite plastique peut entraîner une obstruction aiguë des voies aériennes, une complication potentiellement fatale. La bronchite plastique a rarement été décrite chez l’adulte et est potentiellement sous-diagnostiquée. L’objectif de cette présentation de cas est de souligner, pour l’anesthésiologiste et l’intensiviste s’occupant d’une population adulte, l’importance d’un diagnostic rapide et d’un support respiratoire en cas de bronchite plastique. CARACTéRISTIQUES CLINIQUES: Une femme de 40 ans souffrant d’une sténose aortique sévère a bénéficié d’une procédure de Ross. La chirurgie s’est déroulée sans incident, mais dans les deux heures suivant son arrivée à l’unité de soins intensifs, la patiente a présenté une hypoxémie sévère. Malgré les tentatives d’optimisation de son état respiratoire, la patiente est restée gravement hypoxémique et une oxygénation par membrane extracorporelle (ECMO) veino-veineuse a été amorcée à l’aide d’une canulation fémoro-fémorale percutanée. Une bronchoscopie a montré des sécrétions bronchiques moulant les bronches proximales, évoquant une bronchite plastique. Après de nombreuses bronchoscopies, nous avons pu nettoyer les voies aériennes et sevrer la patiente du soutien ECMO au 3ème jour postopératoire. CONCLUSION: La bronchite plastique peut se présenter chez les patients adultes et être potentiellement fatale lorsqu’elle est associée à une insuffisance respiratoire aiguë. Nous rapportons un cas inhabituel d’une patiente adulte traitée par ECMO veino-veineuse pour une bronchite plastique après une chirurgie cardiaque. L’utilisation du soutien par ECMO simultanément au nettoyage des voies aériennes peut être nécessaire chez les patients atteints d’insuffisance respiratoire secondaire à une bronchite plastique.

A 56-year-old woman presenting with type II respiratory failure was transferred to our hospital. She did not exhibit muscle weakness or elevated serum myogenic enzymes, but needle electromyography revealed myogenic changes in the limb muscles, and her blood tests were positive for anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA). Muscle histopathological findings included immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, so she was diagnosed with inflammatory myopathy associated with AMA. After treatment with corticosteroids and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, her symptoms improved. If a diagnosis of type II respiratory failure is difficult, inflammatory myopathy associated with AMA should be considered as a differential diagnosis.

Purpose Prediction of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) failure in COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) may improve clinical management and stratification of patients for optimal treatment. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine performance of ROX index as a predictor of HFNC failure. Materials and methods Systematic search was performed in electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) for articles published till 15 June 2021 investigating ROX index as a predictor for HFNC failure. Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool was used to analyze risk of bias for prognostic factors, by two independent authors. Results Eight retrospective or prospective cohort studies involving 1301 patients showed a good discriminatory value, summary area under the curve (sAUC) 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77–0.84) with sensitivity of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.59–0.80) and specificity of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.67–0.88) for predicting HNFC failure. The positive and negative likelihood ratio were 3.0 (95% CI, 2.2–5.3) and 0.37 (95% CI, 0.28–0.50) respectively, and was strongly associated with a promising predictive accuracy (Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) 9, 95% CI, 5–16). Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests ROX index has good discriminating power for prediction of HFNC failure in COVID-19 patients with AHRF.

Background Infections with SARS-CoV-2 continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 blockade have been proposed as therapeutic strategies in COVID-19, but study outcomes have been conflicting. We sought to study whether blockade of the IL-6 or IL-1 pathway shortened the time to clinical improvement in patients with COVID-19, hypoxic respiratory failure, and signs of systemic cytokine release syndrome. Methods We did a prospective, multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled trial, in hospitalised patients with COVID-19, hypoxia, and signs of a cytokine release syndrome across 16 hospitals in Belgium. Eligible patients had a proven diagnosis of COVID-19 with symptoms between 6 and 16 days, a ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2:FiO(2)) of less than 350 mm Hg on room air or less than 280 mm Hg on supplemental oxygen, and signs of a cytokine release syndrome in their serum (either a single ferritin measurement of more than 2000 mu g/L and immediately requiring high flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation, or a ferritin concentration of more than 1000 mu g/L, which had been increasing over the previous 24 h, or lyrnphopenia below 800/mL with two of the following criteria: an increasing ferritin concentration of more than 700 mu g/L, an increasing lactate dehydrogenase concentration of more than 300 international units per L, an increasing C-reactive protein concentration of more than 70 mg/L, or an increasing D-dimers concentration of more than 1000 ng/mL). The COV-AID trial has a 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate IL-1 blockade versus no IL-1 blockade and IL-6 blockade versus no IL-6 blockade. Patients were randomly assigned by means of permuted block randomisation with varying block size and stratification by centre. In a first randomisation, patients were assigned to receive subcutaneous anakinra once daily (100 mg) for 28 days or until discharge, or to receive no IL-1 blockade (1:2). In a second randomisation step, patients were allocated to receive a single dose of siltuximab (11 mg/kg) intravenously, or a single dose of tocilizumab (8 mg/kg) intravenously, or to receive no IL-6 blockade (1:1:1). The primary outcome was the time to clinical improvement, defined as time from randomisation to an increase of at least two points on a 6-category ordinal scale or to discharge from hospital alive. The primary and supportive efficacy endpoints were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in the safety population. This study is registered online with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04330638) and EudraCT (2020-001500-41) and is complete. Findings Between April 4, and Dec 6,2020,342 patients were randomly assigned to IL-1 blockade n=112) or no IL-1 blockade (n=230) and simultaneously randomly assigned to IL-6 blockade (n=227; 114 for tocilizumab and 113 for siltuximab) or no IL-6 blockade (n=115). Most patients were male (265 [77%] of 342), median age was 65 years (IQR 54-73), and median Systematic Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at randomisation was 3 (2-4). All 342 patients were included in the primary intention-to-treat analysis. The estimated median time to clinical improvement was 12 days (95% CI 10-16) in the IL-1 blockade group versus 12 days (10-15) in the no IL-1 blockade group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.94 [95% CI 0.73-1.21]). For the IL-6 blockade group, the estimated median time to clinical improvement was 11 days (95% CI 10-16) versus 12 days (11-16) in the no IL-6 blockade group (HR 1.00[0-78-1-29]). 55 patients died during the study, but no evidence for differences in mortality between treatment groups was found. The incidence of serious adverse events and serious infections was similar across study groups. Interpretation Drugs targeting IL-1 or IL-6 did not shorten the time to clinical improvement in this sample of patients with COVID-19, hypoxic respiratory failure, low SOFA score, and low baseline mortality risk. Copyright (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Belgian Health Care Knowledge Center; VIB Grand Challenges program The authors acknowledge professional support and committed efforts from various organisations and individuals involved in this trial and thank all trial participants and clinicians involved in patient recruitment at the different participating sites. This study was funded by KCE, and KCE was involved in various aspects of the study design, management, and execution (Nelle Stocquart, Jillian Harrison). The VIB Grand Challenges Program (Sofie Bekaert) funded measurements of cytokines and the Ghent University Special Research Fund (BOF) supported the clinical follow-up of patients at Ghent University Hospital (UZ Ghent). The clinical trial team of the Department of Respiratory Medicine at UZ Ghent (Stefanie Vermeersch, Benedicte Demeyere, Anja Delporte) were involved in protocol development, amendment filing, and eCRF construction. The Health Innovation and Research Institute of UZ Ghent was involved in eCRF design, protocol design, ethical committee reporting, drug dispensing, trial monitoring, data cleaning, and sponsor site management (Charlotte Clauwaert, Dries Loncke, Hanife Kokur, Lieselot Van Landuyt, Joke Tommelein, Hélène De Naeyer). The hospital pharmacy of UZ Ghent dispensed drugs to all study sites (Els Kestens). Team members of the Primary Immune Deficiency laboratory (Karlien Claes, Veronique Debacker, Lisa Roels, Zara Declercq) handled samples from all study sites. The authors acknowledge the insights of the data safety monitoring board (Drs Renaat Peleman, Geert Leroux-Roels, Steven Callens, Frank Vermassen, Piet Hoebeke, Karim Vermaelen, A Dupont, Tomasz Burzykowski, and Marnik Vuylsteke under the chairmanship of SR).

Background Manual prone positioning has been shown to reduce mortality among patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, but it is associated with a high incidence of pressure injuries and unplanned extubations. This study investigated the feasibility of safely implementing a manual prone positioning protocol that uses a dedicated device. Review of Evidence A search of CINAHL and Medline identified multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses that demonstrated both the reduction of mortality when prone positioning is used for more than 12 hours per day in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and the most common complications of this treatment. Implementation An existing safe patient-handling device was modified to enable staff to safely perform manual prone positioning with few complications for patients receiving mechanical ventilation. All staff received training on the protocol and use of the device before implementation. Evaluation This study included 36 consecutive patients who were admitted to the medical intensive care unit at a large academic medical center because of hypoxemic respiratory failure/acute respiratory distress syndrome and received mechanical ventilation and prone positioning. Data were collected on clinical presentation, interventions, and complications. Sustainability Using the robust protocol and the low-cost device, staff can safely perform a low-volume, high-risk maneuver. This method provides cost savings compared with other prone positioning methods. Conclusions Implementing a prone positioning protocol with a dedicated device is feasible, with fewer complications and lower costs than anticipated.

Rationale: Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure has been shown to be associated with worse outcomes for various disease states, but less is known about patients with compensated hypercapnic respir...

Background Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is a viable and effective strategy for patients with chronic respiratory failure (CRF). The Chilean Ministry of Health started a program for adults in 2008. Methods This study examined the following data from a prospective cohort of patients with CRF admitted to the national HMV program: characteristics, mode of admission, quality of life, time in the program and survival. Results A total of 1105 patients were included. The median age was 59 years (44–58). Women accounted for 58.1% of the sample. The average body mass index (BMI) was 34.9 (26–46) kg/m2. A total of 76.2% of patients started HMV in the stable chronic mode, while 23.8% initiated HMV in the acute mode. A total of 99 patients were transferred from the children's program. There were 1047 patients on non-invasive ventilation and 58 patients on invasive ventilation. The median baseline PaCO2 level was 58.2 (52–65) mmHg. The device usage time was 7.3 h/d (5.8–8.8), and the time in HMV was 21.6 (12.2–49.5) months. The diagnoses were COPD (35%), obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS; 23.9%), neuromuscular disease (NMD; 16.3%), non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or tuberculosis (non-CF BC or TBC; 8.3%), scoliosis (5.9%) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; 5.24%). The baseline score on the Severe Respiratory Insufficiency questionnaire (SRI) was 47 (± 17.9) points and significantly improved over time. The lowest 1- and 3-year survival rates were observed in the ALS group, and the lowest 9-year survival rate was observed in the non-CF BC or TB and COPD groups. The best survival rates at 9 years were OHS, scoliosis and NMD. In 2017, there were 701 patients in the children's program and 722 in the adult´s program, with a prevalence of 10.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. Conclusion The most common diagnoses were COPD and OHS. The best survival was observed in patients with OHS, scoliosis and NMD. The SRI score improved significantly in the follow-up of patients with HMV. The prevalence of HMV was 10.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. Trial registration This study was approved by and registered at the ethics committee of North Metropolitan Health Service of Santiago, Chile (N° 018/2021).

Objective. To study lung function impairment by meta-analysis to increase the risk of postoperative respiratory failure in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Methods. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CNKI and other databases, and the search time was set to the time the database was established. We screened the relevant literature to study the relationship between lung function damage and postoperative respiratory failure in patients with esophageal cancer, determined to include the literature and extracted relevant data, and then, applied NOS. The scale evaluates the quality of the literature, and the ReviewManager software was used to perform meta-analysis on the extracted data. Results. Finally, 9 related articles and 2822 research subjects were included, and the average score of literature quality was 5.78 points, the heterogeneity of the literature was large (I2 = 84%), the random effects model was used for analysis, and the correlation between the two showed SMD = 0.09, 95%CI[−0.09, 0.31], Z = 1.10, P = 0.27, which is consistent with the results of the subgroup analysis. Conclusion. The results of the study show that lung function impairment has a positive relationship with postoperative respiratory failure in patients with esophageal cancer. Pulmonary function impairment in cases with different case characteristics can also aggravate the severity of respiratory failure.

Objectives: Patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency suffer from advanced disease, but their overall symptom burden is poorly described. We evaluated the symptoms and screening of depression in subjects with chronic respiratory insufficiency by using the Edmonton symptom assessment system (ESAS). Methods: In this retrospective study, 226 subjects with chronic respiratory insufficiency answered the ESAS questionnaire measuring symptoms on a scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (worst possible symptom), and the depression scale (DEPS) questionnaire, in which the cut-off point for depressive symptoms is 9. Results: The most severe symptoms measured with ESAS (median [interquartile range]) were shortness of breath 4.0 (1.0-7.0), dry mouth 3.0 (1.0-7.0), tiredness 3.0 (1.0-6.0), and pain on movement 3.0 (0.0-6.0). Subjects with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a cause for chronic respiratory insufficiency had significantly higher scores for shortness of breath, dry mouth, and loss of appetite compared to others. Subjects with DEPS ≥9 reported significantly higher symptom scores in all ESAS categories than subjects with DEPS

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) combined with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in the treatment of infants with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) after congenital heart surgery. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 63 infants with AHRF and PH after congenital heart surgery in our cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) from January 2020 to March 2021. A total of 24 infants in the A group were treated with HFOV combined with iNO, and 39 infants in the B group were treated with HFOV. Relevant clinical data were collected. RESULTS Comparing the two groups, the improvement of the oxygenation index, PaO2 and PaO2 /FiO2 was more obvious for patients in the A group than for those in the B group after intervention (p

Hereditary myopathy with early respiratory failure (HMERF) is a subtype of myofibrillar myopathy. Mutations located on exon 344 of the titin-A band, the 119th fibronectin-3 domain (FN3 119), are responsible for HMERF. In this article, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, findings of muscle imaging, muscle pathology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural characteristics of seven patients diagnosed with HMERF at a single center in China. Muscle MRI showed the involvement of semitendinosus in four patients. The common pathological features were variability in fiber diameter, increased internal nuclei, endomysial fibrosis, and cytoplasmic bodies. On immunohistochemical examination, the cytoplasmic bodies stained positive for calpain-3, p53, and programmed death-ligand 1. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic bodies, distorted sarcomere architecture, glycogen pool, and subsarcolemmal accumulation of mitochondria and lysosomes. We retrospectively reviewed four reported HMERF patients in China. Among the 11 patients, the median age at onset was 34 years (range 14–54). Allelic frequency of mutation c.95195C > T was 36.36%. This study characterizes the phenotype and genotype spectrum of HMERF in China.

Nasal high flow therapy has been previously studied for the management of acute hypoxic respiratory failure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but the data regarding its use outside of the intensive care unit are sparse. We aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of nasal high flow therapy outside of the intensive care unit in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure and known chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We conducted a retrospective matched historic cohort study of adult patients with diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presenting with acute hypoxic respiratory failure between December 2017 to June 2019, after the initiation of a new protocol, which allowed patients to be managed with nasal high flow therapy on the medical/surgical wards instead of transferring them to the ICU per prior standard of care. Nasal high flow therapy was initiated either in the emergency department or on the medical/surgical wards. Patients were matched with historical cohorts who were managed with prior standard of care based on age, body mass index, comorbidities, and home oxygen use. Primary outcome of interest was difference in rates of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay, total number of days spent in the intensive care unit, and in-hospital mortality. A total of 90 patients met study inclusion criteria and were matched to 90 historical control patients. Among the study group, 8% required mechanical ventilation versus 9% in the control group (p = 0.79). Hospital length of stay was 7 days in study group versus 6 days in control group (p = 0.02), and in-hospital mortality was the same in both study and control groups at 12% (p = 0.99). Nineteen percent of study group patients required ICU level of care at any time during the admission compared with 49% of control group (p

BACKGROUND: The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) in patients with advance heart failure is still associated with an important risk of immune dysregulation and infections. The aim of this study was to determine whether extracorporeal blood purification using the CytoSorb device benefits patients after LVAD implantation in terms of complications and overall survival.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2010 and January 2020, 207 consecutive patients underwent LVAD implantation, of whom 72 underwent CytoSorb therapy and 135 did not. Overall survival, major adverse events, and laboratory parameters were compared between 112 propensity score-matched patients (CytoSorb: 72 patients; non-CytoSorb: 40 patients).RESULTS: WBC (p = .033), CRP (p = .001), and IL-6 (p < .001), significantly increased with LVAD implantation, while CytoSorb did not influence this response. In-hospital mortality and overall survival during follow-up were similar with CytoSorb. However, patients treated with CytoSorb were more likely to develop respiratory failure (54.2% vs. 30.0%, p = .024), need mechanical ventilation for longer than 6 days post-implant (50.0% vs. 27.5%, p = .035), and require tracheostomy during hospitalization (31.9% vs. 12.5%, p = .040). No other significant differences were observed with regard to major adverse events during follow-up.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results showed that CytoSorb might not convey a significant morbidity or mortality benefit for patients undergoing LVAD implantation.

Background and objectivesWe sought to evaluate the effect of adult procedural sedation on cerebral oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (rSo2levels), and to assess whether respiratory depression occurring during procedural sedation was associated with decreases in cerebral oxygenation.MethodsWe performed a prospective, observational preliminary study on a convenience sample of adult patients (>18 years) undergoing unscheduled procedural sedation in the ED from August 2017 to September 2018 at Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The primary outcome measures were rSo2values by level of sedation achieved and the incidence of cerebral hypoxaemia during procedural sedation (absolute rSo2≤60 or decrease ≥20% from baseline). The secondary outcome is the decrease in rSo2during episodes of respiratory adverse events (AEs), defined by respiratory depression requiring supportive airway measures.ResultsWe enrolled 100 patients (53% female). The median (IQR) rSo2values (%) by each level of sedation achieved on the Observer Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (OAAS) scale 1–5, respectively, were 74 (69–79), 74 (70–79), 74 (69–79), 75 (69–80), 72 (68–76). The incidence of cerebral hypoxaemia at any point within the sedation (absolute rSo22reduction more than 20% from baseline value; the median (IQR) observed minimum rSo2in these patients was 58 (56–59). We observed respiratory depression in 65 patients via standard monitoring; of these, 39 (60%) required at least one supportive airway measure, meeting the definition of a respiratory AE. During these AEs, 15% (6/39) demonstrated cerebral hypoxaemia with a median (IQR) minimum rSo2of 58 (57–59). Four patients (4%) had cerebral hypoxaemia without a respiratory AE.ConclusionCerebral oximetry may represent a useful tool for procedural sedation safety research to detect potential subclinical changes that may be associated with risk, but appears neither sensitive nor specific for routine use in clinical practice.

Spyridon Fortis,1,2 Yubo Gao,1,3 Amy M J O’Shea,1,3 Brice Beck,1 Peter Kaboli,1,3 Mary Vaughan Sarrazin1,3 1Center for Access & Delivery Research & Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupation Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USACorrespondence: Spyridon FortisDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupation Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive – C33 GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USAEmail spyridon-fortis@uiowa.eduBackground: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) use in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure due to COPD exacerbations (AECOPDs) varies significantly between hospitals. However, previous literature did not account for patients’ illness severity. Our objective was to examine the variation in risk-standardized NIV use after adjusting for illness severity.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed AECOPD hospitalizations from 2011 to 2017 at 106 acute-care Veterans Health Administration (VA) hospitals in the USA. We stratified hospitals based on the percentage of NIV use among patients who received ventilation support within the first 24 hours of admission into quartiles, and compared patient characteristics. We calculated the risk-standardized NIV % using hierarchical models adjusting for comorbidities and severity of illness. We then stratified the hospitals by risk-standardized NIV % into quartiles and compared hospital characteristics between quartiles. We also compared the risk-standardized NIV % between rural and urban hospitals.Results: In 42,048 admissions for AECOPD over 6 years, the median risk-standardized initial NIV % was 57.3% (interquartile interval [IQI]=41.9– 64.4%). Hospitals in the highest risk-standardized NIV % quartiles cared for more rural patients, used invasive ventilators less frequently, and had longer length of hospital stay, but had no difference in mortality relative to the hospitals in the lowest quartiles. The risk-standardized NIV % was 65.3% (IQI=34.2– 84.2%) in rural and 55.1% (IQI=10.8– 86.6%) in urban hospitals (p=0.047), but hospital mortality did not differ between the two groups.Conclusion: NIV use varied significantly across hospitals, with rural hospitals having higher risk-standardized NIV % rates than urban hospitals. Further research should investigate the exact mechanism of variation in NIV use between rural and urban hospitals.Keywords: pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive, epidemiology, non-invasive ventilation

Opioids are the primary therapy for acute postoperative pain, despite being associated with opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD). The purpose of this study was to improve nurses' knowledge, confidence, and ability to recognize, prevent, and treat OIRD in postoperative inpatients and evaluate the feasibility of using the Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation Scale (POSS). Registered nurses completed three tools: (1) an Opioid Knowledge Self-Assessment, which was administered pre- and post-education; (2) a Confidence Scale, which was administered pre- and post-education; and (3) a POSS Perceptions and Usability Scale that was administered post-education. Nurses were educated on the POSS and then immediately following the training practiced by undertaking a patient assessment using the instrument. They then completed the POSS Perceptions and Usability Scale to rate their perception of the feasibility of using the POSS. Between preeducation and posteducation, participant knowledge increased in the following areas: recognizing opioid-induced side effects, dose selection, risk factors for oversedation, and information to make clinical decisions. However, there was a drop in scores when asked about knowledge of who is at risk for opioid-related side effects. These findings support our conclusion that OIRD education improves nursing confidence and knowledge. There was significant agreement between the nurse and subject matter experts POSS scores, indicating that this tool is easy to use.

To analyze the characteristics and variables associated with prolonged noninvasive ventilation performed completely in Emergency Departments (NIV-ED) and its influence upon effectiveness.A prospective, multicenter, observational multipurpose cohort study was carried out.VNICat Registry.Patients in which NIV-ED was performed in 11 Catalan hospitals in the months of February or March 2015.No.The study variable was NIV-ED, which as a function of time was defined as prolonged or not prolonged. The efficacy variable was the success of the technique in terms of patient improvement.A total of 125 patients were included, with a median NIV-ED duration of 12hours, which was the cut-off point for the comparator groups. In 60 cases (48%) NIV-ED was not prolonged (12hours), while in 65 cases (52%) ventilation was prolonged (≥12hours). Non-prolonged NIV-ED was associated to the indication of acute heart failure and prolonged ventilation to the presence of diabetes. There were no differences between non-prolonged and prolonged NIV-ED in terms of efficacy, and the success rate in terms of improvement was 68.3% and 76.9%, respectively, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.49 (95%CI 0.61-3.60).Prolonged NIV-ED is a frequent situation, but few variables associated to it have been studied. The presence of prolonged ventilation did not influence the success rate of NIV.

Objective: To assess the association between the timing of surgery relative to the development of Covid-19 and the risks of postoperative complications. Summary Background Data: It is unknown whether patients who recovered from Covid-19 and then underwent a major elective operation have an increased risk of developing postoperative complications. Methods: The risk of postoperative complications for patients with Covid-19 undergoing 18 major types of elective operations in the Covid-19 Research Database was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Patients were grouped by time of surgery relative to SARS-CoV-2 infection; that is, surgery performed: (1) before January 1, 2020 (“pre-Covid-19”), (2) 0 to 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection (“peri-Covid-19”), (3) 4 to 8 weeks after infection (“early post-Covid-19”), and (4) ≥8 weeks after infection (“late post-Covid-19”). Results: Of the 5479 patients who met study criteria, patients with peri-Covid-19 had an elevated risk of developing postoperative pneumonia [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 6.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.06–10.27], respiratory failure (aOR, 3.36; 95% CI: 2.22–5.10), pulmonary embolism (aOR, 2.73; 95% CI: 1.35–5.53), and sepsis (aOR, 3.67; 95% CI: 2.18–6.16) when compared to pre-Covid-19 patients. Early post-Covid-19 patients had an increased risk of developing postoperative pneumonia when compared to pre-Covid-19 patients (aOR, 2.44; 95% CI: 1.20–4.96). Late post-Covid-19 patients did not have an increased risk of postoperative complications when compared to pre-Covid-19 patients. Conclusions: Major, elective surgery 0 to 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Surgery performed 4 to 8 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection is still associated with an increased risk of postoperative pneumonia, whereas surgery 8 weeks after Covid-19 diagnosis is not associated with increased complications.

Introduction. Treatment of respiratory failure in pneumonia caused by coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is still an unsolved problem that requires a comprehensive approach and the development of new methods that expand the range of possibilities of modern therapy. There is evidence that the heated oxygenhelium mixture has a positive effect on gas exchange in the infiltration zone by improving both ventilation and diffusion.AIM of study. To evaluate the effectiveness of the inclusion of a heated oxygen-helium mixture HELIOX (70% Helium/ 30% Oxygen) in the complex intensive care of respiratory failure of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.Material and methods. The study included 60 patients with confirmed viral pneumonia caused by COVID-19. The patients were randomized into two groups: group 1 (n=30) — patients who were treated with the standard COVID-19 treatment protocol with the heated oxygen-helium mixture HELIOX, and group 2 (control) (n=30) — patients who received standard therapy. Lethality was studied for 28 days, the time in days until a steady increase in SpO2>96% was achieved when breathing atmospheric air; the time until the patient is transferred from the intensive care unit (ICU) to the general department.Results. Inhalation of the HELIOX mixture (70% Helium / 30% Oxygen) resulted in a faster recovery of the hemoglobin oxygen saturation index (SpO2). Starting from day 3, these differences became statistically significant. The time in days from inclusion in the study to a persistent increase in the degree of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2>96%) when breathing atmospheric air in the group with inhalation of the HELIOX mixture was less — 8 (7; 10), compared to 10 (8;13) in the control group (p=0.006). In the group with inhaled HELIOX mixture, the median treatment time in the ICU was 8 (7; 9.5) days vs 13 (8; 17) days (pConclusions. Inhalation of the HELIOX mixture (70% Helium / 30% Oxygen) led to a faster recovery of the hemoglobin oxygen saturation index SpO2, which contributed to reduction in the duration of oxygen therapy and a decrease in mortality.

Background Postoperative respiratory failure (PRF) is a serious complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We propose a new method to predict PRF by utilizing computed tomography (CT) of the chest to assess degree of respiratory muscle wasting prior to surgery. Methods Patients who received a chest CT and required invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) after major non-cardiothoracic surgery were included. Exclusion criteria included cardiothoracic surgery. Respiratory muscle index (RMI) was calculated at the T6 vertebra measured on Slice-O-Matic® software. Results Thirty three patients met inclusion with a mean (±SD) age, BMI, and APACHE II score of 62.2 years (±12.1), 28.1 kg/m2 (±7.8), and 14.1 (±4.7). Most patients were female (n = 22 [67%]). Eleven patients (33%) developed PRF with a mean of 6.0 (±10.7) initial ventilation days. There was no difference in baseline demographics between groups. RMI values for the PRF group were significantly lower when compared to the non-PRF group: 22.7 cm2/m2 (±5.3) vs. 28.5 cm2/m2 (±5.9) (p = 0.008). Conclusion Presence of respiratory muscle wasting prior to surgery was found to be associated with postoperative respiratory failure.

Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a lifesaving support technology for potentially reversible neonatal cardiac and/or respiratory failure. Pharmacological consequences of ECMO-induced haemolysis in neonates are not well understood. Case report: We report a case report of a full-term neonate treated for congenital diaphragmatic hernia and sepsis with ECMO and with vancomycin. While the population elimination half-life of 7 h was estimated, fitting of the simulated population pharmacokinetic profile to truly observed drug concentration points resulted in the personalized value of 41 h. Discussion: The neonate developed ECMO-induced haemolysis with subsequent acute kidney injury resulting in prolonged drug elimination. Whole blood/serum ratio of 0.79 excluded possibility of direct increase of vancomycin serum concentration during haemolysis. Conclusion: Vancomycin elimination may be severely prolonged due to ECMO-induced haemolysis and acute kidney injury, while hypothesis of direct increase of vancomycin levels by releasing the drug from blood cells during haemolysis has been disproved.

Purpose Although the most recent systematic review and meta-analyses on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have shown that the use of steroids decreases mortality in adult patients, its benefits and risks may differ depending on the type and dosage of the steroid. Therefore, we conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare the differences in the efficacy among different doses and types of steroids. Methods We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, ICHUSHI, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO ICTRP databases from the earliest records to March 2021 for randomized control trials, which compared steroids with placebo or conventional therapy for ARDS. Using the random-effects model, we compared various categories of steroids (high-dose methylprednisolone, low-dose methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, and no steroid) concerning hospital mortality, incidence of infection, and ventilator-free days (VFD). Results We analyzed nine studies involving adult patients (n = 1212). Although there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the mortality and incidence of infection, the number of VFD were greater when using low-dose methylprednisolone than when not using any steroids (Mean difference: 6.06; 95% confidence intervals: [2.5, 10.5]). Moreover, the rank probability showed that low-dose methylprednisolone might be the optimal treatment, whereas using no steroid or high-dose methylprednisolone may be inferior to other treatments in terms of mortality, infection, and VFD. Conclusion This NMA suggested that the effect of steroids on the outcome in patients with ARDS might depend on the type of the steroid drug administered. Moreover, further studies are needed to identify the optimal type and dosage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00540-021-03016-5.

Study objective To determine whether non-invasive ventilation (NIV) delivered by helmet continuous positive airway pressure (hCPAP) is non-inferior to facemask continuous positive airway pressure (fCPAP) in patients with acute respiratory failure in the emergency department (ED). Methods Non-inferiority randomized, clinical trial involving patients presenting with acute respiratory failure conducted in the ED of a local hospital. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either hCPAP or fCPAP as per the trial protocol. The primary endpoint was respiratory rate reduction. Secondary endpoints included discomfort, improvement in Dyspnea and Likert scales, heart rate reduction, arterial blood oxygenation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), dryness of mucosa and intubation rate. Results 224 patients were included and randomized (113 patients to hCPAP, 111 to fCPAP). Both techniques reduced respiratory rate (hCPAP: from 33.56 ± 3.07 to 25.43 ± 3.11 bpm and fCPAP: from 33.46 ± 3.35 to 27.01 ± 3.19 bpm), heart rate (hCPAP: from 114.76 ± 15.5 to 96.17 ± 16.50 bpm and fCPAP: from 115.07 ± 14.13 to 101.19 ± 16.92 bpm), and improved dyspnea measured by both the Visual Analogue Scale (hCPAP: from 16.36 ± 12.13 to 83.72 ± 12.91 and fCPAP: from 16.01 ± 11.76 to 76.62 ± 13.91) and the Likert scale. Both CPAP techniques improved arterial oxygenation (PaO2 from 67.72 ± 8.06 mmHg to 166.38 ± 30.17 mmHg in hCPAP and 68.99 ± 7.68 mmHg to 184.49 ± 36.38 mmHg in fCPAP) and the PaO2:FiO2 (Partial pressure of arterial oxygen: Fraction of inspired oxygen) ratio from 113.6 ± 13.4 to 273.4 ± 49.5 in hCPAP and 115.0 ± 12.9 to 307.7 ± 60.9 in fCPAP. The intubation rate was lower with hCPAP (4.4% for hCPAP versus 18% for fCPAP, absolute difference −13.6%, p = 0.003). Discomfort and dryness of mucosa were also lower with hCPAP. Conclusion In patients presenting to the ED with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema or decompensated COPD, hCPAP was non-inferior to fCPAP and resulted in greater comfort levels and lower intubation rate.